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How to Cite a Thesis/Dissertation in Chicago/Turabian

Academic theses and dissertations can be a good source of information when writing your own paper. They are usually accessed via a university’s database or a third party database, or found on the web. The main difference between a thesis and a dissertation is the degree type they are submitted for:

• Thesis—A document submitted to earn a degree, such as a master’s degree, at a university.
• Dissertation—A document submitted to earn an advanced degree, such as a doctorate, at a university.

This guide will show you how to create notes-bibliography style citations for theses and dissertations in a variety of formats using the 17th edition of the  Chicago Manual of Style.

Guide Overview

• Citing a thesis or dissertation from a database
• Citing a thesis or dissertation from the web
• Citing an unpublished thesis or dissertation

Citing a Thesis or Dissertation from a Database

Citation structure.

1. First name Last name, “Title” (master’s thesis or PhD diss., University Name, year published), page number, Database (Identification Number).

Bibliography:

Last name, First name. “Title.” Master’s thesis or PhD diss., University Name, year published. Database (Identification Number).

Citation Example

1. Kimberly Knight,  “Media Epidemics: Viral Structures in Literature and New Media” (PhD diss., University of California, Santa Barbara, 2011), 17, MLA International Bibliography (2013420395).

Knight, Kimberly.  “Media Epidemics: Viral Structures in Literature and New Media.” PhD diss., University of California, Santa Barbara, 2011. MLA International Bibliography (2013420395).

Citing a Thesis or Dissertation from the Web

1. First name Last name, “Title” (master’s thesis or PhD diss., University Name, year published), page number, URL.

Last name, First name. “Title.” Master’s thesis or PhD diss., University Name, year published. URL.

1. Peggy Lynn Wilson, “Pedagogical Practices in the Teaching of English Language in Secondary Public Schools in Parker County” (PhD diss., University of Maryland, College Park, 2011), 25, https://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/11801/1/Wilson_umd_0117E_12354.pdf.

Wilson, Peggy Lynn. “Pedagogical Practices in the Teaching of English Language in Secondary Public Schools in Parker County.” PhD diss., University of Maryland, College Park, 2011. https://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/11801/1/Wilson_umd_0117E_12354.pdf.

Citing an Unpublished Thesis or Dissertation

In rare cases, you may need to cite a thesis or dissertation that has not yet been published. This is particularly the case if you want to cite your own work or the work of a colleague.

1. First name Last name, “Title” (unpublished manuscript, Month Day, Year last modified), format.

Last name, First name. “Title.” Unpublished manuscript, last modified Month Day, Year. Format.

1. John Doe, “A Study of Generic Topic” (unpublished manuscript, June 19, 2021), Microsoft Word file.

Doe, John. “A Study of Generic Topic.” Unpublished manuscript, last modified June 19, 2021. Microsoft Word file.

Chicago Formatting Guide

Chicago Formatting

• Book Chapter
• Conference Paper
• Musical Recording

Citation Examples

• Thesis or Dissertation
• Encyclopedia
• Sheet Music
• YouTube Video

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Turabian Footnote/Endnote Style

Table of Contents: Books E-books Journal Articles (Print) Journal Articles (Online) Magazine Articles (Print) Magazine Articles (Online) Newspaper Articles Review Articles Websites For More Help

The examples in this guide are meant to introduce you to the basics of citing sources using Kate Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (seventh edition) .  Kate Turabian created her first "manual" in 1937 as a means of simplifying for students The Chicago Manual of Style ; the seventh edition of Turabian is based on the 15th edition of the Chicago Manual . For types of resources not covered in this guide (e.g., government documents, manuscript collections, video recordings) and for further detail and examples, please consult the websites listed at the end of this guide, the handbook itself or a reference librarian .

Whenever you refer to or use another's words, facts or ideas in your paper, you are required to cite the source. Traditionally, disciplines in the humanities (art, history, music, religion, theology) require the use of bibliographic footnotes or endnotes in conjunction with a bibliography to cite sources used in research papers and dissertations. For the parenthetical reference (author-date) system (commonly used in the sciences and social sciences), please refer to the separate guide Turabian Parenthetical/Reference List Style . It is best to consult with your professor to determine the preferred citation style.

Indicate notes in the text of your paper by using consecutive superscript numbers (as demonstrated below). The actual note is indented and can occur either as a footnote at the bottom of the page or as an endnote at the end of the paper. To create notes, type the note number followed by a period on the same line as the note itself. This method should always be used for endnotes; it is the preferred method for footnotes. However, superscript numbers are acceptable for footnotes, and many word processing programs can generate footnotes with superscript numbers for you.

When citing books, the following are elements you may need to include in your bibliographic citation for your first footnote or endnote and in your bibliography, in this order:

1. Author or editor; 2. Title; 3. Compiler, translator or editor (if an editor is listed in addition to an author); 4. Edition; 5. Name of series, including volume or number used; 6. Place of publication, publisher and date of publication; 7. Page numbers of citation (for footnote or endnote).

Books with One Author or Corporate Author

Author: Charles Hullmandel experimented with lithographic techniques throughout the early nineteenth century, patenting the "lithotint" process in 1840. 1

Editor: Human beings are the sources of "all international politics"; even though the holders of political power may change, this remains the same. 1

Corporate Author: Children of Central and Eastern Europe have not escaped the nutritional ramifications of iron deficiency, a worldwide problem. 1

First footnote:

1 Michael Twyman, Lithography 1800-1850 (London: Oxford University Press, 1970), 145-146.

1 Valerie M. Hudson, ed., Culture and Foreign Policy (Boulder: L. Rienner Publishers, 1997), 5.

1 UNICEF, Generation in Jeopardy: Children in Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union , edited by Alexander Zouev (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1999), 44.

Note the different treatment of an editor's name depending on whether the editor takes the place of an author (second example) or is listed in addition to the author (third example). 

Subsequent footnotes:

       Method A: Include the author or editor's last name, the title (or an abbreviated title) and the page number cited.

2 Twyman, Lithography 1800-1850, 50.

2 Hudson, ed., Culture and Foreign Policy, 10.

2 UNICEF, Generation in Jeopardy, 48.

       Method B: Include only the author or editor's last name and the page number, leaving out the title.  

2 Twyman, 50.

2 Hudson, ed., 10.

2 UNICEF, 48.

Use Method A if you need to cite more than one reference by the same author.

1. Michael Twyman, Lithography 1800-1850  (London: Oxford University Press, 1970), 145-146.

Ibid., short for ibidem, means "in the same place."  Use ibid. if you cite the same page of the same work in succession without a different reference intervening.  If you need to cite a different page of the same work, include the page number.  For example:   2 Ibid., 50.

Bibliography:

Hudson, Valerie, N., ed. Culture and Foreign Policy . Boulder: L. Rienner Publishers, 1997.

Twyman, Michael. Lithography 1800-1850 . London: Oxford University Press, 1970.

UNICEF.  Generation in Jeopardy: Children in Central and Eastern Europe and the             Former Soviet Union . Edited by Alexander Zouev. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1999.

Books with Two or More Authors or Editors

1 Russell Keat and John Urry, Social Theory as Science, 2d ed. (London: Routledge and K. Paul, 1982), 196.

1 Toyoma Hitomi, "The Era of Dandy Beauties," in Queer Voices from Japan: First-Person Narratives from Japan's Sexual Minorities,  eds. Mark J. McLelland, Katsuhiko Suganuma, and James Welker ( Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2007), 157.

For references with more than three authors, cite the first named author followed by "et al." Cite all the authors in the bibliography.

1 Leonard B. Meyer, et al., The Concept of Style , ed. Berel Lang (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979), 56.

2 Keat and Urry, Social Theory as Science , 200.

2 Meyer, et al., The Concept of Style , 90.

Keat, Russell, and John Urry. Social Theory as Science , 2d. ed. London: Routledge and K. Paul, 1982.

Hitomi, Toyoma. "The Era of Dandy Beauties." In Queer Voices from Japan: First-Person Narratives from Japan's Sexual Minorities,  edited by Mark J. McLelland, Katsuhiko Suganuma, and James Welker, 153-165.   Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2007.

Meyer, Leonard B., Kendall Walton, Albert Hofstadter, Svetlana Alpers, George Kubler, Richard Wolheim, Monroe Beardsley, Seymour Chatman, Ann Banfield, and Hayden White. The Concept of Style . Edited by Berel Lang.  Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979.  

Electronic Books

Follow the guidelines for print books, above, but include the collection (if there is one), URL and the date you accessed the material.

1 John Rae, Statement of Some New Principles on the Subject of Political Economy (Boston: Hillard, Gray and Company, 1834), in The Making of the Modern World,   http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/MOME?af=RN&ae=U104874605&srchtp=a&ste=14  (accessed June 22, 2009).  

2 Rae, Statement of Some New Principles on the Subject of Political Economy .

Rae, John.  Statement of Some New Principles on the Subject of Political Economy. Boston: Hillard, Gray and Company, 1834. In The Making of the Modern World,   http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/MOME?af=RN&ae=U104874605&srchtp=a&ste=14  (accessed June 22, 2009).  

PERIODICAL ARTICLES

For periodical (magazine, journal, newspaper, etc.) articles, include some or all of the following elements in your first footnote or endnote and in your bibliography, in this order:

1. Author; 2. Article title; 3. Periodical title; 4. Volume or Issue number (or both); 5. Publication date; 6. Page numbers.

For online periodicals   , add: 7. URL and date of access; or 8. Database name, URL and date of access. (If available, include database publisher and city of publication.)

For an article available in more than one format (print, online, etc.), cite whichever version you used.

