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MLA Works Cited: Electronic Sources (Web Publications)

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The MLA Handbook highlights principles over prescriptive practices. Essentially, a writer will need to take note of primary elements in every source, such as author, title, etc. and then assort them in a general format. Thus, by using this methodology, a writer will be able to cite any source regardless of whether it’s included in this list.

However, this guide will highlight a few concerns when citing digital sources in MLA style.

Best Practices for Managing Online Sources

Because online information can change or disappear, it is always a good idea to keep personal copies of important electronic information whenever possible. Downloading or even printing key documents ensures you have a stable backup. You can also use the Bookmark function in your web browser in order to build an easy-to-access reference for all of your project's sources (though this will not help you if the information is changed or deleted).

It is also wise to keep a record of when you first consult with each online source. MLA uses the phrase, “Accessed” to denote which date you accessed the web page when available or necessary. It is not required to do so, but it is encouraged (especially when there is no copyright date listed on a website).

Important Note on the Use of URLs in MLA

Include a URL or web address to help readers locate your sources. Because web addresses are not static (i.e., they change often) and because documents sometimes appear in multiple places on the web (e.g., on multiple databases), MLA encourages the use of citing containers such as Youtube, JSTOR, Spotify, or Netflix in order to easily access and verify sources. However, MLA only requires the www. address, so eliminate all https:// when citing URLs.

Many scholarly journal articles found in databases include a DOI (digital object identifier). If a DOI is available, cite the DOI number instead of the URL.

Online newspapers and magazines sometimes include a “permalink,” which is a shortened, stable version of a URL. Look for a “share” or “cite this” button to see if a source includes a permalink. If you can find a permalink, use that instead of a URL.

Abbreviations Commonly Used with Electronic Sources

If page numbers are not available, use par. or pars. to denote paragraph numbers. Use these in place of the p. or pp. abbreviation. Par. would be used for a single paragraph, while pars. would be used for a span of two or more paragraphs.

Basic Style for Citations of Electronic Sources (Including Online Databases)

Here are some common features you should try to find before citing electronic sources in MLA style. Not every web page will provide all of the following information. However, collect as much of the following information as possible:

• Author and/or editor names (if available); last names first.
• "Article name in quotation marks."
• Title of the website, project, or book in italics.
• Any version numbers available, including editions (ed.), revisions, posting dates, volumes (vol.), or issue numbers (no.).
• Publisher information, including the publisher name and publishing date.
• Take note of any page numbers (p. or pp.) or paragraph numbers (par. or pars.).
• DOI (if available, precede it with "https://doi.org/"), otherwise a URL (without the https://) or permalink.
• Date you accessed the material (Date Accessed). While not required, saving this information it is highly recommended, especially when dealing with pages that change frequently or do not have a visible copyright date.

Use the following format:

Author. "Title." Title of container (self contained if book) , Other contributors (translators or editors), Version (edition), Number (vol. and/or no.), Publisher, Publication Date, Location (pages, paragraphs and/or URL, DOI or permalink). 2 nd container’s title , Other contributors, Version, Number, Publisher, Publication date, Location, Date of Access (if applicable).

Citing an Entire Web Site

When citing an entire website, follow the same format as listed above, but include a compiler name if no single author is available.

Author, or compiler name (if available). Name of Site. Version number (if available), Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher), date of resource creation (if available), DOI (preferred), otherwise include a URL or permalink. Date of access (if applicable).

Editor, author, or compiler name (if available). Name of Site . Version number, Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher), date of resource creation (if available), URL, DOI or permalink. Date of access (if applicable).

The Purdue OWL Family of Sites . The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and Purdue U, 2008, owl.english.purdue.edu/owl. Accessed 23 Apr. 2008.

Felluga, Dino. Guide to Literary and Critical Theory . Purdue U, 28 Nov. 2003, www.cla.purdue.edu/english/theory/. Accessed 10 May 2006.

Course or Department Websites

Give the instructor name. Then list the title of the course (or the school catalog designation for the course) in italics. Give appropriate department and school names as well, following the course title.

Felluga, Dino. Survey of the Literature of England . Purdue U, Aug. 2006, web.ics.purdue.edu/~felluga/241/241/Home.html. Accessed 31 May 2007.

English Department . Purdue U, 20 Apr. 2009, www.cla.purdue.edu/english/. Accessed 31 May 2015.

A Page on a Web Site

For an individual page on a Web site, list the author or alias if known, followed by an indication of the specific page or article being referenced. Usually, the title of the page or article appears in a header at the top of the page. Follow this with the information covered above for entire Web sites. If the publisher is the same as the website name, only list it once.

Lundman, Susan. “How to Make Vegetarian Chili.”  eHow , www.ehow.com/how_10727_make-vegetarian-chili.html. Accessed 6 July 2015.

“ Athlete's Foot - Topic Overview. ”   WebMD , 25 Sept. 2014, www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/tc/athletes-foot-topic-overview.

Citations for e-books closely resemble those for physical books. Simply indicate that the book in question is an e-book by putting the term "e-book" in the "version" slot of the MLA template (i.e., after the author, the title of the source, the title of the container, and the names of any other contributors).

Silva, Paul J.  How to Write a Lot: A Practical Guide to Productive Academic Writing. E-book, American Psychological Association, 2007.

If the e-book is formatted for a specific reader device or service, you can indicate this by treating this information the same way you would treat a physical book's edition number. Often, this will mean replacing "e-book" with "[App/Service] ed."

Machiavelli, Niccolo.  The Prince , translated by W. K. Marriott, Kindle ed., Library of Alexandria, 2018.

Note:  The MLA considers the term "e-book" to refer to publications formatted specifically for reading with an e-book reader device (e.g., a Kindle) or a corresponding web application. These e-books will not have URLs or DOIs. If you are citing book content from an ordinary webpage with a URL, use the "A Page on a Web Site" format above.

An Image (Including a Painting, Sculpture, or Photograph)

Provide the artist's name, the work of art italicized, the date of creation, the institution and city where the work is housed. Follow this initial entry with the name of the Website in italics, and the date of access.

Goya, Francisco. The Family of Charles IV . 1800. Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid. Museo Nacional del Prado , www.museodelprado.es/en/the-collection/art-work/the-family-of-carlos-iv/f47898fc-aa1c-48f6-a779-71759e417e74. Accessed 22 May 2006.

Klee, Paul. Twittering Machine . 1922. Museum of Modern Art, New York. The Artchive , www.artchive.com/artchive/K/klee/twittering_machine.jpg.html. Accessed May 2006.

If the work cited is available on the web only, then provide the name of the artist, the title of the work, and then follow the citation format for a website. If the work is posted via a username, use that username for the author.

