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Essay on Animals For IELTS Writing Task 2 With Sample

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Updated on 08 September, 2023

upGrad Abroad Team

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Writing an IELTS essay on animals should not be taken lightly. Ensure that you state your objectives clearly in the essay and follow a proper structure that the examiner can understand. Write your essay within the stipulated timeline of 40 minutes while sticking to the minimum word count of 250 words. There is no maximum limit to the word count.

Popular study abroad destinations, ielts essay on animals- samples for your perusal.

Many advocate the need to protect all wild animals, while others think that it is important to protect some, not all of them. Discuss both views and give your opinion .

Essay 1-

Some people have recommended selective and analytical protection or safeguarding of wild animals. In my personal opinion, the world and humanity hold responsibility for all kinds of wild animals. However, it may periodically have justifications for allocating more resources towards conserving species of a more valuable nature.

Those advocating the protection of specific wild animal species talk about various specific aspects, including the threats faced by these particular species and their overall value from an environmental perspective. For example, tigers are endangered animals and require resource-intensive efforts for conservation compared to commoner animals without the threat of extinction, such as pigeons or even rats, for instance, that have already adapted the skills of thriving in urban semi-urban environments.

Many people will agree that there is a lack of proper logic in offering equal protection and support for species in varying habitats and circumstances. Extreme critics of such policies may also add that some animals deserve better preservation than many others. The tiger, for example, is valued for its biodiversity contributions, its overall nature, and aesthetic factors. Other species like honey bees, for instance, have medicinally and commercially valuable offerings for mankind and the world at large while they are not as valued for aesthetics.

However, I still opine that protection should be similar for all wild animals since humankind has played the biggest role in endangering them. Before the growing population and industrialization over the last few hundred years, animals and humans resided on Earth as equals while sharing its bounties and natural resources more judiciously and equally. For a long time, human beings have kept developing, outstripping natural development. They have now started becoming threats to the natural growth and habitats of innumerable species of wild animals. Humans must implement proper safeguards for all species of wild animals. The absence of protective measures will lead to the entire biodiversity chain collapsing globally, with more ecosystems shrinking and animals dying out and going extinct. Even if a wild animal is not about to go extinct, it will always be crucial for maintaining the population levels of the species to combat any future cycle of irreversible damage.

To conclude, human beings should take protective measures for all wild animals and as many wild animals as possible. However, there are some exceptional scenarios where priority could be given to a few species based on circumstantial factors and reasons. Society and global governments should participate and collaborate in measures and regulations to ensure that wild animals are not casualties of human growth and development. (447 words)

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Question- Several people believe that animals should have equal rights as humans and shouldn't be exploited by people. In contrast, others think that humans must use animals to satisfy their needs, including uses for food and research.

Talk about both sides and give your opinion .

Essay 2-

Human beings have always used animals in various forms to fulfill diverse requirements. Yet, while some individuals think that animals should have similar treatment in human beings with equal rights, others feel that it is vital to use animals for medical research, food, and other uses.

Talking about animals being exploited, many feel it is rather acceptable for different reasons. They feel that human beings are the most vital on the Earth and the entire food chain, with every possible measure being taken for ensuring their continued survival, growth, and progress. If this equates to animal experimentation for curing and combating diseases, then that would be a bigger priority than the suffering of animals. At the same time, these people also believe that animals do not have feelings of loss or pain in the manner of human beings, and hence if they are killed for use as food, then it could be morally and ethically all right.

Yet, I do not feel that these arguments have much meat. Several secret films in laboratories have already shown that courtesy of groups for animal rights and other evidence, animals feel pain akin to human beings and suffer when caged for longer durations. Alongside, a major amount of research on animals is already done for medicinal and cosmetic uses. It is not all for finding remedies to ailments, and hence the cosmetics and beauty industry exploits animals greatly for its profits. This is not fully necessary, in my opinion. It has also been seen that human beings can receive all necessary vitamins and nutrients from plants. Hence, killing animals for food purposes is not a suitable argument.

In conclusion, though some people state that animals can be killed or exploited for food and research purposes, I will ethically argue that there is evidence to show that this is not the right path. Steps should be taken to enhance the safety and rights of animals instead. (347 words)

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The Importance of Animal Rights: An IELTS Writing Guide

The topic of animal rights frequently surfaces in IELTS Writing Task 2, prompting test-takers to consider the ethical treatment of animals in modern society. This essay will delve into the significance of animal rights, provide …

Written by: IELTS Mentor

Published on: July 5, 2024

Table of Contents

Sample IELTS Essay Question

Some people believe that humans have a moral obligation to protect all animal species. Others argue that humans must prioritize their own needs. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

Analysis of the Question

This question presents a classic “discuss both views and give your opinion” essay structure. You are expected to:

Present both sides fairly: Acknowledge the validity of both the argument for prioritizing human needs and the ethical considerations of animal rights.
State your opinion clearly: Indicate whether you lean more towards prioritizing human needs while ensuring ethical treatment of animals or advocating for stronger animal rights.
Provide supporting arguments: Use relevant examples and evidence to support your viewpoint and illustrate your understanding of the issue.

Sample Essay

In contemporary society, the question of whether humans should prioritize their needs above those of animals or extend moral consideration to all species is a subject of ongoing debate. This essay will delve into both sides of this multifaceted issue before concluding that a balance must be struck between human progress and animal welfare.

Those who prioritize human needs argue that our species relies on animals for sustenance, clothing, and scientific research, all of which are essential for human survival and advancement. They contend that placing stringent limitations on animal use could hinder medical breakthroughs, economic growth, and the fulfillment of basic human needs. For instance, animal testing has played a crucial role in developing life-saving vaccines and treatments for diseases. Furthermore, the agriculture industry, which relies heavily on animal farming, provides food and livelihoods for millions globally.

Conversely, proponents of animal rights emphasize the sentience of many animal species, arguing that they experience emotions, form social bonds, and deserve to live free from exploitation and cruelty. They advocate for a shift towards plant-based diets, cruelty-free products, and an end to practices like factory farming and animal testing, which cause immense suffering. They argue that our moral obligation extends to all living creatures and that our intellectual superiority should be used to protect rather than exploit vulnerable species.

Factory Farming Animals

In conclusion, while human needs are undeniably important, I believe that this should not come at the cost of widespread animal suffering. We must strive to find ethical and sustainable solutions that respect animal welfare while still meeting our own needs. This includes investing in alternative testing methods, promoting responsible consumption patterns, and enacting stricter animal welfare laws. By acknowledging the intrinsic value of all life forms, we can create a more compassionate and just world for both humans and animals. (Word count: 322)

Notes for Writing

Use appropriate vocabulary: Familiarize yourself with terms related to animal rights (e.g., sentience, exploitation, welfare, ethical treatment).
Provide specific examples: Illustrate your points with real-world examples, such as the impact of animal agriculture or the development of alternatives to animal testing.
Structure your essay logically: Ensure a clear and coherent flow of ideas, using transition words and phrases effectively.
Proofread carefully: Check for any grammatical or spelling errors before submitting your essay.

Difficult Vocabulary

Sentience (noun) /ˈsenʃəns/ : The ability to experience feelings and sensations.
Exploitation (noun) /ˌɛksplɔɪˈteɪʃən/ : The action or fact of treating someone unfairly in order to benefit from their work.
Welfare (noun) /ˈwɛlfeə/ : The health, happiness, and fortunes of a person or group.
Ethical (adjective) /ˈɛθɪkəl/ : Relating to moral principles or the branch of knowledge dealing with these.
Sustainable (adjective) /səˈsteɪnəbəl/ : Able to be maintained at a certain rate or level.
Intrinsic (adjective) /ɪnˈtrɪnzɪk/ : Belonging naturally; essential.
Compassionate (adjective) /kəmˈpæʃənət/ : Feeling or showing sympathy and concern for others.

