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Ageing in Place

The world’s population is ageing, and with ageing comes an increased risk of disability, multimorbidity and dementia, and an increased need for support. Older people are motivated to stay in their own homes as they age as an alternative to intramural care that is cost-beneficial and often provides...

Urban Lifelines and Supply Chains: Enhancing Resilience and Sustainability with Foundational Technologies

An urban community is an intricate network connected by a myriad of functional systems and subsystems, including civil structures, underground spaces, multi-modal transportation, telecom, energy grids, retail facilities, food systems, and healthcare facilities, all operating with unique spatial and...

Photons to Fuels: Recent Progress of Photocatalytic For CO2 Reduction and H2 Production

To address the detrimental effects of climate change, innovative and timely approaches in renewable energy and environmental chemistry are essential. Photocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide has garnered significant attention as a viable method for carbon capture and utilization, offering the...

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Social connection and mortality in UK Biobank: a prospective cohort analysis

From clicks to consequences: a multi-method review of online grocery shopping

Highly efficient flexible structured metasurface by roll-to-roll printing for diurnal radiative cooling

Persistent cognitive slowing in post-covid patients: longitudinal study over 6 months.

Blame it on my youth: the origins of attitudes towards immigration

Creating the ICU of the future: patient-centred design to optimise recovery

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The Covid-19 pandemic changed medicine forever—now scientists reveal a bold new vision for the healthcare of the future.

Screen time not the main factor making parent-child interactions worse, study finds

Which is worse for parent-child interaction, if parents use their phones, or if they are distracted otherwise? A team of researchers investigated if the common perception that screens are bad for parent-child interactions holds.

Devastating fire 2,200 years ago preserved a moment of life and war in Iron Age Spain

Archaeologists’ excavation in the Iron Age site of Tossal de Baltarga has revealed a way of life derailed by violence: potentially, a forgotten episode of the war between Carthage and Rome.

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International Journal of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering

Assessing future changes in extremes precipitations indices in Ouémé River basin at Bétérou (Benin, West Africa)

April-June, 2024 - Vol 16 Num. 1

Understanding changes in precipitation intensity and frequency indices plays an important role in flood risk mitigation and water resource management. The objective of this paper is to assess future changes in extreme precipitation indices in the Oueme River basin at Bétérou compared to the reference period....

African Journal of Plant Science

Infestation dynamics of mistletoes in urban and rural landscapes of semi-arid Botswana

May 2024 - Vol 18 Num. 2

The available information regarding mistletoes inadequately explains the dynamic facets of infestation in rural-urban gradients. This study was carried out to compare the abundance of mistletoe species on hosts between urban (Gaborone and Gakuto) and rural (Lentsweletau and Oodi) areas of Botswana. Four plots each...

Journal of Languages and Culture

Gender diglossia and its maintenance among the Ubang

January-June 2024 - Vol 15 Num. 1

Ubang, a Bendi language spoken in Obudu, Nigeria, has gender-based language varieties whereby different terms are used for certain basic items in female and male speech forms. For instance, “okwakwe” and “abu” are respective female and male words for ‘dog’. There are also gendered...

African Journal of Biotechnology

Modifications of growth, mineral uptake, chlorophyll content, osmolyte contents, antioxidant compounds and yield of three varieties of yam (Dioscorea rotundata L.) in saline conditions

June 2024 - Vol 23 Num. 6

A vast area of the world is negatively impacted by salinity which causes loss of crop yields. Modifications in the growth, mineral uptake, chlorophyll content, osmolyte contents, antioxidant compounds and yield of three varieties of yam (Dioscorea rotundata L.) were evaluated in saline conditions, in a greenhouse (0, 50,...

African Journal of Food Science

Overview of climate-induced food insecurity in Nigeria

June 2024 - Vol 18 Num. 5

Food insecurity presents a formidable challenge in Nigeria, exacerbated by the interplay of climate change and conflicts. This study delves into the multifaceted nature of food insecurity in Nigeria and offers strategies for both mitigation and adaptation. Employing secondary data analysis and literature review, we shed...

International Journal of Genetics and Molecular Biology

Genetic diversity assessment of lowland and upland rice varieties of Mali using microsatellite markers

January-June 2024 - Vol 16 Num. 1

Rice (Oryza sativa) is a crucial staple food globally, and understanding the genetic diversity of both lowland and upland local rice varieties is essential for their effective management, conservation, and efficient utilization in varietal improvement programs. In the present study, a total of 58 rice varieties,...

Evolution of genetic diversity in HIV-1 among infected adult’s patients from Côte d'ivoire between 2019 and 2023

Previous studies of molecular epidemiology for HIV-1 have shown that the genetic diversity of circulating recombinant forms of the virus evolves over time, being influenced by the virus's high capacity for replication and genetic recombination, as well as by population mobility, which is responsible for the spread of...