Journal Articles (Print)

1 Lawrence Freedman, "The Changing Roles of Military Conflict," Survival 40, no. 4 (1998): 52.

Here you are citing page 52.  In the bibliography (see below) you would include the full page range: 39-56.

If a journal has continuous pagination within a volume, you do not need to include the issue number:

1 John T. Kirby, "Aristotle on Metaphor," American Journal of Philology 118 (1997): 520.

Subsequent footnotes :

2 Freedman, "The Changing Roles of Military Conflict," 49.   

2 Kirby, "Aristotle on Metaphor," 545.

Freedman, Lawrence. "The Changing Roles of Military Conflict."   Survival 40, no. 4 (1998): 39-56.

Kirby, John T. "Aristotle on Metaphor."  American Journal of Philology 118 (1997): 517-554.  

Journal Articles (Online)

Cite as above, but include the URL and the date of access of the article.

On the Free Web

1 Molly Shea, "Hacking Nostalgia: Super Mario Clouds," Gnovis 9, no. 2 (Spring 2009), http://gnovisjournal.org/journal/hacking-nostalgia-super-mario-clouds  (accessed June 25, 2009).

Through a Subscription Database

1 John T. Kirby, "Aristotle on Metaphor," American Journal of Philology 118, no. 4 (Winter 1997): 524, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/american_journal_of_philology/v118/118.4.kirby.html  (accessed June 25, 2009).

1 Michael Moon, et al., "Queers in (Single-Family) Space," Assemblage 24 (August 1994): 32, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3171189  (accessed June 25, 2009).

Subsequent Footnotes:

2 Shea, "Hacking Nostalgia."

2 Kirby, "Aristotle on Metaphor," 527. 

2 Moon, "Queers in (Single-Family) Space," 34. 

Shea, Molly. "Hacking Nostalgia: Super Mario Clouds," Gnovis 9, no. 2 (Spring 2009), http://gnovisjournal.org/journal/hacking-nostalgia-super-mario-clouds  (accessed June 25, 2009).

Kirby, John T. "Aristotle on Metaphor," American Journal of Philology 118, no. 4 (Winter 1997): 524, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/american_journal_of_philology/v118/118.4.kirby.html  (accessed June 25, 2009).

Moon, Michael, Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Benjamin Gianni, and Scott Weir. "Queers in (Single-Family) Space." Assemblage 24 (August 1994): 30-7, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3171189  (accessed June 25, 2009).

Magazine Articles (Print)

Monthly or Bimonthly

           1 Paul Goldberger, "Machines for Living: The Architectonic Allure of the Automobile," Architectural Digest, October 1996, 82.

1 Steven Levy and Brad Stone, "Silicon Valley Reboots," Newsweek , March 25, 2002, 45.

          2 Goldberger, "Machines for Living," 82.

          2 Levy and Stone, "Silicon Valley Reboots," 46.

Goldberger, Paul.  "Machines for Living: The Architectonic Allure of the Automobile." Architectural Digest, October 1996.

Levy, Steven, and Brad Stone. "Silicon Valley Reboots." Newsweek , March 25, 2002.

Magazine Articles (Online)

Follow the guidelines for print magazine articles, adding the URL and date accessed.

1 Bill Wyman, "Tony Soprano's Female Trouble," Salon.com, May 19, 2001, http://www.salon.com/2001/05/19/sopranos_final/ (accessed February 13, 2017).

1 Sasha Frere-Jones, "Hip-Hop President." New Yorker , November 24, 2008, http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=35324426&site=ehost-live (accessed June 26, 2009).

Wyman, Bill. "Tony Soprano's Female Trouble." Salon.com, May 19, 2001, http://www.salon.com/2001/05/19/sopranos_final/ (accessed February 13, 2017).

Frere-Jones, Sasha. "Hip-Hop President." New Yorker , November 24, 2008. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=35324426&site=ehost-live (accessed June 26, 2009).

Newspaper Articles

In most cases, you will cite newspaper articles only in notes, not in your bibliography. Follow the general pattern for citing magazine articles, although you may omit page numbers.

        1 Eric Pianin, "Use of Arsenic in Wood Products to End," Washington Post , February 13, 2002, final edition.

        1 Eric Pianin, "Use of Arsenic in Wood Products to End," Washington Post , February 13, 2002, final edition, in LexisNexis Academic (accessed June 27, 2009).

Note: In the example above, there was no stable URL for the article in LexisNexis, so the name of the database was given rather than a URL.

Review Articles

Follow the pattern below for review articles in any kind of periodical.

1 Alanna Nash, "Hit 'Em With a Lizard," review of Basket Case, by Carl Hiassen, New York Times , February 3, 2002, http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=105338185&sid=2&Fmt=6&clientId=5604&RQT=309&VName=PQD (accessed June 26, 2009).  

1 David Denby, "Killing Joke," review of No Country for Old Men , directed by Ethan and Joel Coen,  New Yorker, February 25, 2008, 72-73, http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=fah&AN=30033248&site=ehost-live (accessed June 26, 2009). 

Second footnote:

2 Nash, "Hit 'Em With a Lizard."

2 Denby, "Killing Joke."

In most cases, you will be citing something smaller than an entire website. If you are citing an article from a website, for example, follow the guidelines for articles above. You can usually refer to an entire website in running text without including it in your reference list, e.g.: "According to its website, the Financial Accounting Standards Board requires ...".

If you need to cite an entire website in your bibliography, include some or all of the following elements, in this order:

1. Author or editor of the website (if known) 2. Title of the website 3. URL 4. Date of access

Financial Accounting Standards Board .  http://www.fasb.org  (accessed April 29, 2009).

FOR MORE HELP

Following are links to sites that have additional information and further examples:

Turabian Quick Guide (University of Chicago Press)

Chicago Manual of Style Online

RefWorks Once you have created an account, go to Tools/Preview Output Style to see examples of Turabian style.

Purdue's Online Writing Lab (OWL) Excellent source for research, writing and citation tips.

Citing Sources Duke University's guide to citing sources. The site offers comparison citation tables with examples from APA , Chicago , MLA and Turabian for both print and electronic works.

How to Cite Electronic Sources From the Library of Congress. Provides MLA and Turabian examples of citing formats like films, photographs, maps and recorded sound that are accessed electronically.

Uncle Sam: Brief Guide to Citing Government Publications The examples in this excellent guide from the University of Memphis are based on the Chicago Manual of Style and Kate Turabian's Manual .

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• Introduction to Turabian Style | Citations & Formatting

Introduction to Turabian Style | Citations & Formatting

Published on May 28, 2021 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on November 1, 2022.

Turabian is a version of Chicago style that’s specifically designed for students and researchers. If you’ve been told to follow Chicago style when writing your academic research paper , thesis , or dissertation , it’s usually the Turabian guidelines that will be most useful to you.

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Table of contents

What is turabian style, how do citations work in turabian style, notes and bibliography style, author-date style, turabian formatting guidelines.

Kate L. Turabian published the first edition of A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations —often called “Turabian” for short—in 1937. The ninth and latest edition was published in 2018.

Where the Chicago Manual of Style is mainly aimed at publishers, Turabian is specifically aimed at students. Turabian is not a separate style from Chicago, but rather presents Chicago guidelines in a way that prioritizes student needs.

As such, Turabian differs from Chicago only in minor ways—formatting advice tailored to student papers, greater detail regarding specific citation formats —and the Turabian guidelines are the ones you should follow in your papers.

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Chicago and Turabian style both offer a choice between two citation styles: notes and bibliography, and author-date:

• In notes and bibliography style , citations appear in footnotes or endnotes, with a bibliography or annotated bibliography at the end listing all your sources in full. This style is popular in the humanities.
• In author-date style , in-text citations appear in parentheses, with a reference list listing all your sources at the end. This style is mainly used in the sciences.

There are two parts to a notes and bibliography citation: a Chicago footnote in the text, and an entry in your bibliography . You add a citation for all sources, whether they are primary or secondary sources , or tertiary sources .

Footnotes and endnotes

Citations in your text appear in footnotes or endnotes; the first citation of each source provides full information, while subsequent citations of the same source are usually shortened to save space.

A note is signaled by a superscript number appearing at the end of the clause or sentence the citation relates to. Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page, while endnotes appear at the end of the paper. Use one or the other, not a mix of footnotes and endnotes.

Each culture “erects its own musical signposts, melodic, harmonic, and rhythmic devices to represent emotion.” 1

Bibliography

The bibliography lists full information on all the sources cited in your text. It appears at the end of your text. Bibliography entries are alphabetized by authors’ last names, so names are inverted in the bibliography with a comma separating them (e.g. “Smith, John”).

Each source is listed on a new line, with a hanging indent applied when an entry for a single source extends onto additional lines. An example of a properly formatted Turabian bibliography is shown below.

In the tabs below, you can explore examples of various common source types cited in Turabian notes and bibliography style. It’s always important to make sure you use credible sources .

Notes and bibliography citation examples

• Book chapter
• Journal article

Author-date style consists of short parenthetical in-text citations that correspond to entries in your reference list .

In-text citations

Author-date in-text citations consist of the author’s last name, the year of publication, and a page number (or other locator) if relevant. They appear at the end of the relevant clause or sentence, before any closing punctuation .

Each culture “erects its own musical signposts, melodic, harmonic, and rhythmic devices to represent emotion” (Swafford 1992, 518).

Reference list

The reference list provides full information on all the sources cited. It is presented in a similar format to the bibliography, except that the year comes immediately after the author’s name, to allow for easy cross-referencing with the in-text citations.

Explore the tabs below to see examples of author-date citations for various common source types.