Discussing animal rights is a complex but important aspect of IELTS writing. By understanding the key arguments, using relevant vocabulary, and structuring your essay effectively, you can achieve a high band score. Remember to practice writing essays on similar topics to improve your confidence and fluency. Good luck!

Mastering IELTS Speaking: How to Describe Good News Effectively

October 15, 2024

How to Practice IELTS Writing with Model Answers: Expert Strategies

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IELTS Essay

The importance of preserving natural resources: an ielts writing guide, the impact of economic development on the environment: an ielts writing task 2 guide.

IELTS Writing Task 2 Topic Model Examples

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IELTS Writing Task 2/ IELTS Essay:

You should spend about 40 minutes on this

Some people think that keeping pets is good for children while others think it is dangerous and unhealthy for them.

Which viewpoint do you agree with.

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.

Write at least 250 words.

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? A zoo has no useful purpose.

Use specific reasons and examples to explain your answer.

You should write at least 250 words.

Wild animals have no use in the 21st century and trying to preserve animals now is just wastage of money. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?

Animals should not be used for the benefit of human beings unless there is evidence that the animals do not suffer in any way. to what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement, scientists use living animal to carry out research. some people think it is interesting, while some other people think it is cruel. what is your opinion.

You should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples and relevant evidence.

Many people have a close relationship with their pets. These people treat their birds, cats, or other animals as members of their family. In your opinion, are such relationships good? Why or why not?

Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Some people think that human needs for farmland, housing, and industry are more important than saving land for endangered animals. Do you agree or disagree with this point of view? Why or why not?

Write your answer in the comments below and get free feedback and correction, more writing task 2 essay model examples, model examples, more writing task 1 academic examples, are you using amazing linkers, send us your writing and we'll check, get your writing and speaking corrected.

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Sample Answer 8.0+

In recent years, the concern about endangered animals has triggered debates over whether we should prioritize protection exclusively for species useful to humans. However, I believe this perspective overlooks the moral imperative to protect all endangered species, regardless of their utility to humanity.

Firstly, the concept of utility is subjective and can change over time. What may seem nonessential today might hold untold value for future generations. Countless scientific breakthroughs have arisen from studying seemingly obscure organisms. For instance, the venom of the Gila monster, a lizard considered non-useful by some, has led to the development of medications for diabetes. Therefore, the potential of various other species to significantly contribute to the advancement of scientific knowledge and the field of medicine should not be underestimated.

Secondly, biodiversity is crucial for ecosystem stability. Removing a species, even if seemingly useless to humans, disrupts ecosystems and has far-reaching consequences for ecosystem health and resource availability. Consider honeybees. While their direct benefits might be questioned, these pollinators are vital in agriculture, supporting the growth of many essential crops like fruits, vegetables, and nuts. Without conservation, bee population decline could reduce food production, increasing global food prices and impacting human well-being. Thus, safeguarding seemingly non-utilitarian species like bees indirectly benefits us.

In conclusion, while the concept of protecting only “useful” animals may seem pragmatic, it fails to consider the broader implications for science, ecosystems, and our moral duty to safeguard the diversity of life on Earth. Protecting endangered animals, irrespective of their utility to humans, is essential for the well-being of our planet and future generations.

Total words: 262

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Sample Essays

In this IELTS Zoo Essay you have to discuss whether you think zoos are cruel and should be shut down or whether they are useful as they protect some wild animals.

Essays on zoos have appeared in the IELTS test before and this was a question that was recently in the test.

Some people think that zoos are all cruel and should be closed down. Others however believe that zoos can be useful in protecting wild animals.

Discuss both opinions and give your own opinion.

Understanding the Question

You must always read the question carefully and note if there is anything restricting the topic.

You have to discuss both sides of the argument and with this zoo essay question it would be very easy to read it and then simply write about the benefits and drawbacks of zoos.

But look at this bit carefully:

Others however believe that zoos can be useful in protecting wild animals .

One of the arguments is specifically about protecting animals. So when you discuss the second argument you must be careful not to just write generally about the advantage of zoos.

You have to focus on how they may protect wild animals . So when you brainstorm your ideas for the zoo essay, you should be thinking about:

why animals need protecting and
how zoos can help with this

And in your other body paragraph you would need to explain why they are also seen as cruel.

And of course you must remember to give your own opinion. In this essay, the author makes it clear at the beginning that they support the closing down of zoos.

The opinion you decide on though is of course your choice.

Zoo Essay Sample

You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.

Write about the following topic:

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own experience or knowledge.

Write at least 250 words.

Zoo Essay Model Answer

Zoos remain popular places for people to visit for entertainment and to learn about wild animals. Although some people are of the opinion that zoos can provide a sanctuary for endangered animals and so should be kept open, I believe that the cruelty that animals suffer outweighs this benefit, and that they should be shut down.

These days, animals are under threat from humans in many ways, seen for example in the way that their habitats are being destroyed through the cutting down of rain forests, or through poaching. Following on from this, the argument is that zoos can protect some of these animals that are under threat. The reason is that they are in a safe environment managed by trained staff who can ensure the animals are looked after and can produce offspring. There are examples of successes in this respect, such as with Pandas, which have been endangered for many years but have been protected.

However, there are more convincing arguments for why zoos should be shut down. Firstly, even though some species are under threat, there are lots of animals which do not fall into this category and who are there just for the entertainment of visitors. While it may be fun and educational to see them, animals are not meant to be caged, and their distress can often be seen in the way many of them pace back and forwards all day. Not only this, if the prime reason of zoos is to protect animals, this could be done in other environments such as wild life parks where the animals have more freedom.

In conclusion, animals should be protected but this does not have to be in zoos. Zoos are cruel to animals, not similar enough to their natural habitat, and they should be closed down.

(299 Words)

Band scores are given for task response, coherence and cohesion, lexis (vocabulary) and grammatical range and accuracy.

This zoo essay would get a good score for task response as it fully answers the question by discussing both opinions and giving a personal opinion. Ideas are also well explained, extended and supported.

It would get a good score for coherence and cohesion as it is organised coherently and logically and is easy to follow. The introduction introduces the topic then there is a thesis statement.

One body paragraph discusses one side of the argument, and the other discusses the other side. The second body paragraph is also the writers opinion, and this is summarised again in the conclusion

.There is some interesting vocabulary and phrases. For example:

sanctuary for endangered animals
under threat from humans
habitats are being destroyed
produce offspring
successes in this respect
not meant to be caged
natural habitat

There are also some good complex grammatical constructions and the grammar is precise. For example, the red words show that some of these are adverbial clauses , noun clauses and relative clauses :

Although some people are of the opinion that zoos can provide a sanctuary for endangered animals...
...seen for example in the way that their habitats are being destroyed...
...the argument is that zoos can protect some of these animals who are under threat.
...trained staff who can ensure the animals are looked after...
Pandas who have been endangered...
... even though some species are under threat...
... While it may be fun and educational...

<<< Back

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Animals Essay ideas

When writing an IELTS essay on animals, there are several different topics an examiner might ask to write about.

1. Protecting Wild Animal

Let’s discuss some ideas to agree or disagree with the topic “ protect wildlife “.

2. Decrease in Some Animal Species

Let’s discuss the major reason behind the decrease in some animal species and how to solve that problem.