International Journal of Nursing and Midwifery

Assessment of the impact of socio- demographic status and maternal age on pregnancy outcomes: Cross sectional study in a major tertiary maternity hospital in Sudan over a two-year period

April-June 2024 - Vol 16 Num. 2

There is a relationship between adverse pregnancy outcome and low socio demographic status. However, maternal age alone is capable of affecting pregnancy outcome for both mothers and their newborn. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of socio- demographic status and maternal age on perinatal outcome in women who...

African Journal of Marketing Management

Social media celebrities and materialism influence on compulsive buying behaviors

This study investigated the relationship between a consumer's celebrity worshiping and their values orientation for materialism and its role in shaping their tendency toward compulsive buying. The study sample of 336 consumers from different cities in Saudi Arabia was analyzed. Despite the significant research on the...

Tolerance profile of therapeutics at the Abidjan Cardiology Institute (CÔTE D’IVOIRE)

Tolerance of treatments is an important factor in compliance and quality of care for various pathologies. The objective of our study was to evaluate the prevalence of adverse events observed in patients at the Abidjan Cardiology Institute (ACI).  This descriptive, observational, cross-sectional study involved 200...

Impact of Artemisia annua and Moringa oleifera on Viral Load, T Cell Activation, and Exhaustion in Ugandan People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH)

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) effectively controls HIV replication in HIV-positive individuals, but chronic immune activation persists, leading to increased virus replication, T cell depletion, and exhaustion, necessitating lifelong HAART to prevent disease progression. This study explores the potential of...

Effect of flavonol from chamomile (Matricaria recutita) flavonoids on memory disorders and determination of oxidative stress in Alzheimer's rats

Alzheimer's disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases characterized by beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Alzheimer's is associated with various cellular changes including oxidative stress, neuronal inflammation, and mitochondrial disorders, ultimately leading to neuronal death....

International Journal of Psychology and Counselling

Lognormal distribution for social researchers: A probability classic

This academic article aims to present the lognormal distribution clearly, accompanied by an example applied to sexual behavior, facilitating understanding among social researchers. This distribution, characterized by positive skewness, thin shoulders, and heavy tails, serves as a robust probability model for various...

African Journal of Agricultural Research

Estimating and forecasting red meat consumption and production in Saudi Arabia during 2022-2030

June 2024 - Vol 20 Num. 6

The study aims to predict domestic consumption and the production of three meat species (cattle, goats, and sheep) between 2022 and 2030. All series data in addition income per capita as exogenous variable are stationary at the first difference. So vector autoregressive model with exogenous variables  was applied,...

Evaluation of rhizobium and nitrogen fertilizer for the control of bacterial blight in green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) varieties

Bacterial blight is a serious disease affecting green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), impacting all growth and yield parameters and potentially causing a yield loss of about 40%. Inadequate information exists on the evaluation of nitrogen fertilizer potential on bacterial blight diseases in green bean cultivars. The aim of...

Assessment of vertical hydroponic structures compared to planting in soil under different light conditions

The aim of this research was to evaluate the performance of small-scale vertical hydroponic structures compared to indoor planting in soil under different light conditions. Fordhook Giant Swiss chard (Spinacea oleracea) was grown for 2 cropping seasons. It was hypothesized that there would be no significant difference in...

Morphometrics and carcass production of Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) under intensive production system

The aim of this study was to determine the carcass production and obtain linear models for the estimation of live weight of Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus), reared under intensive system. Three-year-old crocodiles destined for slaughter were restrained, stunned and thereafter, the spinal cord severed instantly. The...

Pollination by Xylocopa olivacea Fabricius 1871 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and potential benefits on Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. 1843 (Fabaceae) production in Djoumassi (North Region, Cameroon)

The investigation aimed to assess the impact of Xylocopa olivacea on Vigna unguiculata yields, and its foraging and pollinating activities were studied at Djoumassi from October 30th to November 04th in 2018 and from 04 to 10th October in 2019. A total of 540 flowers were observed, divided into four treatments. Two...

Journal of Fine and Studio Art

Ceramic art exhibition and digital remediation: Reflections on the Iwo Awolo project in the time of COVID-19

January-June 2024 - Vol 11 Num. 1

This paper examines the challenges and prospects encountered in transforming a planned physical exhibition, Iwo Awolo, into a digital one using photos and videos. The art exhibition was a solo event held at the peak of the COVID-19 lockdown protocols in South Africa, featuring mainly installations comprised of ceramics....

International Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture

Formulating efficient and affordable feeds for Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) based on locally available ingredients in Benin, West Africa

An affordable feed for the growth of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) juveniles was developed in Benin as an alternative to high-cost imported feed. Initially, locally available fish feed ingredients were inventoried. Subsequently, six feed formulas (Feeds 1 to 6) were developed using linear algebra software, and the...

Journal of Student Research

Journal of Student Research (JSR) is an Academic, Multidisciplinary, and Faculty-reviewed Journal (Houston, Texas) devoted to the Rapid Dissemination of Current Research Published by High School Edition , Undergraduate and Graduate students.

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The journal seeks articles that are novel, integrative, and accessible to a broad audience, including an array of disciplines. The content of the journal ranges from Applied research to Theoretical research. In general, papers on all topics are welcome to submit. The journal uses an automated process from manuscript submission to publication. Manuscript submission, peer review, and publication are all handled online, and the journal automates all clerical steps during peer review.

Trusted By Student Authors Globally

Focus and Scope

Students strive to be successful at publications, and with JSR, authors aspiring to publish will receive scholarly feedback after the reviews of their submissions are received. This feedback will help authors identify areas of improvement to their submission and help them better understand the process to be successful at publication. Once published, we strive to provide a global platform for our authors to showcase their work.

Faculty-Refereed Review Process

This journal uses a double-blind review, which means that both the reviewer and author identities are concealed from the reviewers, and vice versa, throughout the review process. Authors need to ensure that their manuscripts do not give away their identity to facilitate this. To find out more about the review process, please visit the  Author Guidelines  page. We invite teachers and faculty interested in reviewing articles for this journal; please visit our  Reviewers  page for more information.

Open Access Policy

This journal provides access to its published content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. Learn more about  Open Access .

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Articles published in this journal are under a  Creative Commons License , and the authors retain the copyright to their work.

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Sections of an academic article.

Most academic journal articles include the following sections:

• Abstract  (An executive summary of the study)
• Introduction (Definition of the research question to be studied)
• Literature Review (A summary of past research noting where gaps exist)
• Methods (The research design including variables, sample size, measurements)
• Data (Information gathered through the study often displayed in tables and charts)
• Results (Conclusions reached at the end of the study) Conclusion (Discussion of whether the study proved the thesis; may suggest opportunities for further research) Bibliography (A list of works cited in the journal article)

TIP: To begin selecting articles for your research, read the highlighted sections to determine whether the academic journal article includes information relevant to your research topic.

Step 1: Skim the Article

When sorting through multiple articles discovered in the research process, skimming through these sections of the article will help you determine whether the article will be useful in your research.

• Article title  and subject headings assigned to the article
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If the article fits your information needs, go back and read the article thoroughly. TIP: Create a folder on your computer to save copies of articles you plan to use, and save your references.

Step 2: Determine Your Purpose

Think about how you will evaluate the academic articles you find and how you will determine whether to include them in your research project.  Ask yourself the following questions to focus your search in the academic literature: ​

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• Are you looking for research that supports or disagrees with your thesis or research question?
• Are you looking for examples of a research design and/or research methods you are considering for your own research project?

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Before reading the article, ask yourself the following:

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• How does this article compare or connect with other articles on the topic?
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• How does this article help to answer your research question?
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Policing schools in the USA: An evidence summary and future research agenda

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Anthony Petrosino, Trevor Fronius, Trent Baskerville, Policing schools in the USA: An evidence summary and future research agenda, Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice , Volume 18, 2024, paae058, https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paae058

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School-based policing programs started as far back in the USA as the 1950s and became more popular in part as concerns about school safety increased. After the murder of George Floyd in May 2020, the scrutiny of municipal police extended to school policing, and the concerns that policing exacerbates the school-to-prison pipeline, particularly for Black and Brown children, led several districts to remove officers from their schools. However, some of these same districts have reinstated police following widespread reports of fighting and behavioural issues among students after nearly 2 years of sporadic education due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper discusses some of the recent trends and highlights evidence from several systematic reviews of evidence on the efforts of school policing, including a large-scale effort for the Campbell Collaboration. A more recent evaluation published since the reviews were done is also discussed. Finally, the article highlights a report to Congress by the National Institute of Justice and concludes with policy implications and a future agenda for research.

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• Introduction
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eAppendix. Interview Guide

Data Sharing Statement

• Preventing the Demise of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion JAMA Network Open Invited Commentary June 13, 2024 Kathie-Ann Joseph, MD, MPH; Renee Williams, MD, MHPE

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Esparza CJ , Simon M , London MR , Bath E , Ko M. Experiences of Leaders in Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in US Academic Health Centers. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(6):e2415401. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.15401

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Experiences of Leaders in Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in US Academic Health Centers

• 1 Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco
• 2 School of Medicine, University of California, Davis
• 3 Storywalkers Consulting, Davis, California
• 4 Division of Population Behavioral Health, UCLA Health, Los Angeles, California
• Invited Commentary Preventing the Demise of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Kathie-Ann Joseph, MD, MPH; Renee Williams, MD, MHPE JAMA Network Open

Question   What are the experiences of leaders in diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) at US academic health centers?