Author-date citation examples

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Unlike the Chicago Manual itself, Turabian presents guidelines for formatting an academic paper, thesis, or dissertation. The following general format guidelines should be followed unless your university provides different ones:

• Use a standard font like 12 pt. Times New Roman.
• Double-space the text.
• Use 1 inch margins or larger.
• Indent new paragraphs by ½ inch.
• Place page numbers in the top right or bottom center.

The image below shows an example of a page formatted according to Turabian guidelines.

You can also download one of our template documents for Turabian style. Just select the citation style you need to follow; the appropriate formatting is already set up in the document.

Author-date Notes and bibliography

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Caulfield, J. (2022, November 01). Introduction to Turabian Style | Citations & Formatting. Scribbr. Retrieved September 24, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/chicago-style/turabian/

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A quick note:

The following examples follow the Notes-Bibliography style. For Author-Date style, please consult The Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition.

Chicago AND Turabian Citation Examples: Dissertations & Theses

Chicago and Turabian use the exact same format for citing dissertations and theses.

Important Elements:

• Author 
• Title of Dissertation or Thesis
• Type of Document (Dissertation or Thesis)
• Name of Degree Granting Institution

Thesis or dissertation

1. Author First Last, "Title of Dissertation or Theis" (Doctoral diss. or Master's Thesis, Name of Institution, Year), pp.-pp.

1. Dana S. Levin, "Let's Talk about Sex . . . Education: Exploring Youth Perspectives, Implicit Messages, and Unexamined Implications of Sex Education in Schools" (PhD diss., University of Michigan, 2010), 101-2.

Shortened note

2. Author Last, "Shortened Title," pp.

2. Levin, "Let's Talk about Sex," 98.

Bibliography Entry

Author Last, First. "Title of Dissertation or Thesis." Doctoral diss. or Master's Thesis, Name of Institution, Year.

Levin, Dana S. "Let's Talk about Sex . . . Education: Exploring Youth Perspectives, Implicit Messages, and Unexamined Implications of Sex Education in Schools." PhD diss., University of Michigan, 2010.

Examples courtesy of  The Turabian 8th edition .

Chicago/Turabian Examples by Source

•    Articles
•    Audio & Video
•    Books
•    Dictionaries & Encyclopedias
•    Dissertations & Theses
•    Websites, Including Social Media
•    Other Source Types

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Ask a question below or contact your subject specialist librarian for more help!

Useful Resources for Chicago/Turabian

Check out the  Chicago Manual of Style's Shop Talk website  for more great information about using the Chicago Manual of Style through the links below!

• Shop Talk for Students
• Formatting a paper in Chicago Style
• What's the difference between Chicago and Turabian?!?

• << Previous: Dictionaries & Encyclopedias
• Next: Websites, Including Social Media >>
• Last Updated: Sep 9, 2024 1:13 PM
• URL: https://guides.lib.uiowa.edu/citationhelp

Citation Style & Formatting Guide: Turabian - Chicago

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• Plagiarism, Copyright, & Fair Use This link opens in a new window

Basic Turabian Formatting Rules

• Alphabetize the citations in your bibliography by the author's last name. 
• Double space your entire document , except for the bibliography which should be single spaced. 
• Use a Hanging Indent for all citations in your bibliography. 
• Check the capitalization and italics for each citation in your bibliography. 

Turabian Document Formatting

Margins & Page Numbers

T itle Page

Section Headings

Formatting Figures  

Sample Paper

Microsoft Word - Hanging Indent

Superscript in microsoft word.

• How to add a superscript in Microsoft Word

Turabian - Chicago Manual Style

• Chicago/Turabian Formatting & Style Guide - Purdue OWL
• Chicago Quick Citation Guide from CMOS
• Turabian Quick Citation Guide from CMOS
• Turabian Student Paper-formatting Tip Sheet from CMOS

How do I cite...

• Articles - Journals, Newspapers, Magazines
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• Film, Television, Music
• Interviews, Personal Communication, Broadcast Interviews
• Government Documents, Court Cases, Dissertations
• A_Quick_Look_at_Citing_Your_Commentary

In-Text Citations

In-text citations are abbreviated citations following an idea or quoted text in your writing. 

In-text citations must always correspond to an expanded citation in your references list. 

Turabian style refers to in-text citations as "Footnotes." 

• Footnotes/In-Text Citations in Turabian

Basics of Footnote In-text Citations: 

• Quotes -  when you use the exact text from another source, this is defined as "quoted text." Quoted text should always be in quotation marks and include an in-text citation using a superscript.   
• Paraphrase & Summary -  when you paraphrase or summarize another author's idea or writing you should give credit to the original source by including an in-text citation using a superscript.   
• Footnotes - Footnote citations are inserted into your document using "superscripts."   
• Superscripts -  a number corresponding to a source in the reference list indicating the source from which a direct quote or paraphrased idea came from.  A superscript number  1    inserted into the document immediately following a fact, concept, or quotation being cited.  1

1. HPU Libraries. "AMA Citation Guide: In-text Citations." https://guides.highpoint.edu/ama. Accessed February 13, 2019. 

1. Purdue Online Writing Lab. "Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition, General Format."  https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/chicago_manual_17th_edition/cmos_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html (retrieved February 15, 2019). 

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Information

How to cite references using chicago style/turabian.

• Getting Started
• Finding Help
• Books & E-Books (including Chapters)
• Scholarly Journals, Magazines, and Newspapers
• Electronic Sources (including websites)
• Sound Recordings
• Video Recordings
• Images, Photos, and Artworks
• Miscellaneous/Special
• Citing ChatGPT and Other AI Tools in Chicago Style/Turabian
• Footnotes/Endnotes
• More Guides & Examples

Chicago Style 17th Edition Examples - Books

​ listed below are examples of proper formatting of bibliographic references (b) and a corresponding footnote/endnote (n) for each source type..

• General Format for Books

B:   Last Name, First Name. Title of Book .  Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of publication.

N:   1. first name last name,  title of book ( place of publication: publisher, year of publication), page number., b:   kerouac, jack. the dharma bums .  new york: viking press, 1958., n:   1. jack kerouac,  the dharma bums ( new york: viking press, 1958), 128..

• Two Authors

B:   Lash, Scott, and John Urry.  Economies of Size and Space . London: Sage Publications, 1994 ​

N:   2.  Scott Lash and John  Urry,  Economies of Size and Space ( Lo ndon: Sage Publications,  1994), 241-51. ​

• More than Two Authors

B:   Evans, Julie, Patricia Grimshaw, David Philips, and Shurlee Swain.  Equal Subjects, Unequal Rights: Indigenous Peoples in British Settler Societies.  Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003.

N:   3. Julie Evans et al. ,  Equal Subjects, Unequal Rights:  Indigenous Peoples in British Settler Societies (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003), 29. ​

• No author, anonymous

Sources that have no known author or editor should be cited by title. Follow the basic format for bibliographic and footnote/endnote entries that are exemplified above, omitting author and/or editor names and beginning respective entries with the title of the source.

• Translated work with one author

B:   Cortázar, Julio. Hopscotch.  Translated by Gregory Rabassa. New York: Pantheon Books, 1966.

N:   4. Julio Cortázar,  Hopscotch,  trans. Gregory Rabassa (New York: Pantheon Books, 1966), 165.

• Book with Author and Editor

B:   Tylor, Edward B.  Researches into the Early Development of Mankind and the Development of Civilization . Edited by Paul Bohannan. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964.

N:   5.  Edward B. Tylor,  Researches into the Early Development of Mankind and the Development of Civilization,  ed. Paul Bohannan ( Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964), 194.

• Contributions from an edited collection with various authored chapters​

B:   Harris, Muriel. “Talk to Me: Engaging Reluctant Writers.” In A Tutor's Guide: Helping Writers One to One , edited by Ben Rafoth, 24-34. New Hampshire: Heinemann, 2000.

N:   6. Muriel Harris, “Talk to Me: Engaging Reluctant Writers,” in  A Tutor's Guide: Helping Writers One to One , ed. Ben  Rafoth ( New Hampshire: Heinemann, 2000), 24-34.

• Self-Published or Privately Published Book

B:   Long, Kathleen.  Chasing Rainbows: A Novel . Self-published, CreateSpace, 2011.

N:   7. Kathleen Long,  Chasing Rainbows: A Novel  (self-pub.,  CreateSpace , 2011).

• Edition of a book

B:   Strunk, William, Jr., and E. B. White.  The Elements of Style . 4th ed. New York: Allyn and Bacon, 2000.

N:   8. William Strunk Jr. and E. B. White,  The Elements of Style , 4th ed. (New York: Allyn and Bacon, 2000), 21.

• Introduction, Preface, or Afterword

B:   Pinker, Steven. Introduction to  What is Your Dangerous Idea?, xxiii-xxxiii.  Edited by John Brockman. New York: Harper Perennial, 2007.

N:   9. Steven Pinker, introduction to  What is Your Dangerous Idea?, ed.  John  Brockman ( New York: Harper Perennial, 2007), xxv.

B:   Davidson, Donald. Essays on Actions and Events . Oxford: Clarendon, 2001. https://bibliotecamathom.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/essays-on-actions-and-events.pdf.

N:   10. Donald Davidson,  Essays on Actions and Events  (Oxford: Clarendon, 2001), https://bibliotecamathom.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/essays-on-actions-and-events.pdf. ​

• E-book from a database

B:   Borel, Brooke.  Infested: How the Bed But Infiltrated Our Bedrooms and Took Over the World.  Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015. EBSCOhost. 