Adams, Clifton R. “People Relax Beside a Swimming Pool at a Country Estate Near Phoenix, Arizona, 1928.” Found, National Geographic Creative, 2 June 2016, natgeofound.tumblr.com/.

An Article in a Web Magazine

Provide the author name, article name in quotation marks, title of the web magazine in italics, publisher name, publication date, URL, and the date of access.

Bernstein, Mark. “ 10 Tips on Writing the Living Web. ”   A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites , 16 Aug. 2002, alistapart.com/article/writeliving. Accessed 4 May 2009.

An Article in an Online Scholarly Journal

For all online scholarly journals, provide the author(s) name(s), the name of the article in quotation marks, the title of the publication in italics, all volume and issue numbers, and the year of publication. Include a DOI if available, otherwise provide a URL or permalink to help readers locate the source.

Article in an Online-only Scholarly Journal

MLA requires a page range for articles that appear in Scholarly Journals. If the journal you are citing appears exclusively in an online format (i.e. there is no corresponding print publication) that does not make use of page numbers, indicate the URL or other location information.

Dolby, Nadine. “Research in Youth Culture and Policy: Current Conditions and Future Directions.” Social Work and Society: The International Online-Only Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, 2008, www.socwork.net/sws/article/view/60/362. Accessed 20 May 2009.

Article in an Online Scholarly Journal That Also Appears in Print

Cite articles in online scholarly journals that also appear in print as you would a scholarly journal in print, including the page range of the article . Provide the URL and the date of access.

Wheelis, Mark. “ Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention. ”   Emerging Infectious Diseases , vol. 6, no. 6, 2000, pp. 595-600, wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/6/6/00-0607_article. Accessed 8 Feb. 2009.

An Article from an Online Database (or Other Electronic Subscription Service)

Cite online databases (e.g. LexisNexis, ProQuest, JSTOR, ScienceDirect) and other subscription services as containers. Thus, provide the title of the database italicized before the DOI or URL. If a DOI is not provided, use the URL instead. Provide the date of access if you wish.

Alonso, Alvaro, and Julio A. Camargo. “ Toxicity of Nitrite to Three Species of Freshwater Invertebrates. ”   Environmental Toxicology, vol. 21, no. 1, 3 Feb. 2006, pp. 90-94. Wiley Online Library , https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20155. Accessed 26 May 2009.

Langhamer, Claire. “Love and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century England.” Historical Journal, vol. 50, no. 1, 2007, pp. 173-96. ProQuest , https://doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X06005966. Accessed 27 May 2009.

E-mail (including E-mail Interviews)

Give the author of the message, followed by the subject line in quotation marks. State to whom the message was sent with the phrase, “Received by” and the recipient’s name. Include the date the message was sent. Use standard capitalization.

Kunka, Andrew. “ Re: Modernist Literature. ”  Received by John Watts, 15 Nov. 2000.

Neyhart, David. “ Re: Online Tutoring. ” Received by Joe Barbato, 1 Dec. 2016.

A Listserv, Discussion Group, or Blog Posting

Cite web postings as you would a standard web entry. Provide the author of the work, the title of the posting in quotation marks, the web site name in italics, the publisher, and the posting date. Follow with the date of access. Include screen names as author names when author name is not known. If both names are known, place the author’s name in brackets.

Author or compiler name (if available). “Posting Title.” Name of Site , Version number (if available), Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher), URL. Date of access.

Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez]. “Re: Best Strategy: Fenced Pastures vs. Max Number of Rooms?” BoardGameGeek , 29 Sept. 2008, boardgamegeek.com/thread/343929/best-strategy-fenced-pastures-vs-max-number-rooms. Accessed 5 Apr. 2009.

Begin with the user's Twitter handle in place of the author’s name. Next, place the tweet in its entirety in quotations, inserting a period after the tweet within the quotations. Include the date and time of posting, using the reader's time zone; separate the date and time with a comma and end with a period. Include the date accessed if you deem necessary.

@tombrokaw. “ SC demonstrated why all the debates are the engines of this campaign. ”   Twitter, 22 Jan. 2012, 3:06 a.m., twitter.com/tombrokaw/status/160996868971704320.

@PurdueWLab. “ Spring break is around the corner, and all our locations will be open next week. ”   Twitter , 5 Mar. 2012, 12:58 p.m., twitter.com/PurdueWLab/status/176728308736737282.

A YouTube Video

Video and audio sources need to be documented using the same basic guidelines for citing print sources in MLA style. Include as much descriptive information as necessary to help readers understand the type and nature of the source you are citing. If the author’s name is the same as the uploader, only cite the author once. If the author is different from the uploader, cite the author’s name before the title.

McGonigal, Jane. “Gaming and Productivity.” YouTube , uploaded by Big Think, 3 July 2012, www.youtube.com/watch?v=mkdzy9bWW3E.

“8 Hot Dog Gadgets put to the Test.” YouTube, uploaded by Crazy Russian Hacker, 6 June 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=WBlpjSEtELs.

A Comment on a Website or Article

List the username as the author. Use the phrase, Comment on, before the title. Use quotation marks around the article title. Name the publisher, date, time (listed on near the comment), and the URL.

Not Omniscient Enough. Comment on “ Flight Attendant Tells Passenger to ‘Shut Up’ After Argument Over Pasta. ”  ABC News, 9 Jun 2016, 4:00 p.m., abcnews.go.com/US/flight-attendant-tells-passenger-shut-argument-pasta/story?id=39704050.

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Why is it Important to Cite Your Sources for Your Research Papers?

Citing sources and creating a Bibliography/Works Cited List:

• ​​​​ Gives credit to the author(s)
• Illustrates your ability to locate & evaluate appropriate sources
• Provides evidence for the arguments and conclusions in your paper
• Prevents plagarism and copyright infringement

What Is Plagiarism?

pla·gia·rism (noun)

The practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own. Synonyms - copying, infringement of copyright, piracy, theft, stealing. Informal - cribbing "accusations of plagiarism." Source: Google Definition

Plagiarism can be intentional or unintentional.

Citation Styles

• MLA Citation Style
• APA Citation Style
• Chicago Citation Style

What is MLA Style?  

MLA (Modern Language Association) style specifies guidelines for formatting papers. MLA style also provides a system for referencing sources through parenthetical citations in essays and Works Cited pages.

• MLA Handbook Plus This link opens in a new window The go-to resource for writers of research papers and anyone citing sources in MLA format. Watch the How to use MLA Handbook video and guide more... less... MLA Handbook Plus includes the full text of the ninth edition of the handbook, the second edition of the MLA Guide to Digital Literacy, and the MLA Guide to Undergraduate Research in Literature, as well as a video course that teaches the principles of MLA documentation style through a series of short videos paired with quizzes, plus a final assessment.