4. Men’s Relationship with Animals

I hope this article provided enough ideas to write an essay about animals for your IELTS exams.

Task 2 Essay #Animal Rights

Ielts task 2 essay.

A growing number of people feel that animals should not be exploited by people and that they should have the same rights as humans, while others argue that humans must employ animals to satisfy their various needs, including uses for food and research. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

Sample Answer

Many people believe that animals are supposed to be treated in the same way as humans, and should have comparable rights. While other people believe that it is vital to utilize them as we want for purposes such as food, flesh, and research work. In this essay, I will elaborate both the viewpoints along with my opinion.

As to the abuse of creatures, many understand that it is considered for a few reasons. Firstly, they believe that humans are the most essential creatures on earth, and their survival should be ensured on a priority. If it requires sacrificing other creatures for discovering solutions for infections or for food, humans have the right to do so. Moreover, it is accepted by some that animals don’t feel torment, pain, or loss as humans do, hence the killing of animals for human needs is justified and ethically worthy.

There are many people who have studied animal behaviors closely and have an opposing idea. As per many such people, animals should have their own rights, and must not be abused or sacrificed for human requirements. It has been proven through numerous laboratory experiments that animals are capable of feelings and emotions, and feel pain as much as humans do. In addition, a considerable measure of creature research is accomplished for beauty care products and not to discover remedies for ailments which is unnecessary. Finally, it has also been proven that humans can get all the nutrients and vitamins that they need from green vegetables and fruit. Therefore, again, having to kill animals for food is not an adequate argument.

In my opinion, the arguments against animal rights do not stand up to scrutiny. To sum up, albeit a few people contend murdering animals for research and sustenance is moral, I would say that there is adequate proof to show the contrary, and steps must be taken to improve the privileges of creatures.

(Words 318)

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Animal Testing Essay

Posted by David S. Wills | Oct 21, 2022 | Model Essays | 0

There is a wide range of topics used in the IELTS writing test and many of them overlap. Today, we are going to look at a question that falls between the topics of animals and ethics and science. It will require you to write an animal testing essay .

In this article, I will analyse the question for you, give you some pointers on useful language, and then show you my own sample band 9 answer.

The Task: Animal Testing

Here is a question that appeared in the IELTS exam several years ago:

Some people claim that it is acceptable to use animals in medical research for the benefit of human beings, while other people argue that it is wrong. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

(Note that questions can be re-used or re-written, so it is possible that you might see this recycled in the future.)

This is a “discuss both views” question , so your task is ultimately to do three things:

Explain why some people think animal testing is acceptable
Explain why some people think animal testing is unacceptable
Give your opinion

Even if you feel really strongly that it is wrong, for example, you still need to explain the opposing view. You don’t need to give a balanced answer , but you do need to acknowledge both sides of the debate. This is important for Task Response.

Planning your Answer

I almost always write a four-paragraph essay for my sample band 9 answers but today I’m going to write five. It could easily have been four paragraphs but I wanted to separate my anti-animal testing arguments into two separate paragraphs for better organisation. (You can read about 4- vs 5-paragraph essay structures here .)

My essay is going to look like this:

Introduction	Introduce the topic and give my opinion.
Body paragraph 1	Say why animal testing might be supported by some people.
Body paragraph 2	First reason against animal testing: It is ineffective.
Body paragraph 3	Second reason against animal testing: It is unethical.
Conclusion	Summarise the main ideas and restate my opinion.

When it comes to a task 2 introduction , please make sure that you have a clear outline sentence and also that your opinion (if one is required) is stated clearly.

Body paragraph 1 will act as a sort of concession paragraph , so it will be imperative that I make it clear that this is not my opinion but rather what some other people think. If I fail to do this, then the reader might be confused.

The ideas in body paragraphs 2 and 3 will be separated but could also have been condensed into two paragraphs. However, I felt that for this topic it was a little more effective to split them. It also made my argument slightly more persuasive.

For the conclusion , I will be careful not to repeat myself too much and instead just summarise and reaffirm my stance.

Language for an Animal Testing Essay

The topic of animal testing is obviously controversial and so people will have different ideas. What you say will be largely based upon your own opinions. However, keep in mind that it covers those three topics I mentioned:

You don’t really need to know a lot about each, but it definitely would have some benefit if you knew a little about these areas and had some good vocabulary to use. I wrote about the IELTS topic of animals here , and there is plenty of good vocabulary that you can borrow. You can also search “animals” in the search bar at the top of the page.

I also recommend that you read and listen on issues that are related to IELTS topics like this. I particularly recommend the SYSK podcast episode on animal testing, which I think it is informative and accessible. You may learn some good language and get some inspiration for what you could write in your own animal testing essay. Other sources include this argument against animal testing by PETA and this one in favour of it by Stanford.

Language for Contentious Issues

In my essay, I will use the following phrases, which could be modified and applied to other contentious issues. I will put the specific language in brackets, so that you could swap it out when discussing other topics:

[animal testing] has been fiercely debated due to the ethical problems inherent in this area of [science]
The people who believe that [animal testing] is necessary tend to say…
this is wrong for several reasons
[animal testing] is not as helpful in [developing medicines] as people think
There are many other reasons why [experimenting with animals] is wrong
it is grossly unethical to [subject these creatures to painful and demeaning experiences]
people may argue that there are benefits that come from [experimenting on animals], but in fact there is no good reason to continue doing this

You can try using and modifying these phrases in your own practice essays. If you want an expert to correct them for you, try my IELTS writing correction service .

Language about Animal Testing

The following phrases will also appear in my essay and can be used for talking about animal testing:

this area of science
animal testing should be banned
testing medicines before using them on human beings
figure out the cures to many serious illnesses
Medicines that work on animals do not always work on humans
if scientists give a mouse diabetes and then try various drugs to cure the problem
subject these creatures to painful and demeaning experiences
They are sentient beings
subjected to cruel and often unnecessary experiments
harmful both to humans and animals

It is also important to avoid repetition and that means finding ways to say “animal testing” without repeating the say words over and over. You could say:

testing on animals
experimenting on animals
subjecting animals to medical experiments
using animals in experiments

Again, it would be helpful to read articles and listen to podcasts on this topic in order to improve your vocabulary.

Sample Band 9 Answer

Over the past few decades, animal testing has been fiercely debated due to the ethical problems inherent in this area of science. This essay will look at both sides of the debate, before concluding that animal testing should be banned.

The people who believe that animal testing is necessary tend to say that there are serious benefits to humanity, such as testing medicines before using them on human beings. They believe that this will help to figure out the cures to many serious illnesses, which will make the world a better place for humans. However, this is wrong for several reasons.

Firstly, animal testing is not as helpful in developing medicines as people think. Medicines that work on animals do not always work on humans, and vice versa. As such, these trials are not just unnecessary but also profoundly unhelpful. For example, if scientists give a mouse diabetes and then try various drugs to cure the problem, they may find that there are twelve drugs that do not work on the mouse. However, maybe one of those drugs would have worked on a human. As such, animal testing would have caused more problems than it solved.

There are many other reasons why experimenting with animals is wrong. Perhaps most importantly, it is grossly unethical to subject these creatures to painful and demeaning experiences for the benefit of humanity. Animals do not exist for the benefit of people. They are sentient beings that deserve better than to be caged and subjected to cruel and often unnecessary experiments.

In conclusion, people may argue that there are benefits that come from experimenting on animals, but in fact there is no good reason to continue doing this. At best, these experiments are useless and at worst they are unethical and harmful both to humans and animals.