N:    11. Brooke Borel,  Infested: How the Bed Bug Infiltrated Our Bedrooms and Took Over the World  (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015), 59, EBSCOhost. ​

• Chapter in an e-book (include the URL which is based on the DOI for the specific chapter instead of the work as a whole)

B:   Bonds, Mark Evan. Absolute Music: The History of an Idea. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199343638.001.0001

N:   12. Mark Evan Bonds, Absolute Music: The History of an Idea  ( N ew York: Oxford University Press, 2014), chap. 3,  http s://d oi.org/10.109 3/ acprof :oso/9780199343638.001.0001.  ​

• Chicago Style Manual 17th Edition

B:   University of Chicago Press. The Chicago Manual of Style . 17th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017.

N:   13. University of Chicago Press,  The Chicago Manual of Style,   17th  ed. (Ch icago: University of Chicago Press, 2017), 791-94.

• A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 9th Ed.  by Kate L. Turabian

B:   Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations . 9th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018.

N:   14. Kate L. Turabian,  A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations ,  9th ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018), 319-20.

More on E-Books:

If the book is read using a device (such as a Kindle, NOOK, Google Play books, etc), write your bibliographic reference/footnote/endnote just like a normal book but add the name of the device at the end. 

For books consulted online (such as through the Wayne State library or a free electronic version) always include the URL/DOI at the end. 

E-Books in footnotes/ endnotes :

If a location number needs to be cited or referred to for any reason, include both the specific location and the total number of locations. For example:

3. Mary Ann Noe,  Ivory Trenches: Adventures of an English Teacher  (self-pub., Amazon Digital Services, 2016), loc. 444 of 3023, Kindle.

In a note, information about the e-book follows any page or other locator information.

More Chicago Style Guides

• The Writer's Handbook: Chicago/Turabian Documentation Guide The University of Wisconsin - Madison provides a quick resource for citing references in papers using the Chicago Style Manual, 17th ed.
• Purdue OWL: Chicago Manual of Style Formatting & Style Guide This resource offers examples for the general format of Chicago Style research papers, endnotes/footnotes, and bibliographic citations.
• Citation Style Chart A handy side-by-side comparison of APA, MLA and Chicago styles.
• Sample Research Paper in Chicago Style
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CITATION QUICK GUIDE

Notes and Bibliography: Sample Citation

The following examples illustrate the notes and bibliography style. Sample notes show full citations followed by shortened forms that would be used after the first citation. Sample bibliography entries follow the notes. For more details and many more examples, see chapters 16 and 17 of Turabian. (For examples of the same citations using the author-date system, go to Author-Date: Sample Citations .)

1. Katie Kitamura, A Separation (New York: Riverhead Books, 2017), 25.

2. Sharon Sassler and Amanda Jayne Miller, Cohabitation Nation: Gender, Class, and the Remaking of Relationships (Oakland: University of California Press, 2017), 114.

SHORTENED NOTES

3. Kitamura, Separation , 91–92.

4. Sassler and Miller, Cohabitation Nation , 205.

BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRIES (IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER)

Kitamura, Katie. A Separation . New York: Riverhead Books, 2017.

Sassler, Sharon, and Amanda Jayne Miller. Cohabitation Nation: Gender, Class, and the Remaking of Relationships . Oakland: University of California Press, 2017.

CHAPTER OR OTHER PART OF AN EDITED BOOK

In a note, cite specific pages. In the bibliography, include the page range for the chapter or part.

1. Mary Rowlandson, “The Narrative of My Captivity,” in The Making of the American Essay , ed. John D’Agata (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016), 19–20.

SHORTENED NOTE

2. Rowlandson, “Captivity,” 48.

BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY

Rowlandson, Mary. “The Narrative of My Captivity.” In The Making of the American Essay , edited by John D’Agata, 19–56. Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016.

To cite an edited book as a whole, list the editor(s) first.

1. John D’Agata, ed., The Making of the American Essay (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016), 19–20.

2. D’Agata, American Essay, 48.

D’Agata, John, ed. The Making of the American Essay. Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016.

TRANSLATED BOOK

1. Jhumpa Lahiri, In Other Words , trans. Ann Goldstein (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2016), 146.

2. Lahiri, In Other Words , 184.

Lahiri, Jhumpa. In Other Words . Translated by Ann Goldstein. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2016.

For books consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database. For other types of e-books, name the format. If no fixed page numbers are available, cite a section title or a chapter or other number in the notes or, if possible, track down a version with fixed page numbers.

1. Fyodor Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment , trans. Constance Garnett, ed. William Allan Neilson (New York: P. F. Collier & Son, 1917), 444, https://archive.org/details/crimepunishment00dostuoft.

2. Eric Schlosser, Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the American Meal (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2001), 88, ProQuest Ebrary.

3. Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice (New York: Penguin Classics, 2007), chap. 3, Kindle.

4. Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment , 504–5.

5. Schlosser, Fast Food Nation , 100.

6. Austen, Pride and Prejudice , chap. 14.

Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice . New York: Penguin Classics, 2007. Kindle.

Dostoevsky, Fyodor. Crime and Punishment . Translated by Constance Garnett, edited by William Allan Neilson. New York: P. F. Collier & Son, 1917. https://archive.org/details/crimepunishment00dostuoft.

Schlosser, Eric. Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the American Meal . Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2001. ProQuest Ebrary.

THESIS OR DISSERTATION

1. Guadalupe Navarro-Garcia, “Integrating Social Justice Values in Educational Leadership: A Study of African American and Black University Presidents” (PhD diss., University of California, Los Angeles, 2016), 44, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.

2. Navarro-Garcia, “Social Justice Values,” 125–26.

Navarro-Garcia, Guadalupe. “Integrating Social Justice Values in Educational Leadership: A Study of African American and Black University Presidents.” PhD diss., University of California, Los Angeles, 2016. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.

JOURNAL ARTICLE

In a note, cite specific page numbers. In the bibliography, include the page range for the whole article. For articles consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database. Many journal articles list a DOI (Digital Object Identifier). A DOI forms a permanent URL that begins https://doi.org/. This URL is preferable to the URL that appears in your browser’s address bar.

1. Ashley Hope Pérez, “Material Morality and the Logic of Degrees in Diderot’s Le neveu de Rameau ,” Modern Philology 114, no. 4 (May 2017): 874, https://doi.org/10.1086/689836.

2. Shao-Hsun Keng, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem, “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality,” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring 2017): 9–10, https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.

3. Peter LaSalle, “Conundrum: A Story about Reading,” New England Review 38, no. 1 (2017): 95, Project MUSE.

4. Pérez, “Material Morality,” 880–81.

5. Keng, Lin, and Orazem, “Expanding College Access,” 23.

6. LaSalle, “Conundrum,” 101.

Keng, Shao-Hsun, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem. “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality.” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring 2017): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.

LaSalle, Peter. “Conundrum: A Story about Reading.” New England Review 38, no. 1 (2017): 95–109. Project MUSE.

Pérez, Ashley Hope. “Material Morality and the Logic of Degrees in Diderot’s Le neveu de Rameau .” Modern Philology 114, no. 4 (May 2017): 872–98. https://doi.org/10.1086/689836.

Journal articles often list many authors, especially in the sciences. If there are four or more authors, list up to ten in the bibliography; in a note, list only the first, followed by et al. (“and others”). For more than ten authors (not shown here), list the first seven in the bibliography, followed by et al.

7. Jesse N. Weber et al., “Resist Globally, Infect Locally: A Transcontinental Test of Adaptation by Stickleback and Their Tapeworm Parasite,” American Naturalist 189, no. 1 (January 2017): 45, https://doi.org/10.1086/689597.

8. Weber et al., “Resist Globally,” 48–49.

Weber, Jesse N., Martin Kalbe, Kum Chuan Shim, Noémie I. Erin, Natalie C. Steinel, Lei Ma, and Daniel I. Bolnick. “Resist Globally, Infect Locally: A Transcontinental Test of Adaptation by Stickleback and Their Tapeworm Parasite.” American Naturalist 189, no. 1 (January 2017): 43–57. https://doi.org/10.1086/689597.

NEWS OR MAGAZINE ARTICLE

Articles from newspapers or news sites, magazines, blogs, and the like are cited similarly. Page numbers, if any, can be cited in a note but are omitted from a bibliography entry. If you consulted the article online, include a URL or the name of the database.

1. Farhad Manjoo, “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera,” New York Times , March 8, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural-supremacy-of-the-camera.html.

2. Erin Anderssen, “Through the Eyes of Generation Z,” Globe and Mail (Toronto), June 25, 2016, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/through-the-eyes-of-generation-z/article30571914/.

3. Rob Pegoraro, “Apple’s iPhone Is Sleek, Smart and Simple,” Washington Post , July 5, 2007, LexisNexis Academic.

4. Vinson Cunningham, “You Don’t Understand: John McWhorter Makes His Case for Black English,” New Yorker , May 15, 2017, 85.

5. Dara Lind, “Moving to Canada, Explained,” Vox , September 15, 2016, http://www.vox.com/2016/5/9/11608830/move-to-canada-how.

6. Manjoo, “Snap.”

7. Anderssen, “Generation Z.”

8. Pegoraro, “Apple’s iPhone.”

9. Cunningham, “Black English,” 86.

10. Lind, “Moving to Canada.”

Anderssen, Erin. “Through the Eyes of Generation Z.” Globe and Mail (Toronto), June 25, 2016. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/through-the-eyes-of-generation-z/article30571914/.

Cunningham, Vinson. “You Don’t Understand: John McWhorter Makes His Case for Black English.” New Yorker , May 15, 2017.

Lind, Dara. “Moving to Canada, Explained.” Vox , September 15, 2016. http://www.vox.com/2016/5/9/11608830/move-to-canada-how.