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• MLA Formatting and Style Guide From Owl Purdue University Writing Lab Helps you better understand how to cite sources using MLA Style, including the list of works cited and in-text citations.

What is APA Style?  

APA format is the official style of the  American Psychological Association  (APA) and is commonly used to cite sources in psychology, education, and the social sciences.  Most importantly, the use of APA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of material by other authors .

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What is Chicago Style?

The Chicago Manual of Style  sets the standard for scholarly publishing in the Humanities.  Chicago  offers two citation formats, the author-date reference format and the standard bibliographic format, each of which provides conventions for organizing footnotes or endnotes, as well as bibliographic citations.  Most importantly, the use of the Chicago style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of material by other authors .

• OWL at Purdue University Writing Lab - Chicago Formatting and Style Guide Information on The Chicago Manual of Style method of document formatting and citation.

Avoid Plagiarism by Citing Sources

Bainbridge State College. "Plagiarism: How to Avoid It."  YouTube . YouTube, 5 Jan. 2010. Web. 19 Oct. 2014.

A transcript is in process for this video. If you need assistance, please contact the Reference Librarian at  [email protected].

Citations Galore!

https://blog.writersdomain.net/2014/06/17/this-aint-your-high-school-english-class-why-plagiarism-is-a-big-deal/

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Below you will find resources to help you formulate proper citations. You will see many examples and instructions on these sites.  APA and MLA citation is relatively straight-forward once you get the hang of it.  The most difficult part is understanding what type of resource you are citing and being able to identify the correct pieces of information to include.  As with all citation systems remember that you can only include the information that is given, for example if there is no issue numbe r for a given journal you just don't include one for that particular citation.

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APA 7th Edition

Purdue's OWL (Online Writing Lab) provides instruction on how to use APA 7th. Below are a few topics covered by the OWL.

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Shortening a long DOI or URL

• Shortening a long or complex DOI or URL is optional.
• If you wish to shorten a DOI, use the shortDOI Service:  http://shortdoi.org/ . The service will either create a new shortDOI, or return the existing shortDOI if one has already been created.

Nielsen, K. S., Clayton, S., Stern, P. C., Dietz, T., Capstick, S., & Whitmarsh, L. (2020). How psychology can help limit climate change.  American Psychologist . Advance online publication.  https://doi.org/ggptzz

"Any shortened URL is acceptable in a reference as long as you check the link t ensure it takes you to the correct location."

Ostrovsky, Y., & Picot, G. (2020).  Innovation in immigrant-owned firms in Canada . Statistics Canada.  https://tinyurl.com/y9f6kzm6

( Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , 2020, p. 300)

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Hyperlink Rules and Shortening a long DOI or URL

• In APA format, present both DOIs and URLs as hyperlinks (i.e., beginning with “http:” or “https:”).

"Any shortened URL is acceptable in a reference as long as you check the link to ensure it takes you to the correct location."

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• The MLA recommends including URLs in works-cited-list entries for online works, but it also notes their drawbacks, such as inaccessibility, clunkiness, and limited use in a printed work.
• In MLA works cited entries, hyperlinks to URLs and DOIs are optional.
• The MLA Handbook notes that one benefit of URLs is that they "may be clickable in digital formats" (48). However, when the document is printed, the hyperlink serves no purpose.
• Writers should list the URL they see in the browser unless the source identifies a DOI or permalink associated with it.
• MLA documentation has two main goals: it should testify to the veracity of your research and provide readers with information about your source that allows them to retrace your steps. Ensuring the enduring availability and retrievability of a source is not the primary objective of documentation. You would document a performance, even though your readers can't attend it.
• If a URL is inaccessible, the root of the URL may lead to a homepage where readers can locate the source.
• A URL is too long if it hinders the readability of the works-cited-list entry. As a general guideline, a URL running more than three full lines is likely too long.
• in MLA format, writers are allowed to truncate a URL in one specific way (by omitting the protocol and //). If it needs to be shortened further, retain the host, as it may allow readers to evaluate the site and search for the source.
• As long as the URL is accurately recorded, writers of unpublished works should not worry about how a URL breaks. Publishers vary in their practice of breaking URLs.  In its own publications, the MLA breaks URLs before a period and before or after any other punctuation or symbol (e.g., /, //, _, @) They do not break URLs after a hyphen to avoid ambiguity.

The shortened version of the following URL:

go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?sort=RELEVANCE&docType=Journal+article&tabID=T003&prodId= MLA&searchId=R1&resultListType= RESULT_LIST&searchType=BasicSearchForm& contentSegment=& currentPosition=3&searchResultsType= SingleTab&inPS=true&userGroupName=mla&docId=GALE %7CN2810522710&contentSet=GALE% 7CN2810522710

go.galegroup.com/ps.

This still allows the reader to access the host so they can evaluate the site or search for an article.

( MLA Handbook , 9th ed., 2021)

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MLA 8 Citation Guide

• TITLE of SOURCE
• TITLE of CONTAINER
• OTHER CONTRIBUTORS
• PUBLICATION DATE
• Works Cited
• Journal Article with One Author
• Journal Article with 2 Authors
• Journal Article with 3 or more Authors
• Magazine Article
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Purdue Owl on "Other Sources " in MLA 8 style

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Author Surname, First Name. " Lecture or Presentation Title." Other Pertinent Information . URL .  Access date is optional.

Pastern, Blaise. “The Falling Snow in The Dead.” Utica College ENG 334, 23 May 2017,   engage.utica.edu . Accessed 12 Aug. 2017.

      (Pastern)

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Purdue Online Writing Lab: APA Style Guide Purdue University's Online Writing Lab (OWL) provides writing resources and instructional materials for writing projects.  The APA Style Guide includes an introduction to the style, citation formatting for various sources, formatting for in-text citations and reference lists, and more. 

APA Style Guide Homepage Learn the APA citation style directly from the authors.  The APA Style website provides guidance, formatting, and examples of how to cite within the APA style. 

Citation Machine: APA Style Citation Machine is a free, online citation creator.  Easily cite websites, books, articles, videos, and more. Just fill in the information, and remember to double check the accuracy of the citation before placing it in your reference list. 

About APA Style

APA is one of the most commonly used citation styles.  Created by the American Psychology Association, this style is used in the social sciences.  Majors that use APA citation style include Accounting, Behavioral Sciences, Business, Criminal Justice and Forensic Sciences, Economics, Education, Nursing, Psychology, Sociology, and Sports Management.