Final Notes

You can see that I have carefully crafted an argument that is strong. You may not agree with it, but it is hard to deny my points, which makes it effective in terms of Task Response. The structure is also solid and the ideas were well connected, making it very good in terms of Coherence and Cohesion . Note the inclusion of realistic and interesting ideas as well as concrete examples. My explanation of testing on mice was particularly effective here. It is better than giving some vague or unexplained idea.

About The Author

David S. Wills

David S. Wills is the author of Scientologist! William S. Burroughs and the 'Weird Cult' and the founder/editor of Beatdom literary journal. He lives and works in rural Cambodia and loves to travel. He has worked as an IELTS tutor since 2010, has completed both TEFL and CELTA courses, and has a certificate from Cambridge for Teaching Writing. David has worked in many different countries, and for several years designed a writing course for the University of Worcester. In 2018, he wrote the popular IELTS handbook, Grammar for IELTS Writing and he has since written two other books about IELTS. His other IELTS website is called IELTS Teaching.

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Ielts essay # 1487 - more and more wild animals are on the verge of extinction, ielts writing task 2/ ielts essay:, more and more wild animals are on the verge of extinction and others are on the endangered list., what are the reasons for this what can be done to solve this problem.

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IELTS Writing Task 2: How to avoid going off-topic?

In the IELTS Writing Task 2, going off topic can impact your marks, as it shows a lack of focus and coherence in your writing. Learn how to stay on topic and improve your Writing scores.

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In the IELTS Writing Task 2 , one of the most crucial skills is to stay on topic throughout your essay.

Going off topic can significantly impact your score, as it shows a lack of focus and coherence in your writing. To avoid this common mistake, it is important to understand the question thoroughly, plan your essay structure carefully and constantly refer back to the question while writing. By following these strategies, you can ensure that your essay remains relevant and coherent ,

Read on to know all about how you can improve your chances of achieving your needed scores in the IELTS Writing Task 2.

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Why it is important to stay on-topic?

In IELTS Writing Task 2, it is very important to stick to the main point. The examiner checks if you can answer the question properly and give a clear and relevant response . If you go off track, it shows that you might not fully understand the question, and this can affect your score.

When people go off track from the assigned topic, it's usually because they didn't plan well, didn't understand the question enough, or trying to express their knowledge of other things. But going off-topic usually means your thoughts become messy, your arguments are not complete, and it's hard to understand what you are trying to say and all of these things can really lower your overall score.

Negative impact of going off-topic on coherence and cohesion

In IELTS Writing Task 2 essays, how well your ideas flow and how you link them together are important factors. Coherence means your ideas should make sense and connect smoothly, both within paragraphs and throughout the whole essay. Cohesion involves using linking words and phrases effectively.

However, when you go off-topic, it disrupts these essential elements, making your essay seem jumbled and hard to understand. When you go off track from the given topic, you might introduce unrelated ideas or arguments that don't fit with the main question. This messes up the overall structure of your essay and confuses the reader due to the lack of coherence. Also, trying to connect these off-topic ideas to the main question often leads to awkward transitions, which reduces the overall cohesion of your essay.

Read: Guide to Coherence and Cohesion

Impact of going off-topic on task achievement.

Task Achievement is extremely important when it comes to evaluating IELTS Writing Task 2 essays. Going off-topic directly impacts your ability to meet the requirements of the assigned task. This is because examiners want you to provide a well-organised response that directly addresses the given question, presents a clear opinion, and supports it with relevant arguments and examples.

When you deviate from the given prompt, you run the risk of not fulfilling these requirements. Your arguments might lack specific details, relevance, or clarity, which weakens your essay overall. As a result, even if your writing skills are good, going off-topic can significantly lower your Task Achievement score.

Read: What is Task Achievement and Task Response in IELTS Writing

Tips on how to stay on topic for your ielts writing task 2.

To make sure you stay on track in your IELTS Writing Task 2 essays, here are some helpful tips for you to keep in mind to score high in your IELTS test:

Understand the question: Before you start writing, fully understand the question. Identify the main points and what it's asking for. This will guide your essay and prevent you from going off-topic.

Plan your essay: Create a clear outline with the main ideas, supporting arguments, and examples you will use. This keeps you organised and focused on the task.

Stick to your thesis: Make a span thesis statement that directly addresses the question. Use it as a reference point throughout your essay to stay on topic.

Avoid going off track: While it's good to show your knowledge, ensure every point you include supports your main argument and is relevant to the assigned topic.

Proofread and revise: Take time at the end to review your essay. Check if your arguments and examples align with the main question and make any necessary changes to ensure coherence and cohesion.

Stay focused during writing: While writing your essay, keep reminding yourself about the main question and your thesis statement. This will help you stay on track and avoid getting off into unrelated areas.

Be mindful of word limits: IELTS essays have a word limit, and going off-topic may cause you to run out of space without adequately addressing the main question. Keep track of your word count to ensure you allocate enough space to cover the essential points.

Practice time management: During the exam, allocate time wisely for planning, writing, and revising. When you manage your time effectively, you reduce the chances of rushing and going off-topic due to time constraints.

Seek feedback from others: Before the actual exam, have someone review your practice essays. Ask them if your response stays on topic and effectively addresses the question. Constructive feedback can help you improve and refine your approach.

Focus on the main idea in each paragraph: Each paragraph should contribute to your overall argument and be centred around the main topic of the essay. Avoid introducing unrelated ideas within the same paragraph.

Use topic sentences: Start each paragraph with a clear topic sentence that relates back to the main question. This will help you stay organised and on point throughout your essay.

Practice staying on topic: Regularly practice writing essays on various topics and ensure that you consistently adhere to the given prompts. The more you practice, the better you will become at staying focused and avoiding deviations.

In IELTS Writing Task 2 essays, getting off the topic can seriously impact your score. It affects coherence, cohesion, and task achievement. However, there are ways to avoid this issue and craft a strong and relevant response. By thoroughly understanding the question, planning your essay, and staying focused on the main topic, you can steer clear of this common mistake.

Read: IELTS Writing band scores explained

Need help preparing for your ielts writing test.

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Published on October 14, 2024

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Description

Distribution

Mating habits, related animals.

Saiga Antelope

The Saiga antelope ( Saiga tatarica ) is a critically endangered antelope that during antiquity inhabited a vast area of the Eurasian steppe. During the Pleistocene, they also occurred in Beringian North America and the British Isles. It is extirpated from China , Ukraine , and southwestern Mongolia.

Saiga antelopes have a distinctive pair of closely spaced, bloated nostrils directed downward. The coat of these animals changes according to the season. In summer, it appears yellow to red, fading toward the flanks. In winter, the coat develops a pale, grayish-brown color, with a hint of brown on the belly and the neck. The ventral parts are generally white. Only males possess horns that are thick and slightly translucent. The horns are wax-colored and show 12 to 20 pronounced rings.

Photos with Saiga Antelope

Today, Saigas are only found in one region in Russia (in the Republic of Kalmykia and Astrakhan Oblast) and three areas in Kazakhstan (the Ural, Ustiurt, and Betpak-Dala populations). A portion of the Ustiurt population migrates south to Uzbekistan and occasionally Turkmenistan in winter. These rare antelopes live in semi-deserts, steppes, grasslands, and possibly open woodlands where they may shelter during strong winds.

Climate zones

Habits and Lifestyle

Saigas are very gregarious animals that form very large herds. They are active during the day and spend most of their time grazing in steppes and grasslands eating various plants, including some that are poisonous to other animals. Saigas are known for their extensive migrations across the steppes that allow them to escape natural calamities. These antelopes can cover long distances and swim across rivers, but they avoid steep or rugged areas.