Manjoo, Farhad. “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera.” New York Times , March 8, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural-supremacy-of-the-camera.html.

Pegoraro, Rob. “Apple’s iPhone Is Sleek, Smart and Simple.” Washington Post , July 5, 2007. LexisNexis Academic.

Readers’ comments are cited in the text or in a note but omitted from a bibliography.

11. Eduardo B (Los Angeles), March 9, 2017, comment on Manjoo, “Snap.”

BOOK REVIEW

1. Fernanda Eberstadt, “Gone Guy: A Writer Leaves His Wife, Then Disappears in Greece,” review of A Separation , by Katie Kitamura, New York Times , February 15, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/15/books/review/separation-katie-kitamura.html.

2. Eberstadt, “Gone Guy.”

Eberstadt, Fernanda. “Gone Guy: A Writer Leaves His Wife, Then Disappears in Greece.” Review of A Separation , by Katie Kitamura. New York Times , February 15, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/15/books/review/separation-katie-kitamura.html.

WEBSITE CONTENT

Web pages and other website content can be cited as shown here. For a source that does not list a date of publication, posting, or revision, include an access date (as in the Columbia example).

1. “Privacy Policy,” Privacy & Terms, Google, last modified April 17, 2017, https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.

2. “History,” Columbia University, accessed May 15, 2017, http://www.columbia.edu/content/history.html.

3. Google, “Privacy Policy.”

4. Columbia University, “History.”

Columbia University. “History.” Accessed May 15, 2017. http://www.columbia.edu/content/history.html.

Google. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Last modified April 17, 2017. https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.

AUDIOVISUAL CONTENT

1. Kory Stamper, “From ‘F-Bomb’ to ‘Photobomb,’ How the Dictionary Keeps Up with English,” interview by Terry Gross, Fresh Air , NPR, April 19, 2017, audio, 35:25, http://www.npr.org/2017/04/19/524618639/from-f-bomb-to-photobomb-how-the-dictionary-keeps-up-with-english.

2. Beyoncé, “Sorry,” directed by Kahlil Joseph and Beyoncé Knowles, June 22, 2016, music video, 4:25, https://youtu.be/QxsmWxxouIM.

3. Stamper, interview.

4. Beyoncé, “Sorry.”

Beyoncé. “Sorry.” Directed by Kahlil Joseph and Beyoncé Knowles. June 22, 2016. Music video, 4:25. https://youtu.be/QxsmWxxouIM.

Stamper, Kory. “From ‘F-Bomb’ to ‘Photobomb,’ How the Dictionary Keeps Up with English.” Interview by Terry Gross. Fresh Air , NPR, April 19, 2017. Audio, 35:25. http://www.npr.org/2017/04/19/524618639/from-f-bomb-to-photobomb-how-the-dictionary-keeps-up-with-english.

SOCIAL MEDIA CONTENT

Citations of content shared through social media can usually be limited to the text (as in the first example below). A note may be added if a more formal citation is needed or to include a link. In rare cases, a bibliography entry may also be appropriate. In place of a title, quote up to the first 160 characters of the post. Comments are cited in reference to the original post.

Sloane Crosley offers the following advice: “How to edit: Attack a sentence. Write in the margins. Toss in some arrows. Cross out words. Rewrite them. Circle the whole mess and STET” (@askanyone, Twitter, May 8, 2017).

NOTES 

1. Pete Souza (@petesouza), “President Obama bids farewell to President Xi of China at the conclusion of the Nuclear Security Summit,” Instagram photo, April 1, 2016, https://www.instagram.com/p/BDrmfXTtNCt/.

2. Chicago Manual of Style, “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993,” Facebook, April 17, 2015, https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.

SHORTENED NOTES 

3. Souza, “President Obama.”

4. Michele Truty, April 17, 2015, 1:09 p.m., comment on Chicago Manual of Style, “singular they.”

Chicago Manual of Style. “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993.” Facebook, April 17, 2015. https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.

PERSONAL COMMUNICATION

Personal interviews, correspondence, and other types of personal communications—including email and text messages and direct messages sent through social media—are usually cited in the text or in a note only; they are rarely included in a bibliography.

1. Sam Gomez, Facebook message to author, August 1, 2017.

2. Interview with home health aide, July 31, 2017.

Citation Guide: Turabian

• Turabian Style
• Journal Article
• Bible This link opens in a new window
• Social Media
• Online Video & Podcast
• Images, Artwork, & Graphics
• Multiple Authors
• Corporate/Organization as Author
• Editor or Translator
• Paper Formatting This link opens in a new window

Editor or Translator in Place of an Author

Notes (footnotes or endnotes).

1. Seamus Heaney, trans., Beowulf: A New Verse Translation (New York: W.W. Norton, 2000), 55.

2. Maria dei Mar Logrono Narbona, Paulo G. Pinto, and John Tofik Karam, eds., Crescent over Another Horizon: Islam in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Latino USA (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2015), 140-141.

SHORTENED NOTES (Subsequent entries)

3. Heaney, Beowulf , 55

4. Logrono Narbona, Pinto, and Tofik Karam, Crescent over Another Horizon , 141.

BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRIES (in Alphabetical Order)

Heaney, Seamus, trans., Beowulf: A New Verse Translation . New York: W.W. Norton, 2000

Logrono Narbona, Maria dei Mar, Paulo G. Pinto, and John Tofik Karam, eds. Crescent over Another Horizon: Islam in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Latino USA . Austin: University of Texas Press, 2015.

From A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. 9 th ed.

Editor or Translator in Addition to an Author

1. Elizabeth I, Collected Works , ed. Leah S. Marcus, Janel Mueller, and Mary Beth Rose (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 102-104.

2. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, The Science of Logic , ed. and trans, George di Giovanni (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 642-643.

3. The Noe Jitrik Reader: Selected Essays on Latin American Literature , ed. Daniel Balderston, trans, Susan E. Benner (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005), 189.

4. Elizabeth I, Collected Works , 105.

5. Hegel, Science of Logic , 645-647.

6. Jitrik, Noe Jitrik Reader , 187.

Elizabeth I. Collected Works . Edited by Leah S. Marcus, Janel Mueller, and Mary Beth Rose. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich. The Science of Logic , , Edited and trans by George di Giovanni. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

Jitrik, Noe. The Noe Jitrik Reader: Selected Essays on Latin American Literature . Edited by Daniel Balderston. Translated by Susan E. Benner. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005.

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Turabian Writing Guide: Formatting

• Bibliography
• Citing the Bible

Writing Center Help

The Liberty University Writing Center is available to provide writing coaching to students. Residential students should contact the  On-Campus Writing Center  for assistance. Online students should contact the  Online Writing Center  for assistance.

Sample Papers

The Writing Center has a sample paper available here and has also made templates available depending on the length of the paper:

• Turabian Template for papers with no headings . These are typically undergraduate papers with less than ten pages in the body.
• Turabian Template for papers requiring headings . These are typically graduate or doctoral papers with more than ten pages in the body. See page 9 of the Sample Paper for specific instructions for setting the paper's headings.

General Formatting

• The paper should use Times New Roman, 12 point font. Footnotes use Times New Roman, 10 point font
• 1" margins all around
• For bound theses or dissertations (rare), include a 1.5" left margin

Spacing and Indentation

• The body of the paper should be double-spaced.
• Quotes should be blocked if the citations are five or more lines.
• Footnotes should be single-spaced, but add a blank line between individual footnotes.

Footnotes and Bibliography

• Indent Footnotes on the first line
• In Word, use “Insert Footnote” under the “References” ribbon (not “Insert Citation”). This will insert a superscripted number in the body text and the footnote below. The Turabian manual shows footnote numbers that are not superscripted and are followed by a period, but Liberty University programs require superscripted numbers with no periods, which is the Word default.
• To renumber footnotes, add section breaks between chapters.
• Use hanging indents for bibliography citations.
• The bibliography is single-spaced, with a blank line between entries.

Page Numbers

• In general, page numbers in Turabian Style should begin after the title page and any front matter; they should continue through the rest of the paper.  To format your page numbering properly, you would need to add section breaks after the front matter.  You can find a guide to adding page numbers to your paper in Word  here .

The paper’s body, bibliography, and appendices display Arabic numerals (i.e., 1, 2, 3) placed flush-right in the header, beginning with page 1 on the first page of the body of the paper. 

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Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

General Format

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

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Since The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) is primarily intended as a style guide for published works rather than class papers, these guidelines will be supplemented with information from, Kate L. Turabian’s Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (8th ed.), which is largely based on CMOS with some slight alterations.

To see a side-by-side comparison of the three most widely used citation styles, including a chart of all CMOS citation guidelines, see the Citation Style Chart.

Please use the example at the bottom of this page to cite the Purdue OWL in CMOS.

A Note on Citations

Unlike many citation styles, CMOS gives writers two different methods for documenting sources: the Author-Date System and the Notes-Bibliography (NB) System.  As its name suggests, Author-Date uses parenthetical citations in the text to reference the source's author's last name and the year of publication. Each parenthetical citation corresponds to an entry on a References page that concludes the document. In these regards, Author-Date is very similar to, for instance, APA style.

By contrast, NB uses numbered footnotes in the text to direct the reader to a shortened citation at the bottom of the page. This corresponds to a fuller citation on a Bibliography page that concludes the document. Though the general principles of citation are the same here, the citations themselves are formatted differently from the way they appear in Author-Date.