Always check with your professor to determine which citation style you should use before beginning your paper or project. 

Learn more about creating citations by visiting the library's the Citing Sources guide.

Formatting Examples

• In-Text Citations
• Journal Articles
• Newspaper and Magazine Articles
• Social Media

Before you start creating your citations, you will need to identify:

• Title of the Work
• Publisher Information
• Date of Publication or Creation

Rules for the Reference Page

• The word "References" should be centered at the top of the page.
• Arrange items in alphabetical order by first word of the entry.
• Use hanging indent and double space the entire page - no extra lines between items.
• List all authors in the order given up to and including twenty authors. For more than twenty authors, list the first nineteen followed by a comma, an ellipses (...), and the final author.
• Capitalize the first word of article/book titles, subtitles and any proper nouns.
• Italicize periodical titles, use upper and lower case as given.
• If no publication date is available, write "n.d." in the parenthesis.
• Always enter DOIs as a URL: https://doi.org/xxxxx
• If a URL/DOI is included, do not end the reference with a period.

When using APA format, follow the author-date method for in-text citations. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, like, for example, (Jones, 1998). One complete reference for each source should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.

Page numbers must included if you are pulling a direct quote and page numbers are provided.  For example, you might write (Jones, 1998, p. 199) or (Jones, 1998, p. 199-201). 

Source: " APA citation basics " from Purdue OWL

Source: " In-Text Citations: Author/Authors " from Purdue OWL

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of Book. Publisher Name.

Whole Authored Book

Sapolsky, R. M. (2017).  Behave: The biology of humans at our best and worst . Penguin Books.

Whole Edited Book

Kesharwani, P. (Ed.). (2020).  Nanotechnology based approaches for tuberculosis treatment . Academic Press.

Chapter in Edited Book

Dillard, J. P. (2020). Currents in the study of persuasion. In M. B. Oliver, A. A. Raney, & J. Bryant (Eds.),  Media effects:      Advances in theory and research  (4th ed., pp. 115–129). Routledge.

Annotated Religious Work

Kaiser, W. C., Jr., & Garrett, D. (Eds.). (2006).  NIV archeological study bible: An illustrated walk through biblical history and      culture . Zondervan.

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article.  Title of Periodical, volume number (issue number), pages.      https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy

Journal Article

Grady, J. S., Her, M., Moreno, G., Perez, C., & Yelinek, J. (2019). Emotions in storybooks: A comparison of storybooks that      represent ethnic and racial groups in the United States.  Psychology of Popular Media Culture ,  8 (3), 207-      217. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000185

Journal Article with Missing Volume Number

Stegmeir, M. (2016). Climate change: New discipline practices promote college access.  The Journal of College Admission ,      (231), 44–47. https://www.nxtbook.com/ygsreprints/NACAC/nacac_jca_spring2016/#/46

Journal Article with Missing Issue Number

Sanchiz, M., Chevalier, A., & Amadieu, F. (2017). How do older and young adults start searching for information? Impact of      age, domain knowledge and problem complexity on the different steps of information searching.  Computers in   Human      Behavior ,  72 , 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.038

Journal Article with Missing Page Number

Butler, J. (2017). Where access meets multimodality: The case of ASL music videos.  Kairos: A Journal of Rhetoric,      Technology, and Pedagogy ,  21 (1). http://technorhetoric.net/21.1/topoi/butler/index.html

Magazine Basic Form

Physical Magazine

Lyons, D. (2009, June 15). Don't ‘iTune’ us: It’s geeks versus writers. Guess who’s winning.  Newsweek ,  153 (24), 27.

Physical Magazine Located Online (with DOI)

Schaefer, N. K., & Shapiro, B. (2019, September 6). New middle chapter in the story of human evolution.  Science ,  365 (6457),      981–982. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay3550

Online Magazine

Schulman, M. (2019, September 9). Superfans: A love story.  The New Yorker .       https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/09/16/superfans-a-love-story

Newspaper Basic Form

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article.  Title of Newspaper , section numbers. https://url

Physical Newspaper with Section Numbers

Harlan, C. (2013, April 2). North Korea vows to restart shuttered nuclear reactor that can make bomb-grade plutonium.  The      Washington Post , A1, A4.

Online Newspaper

Carey, B. (2019, March 22). Can we get better at forgetting?  The New York Times .       https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/22/health/memory-forgetting-psychology.html

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Date of Publication). Title of webpage . Title of Website Host. https://url

Webpage on a News Website

Bologna, C. (2019, October 31).  Why some people with anxiety love watching horror movies . HuffPost.       https://www.huffpost.com/entry/anxiety-love-watching-horror-movies_l_5d277587e4b02a5a5d57b59e

Webpage on a Website with a Government Agency Group Author

National Institute of Mental Health. (2018, July).  Anxiety disorders . U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National      Institutes of Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders/index.shtml

Webpage on a Website with an Organizational Group Author

World Health Organization. (2018, May 24) . The top 10 causes of death .       https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death

Webpage on a Website with an Individual Author

Giovanetti, F. (2019, November 16).  Why we are so obsessed with personality types . Medium.       https://medium.com/the-business-of-wellness/why-we-are-so-obsessed-with-personality-types-577450f9aee9

Webpage on a Website with a Retrieval Date

U.S. Census Bureau. (n.d.).  U.S. and world population clock . U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved January 9, 2020,      from https://www.census.gov/popclock/

YouTube Video

Harvard University. (2019, August 28).  Soft robotic gripper for jellyfish  [Video]. YouTube.       https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=guRoWTYfxMs

YouTube Channel

Walker, A. (n.d.).  Playlists  [YouTube channel]. YouTube. Retrieved October 8, 2019, from       https://www.youtube.com/user/DjWalkzz/playlists

Gates, B. [@BillGates]. (2019, September 7).  Today, it’s difficult for researchers to diagnose #Alzheimers patients early      enough to intervene. A reliable, easy and accurate diagnostic would  [Thumbnail with link attached] [Tweet]. Twitter.       https://twitter.com/BillGates/status/1170305718425137152

Twitter Profile

Jordan, M. B. [@michaelb4jordan]. (n.d.).  Tweets & replies  [Twitter profile]. Twitter. Retrieved January 9, 2020, from       https://twitter.com/michaelb4jordan/with_replies

Instagram Photo

Philadelphia Museum of Art [@philamuseum]. (2019, December 3).  “It’s always wonderful to walk in and see my work in a      collection where it’s loved, and where people are  [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/B5oDnnNhOt4/

Instagram Profile

Swift, T. [@taylorswift]. (n.d.).  Posts  [Instagram profile]. Instagram. Retrieved January 9, 2020, from       https://www.instagram.com/taylorswift

TikTok Video

Cook, P. [@chemteacherphil]. (2019, November 19).  Alkali salts get lit .  #chemistry #chemteacherphil #scienceexperiments      #foryou #jobforme #trend #featurethis #science #vibecheck  [Video]. TikTok. https://vm.tiktok.com/xP1r1m

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Purdue owl: research & citation resources.