Diet and Nutrition

Saiga antelopes are herbivores (graminivores). They feed on a wide range of grasses, steppe lichens, and other plants.

The mating season starts in November when stags (males) fight for the acceptance of females. The winner leads a herd of five to 50 females. After a 5 months gestation period, females come together in mass to give birth. Two-thirds of births are twins and the remaining third of births are single calves. The young are usually weaned at about 4 months of age. Females become reproductively mature at 7-8 months and males start to breed when they are 2 years old.

Population threats

The population of Saiga antelope fell drastically following the collapse of the USSR due to uncontrolled hunting and demand for horns in Chinese medicine. Saigas have been a target of hunting since the prehistoric ages when hunting was an essential means to acquire food. The horns, meat, and skin of these animals have commercial value and are exported from Kazakhstan. Saiga horn, known as Cornu Antelopis, is one of the main ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine that is used as an extract or powder additive to elixirs, ointments, and drinks. Their value is equal to the rhinoceros horn, whose trade was banned in 1993. Although hunting and trade are considered illegal, the horn products still can be found sold publicly and openly in a great variety of venues and businesses. Another serious threat to Saiga antelopes is habitat loss. Agricultural advancement and human settlements have been shrinking the habitat areas of these animals since the 20th century. Occupants limited Saiga's passage to water resources and the winter and summer habitats. Saigas are also dependent on weather and are affected by climate fluctuations to a great extent due to their migratory nature. Harsh winters with strong winds or high snow coverage disable feeding on the grass under the thick snow. Population size usually dramatically decreases after severe cold months. Moreover, high temperatures in the steppe region lead to springtime floods, in which saiga calves can drown.

Population number

According to the IUCN Red List, the total population size of the Saiga antelope in January 2018 was estimated at 164,600-165,600 individuals or 123,450-124,200 mature individuals; these include 154,600 individuals in Kazakhstan, 5,000-6,000 individuals in Russia, and around 5,000 individuals in Mongolia. Currently, this species is classified as Critically Endangered (CR) on the IUCN Red List, and its numbers today are decreasing.

Fun Facts for Kids

Coloring pages.

More Fascinating Animals to Learn About

IELTS Essay: Resources for Protecting Wild Animals and Birds

by Dave | Real Past Tests | 4 Comments

This is my IELTS writing task 2 sample answer essay on the topic of the value of resources for protecting wild animals and birds from the real IELTS exam.

Be sure to check out some of my other resources here:

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IELTS Problem Solution Questions

IELTS Discuss both Sides Questions

Some people claim that too much focus and resources have been spent to protect wild animals and birds.

To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Many today would argue that there is undue emphasis on the safeguarding of various species of wild animals and birds. In my opinion, though there are legitimate practical objections, it is a positive overall given the potential impact of abandoning such efforts.

Opponents of current conservation initiatives argue they are an unnecessary waste of valuable resources. The natural development of ecosystems involves animals going extinct and fighting for survival. Human intervention can therefore be seen as unnatural to a certain degree as animals that adapt will flourish and others will become obsolete. Added to this is the economic burden. The majority of endangered animals are in developing nations in Africa, Southeast Asia, and South America. National governments in these countries have a variety of other concerns related to healthcare, education, employment, and so on that take precedence over animal populations.

However, humans should protect animals as their disappearance is irreversible. The issue of responsibility is not, to my mind, a compelling enough argument as blame can be assigned in a number of directions and is too self-righteous to be persuasive. Instead, it can be argued that permanent damage to the Earth will impact future generations. The Earth depends on biodiversity not only for the development of new medicines and the functioning of a healthy food chain but also in order to showcase its varied expressions of life. As the only known home to life in the universe, it would be short-sighted to eliminate species of animals and damage this reputation.

In conclusion, despite the financial cost, it is essential to protect wild animals which may go extinct. Governments must sometimes prioritize the future over short-term considerations.

1. Many today would argue that there is undue emphasis on the safeguarding of various species of wild animals and birds. 2. In my opinion, though there are legitimate practical objections, it is a positive overall given the potential impact of abandoning such efforts.

Paraphrase the overall essay topic.
Write a clear opinion. Read more about introductions here .

1. Opponents of current conservation initiatives argue they are an unnecessary waste of valuable resources. 2. The natural development of ecosystems involves animals going extinct and fighting for survival. 3. Human intervention can therefore be seen as unnatural to a certain degree as animals that adapt will flourish and others will become obsolete. 4. Added to this is the economic burden. 5. The majority of endangered animals are in developing nations in Africa, Southeast Asia, and South America. 6. National governments in these countries have a variety of other concerns related to healthcare, education, employment, and so on that take precedence over animal populations.

Write a topic sentence with a clear main idea at the end.
Explain your main idea.
Develop it with specific or hypothetical examples.
Keep developing it fully.
Use short and long sentences.
Finish strong.

1. However, humans should protect animals as their disappearance is irreversible. 2. The issue of responsibility is not, to my mind, a compelling enough argument as blame can be assigned in a number of directions and is too self-righteous to be persuasive. 3. Instead, it can be argued that permanent damage to the Earth will impact future generations. 4. The Earth depends on biodiversity not only for the development of new medicines and the functioning of a healthy food chain but also in order to showcase its varied expressions of life. 5. As the only known home to life in the universe, it would be short-sighted to eliminate species of animals and damage this reputation.

Write a new topic sentence with a new main idea at the end.
Explain your new main idea.
Include specific details and examples.
Add as much information as you can and make sure it links logically.
Develop the example fully.

1. In conclusion, despite the financial cost, it is essential to protect wild animals which may go extinct. 2. Governments must sometimes prioritize the future over short-term considerations.

Summarise your main ideas.
Include a final thought. Read more about conclusions here .

What do the words in bold below mean? Make some notes on paper to aid memory and then check below.

Many today would argue that there is undue emphasis on the safeguarding of various species of wild animals and birds. In my opinion, though there are legitimate practical objections , it is a positive overall given the potential impact of abandoning such efforts .

Opponents of current conservation initiatives argue they are an unnecessary waste of valuable resources . The natural development of ecosystems involves animals going extinct and fighting for survival . Human intervention can therefore be seen as unnatural to a certain degree as animals that adapt will flourish and others will become obsolete . Added to this is the economic burden . The majority of endangered animals are in developing nations in Africa, Southeast Asia, and South America. National governments in these countries have a variety of other concerns related to healthcare , education , employment , and so on that take precedence over animal populations .

However, humans should protect animals as their disappearance is irreversible . The issue of responsibility is not, to my mind , a compelling enough argument as blame can be assigned in a number of directions and is too self-righteous to be persuasive . Instead, it can be argued that permanent damage to the Earth will impact future generations . The Earth depends on biodiversity not only for the development of new medicines and the functioning of a healthy food chain but also in order to showcase its varied expressions of life. As the only known home to life in the universe, it would be short-sighted to eliminate species of animals and damage this reputation .

In conclusion, despite the financial cost , it is essential to protect wild animals which may go extinct. Governments must sometimes prioritize the future over short-term considerations .