If you are using CMOS for school or work, don't forget to ensure that you're using your organization's preferred citation method. For examples of these two different styles in action, see our CMOS sample papers:

Author-Date Sample Paper

NB Sample Paper

General CMOS Guidelines

• Text should be consistently double-spaced, except for block quotations, notes, bibliography entries, table titles, and figure captions.
• A prose quotation of five or more lines, or more than 100 words, should be blocked.
• CMOS recommends blocking two or more lines of poetry.
• A blocked quotation does not get enclosed in quotation marks.
• A blocked quotation must always begin a new line.
• Blocked quotations should be indented with the word processor’s indention tool.
• Page numbers begin in the header of the first page of text with Arabic number 1.
• For CMOS and Turabian’s recommendations, see “Headings,” below.

Supplemental Turabian Style Guidelines

• Margins should be set at no less than 1”.
• Typeface should be something readable, such as Times New Roman or Courier.
• Font size should be no less than 10 pt. (preferably, 12 pt.).

Major Paper Sections

• The title should be centered a third of the way down the page.
• Your name, class information, and the date should follow several lines later.
• For subtitles, end the title line with a colon and place the subtitle on the line below the title.
• Double-space each line of the title page.

CMOS Title Page

• Different practices apply for theses and dissertations (see Kate L. Turabian’s A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, ad Dissertations [8 th ed.].
• Titles mentioned in the text, notes, or bibliography are capitalized “headline-style,” meaning first words of titles and subtitles and any important words thereafter should be capitalized.
• Book and periodical titles (titles of larger works) should be italicized.
• Article and chapter titles (titles of shorter works) should be enclosed in double quotation marks.
• The titles of most poems should be enclosed in double quotation marks, but the titles of very long poems should be italicized.
• Titles of plays should be italicized.
• For example, use lowercase terms to describe periods, except in the case of proper nouns (e.g., “the colonial period,” vs. “the Victorian era”).
• A prose quotation of five or more lines should be “blocked.” The block quotation should match the surrounding text, and it takes no quotation marks. To offset the block quote from surrounding text, indent the entire quotation using the word processor’s indentation tool. It is also possible to offset the block quotation by using a different or smaller font than the surrounding text.
• Label the first page of your back matter, your comprehensive list of sources, “Bibliography” (for Notes and Bibliography style) or “References” (for Author-Date style).
• Leave two blank lines between “Bibliography” or “References” and your first entry.
• Leave one blank line between remaining entries.
• List entries in letter-by-letter alphabetical order according to the first word in each entry, be that the author's name or the title of the piece..
• For two to three authors, write out all names.
• For four to ten authors, write out all names in the bibliography but only the first author’s name plus “et al.” in notes and parenthetical citations.
• When a source has no identifiable author, cite it by its title, both on the references page and in shortened form (up to four keywords from that title) in parenthetical citations throughout the text.
• Write out publishers’ names in full.
• Do not use access dates unless publication dates are unavailable.
• If you cannot ascertain the publication date of a printed work, use the abbreviation “n.d.”
• Provide DOIs instead of URLs whenever possible.
• If no DOI is available, provide a URL.
• If you cannot name a specific page number when called for, you have other options: section (sec.), equation (eq.), volume (vol.), or note (n.).

CMOS Bibliography Page

• Note numbers should begin with “1” and follow consecutively throughout a given paper.
• Note numbers are superscripted.
• Note numbers should be placed at the end of the clause or sentence to which they refer and should be placed after all punctuation, except for the dash.
• Note numbers are full-sized, not raised, and followed by a period (superscripting note numbers in the notes themselves is also acceptable).
• In parenthetical citation, separate documentation from brief commentary with a semicolon.
• Do not repeat the hundreds digit in a page range if it does not change from the beginning to the end of the range.

For more information on footnotes, please see CMOS NB Sample Paper .

While  The Chicago Manual of Style does not include a prescribed system for formatting headings and subheads, it makes several recommendations.

• Maintain consistency and parallel structure in headings and subheads.
• Use headline-style for purposes of capitalization.
• Subheadings should begin on a new line.
• Subheadings can be distinguished by font-size.
• Ensure that each level of hierarchy is clear and consistent.
• Levels of subheads can be differentiated by type style, use of boldface or italics, and placement on the page, usually either centered or flush left.
• Use no more than three levels of hierarchy.
• Avoid ending subheadings with periods.

Turabian has an optional system of five heading levels.

Turabian Subheading Plan

Here is an example of the five-level heading system:

CMOS Headings

Tables and Figures

• Position tables and figures as soon as possible after they are first referenced. If necessary, present them after the paragraph in which they are described.
• For figures, include a caption, or short explanation of the figure or illustration, directly after the figure number.
• Cite a source as you would for parenthetical citation, and include full information in an entry on your Bibliography or References page.
• Acknowledge reproduced or adapted sources appropriately (i.e., photo by; data adapted from; map by...).
• If a table includes data not acquired by the author of the text, include an unnumbered footnote. Introduce the note by the word Source(s) followed by a colon, then include the full source information, and end the note with a period.

How to Cite the Purdue OWL in CMOS

On the new OWL site, contributors’ names and the last edited date are no longer listed at the top of every page. This means that most citations will now begin with the title of the resource, rather than the contributors' names.

Footnote or Endnote (N):

Corresponding Bibliographical Entry (B):

“Title of Resource.” List the OWL as Publishing Organization/Web Site Name . http://Web address for OWL resource.

“General Format.” The Purdue OWL. https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/717/02/.

Author Date In-text Citation:

("General Format" 2017).

Author Date References Page Citation:

Year of Publication. “Title of Resource.” List the OWL as Publishing Organization/Web Site Name . http://Web address for OWL resource.

2017. “General Format.” The Purdue OWL . https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/717/02.

Chicago/Turabian/SBL Style Guide (Notes-Bibliography)

• Format for Paper
• Citation Placement
• Reference (encyclopedias, dictionaries, or lexicons)
• Books / eBooks

Citing a Thesis or Dissertation

• Format for A Thesis or Dissertation
• Government Documents
• Other Resources
• Format of the Reference Page
• Grad Ministry
• Contact the Library
• Theses and dissertations are cited much like books except for the title in enclosed in quotation marks.
• After the author and tile, list the kind of paper (degree level and thesis or dissertation), the academic institution, and the date. This replaces the normal publication data (publisher name, place, and date of publication).
• Abbreviate dissertation as diss.

Bibliography:

Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. "Title of the Work: Subtitle of the Work." Degree Level Kind of Paper., University Name, Year of Degree.

1. Author's First and Last Names, "Title of Work: Subtitle of the Work" (Degree Level Kind of Paper, University Name, Year of Degree), page number.

Navarro-Garcia, Guadalupe. "Integrating Social Justice Values in Educational Leadership: A Study of African American and black University Presidents." PhD diss., University of California, Los Angeles, 2016.

1. Guadalupe Navarro-Garcia, "Integrating Social Justice Values in Educational Leadership: A Study of African American and black University Presidents" (PhD diss, University of California, Los Angeles, 2016).

• << Previous: Theses and Dissertations
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Turabian Format Quick Guide

Additional Navigation

NOTE: The Chicago Manual of Style ( CMOS ) 18th edition has been released. However, the Turabian manual (which is based on CMOS ) has not yet been updated. Since Liberty University courses use Turabian formatting, no changes will be made in the approved formatting resources until the Turabian manual is updated . All resources in this Quick Guide are based on Turabian’s 9th edition, which is based on CMOS’s 17th edition.

Note to students using Grammarly: See this resource on Grammarly’s Place in the Writing Process (pdf)

Have a formatting question?

Online students.

See a list of all services available to  online students at  www.liberty.edu/onlinewritingcenter

Residential Students

See a list of all services available to  residential  students at  www.liberty.edu/writing

Sample Paper in notes-bibliography for all students (pdf)

Turabian Template (dotm)  for assignments with NO headings ( NOTE : do not add quotation marks around the titles of your papers; all macro-enabled fields in the template have those marks to denote the macros; just click each field and type your content)

Turabian Template (dotm) for assignments WITH headings  ( NOTE : do not add quotation marks around the titles of your papers; all macro-enabled fields in the template have those marks to denote the macros; just click each field and type your content)

Dissertation-style title page with basic Dissertation Template (dotm)

Visit the  Chicago Manual of Style database in Liberty University’s Jerry Falwell Library by logging in and choosing that database (search for database by name, then “C,” and “Chicago Manual of Style”).

Discussion Board Posts

A discussion board is designed to mimic a real-time discussion between you and your classmates (and sometimes professors), so it should be fairly formal (i.e., proper citations and academic tone), but most can be slightly informal in the sense that if you wanted to refer to something a classmate said, you’d just write something like “As Christy wrote in her initial thread, xyz” or “I appreciate how Mike clarified xyz in his response to Marsha.” 

Be sure to check with your professor for his or her expectations if you are required to cite your classmates’ content. 

Below is a basic template.  Remember to include footnote citations to credit your scholarly sources, along with a corresponding bibliography list .  Prepare your thread in MS Word and save that file, then use Control-A to select all content, Control-C to copy all content, and Control-V in Canvas to paste your content.)