Note: Some bibliography and citation examples in Purdue OWL have been found to have errors. Excelsior OWL is noted as a more accurate option for help related to citation.

The Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) provides online access to, most popularly, citation style assistance for MLA, APA, and Chicago style. Some information is also provided for IEEE, AMA, and ASA styles.

Purdue OWL also provides general information about good writing, as well as subject-specific writing and job search writing.

• Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) Homepage
• Purdue OWL: APA Style (7th ed) This OWL resources will help you learn how to use the American Psychological Association (APA) citation and format style. Contains resources on in-text citation and the References page, as well as APA sample papers, slide presentations, and the APA classroom poster.
• Purdue OWL: MLA Style These OWL resources will help you learn how to use the Modern Language Association (MLA) citation and format style. This section contains resources on in-text citation and the Works Cited page, as well as MLA sample papers, slide presentations, and the MLA classroom poster.
• Purdue OWL: Chicago Style This OWL resources will help you learn how to use the Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS). Contains resources on both Author-Date and Notes-Bibliography systems. Also includes a sample paper and formats for the classroom posters and PowerPoint presentations.
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• Murray Fasken Library
• Research Guides
• MLA Citation Method
• Speech Resources
• Starting Your Research
• Finding Resources
• In-Text Citations (APA)
• Formatting the Reference Page (APA)
• Citing Books (APA)
• Citing Articles (APA)
• Citing Websites (APA)
• Citing Videos (APA)
• In-Text Citations (MLA)
• Capitalization and Styling for Titles (MLA)
• Formatting the Works Cited Page (MLA)
• Citing Books (MLA)
• Citing Articles (MLA)
• Citing Websites (MLA)
• Citing Videos (MLA)
• Library Hours

This page covers the citation method for MLA, developed by the Modern Language Association. 

Please Note: Your instructors may have specific requirements that may be different from the standard MLA rules.  Always check with them before your turn your assignments in!

If you have any questions about the MLA style, contact a librarian. Additional information may be found at the links below. 

The Online Writing Lab (OWL) at Purdue University houses writing resources and instructional material, provided as a free service of the Writing Lab at Purdue. Students, members of the community, and users worldwide will find information to assist with many writing projects. Teachers and trainers may use this material for in-class and out-of-class instruction.

A quick guide to citing in the MLA 8th edition style.

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Penn State University Libraries

Cas 100: effective speech (penn state berks).

• In-text Citation
• Citing Web Pages and Social Media
• Citing Articles
• Citing Books
• Citing Sources During Your Speech
• Speed Databasing

MLA Practice Template

• MLA Practice Template Use this document to help guide you in constructing your MLA citations.

Citation Guides

• Citation and Writing Guides by Dawn Amsberry Last Updated Apr 2, 2024 6110 views this year
• MLA Quick Citation Guide by Dawn Amsberry Last Updated Feb 14, 2024 215858 views this year
• MLA Citation Slides

The 8th edition of the MLA Handbook recommends using the following core elements in every citation. If elements are missing from the source, they should be omitted from the citation.

Author. Title of source. Title of container, Other contributers, Version, Number, Publisher, Publication date Location.

For online sources:

Include the URL (without http:// or https://). Angle brackets are not used around it.

Use DOIs (digital object identifiers) when possible.

Citing the date when an online work was consulted is optional.

Placeholders for unknown information like n.d. (“no date”) are no longer used .

​ Note:  MLA recommends using hanging indentation for the second and subsequent lines of each entry.

Additional MLA Resources

• MLA Style Center Find answers to common MLA questions and other great resources from the Modern Language Association. Includes practice templates and sample papers.
• MLA Formatting and Style Guide (Purdue OWL) Extensive explanations and examples for how to cite using the MLA style, commonly used in the humanities.
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How do I cite an online lecture or speech?

Note: This post relates to content in the eighth edition of the MLA Handbook . For up-to-date guidance, see the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook .

To cite an online lecture or speech, follow the MLA format template . List the name of the presenter, followed by the title of the lecture. Then list the name of the website as the title of the container, the date on which the lecture was posted, and the URL:  

Allende, Isabel. “Tales of Passion.” TED: Ideas Worth Spreading , Jan. 2008, www.ted.com/talks/isabel_allende_tells_tales_of_passion/ transcript?language=en .

Chicago Citation Style (17th Edition): Lecture

• General Guidelines
• One Author or Editor
• Two or Three Authors or Editors
• More Than Three Authors or Editors
• Chapter or Article in a Multi-Author Book
• Chapter or Article in a Multi-Volume Work
• Organization as Author
• Reference Book
• Edition Other than the First
• Basic Journal Article
• Journal Article from an Online Periodical
• Journal Article from Database
• Magazine Article
• Magazine Article from an Online Magazine
• Newspaper Article
• Newspaper Article from an Online Newspaper
• Basic Web Page
• Government Publication
• Motion Picture (Video Recording)
• Online Multimedia
• Image from an Electronic Source
• Published Photograph
• Interviews & Personal Communications
• Pamphlets, Brochures, and Reports
• Scriptural References
• Secondary Sources
• Government Publications
• Ask for Help

Lecture (14.226 / p. 747)

This format is typically used if you would like to make reference to lecture notes from one of your classes.

General Format 

1. Lecturer First Name Surname, "Lecture Title" Date of Lecture, location of Lecture, medium, running time, information on where the recording can be found.

Concise Note:  

2. Lecturer Surname, "Lecture Title."

Bibliography:

Lastname, Firstname. "Speech Title." Date of Speech, Location of Speech. Medium, running time. Information on where recording can be found.

Example 

1. Toni Morrison, “Nobel Lecture,” December 7, 1993, Grand Hall of the Swedish Academy, Stockholm, Sweden, MPEG-4, 33:18, https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1993/morrison/lecture/.

Concise Note:

1. Morrison, "Nobel Lecture."

Morrison, Toni. “Nobel Lecture.” December 7, 1993. Grand Hall of the Swedish Academy, Stockholm, Sweden. MPEG-4, 33:18. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1993/morrison/lecture/.