For extra practice, write an antonym (opposite word) on a piece of paper to help you remember the new vocabulary:

argue claim

undue emphasis too much focus

safeguarding protecting

various species different animals

wild animals not domesticated like cats and dogs

legitimate practical objections real actual criticisms

positive overall good in general

given considering

potential impact possible effect

abandoning not helping

efforts attempts

opponents people against them

current conservation initiatives right now trying to save animals

unnecessary waste of valuable resources not needed wasting money

natural related to nature, organic

ecosystems how plants and animals interact and live together

going extinct not longer exist

fighting for survival trying to live

human intervention people stepping in to help

unnatural not normal

to a certain degree somewhat

adapt change

flourish do really well

obsolete no longer needed

added to this is the economic burden there is also the financial pressure

majority most of

endangered animals animals that are on the verge of extinction

developing nations countries getting better

national governments countries and the authorities

variety kinds of

concerns worries

related to concerning

healthcare hospitals and doctors

education schools

employment jobs

and so on etc.

take precedence over more important than

populations how many are alive

protect safeguard

disappearance absent

irreversible can’t be fixed

responsibility duty

to my mind in my opinion

compelling enough argument good claim for

blame responsibility for it

assigned in a number of directions given out different places

self-righteous full of themselves

persuasive convincing

permanent damage the effect will last forever

impact future generations affect the future

depends on relies on

biodiversity different plants and animals

new medicines new drugs

functioning of a healthy food chain good interactions between animals

showcase show off

varied expressions different ways

only known home only place they live

short-sighted not looking to the future

eliminate get rid of

damage hurt

reputation what people think about it

despite regardless of

financial cost money

essential crucial

prioritize better than

future looking forward to later on

short-term considerations only thinking about now

Pronunciation

Practice saying the vocabulary below and use this tip about Google voice search :

ˈɑːgjuː ʌnˈdjuː ˈɛmfəsɪs ˈseɪfgɑːdɪŋ ˈveərɪəs ˈspiːʃiːz waɪld ˈænɪməlz lɪˈʤɪtɪmɪt ˈpræktɪkəl əbˈʤɛkʃənz ˈpɒzətɪv ˈəʊvərɔːl ˈgɪvn pəʊˈtɛnʃəl ˈɪmpækt əˈbændənɪŋ ˈɛfəts əˈpəʊnənts ˈkʌrənt ˌkɒnsə(ː)ˈveɪʃən ɪˈnɪʃɪətɪvz ʌnˈnɛsɪsəri weɪst ɒv ˈvæljʊəbl rɪˈsɔːsɪz ˈnæʧrəl ˈiːkəʊˌsɪstəmz ˈgəʊɪŋ ɪksˈtɪŋkt ˈfaɪtɪŋ fɔː səˈvaɪvəl ˈhjuːmən ˌɪntə(ː)ˈvɛnʃən ʌnˈnæʧrəl tuː ə ˈsɜːtn dɪˈgriː əˈdæpt ˈflʌrɪʃ ˈɒbsəliːt ˈædɪd tuː ðɪs ɪz ði ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk ˈbɜːdn məˈʤɒrɪti ɪnˈdeɪnʤəd ˈænɪməlz dɪˈvɛləpɪŋ ˈneɪʃənz ˈnæʃənl ˈgʌvnmənts vəˈraɪəti kənˈsɜːnz rɪˈleɪtɪd tuː ˈhɛlθkeə ˌɛdju(ː)ˈkeɪʃən ɪmˈplɔɪmənt ænd səʊ ɒn teɪk pri(ː)ˈsiːdəns ˈəʊvə ˌpɒpjʊˈleɪʃənz prəˈtɛkt ˌdɪsəˈpɪərəns ˌɪrɪˈvɜːsəbl rɪsˌpɒnsəˈbɪlɪti tuː maɪ maɪnd kəmˈpɛlɪŋ ɪˈnʌf ˈɑːgjʊmənt bleɪm əˈsaɪnd ɪn ə ˈnʌmbər ɒv dɪˈrɛkʃənz sɛlf-ˈraɪʧəs pəˈsweɪsɪv ˈpɜːmənənt ˈdæmɪʤ ˈɪmpækt ˈfjuːʧə ˌʤɛnəˈreɪʃənz dɪˈpɛndz ɒn ˌbaɪəʊdaɪˈvɜːsɪti njuː ˈmɛdsɪnz ˈfʌŋkʃənɪŋ ɒv ə ˈhɛlθi fuːd ʧeɪn ˈʃəʊkeɪs ˈveərɪd ɪksˈprɛʃənz ˈəʊnli nəʊn həʊm ʃɔːt-ˈsaɪtɪd ɪˈlɪmɪneɪt ˈdæmɪʤ ˌrɛpju(ː)ˈteɪʃən dɪsˈpaɪt faɪˈnænʃəl kɒst ɪˈsɛnʃəl praɪˈɒrɪˌtaɪz ˈfjuːʧə ʃɔːt-tɜːm kənˌsɪdəˈreɪʃənz

Vocabulary Practice

I recommend getting a pencil and piece of paper because that aids memory. Then write down the missing vocabulary from my sample answer in your notebook:

Many today would a_____e that there is u___________________s on the s_________________g of v_______________s of w________________s and birds. In my opinion, though there are l________________________s , it is a p__________________n the p_______________t of a_____________g such e______s .

O____________s of c___________________________s argue they are an u___________________________________s . The n_______l development of e__________s involves animals g______________t and f________________________l . H________________n can therefore be seen as u__________l t_____________________e as animals that a_______t will f________h and others will become o_________e . A________________________________n . The m________y of e______________________s are in d__________________s in Africa, Southeast Asia, and South America. N______________________s in these countries have a v______y of other c_______s r______________o h____________e , e__________n , e_____________t , a___________n that t_________________________r animal p____________s .

However, humans should p_______t animals as their d________________e is i_______________e . The issue of r________________y is not, t_______________d , a c____________________________t as b_____e can be a_______________________________s and is too s_____________s to be p_________e . Instead, it can be argued that p_________________e to the Earth will i_________________________s . The Earth d_________________________y not only for the development of n______________s and the f______________________________n but also in order to s____________e its v_________________s of life. As the o___________________________e to life in the universe, it would be s______________d to e_________e species of animals and d__________e this r____________n .

In conclusion, d_______e the f________________t , it is e____________l to protect wild animals which may go extinct. Governments must sometimes p__________e the f__________e over s________________________s .

Listening Practice

Learn more about this topic by watching from YouTube below and practice with these activities :

Reading Practice

Read more about this topic and use these ideas to practice :

https://www.worldwildlife.org/initiatives/wildlife-conservation

Speaking Practice

Practice with the following speaking questions from the real IELTS speaking exam :

What was your favorite animal as a child?
Do people in your country keep pets?
What kind of pet would you not like to have?
Is environmental protection important?

Writing Practice

Practice with the related IELTS essay topic below:

Many wild birds and animals live in towns and cities. Some people think that the wildlife should be protected. Some think that they should be removed.

Discuss both views and give your opinion.

IELTS Essay: Wild Animals in Urban Areas

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Take ielts test in or nearby astrakhan'.

There is one center offering IELTS tests (paper-based or computer-delivered ) in Astrakhan' , please choose an appropriate test center that is closer to you or is most suitable for your test depending upon location or availability of test.

Make sure to prepare for the IELTS exam using our Free IELTS practice tests .

Astrakhan, Astrakhan Oblast, Russia

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, Astrakhan Stock Exchange, , Nikolskaya Street

Anthem: Anthem of Astrakhan

Show map of Astrakhan Oblast Show map of European Russia Show map of Caspian Sea Show map of Russia
Coordinates: 48°02′06″E / 46.35000°N 48.03500°E / 46.35000; 48.03500
Country

Founded	1558
City status since	1717
Government
• Body
• Head	Oleg Polumordvinov
Area
• Total	208.70 km (80.58 sq mi)
Elevation	−25 m (−82 ft)
Population ( Census)
• Total	520,339
• Estimate	530,900
• Rank	in 2010
• Density	2,500/km (6,500/sq mi)

• Subordinated to	of Astrakhan
• of	, city of oblast significance of Astrakhan

• Urban okrug	Astrakhan Urban Okrug
• of	Astrakhan Urban Okrug
	( )

	+7 8512
ID	12701000001
City Day	Third Sunday of September
Website

Medieval history

Modern history, administrative and municipal status, demographics, transportation, notable people, twin towns and sister cities, external links.