Discussion Board basic template (dotm)

Helpful Resources

• Turabian Chart of Citations (pdf)
• Turabian Annotated Bibliography Sample (pdf)
• Sacred Book Reference List (pdf)
• Capitalization Glossary (pdf)
• Choosing Appropriate Resources for Academic Papers (pdf)
• Citing Artificial Intelligence (AI) when permitted to use (pdf)

Video Tutorials

• Insert heading levels into template and populate Contents page video
• Remove Contents page from template if not necessary for your assignment video
• Using MS Word in insert footnote numbering/placement video ( shows some outdated formatting element; just focus on steps to take in MS Word )
• Plagiarism series – Video #1 of 4: Introduction: How often can students quote other sources?
• Plagiarism series – Video #2 of 4: How and when to cite your sources
• Plagiarism series – Video #3 of 4: The three kinds of plagiarism
• Plagiarism series – Video #4 of 4: Proactive and foolproof steps to avoid plagiarism

Page Formatting

• Use one-inch margins on all sides.
• The preferred font/size is Times New Roman, 12 pt.
• Indent all paragraphs in the body of the paper ½”.
• Double-space the entire paper, except block quotes, footnotes, bibliography entries, reference lists, table titles, and figure captions.  Those elements should be single-spaced, with one extra blank line before/after to separate them from other elements.
• The paper should be written in the 3rd person (he, she, it) with an active voice, rather than  passive voice (pdf) .
• Unless a professor specifically asks for a paper in 1st person (I, me, we, us, our) or 2nd person (you, your) language, avoid these in a paper.
• Be specific and concise.
• In historical writing, use simple past tense verbs.  When referring to an author’s written work, use the present tense.
•  Note that Turabian requires additional spacing before each heading level, which is already programmed into the templates.
• Headline case = all significant words, usually those with 4+ letters, must be capitalized. Use headline case for titles of works; names of journals; and first-, second-, and third-level headings.
• Sentence case = only the first letter of the first word, proper nouns, and the word following a colon, if any, should begin with capital letters. Use sentence case for fourth- and fifth-level headings.
• Add quotation marks around the titles of shorter works (i.e., articles or poems); use italics for the names of larger works (i.e., books or plays).
• Liberty University now uses Turabian’s “student” title page format for all programs and levels of study except dissertations and theses, which follow Turabian’s “dissertation” title page format.
• See the links to all templates and sample papers above.
• The title page is technically page one, but it never has a page number
• Pagination for the fore matter, if any (including the table of contents), uses lowercase Roman numerals (i, ii), in the center bottom of the page. Begin with ii, to account for the title page position.
• The body of the paper for all Liberty University classes uses Arabic numbers (1, 2, 3) in the top-right corner. It begins with page 1.  All templates provided by Liberty University are already programmed with proper pagination.
• See the pagination video tutorial .
• The word  Introduction  is no longer included in student papers unless the instructions specifically require such.
• The first paragraph in the body of academic papers should include an introductory paragraph (with no label, title, or heading above it).
•  Incorporating research that is credible and relevant helps to support and validate a paper’s argument.  The page dedicated to incorporating research and avoiding plagiarism includes information on how to integrate summaries and paraphrases, quotations, and block quotes.
• With plagiarism, it’s better to be safe than sorry: if it’s not yours,  cite it !

Subheadings

• Turabian uses up to five heading and subheading levels. Though Turabian provides significant flexibility in formatting, all departments across Liberty University have universally adopted the following formats (see heading levels and table of contents video tutorial ):
• First level : centered, boldface, in headline case
• Second level : centered, not bolded, in headline case
• Third level : left-justified, boldface, in headline case
• Fourth level : left-justified, not bolded, in sentence case
• Fifth level : indented ½”, not bolded, italicized, in sentence case with a period, then one space, and begin your content on the same line

Footnotes versus Parenthetical Citations

• Include a citation whenever another author’s work is directly quoted or paraphrased.
• There are two formats in Turabian: author-date and notes-bibliography.  Liberty University allows only notes-bibliography format, except for book reviews (which use author-date format).
• In notes-bibliography, include relevant publishing details along with the author’s name and year of publication as footnotes.
• All programs of study at Liberty University still require the use of  ibid . for consecutive footnotes of the same resource on the same page in notes-bibliography format , and shortened notes for non-consecutive subsequent citations, even though the Turabian 9th edition manual recommends not using ibid .
• See the Turabian Chart of Citations (pdf) for visuals of the citations and reference entries in notes-bibliography format.  The section of this Quick Guide on author-date format (permitted at Liberty University only for book reviews) includes a link to a chart of citations in that format.

Notes-Bibliography Citation Style

• Used in all programs of study using Turabian format (except book reviews, which use Author-Date format).  
• Footnotes are the preferred method to indicate in-text citations throughout this format. Liberty University does not permit endnotes.
• A bibliography is used to compile sources in one list at the end of the paper.

Author-Date citation style

• Only permitted for book review assignments  at Liberty University.  
• Sample paper in Author-Date format (pdf)  for book review assignments only.
• Template for paper in Author-Date format (pdf)
• Chart of Citations in Author-Date format (pdf)  for book reviews only.
• Note that the list of compiled resources cited in author-date format is titled References (rather than Bibliography).
• The Bible is only cited parenthetically at Liberty University, effective Summer of 2022. The phrase “unless otherwise noted” (used in years past) is no longer used at Liberty University.
• It is not necessary to write out full quotes of verses from the Bible since your readers can find the references that you cite. When an author needs to make a specific observation, however, he or she will include a direct quote.
• When your paper cites from only one translation, you only name the version with the first citation in your paper.  If you use multiple translations or versions of the Bible, then you would have to spell out the version used the first time you use each, and then use a series of abbreviations for subsequent citations in parentheses (NASB, ESV, KJV) sufficient for your reader to discern which version you are citing from in subsequent citations.
• The abbreviations for the books of the Bible can be used only in parentheses within the text or in footnotes. For example, you may make a reference to Romans 1:16, but if you state that Christians should not be ashamed of the gospel ( Rom. 1:16), then you should use the abbreviation within parentheses.
• Turabian includes a comprehensive list of abbreviations for the books of the Bible in sections 24.6.1-24.6.4 (sections 10.44 , 10.45 , 10.47 , and 10.48 in the Chicago Manual of Style database on Liberty University’s Jerry Falwell Library ). See the Sacred Book Reference List (pdf) and Capitalization Glossary (pdf) .

Bibliography

• Use the word Bibliography for notes-bibliography format.
• Center and bold the word “Bibliography” (without quotation marks) on the top line of a new page following your conclusion.
• Single-space entries, with one blank line separating each.
• Use hanging indents (left-justify the first line of each entry and indent lines two+ of each entry ½” from the left margin).
• Alphabetize all entries by the first word in each (usually the first author’s last name for each).
• Invert the first author’s name (last name, first, middle), but not the remaining authors’ names in each entry.
• Cite classical works (including the Bible) and personal communications in the body of the paper, but do not include them in the reference or bibliography list.
• Include periods after both URLs and DOIs.
• Check Google Scholar or  crossref.org  for DOIs of all articles published since 2007, if one is not readily denoted on the article itself.
• Only include the access date for online content that is likely to change (such as wikis).

Material on this page adapted from Kate L. Turabian’s A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations , 9th ed.

Turabian 9th edition Style Guide

• Formatting Your Paper
• Notes-Bibliography style citations
• Author-Date citations

Turabian 9th edition

Disclaimer :  This guide is designed to provide a brief overview of Turabian 9th edition and does not replace the style handbook.  Please refer to the style handbook for more details on citing sources.   You can also contact Savannah Patterson ([email protected]) or make a research coach appointment.  

The Turabian citation style is a shortened form of Chicago citation style.  Developed by the secretary of the graduate school's dissertation department at the University of Chicago, Kate Turabian, this citation style is used in social sciences, humanities, natural and physical sciences and depending on the class/professor.  

There are two different styles of Turabian that students can follow given their professors' requests (1) notes- bibliography (or notes style) and (2) author-date style. Both styles require in-text citations and formal references in a bibliography or reference, but each style differs regarding the in-text citation.  The notes style require footnotes (indicated by a superscript number after a reference) that are at the bottom of the page or at the end of the text.  The author-date citation style uses parenthetical citations to cite the references in the text.  Make sure to consult your professor if you are not sure which style to use.  

This guide provides brief examples and descriptions of how to cite works in a paper for footnotes, author-date citations, and the bibliography.  Additional information regarding inclusive language is included in the 9th edition handbook which can be found in the library.  

Click the tabs to see examples and descriptions of citations for various types of resources. 

Information on this guide was found from a combination of sources: 

Purdue Online Writing Lab. "General Format."                                                                                         https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/chicago_manual_17th_edition/cmos_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html   Accessed   12/6/2021. 

Turabian, Kate. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations; Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. Edited by   Wayne C. Booth, 

    Gregory G. Colomb, Joseph M. Williams, Joseph Bizup, and William T. Fitzgerald. 9th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018. 

Turabian: A Manual for Writers: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. "Turabian Citation Quick Page." Accessed December 6,             

     2021.  https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/turabian/citation-guide.html    

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• Last Updated: Jul 1, 2024 1:50 PM
• URL: https://guides.uu.edu/turabian

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Turabian Style Research Guide

Davis, Philip. "The Effect of the Web on Undergraduate Citation Behavior: A 2000 Update."   63 (January 2002): 53-60.

Philip Davis, "The Effect of the Web on Undergraduate Citation Behavior: A 2000 Update,"   63 (January 2002): 57.

Journal Article (Author-Date System)

Bibliography:

Davis, Philip. 2002. "The Effect of the Web on Undergraduate Citation Behavior: A 2000 Update."  College & Research Libraries  63 (January): 53-60.

In-Text:          

(Davis 2002, 57)

Chelminski, Rudy. "Unearthing Athens' Underworld."  November 2002, 120-125. Rudy Chelminski, "Unearthing Athens' Underworld,"   November 2002, 122.

Magazine Article (Author-Date System)

Chelminski, Rudy. 2002. "Unearthing Athens' Underworld."  Smithsonian,  November, 120-125.

(Chelminski 2002, 122)

Broad, William. "For Parts, NASA Boldly Goes ... on eBay."  , 19 July 2002, 24. William Broad, "For Parts, NASA Boldly Goes ... on eBay," , 19 July 2002, 24.