Formatting of papers in Chicago Style:

Citations and bibliographies in Chicago Style:

About Citing Other Sources

This guide is intended to cover only the Notes and Bibliography system for citing sources.

For each type of source in this guide, both the general form and a specific example will be provided.

The following format will be used:

Full Note  - use the first time that you cite a source. Concise Note  - use after the first time you cite a source. Bibliography  - use when you are compiling the Bibliography that appears at the end of your paper.

Information on citing and several of the examples were drawn from  The Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.) .  

Numbers in parentheses refer to specific sections and pages in the manual.

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Thursday, February 23: The Clark Library is closed today.

MLA Style (9th Edition) Citation Guide: How to Cite: Other

• Introduction to MLA Style
• Journal Articles
• Magazine/Newspaper Articles
• Books & Ebooks
• Government & Legal Documents
• Biblical Sources
• Secondary Sources
• Videos/DVDs/TV Shows
• How to Cite: Other
• 9th Edition Updates
• Additional Help

Table of Contents

Chatgpt or other ai language tool, class handouts, cochrane review.

Conference Proceedings or Presentation

Dissertations

Eric document, images / artwork.

Jazz Discography

Lecture Notes (taken by a student or otherwise not public)

Lippincott Advisor

Mintel or Other Corporate Report

Mobile Software Application (App)

Music Score

Natural medicines (online monograph), personal/unpublished works/blogs, powerpoint slides, review of book, play, movie, poem, etc., simplyanalytics, song or album.

Sound recording / Booklet from Naxos Music Library

Twitter (Tweets)

Note: For your Works Cited list, all citations should be double spaced and have a hanging indent.

A "hanging indent" means that each subsequent line after the first line of your citation should be indented by 0.5 inches.

Guidance for citing ChatGPT and similar AI tools is emerging while continuing to be debated ( more from MLA ).

"Prompt." Tool Name, Version, Producer, Date,   URL.

Works Cited List Example:

“Describe the symbolism of the green light in the book The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald” prompt. ChatGPT , 13 Feb. version, OpenAI, 8 Mar. 2023, chat.openai.com/chat.

"What is Carrie Mae Weems' most influential work and what are its themes?" prompt. Gemini . 8 Feb. 2024 version, Google, 16 Feb. 2024, https://gemini.google.com/app.

In-Text Citation Example:

(Shortened version of prompt)

Examples: ("Describe the symbolism") 

("What is Carrie")

Instructor's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Handouts/Notes." Name of Course, Date handout was received, University/College, URL. Access date. Class handout.

Easton, Todd. “Model Paper.” Economics 121, 10 Apr. 2019, University of Portland, learning.up.edu/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?id=544855. Accessed 15 May 2019. Class handout.  

 (Instructor's Last Name)

 Example: ( Easton )

Instructor's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Handouts/Notes." Name of Course, Date handout was received, University/College. Class handout.

Doe, Mark. "Critical Analysis." English 100, 4 Sept. 2016, University of Portland. Class handout.

 Example: (Doe)

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Review." Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews,  vol. Volume Number, no. Issue Number, Date of Publication, pp. First Page Number-Last Page Number. https://doi.org/doi number.

Work Cited List Example:

Lane, Deirdre A., and Gregory Y. H. Lip. "Treatment of Hypertension in Peripheral Arterial Disease."  Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 4 Dec. 2013,   https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003075.pub3.

(Author's Last Name)

Example: (Lane & Lip)

Cochrane reviews follow the journal article format.

Provide the name of the database (Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) in italic title case in the works cited list. Do not italicize it elsewhere in your paper. 

Different versions of Cochrane reviews include different information, which means the works cited list might vary too. Follow the principle of citing what you see.

• Full-text versions of Cochrane reviews do not include volume numbers, issue numbers, or article numbers. The full-text version displays when you visit the DOI of the article.
• However, the article PDFs show the year as the volume number, an issue number, and an article number.
• It is fine to omit the volume, issue, and article number from the Cochrane review works cited list if the information is missing from your version of the article, but if you do see this information, include it just as you would for any journal article .

Conference Proceedings or Paper

Published Conference Proceedings

Author's Last Name, First Name.  Conference Title,  Conference Date and Location, Publisher, Date of Publication.

Chang, Steve S., et al., editors.  Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, February 12-15, 1999: General Session and Parasession on Loan Word Phenomena. Berkeley Linguistics Society, 2000.

Oral Presentation at Conference

Speaker's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Speech." Title of Conference or Meeting , Day Month, Year, Location of Conference. Descriptor (i.e. Keynote Address, Guest Lecture, Conference Presentation, Address, Lecture, Reading). 

Stein, Bob. “Reading and Writing in the Digital Era.” Discovering Digital Dimensions, Computers and Writing Conference , 23 May 2003, Union Club Hotel, West Lafayette, IN. Keynote Address.

Dissertation from Database

Author's Last Name, First Name Middle Name (if given). Title of Dissertation: Subtitle if Given. Year. PhD dissertation. Database Name.

Smith, Junette A. A Bridge to Neuroeducation: A Qualitative Study of Perceptions of Educators of Adult Learners . 2017. PhD dissertation. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global .

(Author's Last Name Page Number)

Example: (Smith 33)

Dissertation Abstract

Author's Last Name, First Name Middle Name (if given). Title of dissertation: Subtitle if given. Dissertation Abstracts International, vol. Volume Number, no. Issue Number, Date of Publication, pp. First Page Number-Last Page Number. Name of Database, URL.

Brooks, Mary Patrice. (2008). The History of St. Joseph School and Challenges of Catholic Education in Oregon. Dissertation Abstracts International , vol. 69, no. 6, 2008, pp. 2184–2185. America: History & Life, login.uportland.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ahl&AN=46957249&login.asp%3fcustid%3ds8474154&site=ehost-live&scope=site.

(Author Page Number)

Example: (Brooks 2185)

Author's Last Name, First Name Middle Name (if given). "Title of document: Subtitle if given." Date of Publication. Database Name. (ERIC document number).

Kubota, Kenichi. “‘Soaking’ Model for Learning: Analyzing Japanese Learning/Teaching Process from a Socio-Historical Perspective.” 2007. ERIC (ED498566).

Example: (Kubota 4)

Note: this document is a PDF so page numbers are available.

Image from a Website

Artist's Last Name, First Name.  Title of Work: Subtitle if Any.  Year, Location of Work, URL.

Goya, Francisco. The Family of Charles IV . 1800. Museo del Prado, museodelprado.es/en/the-collection/art-work/the-family-of-carlos-iv/f47898fc-aa1c-48f6-a779-71759e417e74.

(Artist's Last Name)

Example: (Goya)

Note: For images found online, do not list a page number.