Astrakhan was formerly the capital of the Khanate of Astrakhan (a remnant of the Golden Horde ) of the Astrakhan Tatars , and was located on the higher right bank of the Volga, seven miles (11 km) from the present-day city. Situated on caravan and water routes, it developed from a village into a large trading centre, before being conquered by Timur in 1395 and captured by Ivan the Terrible in 1556 and in 1558 it was moved to its present site.

The oldest economic and cultural center of the Lower Volga region, [16] it is often called the southernmost outpost of Russia, [17] and the Caspian capital. [18] [19] The city is a member of the Eurasian Regional Office of the World Organization United Cities and Local Governments . [20] The great ethnic diversity of its population gives a varied character to Astrakhan. The city is the center of the Astrakhan metropolitan area .

The name is a corruption of Hashtarkhan, itself a corruption of Haji Tarkhan ( حاجی‌ ترخان )—a name amply evidenced in the medieval writings. Tarkhan is possibly a Turco-Mongolian title standing for "great khan ", or "king", while haji or hajji is a title given to one who has made the Islamic requisite of pilgrimage to Mecca . Together, they denoted "the king who has visited Mecca". [ citation needed ] The city has given its name to the particular pelts from young karakul sheep , and in particular to the hats traditionally made from the pelts. [ citation needed ]

Colloquially, the city is known by the short form Astra . Another popular nickname is The Caspian Capital . [ citation needed ]

Astrakhan is in the Volga Delta , which is rich in sturgeon and exotic plants. The fertile area formerly contained the capitals of Khazaria and the Golden Horde . Astrakhan was first mentioned by travelers in the early 13th century as Xacitarxan . Tamerlane burnt it to the ground in 1395 during his war with the Golden Horde . From 1459 to 1556, Xacitarxan was the capital of Astrakhan Khanate by the Astrakhan Tatars . The ruins of this medieval settlement were found by archaeologists 12 km upstream from the modern-day city.

Starting in A.D. 1324, Ibn Battuta , the famous Berber Muslim traveler, began his pilgrimage from his native city of Tangier , present-day Morocco to Mecca. Along the 12,100-kilometer (7,500 mi) trek, which took nearly 29 years, Battuta came in contact with many new cultures, which he writes about in his diaries. One specific country that he passed through on his journey was the Golden Horde ruled by the descendants of Genghis Khan , located on the Volga River in southern Russia; which Battuta refers to as the river Athal. He then claims the Athal is, "one of the greatest rivers in the world". In the winter, the Khan stays in Astrakhan. Due to the cold water, Özbeg Khan ordered the people of Astrakhan to lay many bundles of hay down on the frozen river. He does this to allow the people to travel over the ice. When Battuta and the Khan spoke about Battuta visiting Constantinople, which the Khan granted him permission to do, the Khan then gifted Battuta with fifteen hundred dinars, many horses, and a dress of honor. [21] [22]

In 1556, the khanate was conquered by Ivan the Terrible , who had a new fortress, or kremlin , built on a steep hill overlooking the Volga in 1558. This year is traditionally considered to be the foundation of the modern city. [3]

In 1569, during the Russo-Turkish War , Astrakhan was besieged by the Ottomans, who had to retreat in disarray. A year later, the Ottoman sultan renounced his claims to Astrakhan, thus opening the entire Volga River to Russian traffic. [ citation needed ] The Ottoman Empire , though militarily defeated, insisted on safe passage for Muslim pilgrims and traders from Central Asia as well as the destruction of the Russian fort on the Terek River . [23] In the 17th century, the city was developed as a Russian gate to the Orient. Many merchants from Armenia , Safavid Persia , Mughal India , [24] [25] and Khivan Khanate settled in the town, giving it a cosmopolitan character.

Historical population
Year
1897	112,880	—
1926	183,254	+62.3%
1939	253,595	+38.4%
1959	295,768	+16.6%
1970	410,473	+38.8%
1979	461,003	+12.3%
1989	509,210	+10.5%
2002	504,501	−0.9%
2010	520,339	+3.1%
2021	475,629	−8.6%
Source: Census Data

For seventeen months in 1670–1671, Astrakhan was held by Stenka Razin and his Cossacks . Early in the following century, Peter the Great constructed a shipyard here and made Astrakhan the base for his hostilities against Persia, and later in the same century Catherine the Great accorded the city important industrial privileges. [26]

The city was held from 1707 by the Cossacks under Kondraty Bulavin during the Bulavin Rebellion until they were defeated the next year. A Kalmuck khan laid an abortive siege to the kremlin several years before that.

In 1717, it became the seat of Astrakhan Governorate , whose first governors included Artemy Petrovich Volynsky and Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev . Six years later, Astrakhan served as a base for the first Russian venture into Central Asia . In 1702, 1718 and 1767, it suffered severely from fires; in 1719 it was plundered by the Safavid Persians; and in 1830, cholera killed much of the populace. [26]

The Astrakhan Kremlin was built from the 1580s to the 1620s from bricks taken from the site of Sarai Berke . Its two impressive cathedrals were consecrated in 1700 and 1710, respectively. Built by masters from Yaroslavl , they retain many traditional features of Russian church architecture, while their exterior decoration is definitely baroque .

In March 1919 after a failed workers' revolt against Bolshevik rule, 3,000 to 5,000 people were executed in less than a week by the Cheka under orders from Sergey Kirov . Some victims had stones tied around their necks and were thrown into the Volga. [27] [28]

During Operation Barbarossa , the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, the A-A line running from Astrakhan to Arkhangelsk was to be the eastern limit of German military operation and occupation. The plan was never carried out, as Germany captured neither the two cities nor Moscow . In the autumn of 1942, the region to the west of Astrakhan became one of the easternmost points in the Soviet Union reached by the invading German Wehrmacht , during Case Blue , the offensive which led to the Battle of Stalingrad . Light armored forces of German Army Group A made brief scouting missions as close as 35 km to Astrakhan before withdrawing. In the same period, elements of both the Luftwaffe 's KG 4 and KG 100 bomber wings attacked Astrakhan, flying several air raids and bombing the city's oil terminals and harbor installations.

In 1943, Astrakhan was made the seat of a Soviet oblast within the RSFSR . The oblast was retained as a national province of the independent Russian Federation in the 1991 administrative reshuffle after the dismemberment of the Soviet Union .

In the present day, Astrakhan is a large industrial centre of the Volga country, Russia, with a population of over 500,000. Starting nearly 400 years ago and continuing to the present day, Astrakhan has been Russia's main center of fish processing. The market for fish is a large component of the economy in this city. [29]

Owing to shared Caspian borders, Astrakhan recently has been playing a significant role in the relations between Russia and Azerbaijan. As the latter's government has been heavily investing into the wellbeing of the city, Astrakhan has recently begun to symbolize the friendship between both countries. In 2010 a bridge was constructed with donations from Azerbaijan, which was named "Bridge of Friendship". [30] Moreover, Azerbaijani government sponsored secondary school number 11, which carries the name of the national leader Heydar Aliyev , as well as a children's entertainment center named "Dream". [31] Apart from that, a park has been built in the center of Astrakhan which is dedicated to friendship between the two countries. In the last 5 years Astrakhan has been visited by top Azerbaijani delegations on several occasions. [32] [33] [34] [35]

After fraud was alleged in the mayoral election of 2012 and the United Russia candidate was declared the winner, organizers of the 2011–2012 Russian protests supported the defeated candidate, Oleg V. Shein of Just Russia , in a hunger strike . Protestors, buoyed by celebrities who support the reform movement, attracted 5,000 people to a rally on April 14. [36]

Astrakhan is the administrative center of the oblast . [10] Within the framework of administrative divisions , it is incorporated as the city of oblast significance of Astrakhan —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . [1] As a municipal division , the city of oblast significance of Astrakhan is incorporated as Astrakhan Urban Okrug . [11]

The city of Astrakhan is further subdivided into four administrative districts: Kirovsky, Leninsky, Sovetsky and Truskovsky.