Wurman, Richard Saul.   2. Indianapolis, IN: QUE, 2001. Richard Saul Wurman,   2 (Indianapolis, IN: QUE, 2001), 71.

Book - One Author (Author-Date System)

Wurman, Richard Saul. 2001.  Information Anxiety  2. Indianapolis, IN: QUE.

(Wurman 2001, 71)

Strunk, William, and E. B. White.  . New York: Macmillan, 1972. William Strunk and E. B. White,   (New York: Macmillan, 1972), 27.

Book - Two or Three Authors (Author-Date System)

Strunk, William, and E. B. White.  The Elements of Style . New York: Macmillan.

(Strunk and White 1972, 27)

Russon, Anne, Kim Bard, and Sue Taylor Parker, eds.  New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Anne Russon, Kim Bard, and Sue Taylor Parker, eds.,   (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 134.

Book - More than Three Authors (Author-Date System)

Russon, Anne, Kim Bard, and Sue Taylor Parker, eds.  1996. Reaching Into Thought: The Minds of the Great Apes.  New York: Cambridge University Press.

Russon, Bard, and Parker 1996, 134)

Frank, Alison. “The Petroleum War of 1910: Standard Oil, Austria, and the Limits of the Multinational Corporation.”   114, no.1 (Feb. 2009): 16-41. doi:10.1086/ahr.114.1.16. Alison Frank, “The Petroleum War of 1910: Standard Oil, Austria, and the Limits of the Multinational Corporation,”   114, no.1 (Feb. 2009): 7. doi:10.1086/ahr.114.1.16.

Electronic Journal Article (Author-Date System)

Thomas, Trevor M. 1956. "Wales: Land of Mines and Quarries."  Geographical Review  46, no.1: (January), http://www.jstor.org/stable/211962.

(Thomas 1956)

American Kennel Club. "AKC Meet the Breeds: Borzoi." American Kennel Club, http://www.akc.org/breeds/borzoi/ (accessed September 22, 2010). American Kennel Club, "AKC Meet the Breeds: Borzoi," American Kennel Club, http://www.akc.org/breeds/borzoi/ (accessed September 22, 2010).

Web Site (Author-Date System)

American Kennel Club. "AKC Meet the Breeds: Borzoi." American Kennel Club, http://www.akc.org/breeds/borzoi/ (accessed September 22, 2010).

(American Kennel Club)

Iyer, Naresh Sundaram. "A Family of Dominance Filters for Multiple Criteria Decision Making: Choosing the Right Filter for a Decision Situation" Ph.D.diss., Ohio State University, 2001. Naresh Sundaram Iyer. "A Family of Dominance Filters for Multiple Criteria Decision Making: Choosing the Right Filter for a Decision Situation" (Ph.D.diss., Ohio State University, 2001), 52.

Thesis or Dissertation (Author-Date System)

Iyer, Naresh Sundaram. 2001. "A Family of Dominance Filters for Multiple Criteria Decision Making: Choosing the Right Filter for a Decision Situation" Ph.D.diss., Ohio State University.

(Iyer 2001, 52)

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Turabian Style Guide With Examples

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Turabian style was developed for high school and college students by Kate Turabian, the former dissertation secretary at the University of Chicago. The Turabian format is based on the Chicago Manual of Style and is used by students writing papers, theses, and dissertations.

Chicago style is a standard used for formatting scholarly books. Turabian understood that most students are concerned with writing papers, so she narrowed the focus and refined the rules specifically for paper writing. Turabian style omits some relevant information publishing and departs from the Chicago Style in other ways.

The Turabian format allows writers to choose from two systems of citing information:

• The notes and bibliography method allows students to use footnotes or endnotes in the text and a bibliography at the end of the paper.
• The parenthetical method lets writers use in-text citations (similar to MLA style ). Those papers would also include a reference list of works cited at the end.

Differences From MLA

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The feature that sets Turabian Style apart from MLA is the use of endnotes or footnotes, so this is likely the style that most instructors will expect to see in a paper. Students using the Turabian style who are uncertain which citation system to use should implement the notes and bibliography style.

Endnotes and Footnotes

Students should always provide a citation for any quotes to show the origin. Also, you must cite any information that is not  common knowledge . 

Whether something is common knowledge is not always clear. It's always a good idea to cite important facts if there is any doubt. An example of common knowledge would be that some chickens lay brown eggs. By contrast, an example of a fact that is not common knowledge would be that some chickens lay blue and green eggs. Students would need to include a citation for the second statement.

Students should also use footnotes or endnotes to clarify passages that may confuse readers. For instance, if there is a mention in a paper that "Frankenstein" was written during a friendly writing game among friends, some readers may know this but others may want an explanation.

Inserting a Footnote

To insert a footnote in Turabian style:

• Make sure your cursor is placed in the exact spot where you want your note (number) to appear.
• Go to the "Reference" tab for footnote options in most word processing programs.
• Click either "Footnotes" or "Endnotes" (whichever you want to use in your paper).
• The superscript (number) will appear on the page, and the cursor will jump to the bottom (or end) of the page and you will have the opportunity to type the citation or other information. 
• When you finish typing the note, scroll back to your text and continue writing your paper.

Formatting and numbering of the notes are automatic in word processors, so you don’t have to worry about spacing and placement. The software will also automatically renumber notes if you delete one or decide to insert one later.​

Citation for a Book

In Turabian citations, always italicize or underline the name of a book and put the title of an article in quotation marks. The citations follow the Turabian format shown ​here.

Citation for a Book With Two Authors

Follow this Turabian style guide if the book has two authors.

Citation for an Edited Book With Stories Inside

An edited book may contain many articles or stories written by different authors.

Article Citation

Notice how the author's name changes from the footnote to the bibliography.

Encyclopedia

You should list a citation for an encyclopedia in the footnote, but you don't need to include it in your bibliography as shown here in Turabian format.

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• Turabian Citation Generator

Free Turabian Citation Generator

Generate accurate Turabian citations quickly and easily, with MyBib!

🤔 What is a Turabian Citation Generator?

A Turabian citation generator is a software tool that can automatically create academic citations in the Turabian citation style.

It will usually request key details about a source -- like the authors, title, and publish date -- and will output these details with the correct punctuation and layout required by the official Turabian style guide.

Formatted Turabian citations created by a generator can be used to give credit to others' work that you reference in your own.

🤓 What is the Turabian citation style?

The Turabian citation style is largely based on the Chicago style, but aims to be simpler for students who are not writing for publication. It was created by Kate Turabian, and the rules are published in the Manual for Writers .

The Manual for Writers specifies how to research and compose an academic paper, and includes guidelines to:

• Design a strong research question
• Construct an evidence-based argument
• Structure academic papers in a logical way
• Cite sources (this is the part we can help with!)

Like Chicago, there are two ways to cite sources in Turabian style: 'notes and bibliography', and 'author-date'--your instructor will usually tell you which one to use. More information about the differences between the two can be found in the official Citation Quick Guide .

👩‍🎓 Who uses a Turabian Citation Generator?

Turabian is mostly used by students studying the humanities, literature, history, arts, and also across the sciences. Students in these areas looking to manage and correctly cite their sources will use a Turabian Citation Generator to aid them.

🙌 Why should I use an Turabian Citation Generator?

Every academic field will recommend using a tool to record the sources cited in your writing. A citation generator like MyBib can store this data, and can also automatically create an accurate Turabian style bibliography or reference list from it (including the necessary in-text citations too), which should be appended to your document.

⚙️ How do I use MyBib's Turabian Citation Generator?

MyBib's Turabian citation generator was designed to be fast and easy to use. Follow these steps:

• Search for the article, website, or document you want to cite using the search box at the top of the page.
• Look through the list of results found and choose the one that you referenced in your work.
• Make sure the details are correct, and fix any that are not. Then click Generate!

The generator will produce a formatted Turabian citation that can be copied and pasted directly into your document, or saved to MyBib as part of your overall bibliography or reference list (which can be downloaded fully later!).

Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.

Turabian Style

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Generative Artificial Intelligence

Examples in this guide are provided for footnote citations (N) and bibliography (B). If you cite one source multiple times, you may use shortened notes for citations after the first one -- see  directions here .

Generative Artificial Intelligence when prompt is mentioned in the text

N:  Cite AI text only in footnotes. Include the name of the tool, the tool publisher, date the text was generated, and the tool URL.

Generative Artificial Intelligence when prompt is not mentioned in the text

N:  Cite AI text only in footnotes. Include the name of the tool, the prompt, the tool publisher, date the text was generated, and the tool URL.

See the  Chicago Manual of Style Q&A  for additional guidance.

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TURABIAN Citation Generator

Don't let plagiarism errors spoil your paper, consider your source's credibility. ask these questions:, contributor/author.

• Has the author written several articles on the topic, and do they have the credentials to be an expert in their field?
• Can you contact them? Do they have social media profiles?
• Have other credible individuals referenced this source or author?
• Book: What have reviews said about it?
• What do you know about the publisher/sponsor? Are they well-respected?
• Do they take responsibility for the content? Are they selective about what they publish?
• Take a look at their other content. Do these other articles generally appear credible?
• Does the author or the organization have a bias? Does bias make sense in relation to your argument?
• Is the purpose of the content to inform, entertain, or to spread an agenda? Is there commercial intent?
• Are there ads?
• When was the source published or updated? Is there a date shown?
• Does the publication date make sense in relation to the information presented to your argument?
• Does the source even have a date?
• Was it reproduced? If so, from where?
• If it was reproduced, was it done so with permission? Copyright/disclaimer included?

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