If the artist is not named, use a shortened version of the title (usually just 1-2 significant words): (“Title").

Image from a Book

When you refer to a photographic reproduction of an artwork, the citation is made up of two parts:

• Part 1: Lists the original artist's name, the name of the work, and the date the work was created. 
• Part 2: Cites where you found the reproduction of the work such as a book. 

Artist's Last Name, First Name.  Title of Work: Subtitle if Any.  Year, Location of Work.  Book Title , by Author's First Name Last Name, Publisher Name often shortened, Year of publication, p. number.

Cassatt, Mary. Mother and Child . 1889, Wichita Art Museum, Wichita, KS. American Painting,1560-1913 , by John Pearce, McGraw, 1964, Slide 22. 

(Artist's Last Name, Page Number)

If the artist is not named, use a shortened version of the title (usually just 1-2 significant words): (“Title," Page Number).

Example: (Cassatt, slide 22)

Image from a Library Database

Artist's Last Name, First Name.  Title of Work: Subtitle if Any.  Year, Location of Work. Database Title , URL.

Monet, Claude. The Parc Monceau . 1878. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City. Artstor , library.artstor.org/library/secure/ViewImages?id=%2FDFMaiMuOztdLS0wdD5%2BR3su&userId=gDhMeDUs&zoomparams=.

Example: (Monet)

If the artist is not named, use a shortened version of the title (usually just 1-2 significant words): (“Title"). Example: ("Sunday Afternoon")

Beck, Aaron T., et al. “Beck Depression Inventory–II.” PsycTESTS, 1996. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1037/t00742-000.

 Example: (Beck et al. 1996)

Jazz Discography (by Tom Lord)

The Jazz Discography uses session numbers (example: E1254) to refer to recording sessions. Include the session number in your citation.

Lord, Tom. "F2031: The Duke Ellington Song Book."  The Jazz Discography,  www.lordisco.com/tjd/WordDetail?id=7&mode=detail&rid=49863.

Example: (Lord)

Since this is an online source page numbers are not needed.

Instructor's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Lecture." Name of Course, Date lecture occurred, University/College. Class lecture.

Aihiokhai, Simon. “Christian Spirituality.” THE 105, 18 Jan. 2017, University of Portland. Class lecture.

 Example: (Aihiokhai)

Lippincott Advisor (7th ed)

"Title of Article." Date Month Year of Latest Update,  Lippincott Advisor . Retrieved Date, URL.

Note: include "Retrieved" followed by the date for web pages that may be updated over time and that are not archived

"Anemia (Aplastic)". 12 Jul. 2019,  Lippincott Advisor. Retrieved 17 Oct. 2019, advisor.lww.com/lna/document.do?bid=4&did=791392.

("First Word Or Two of Article Title," Year)

Example: ("Anemia (Aplastic)," 2019)

Note: Because online resources typically do not have page numbers, paragraph numbers or section headings, this information is left out of the in-text citation.

Lippincott Advisor mobile app:

"Title of Article." Date Month Year of Latest Update,  Lippincott Advisor . Retrieved Date, advisor.lww.com. Mobile App. 

"Anemia (Aplastic)". 12 Jul. 2019,  Lippincott Advisor. Retrieved 17 Oct. 2019, advisor.lww.com. Mobile App. 

Note: Because mobile apps typically do not have page numbers, paragraph numbers or section headings, this information is left out of the in-text citation.

Mintel or Other Corporate Report

Mintel Group Ltd. “Car Rentals – US.” Mintel Reports , July 2018, clients.mintel.com. 

 Example: (Mintel)

Mobile Application Software (App)

Name of Company that created the application or Creator's Last Name, First Name. Middle Initial if given. Name of Application,  Publisher Name or App Store, Version number if given, Release Date of Current Version of the Application, Mobile App, URL application was downloaded from.

National Geographic Society.  National Parks by National Geographic,  App Store, vers.1.2, 2012, Mobile App. www.apple.com/itunes/.

(Name of Company or Author's Last Name)

Example: (National Geographic Society)

Note: Because apps typically do not have page numbers, paragraph numbers or section headings, this information is left out of the in-text citation.

Composer Last Name, First Name. Title of Work. Version, Publisher, Publication Date. 

Beethoven, Ludwig van. Corolian Ouverture: op. 62 . Heugel, 1951. 

(Composer's Last Name Page Number)

(Beethoven 11)

"Guided Imagery." Natural Medicines , 2015, Monograph ,  naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com/ health-wellness/professional.aspx?productid=1238.

(Author, if none then name of monograph)

Example: ("Guided Imagery")

Note: Because online monographs from Natural Medicines typically do not have page numbers, paragraph numbers or section headings, this information is left out of the in-text citation.

Author's Last Name, First Name or Username if real name not provided. "Title of Blog Post."  Name of Blog,  Blog Network/Publisher if given, Day Month Year of blog post, URL of blog post. Accessed Day Month Year blog was visited.

Brussat, Frederic. “Beyond Ideas of Wrongdoing and Rightdoing.” Civility & Spirituality , 11 Dec. 2014, www.spiritualityandpractice.com/blogs/posts/civilityspirituality/301/beyond-ideas-of-wrongdoing-and-rightdoing. Accessed 12 Jan. 2017.

 Example: (Brussat)

Host's Last Name, First Name, host. "Title of Podcast Episode."  Title of Overall Podcast , season number if given, episode number if given, Web Site Hosting If Different From Podcast Title, Day Month Year of Episode, URL of episode. Accessed Day Month Year podcast was downloaded/played.

Orton, Tyler, and Patrick Blennerhassett, hosts. "Lessons From the Brexit."  BIV Podcast , episode 18, Business Vancouver, 28 June 2016, www.biv.com/article/2016/6/biv-podcast-episode-18-lessons-brexit/. Accessed 2 July 2016.

(Host's Last Name Start Time of Revelant Section-End Time of Section)

(Orton and Blennerhassett 00:01:15-00:02:22)

PowerPoint Slides from Moodle

Instructor's Last Name, First Name. "Title of PowerPoint Presentation." Title of Course,   Date of PowerPoint presentation, Name of University. Microsoft PowerPoint presentation. 

Works Cited List Example

 Smith, John. "BIO 110: Week 2: Cells." Biology 110, 15 Jan. 2016, University of Portland. Microsoft PowerPoint   presentation.  

In-Text Citation Example

 Example: (Smith, slide 5)

 Note: include the slide number in your in-text citation if you know it. If not, leave it out

PowerPoint Slides from a Website

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of PowerPoint Presentation." Website publisher, Creation Date, URL. Microsoft PowerPoint presentation. 