Astrakhan is the archiepiscopal see of one of the metropolitanates and (as Astrakhan and Yenotayevka) eparchies of the Russian Orthodox Church , its only other suffragan being Akhtubinsk. [ citation needed ] There is also a Catholic community, served by the Church of the Assumption of Mary (Astrakhan) . There is also a substantial Muslim population made up of Astrakhan Tatars and other Muslims. [37] At 1777 the white Mosque was built, [38] and the Baku Mosque was built in 1907–1909.

According to the results of the 2021 Census, the population of Astrakhan was 475,629. [15]

At the time of the official 2021 Census, the ethnic makeup of the city's population was: [39]

Ethnicity	Population	Percentage
	293,620	78.8%
	23,965	6.4%
	21,179	5.7%
	4,213	1.1%
	4,163	1.1%
	2,823	0.8%
	2,727	0.7%
	2,469	0.7%
	1,684	0.5%
	1,681	0.5%
	1,077	0.3%
	12,926	3.5%

The city lies on two banks of the Volga, in the upper part of the Volga Delta, on eleven islands of the Caspian Depression, 60 miles (100 km) from the Caspian Sea. At an elevation of 28 meters (92 ft) below sea level, it is the lowest city in Russia.

Astrakhan features a continental cold semi-arid climate ( Köppen climate classification : BSk ) with cold winters and hot summers. Astrakhan is one of the driest cities in Europe. Rainfall is scarce but relatively evenly distributed throughout the course of the year with, however, more precipitation (58%) in the hot season (six hottest months of the year).

The below sea-level elevation and long distance from the ocean of Astrakhan significantly influences the climate. Winters are cold with average January temperature -3.6 °С (25.5 °F). Summer temperatures in Astrakhan are one of the highest in Russia with average Jule temperature 26.1 °С (79 °F) and may reach 40 °С (104 °F) and higher. The summers are much hotter than found further west on similar latitude in Europe and worldwide for 46°N with the notable exception of the interior Pacific Northwest of the United States. [ citation needed ] The mean annual temperature amplitude (difference between the mean monthly temperatures of the hottest and coldest months) is thus equal to 29.7 °С (85.5 °F) so the climate is truly continental. Spring and fall are basically transitional seasons between summer and winter.

Climate data for Astrakhan (1991–2020, extremes 1837–present)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	14.0 (57.2)	17.1 (62.8)	24.0 (75.2)	32.0 (89.6)	36.8 (98.2)	40.6 (105.1)	41.0 (105.8)	40.8 (105.4)	38.0 (100.4)	29.9 (85.8)	21.6 (70.9)	16.4 (61.5)	41.0 (105.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	−0.1 (31.8)	1.5 (34.7)	8.8 (47.8)	17.6 (63.7)	24.7 (76.5)	30.1 (86.2)	32.6 (90.7)	31.4 (88.5)	24.6 (76.3)	16.8 (62.2)	7.3 (45.1)	1.3 (34.3)	16.4 (61.5)
Daily mean °C (°F)	−3.6 (25.5)	−3.0 (26.6)	3.2 (37.8)	11.3 (52.3)	18.5 (65.3)	23.8 (74.8)	26.1 (79.0)	24.6 (76.3)	18.0 (64.4)	10.9 (51.6)	3.1 (37.6)	−1.8 (28.8)	10.9 (51.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	−6.5 (20.3)	−6.5 (20.3)	−1.0 (30.2)	5.9 (42.6)	12.7 (54.9)	17.7 (63.9)	19.9 (67.8)	18.3 (64.9)	12.5 (54.5)	6.3 (43.3)	−0.1 (31.8)	−4.5 (23.9)	6.2 (43.2)
Record low °C (°F)	−31.8 (−25.2)	−33.6 (−28.5)	−26.9 (−16.4)	−8.9 (16.0)	−1.1 (30.0)	5.4 (41.7)	10.1 (50.2)	6.1 (43.0)	−2.0 (28.4)	−10.5 (13.1)	−25.8 (−14.4)	−29.9 (−21.8)	−33.6 (−28.5)
Average mm (inches)	15 (0.6)	12 (0.5)	17 (0.7)	25 (1.0)	28 (1.1)	25 (1.0)	22 (0.9)	17 (0.7)	16 (0.6)	19 (0.7)	17 (0.7)	18 (0.7)	231 (9.1)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches)	2 (0.8)	2 (0.8)	1 (0.4)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (0.4)	2 (0.8)
Average rainy days	8	6	7	11	12	11	10	9	9	9	12	10	114
Average snowy days	14	12	7	0.4	0	0	0	0	0	0	6	12	51
Average (%)	84	80	73	63	61	58	58	59	66	74	83	86	70
Mean monthly	87	106	163	226	293	316	332	309	252	181	84	58	2,407
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net
Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)

Astrakhan has five institutions of higher education. Most prominent among these are Astrakhan State Technical University and Astrakhan State University .

Astrakhan State Technical University AGTU.jpg

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The city is served by Narimanovo Airport named after Soviet Azerbaijani politician Nariman Narimanov . It is managed by OAO Aeroport Astrakhan. After its reconstruction and the building of the international sector, opened in February 2011, Narimanovo Airport is one of the most modern regional airports in Russia. There are direct flights between Astrakhan and Aktau , Istanbul , St. Petersburg and Moscow.

There is also a military airbase nearby ( Astrakhan (air base) ).

Astrakhan is linked by rail to the north ( Volgograd and Moscow), the east ( Atyrau and Kazakhstan ) and the south ( Makhachkala and Baku). There are direct trains to Moscow, Volgograd, Saint Petersburg , Baku , Kyiv , Brest and other towns. Intercity and international buses are available as well. Public local transport is mainly provided by buses and minibuses called marshrutkas . Until 2007 there were also trams, and until 2017 trolleybuses.

Luara Hayrapetyan , singer
Boris Kustodiev , painter
Joseph Deniker , naturalist and anthropologist
Ilya Ulyanov , father of Aleksandr Ulyanov and Vladimir Lenin .
Rinat Dasayev , association football player
Marziyya Davudova , actress
Velimir Khlebnikov , poet
Emiliya Turey , handball player
Andrei Belyanin , science fiction writer
Dmitri Dyuzhev , actor
Maksim Gleykin , former professional football player
Vasily Trediakovsky , academic, poet, translator
Tamara Milashkina , soprano
Valeria Barsova , soprano
Maria Maksakova, Sr. , mezzo-soprano
Elena Nikitina , skeleton racer
Yelena Shalamova , rhythmic gymnast
Natalia Sokolovskaya , pianist and composer
Nikolai Petrovich Skarzhinsky Russian Cossack Lieutenant decorated at the Battle of Borodino . [42]
Pytor Mikhailovich Skarzhinsky Russian general and governor of Astrakhan. [43]
Sergei Yakushev , actor