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Defining Critical Thinking
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What is critical thinking (a definition).
- “purposeful, self-regulatory judgment which results in interpretation, analysis, evaluation, and inference, as well as explanation of the evidential, conceptual, methodological, criteriological, or conceptual considerations upon which that judgment is based” (Facione, 1990, p. 3).
- “skillful, responsible thinking that facilitates good judgment because it 1) relies upon criteria, 2) is self-correcting, and 3) is sensitive to context” (Lipman, 1988, p. 39);
- “seeing both sides of an issue, being open to new evidence that disconfirms your ideas, reasoning dispassionately, demanding that claims be backed by evidence, deducing and inferring conclusions from available facts, solving problems , and so forth” (Willingham, 2007, p. 8).
Consciousness Examples
- Hallucinations
- Transcendent spiritual experiences
Video: What is Critical Thinking?
Why Critical Thinking Is Important
Critical Thinking Benefits
- Improved creativity
- More job success
- Better financial management
- Reduced probability of imprisonment
- Greater self-knowledge
- Improved quality of relationships
Barriers to Critical Thinking
How to think critically.
- Can you confirm the “facts” presented with multiple other sources?
- What level of expertise does the person presenting the argument have with the subject matter?
- Are there other explanations that are simpler or more likely to be true?
- Does the argument logically follow from the premise?
- Is there quantifiable evidence in support of the argument?
- Could the argument be proven false?
Critical Thinking Examples
- You’re scrolling through Instagram and see an ad for a serum that is “guaranteed” to make you’re your eyelashes 10x longer and thicker. Before deciding to purchase the product, you first look up the serum ingredients to determine whether there are any studies that support the claim in the ad.
- The governor of your state says that a particular virus is not dangerous or readily transmissible. Recognizing that the governor does not have any background in biology or virology, you decide to compare this declaration with what experts in the field have to say to see if the governor’s opinion aligns with the current consensus among scientists.
- You and your roommate hear a strange noise in the house. Your roommate speculates that the source of the noise was a poltergeist. You offer alternative hypotheses and the two of you discuss the plausibility of each hypothesis to identify which hypothesis is most likely to be true.
Critical Thinking Skills
- Interpretation – understanding the significance of a wide variety of experiences
- Analysis – examining ideas to identify the reasons and claims of an argument
- Explanation – presenting your reasoned argument including the evidence supporting it
- Evaluation – Assessing the credibility of claims and the quality of arguments made
- Inference – Formulating alternative hypotheses and drawing logically valid conclusions
- Self-regulation – Monitoring yourself and updating your viewpoint in accordance with the evidence
Critical Thinking Exercises
Video: 5 tips to improve your critical thinking.
Video: Encourage Critical Thinking with 3 Questions
Quotes on Critical Thinking
- “It is the mark of an educated mind to be able to entertain a thought without accepting it.” – Aristotle
- “Critical thinking requires us to use our imagination , seeing things from perspectives other than our own and envisioning the likely consequences of our position.” – Bell Hooks
- “The opinions that are held with passion are always those for which no good ground exists; indeed the passion is the measure of the holder’s lack of rational conviction.” – Bertrand Russell
- “Those who can make you believe absurdities can make you commit atrocities.” – Voltaire
- “Freethinkers are those who are willing to use their minds without prejudice and without fearing to understand things that clash with their own customs, privileges, or beliefs. This state of mind is not common, but it is essential for critical thinking.” – Leo Tolstoy
- “A great many people think they are thinking when they are merely rearranging their prejudices.” – William James
- “Skeptical scrutiny is the means, in both science and religion, by which deep thoughts can be winnowed from deep nonsense.” – Carl Sagan
- “It is morally as bad not to care whether a thing is true or not, so long as it makes you feel good, as it is not to care how you got your money as long as you have got it.” – Edmond Way Teale
- “… For what a man had rather were true he more readily believes. Therefore he rejects difficult things from impatience of research; sober things, because they narrow hope; the deeper things of nature, from superstition; the light of experience, from arrogance and pride, lest his mind should seem to be occupied with things mean and transitory; things not commonly believed, out of deference to the opinion of the vulgar. Numberless in short are the ways, and sometimes imperceptible, in which the affections colour and infect the understanding.” – Sir Francis Bacon
Articles Related to Critical Thinking
- Life Skills: Definition, Examples, & Skills to Build
- Transferable Skills: Definition, Examples & List
- Introspection: Definition (in Psychology), Examples, and Questions
- Habits (Good & Bad): Definition, Books & Tips
Books Related to Critical Thinking
- Critical Thinking: Tools for Taking Charge of Your Learning and Your Life
- The Miniature Guide to Critical Thinking Concepts and Tools
- Critical Thinking Beginner's Guide: Learn How Reasoning by Logic Improves Effective Problem Solving. The Tools to Think Smarter, Level up Intuition to Reach Your Potential and Grow Your Mindfulness
- Critical Thinking (The MIT Press Essential Knowledge series)
- Critical Thinking Skills For Dummies
- Critical Thinking Activities for Kids: Fun and Challenging Games to Boost Brain Power
Final Thoughts on Critical Thinking
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- Arias, P., Bellouin, N., Coppola, E., Jones, R., Krinner, G., Marotzke, J., ... & Zickfeld, K. (2021). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis . Contribution of Working Group14 I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Technical Summary.
- Facione, P. A. (1990). Critical thinking: A statement of expert consensus for purposes of educational assessment and instruction . Millbrae, CA: The California Academic Press.
- Facione, P. A. (2011). Critical thinking: What it is and why it counts . Insight assessment, 2007(1), 1-23.
- Gilovich, T. (1991). How we know what isn't so . (1 st ed.). Simon and Schuster.
- Lai, E. R. (2011). Critical thinking: A literature review . Pearson's Research Reports, 6(1), 40-41.
- Lipman, M. (1988). Critical thinking—What can it be? Educational Leadership, 46(1), 38–43.
- Wallace, E. D., & Jefferson, R. N. (2015). Developing Critical Thinking Skills: Assessing the Effectiveness of Workbook Exercises . Journal of College Teaching & Learning, 12(2), 101-108.
- Willingham, D. T. (2007). Critical thinking: Why is it so hard to teach? American Educator, 8–19.
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