 Kunka, Jennifer Liethen.. "Conquering the Comma." Purdue University Writing Lab, owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/punctuation/conquering_the_comma_presentation.html. Microsoft PowerPoint   presentation.  

 (Author's Last Name)

 Example: (Kunka, slide 2)

You can find reviews in multiple source types (newspapers, magazines, journals, etc.); please see elsewhere on this guide for guidance on creating a citation for a specific source. The below citation example is for a play review that appeared on a newspaper website.

This template is for a review in general:

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Review: Subtitle if Any." Review of Play (Book, Movie, etc.) Title , by Playwright (Author, Director, etc.). Name of Periodical , Date of Publication, p. Page number. 

Note: Titles of plays, books, and movies are italicized as shown here; do not italicize titles of articles, poems, and short stories. Instead, put them in quotation marks, e.g., Review of "The Revenant," by Billy Collins.

Note:  If the author's name is not listed, begin the citation with the title of the article.

Brantley, Ben. "Dear Audiences of 'Tiny Beautiful Things,' Prepare to Cry." Review of Tiny Beautiful Things , by Nia Vardalos. New York Times , www.nytimes.com/2016/12/07/theater/tiny-beautiful-things-review.html. Accessed 8 Apr. 2020.

Following guidance for a newspaper article from a website : (Review Author's Last Name)

Note : If there is no author listed, the in-text citation would include the first word or words of the title of the article in quotation marks, e.g. ("Dear Audiences").

"Name of Data File."  SimplyAnalytics Database.  Producer, date of data file.

Works Cited List Examples:

"Census 2010 Current Estimates Data."   SimplyAnalytics Database.  Geographic Research, Inc., 2013.

"2016 Current Estimates Data." SimplyAnalytics Database.  U.S. Census, 2017.

"Map with 2016 consumer expenditure data."  SimplyAnalytics Database . SimplyAnalytics, 2017.

• Obtain the data file name from the Metadata
• If you produced a map, SimplyAnalytics is the producer.

Music can be cited multiple ways. Mainly, this depends on the container that you accessed the music from. Generally, citations begin with the artist name. They might also be listed by composers or performers. Otherwise, list composer and performer information after the album title. Put individual song titles in quotation marks. Album names are italicized. Provide the name of the recording manufacturer followed by the publication date.

If information such as record label or name of album is unavailable from your source, do not list that information.

Spotify Example:

Rae Morris. “Skin.”  Cold , Atlantic Records, 2014. Spotify, open.spotify.com/track/0OPES3Tw5r86O6fudK8gxi.

Online Album Example:

Beyoncé. “Pray You Catch Me.”  Lemonade , Parkwood Entertainment, 2016, www.beyonce.com/album/lemonade-visual-album/.

CD Example:

Nirvana. "Smells Like Teen Spirit."  Nevermind , Geffen, 1991.

Sound recording / Booklet from Naxos Music Library

Sound Recording:

Orff, Carl. “Fortuna Imperatrix Mundi: O Fortuna.” Carmina Burana. Performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Hans Graf, LPO, 2012, Naxos Music Library , portland.naxosmusiclibrary.com/catalogue/item.asp?cid=5099960230652.

(Creator's Last Name)

Example: (Orff)

If there is no creator, use a shortened form of the title (just one or two significant words): (“Title")

Cite the author of the booklet / liner notes (the author's name often appears at the end of the text).

Works Cited List Example:  

Prince, David. Booklet.  Sophisticated Lady , by Ella Fitzgerald and Joe Pass. Pablo Records, 2001, Naxos Jazz Music Library , cdn.naxosmusiclibrary.com/sharedfiles/booklets/FAC/booklet-PACD-5310-2.pdf.

Example: (Prince 2)

Source of data. Title of document: Subtitle if given . Date of publication, Statista , URL.

Note: since Statista is the name of the publisher and the name of the database, cite Statista only as the database name at the end of the citation.

National Park Service. Most visited national parks in the United States in 2018. 13 May 2019,  Statista , www.statista.com/statistics/378920/most-visited-national-parks-us.

(Source of data)

Example: (National Park Service)

Twitter Handle (First Name Last Name if Known). "The Entire Tweet Word-for-Word." Twitter, Day Month Year of Tweet, Time of Tweet, URL.

@ReallyVirtual (Sohaib Athar). "Helicopter Hovering Above Abbottad at 1AM is a Rare Event."  Twitter,   4 Jan. 2013, 3:58 p.m., twitter.com/reallyvirtual/status/64780730286358528?lang=en.

Note: Write out the actual Tweet in the citation and keep spelling and grammar the same as in the original, even if there are errors. When quoting the Tweet, beside grammatical and spelling errors in the original Tweet, write [sic] in square brackets to indicate the errors are not your own. E.g., if the Tweet was "It isn't you're fault the media is violent", write: "It isn't you're [sic] fault the media is violent."

(Twitter handle)

(@ReallyVirtual)

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Citation Resources

Citations function to give proper credit to the authors and works that have shaped your research and writing. Citations help readers understand how your own statements stand in relation to research or ideas that others have articulated before you.

We encourage students to learn more about the various citation styles on their respective official websites. However, there are many helpful citation resources to be found online, including the Purdue University Online Writing Lab, or OWL.

Citation Styles

Citation styles and preferences differ across disciplines, media, and readers. Some of the most frequently used citation styles in academia are MLA, APA, and Chicago. Note, however, that there are many other style guides available online. For the most comprehensive explanations of a citation style, we recommend referring to the online guides put out by the sponsoring association. 

For coursework at Miami, you should ask your instructor which citation styles will be expected for different writing tasks. They may request that you use a style different from those listed here.

If you are submitting work to an academic journal, find out what that journal’s specific style guidelines are. This information is frequently available online.

Citation Styles Links

Visit the Purdue OWL for a student-friendly guide to citation use.

How to Get the Most Out of Citation Guides

Citation style guidelines will provide information about how to:

• Cite a source in-text (or as it comes up in your writing, whether quoted or paraphrased).
• Cite a source at the end of your writing (in a Works Referenced, Works Cited, bibliography, etc).
• Handle footnotes or endnotes.
• Format your writing (e.g. titles, headers, block quotes, etc.).

You should also note that citation style guidelines are frequently updated. The guidelines from five years ago may no longer hold true today.

Using the citation style that your readers expect and citing your sources properly is crucial for academic writing. Citing sources puts your writing in conversation with the writing and research completed by the researchers and thinkers who preceded you and who have shaped the nature of your inquiry. 

Want some help with your citations? Make an appointment with a writing consultant!

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