Findings   In this qualitative study, 32 leaders described a considerable range of expected responsibilities. Institutional resources rarely matched stated goals, with limited use of evidence or standards, and participants from marginalized backgrounds expressed strong motivation coupled with exhaustion from the mismatch between demands and support.

Meaning   The findings of this study suggest that leaders charged with promoting diverse, inclusive, and equitable environments in academic health centers would benefit from direct investment in their efforts, guidance from policymakers and organizations, and assessment and dissemination of best practices.

Importance   The murder of George Floyd in 2020 spurred an outpouring of calls for racial justice in the United States, including within academic medicine. In response, academic health centers announced new antiracism initiatives and expanded their administrative positions related to diversity, equity, and/or inclusion (DEI).

Objective   To understand the experiences of DEI leaders at US allopathic medical schools and academic health centers, ie, the structure of their role, official and unofficial responsibilities, access to resources, institutional support, and challenges.

Design, Setting, and Participants   This qualitative study used key informant interviews with participants who held formal DEI positions in their school of medicine, health system, or department. Interviews were conducted from December 2020 to September 2021. Transcripts were coded using a phenomenographic approach, with iterative concurrent analysis to identify thematic categories across participants. Data were analyzed from January to December 2021.

Exposure   Formal DEI role.

Main Outcomes and Measures   Questions elicited reflection on the responsibilities of the role and the strengths and challenges of the unit or office.

Results   A total of 32 participants (18 of 30 [56%] cisgender women; 16 [50%] Black or African American, 6 [19%] Latinx or Hispanic, and 8 [25%] White) from 27 institutions with a mean (range) of 14 (3-43) years of experience in medical education were interviewed. More than half held a dean position (17 [53%]), and multiple participants held 2 or more titled DEI roles (4 [13%]). Two-thirds self-identified as underrepresented in medicine (20 [63%]) and one-third as first generation to attend college (11 [34%]). Key themes reflected ongoing challenges for DEI leaders, including (1) variability in roles, responsibilities, and access to resources, both across participants and institutions as well as within the same position over time; (2) mismatch between institutional investments and directives, including insufficient authority, support staff, and/or funding, and reduced efficacy due to lack of integration with other units within the school or health system; (3) lack of evidence-based practices, theories of change, or standards to guide their work; and (4) work experiences that drive and exhaust leaders. Multiple participants described burnout due to increasing demands that are not met with equivalent increase in institutional support.

Conclusions and Relevance   In this qualitative study, DEI leaders described multiple institutional challenges to their work. To effectively address stated goals of DEI, medical schools and academic centers need to provide leaders with concomitant resources and authority that facilitate change. Institutions need to acknowledge and implement strategies that integrate across units, beyond one leader and office. Policymakers, including professional organizations and accrediting bodies, should provide guidance, accountability mechanisms, and support for research to identify and disseminate evidence for best practices. Creating statements and positions, without mechanisms for change, perpetuates stagnation and injustice.

Following the murder of George Floyd, leaders in academic medicine announced new initiatives related to advancing diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI). The Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) found that the percentage of institutions with dedicated DEI staff and offices rose from 75% in 2018 to 97% in 2021. 1 Nearly all (96%) reported having a senior-level DEI administrator (eg, assistant dean, chief diversity officer). 1

Despite the growth in DEI efforts, evidence on the expectations of, support for, or standards for DEI in academic medicine remains limited. A 2015 AAMC survey of DEI leaders found that more than half held a dean title, although their positions varied across units, from student and faculty affairs to community engagement and outreach. 1 Most reported they had less than 50% of their time allocated to DEI work, with budgetary support ranging from $0 to $1 million. Their main priorities included student diversity, meeting Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME) diversity standards, institutional climate, and culturally competent care. 2 In a smaller 2018 survey, most focused on student recruitment and retention. 3 The LCME and the Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) have instituted diversity-related accreditation standards but not specifically for DEI administrators. The AAMC Group on Diversity and Inclusion published a toolkit to support new DEI leaders, and the National Association of Diversity Officers in Higher Education developed professional standards, but it is unclear whether academic medicine institutions incorporate these guidelines for diversity leaders. 4 - 6

Researchers in higher education have found that diversity initiatives are often broad in scope, unclear in meaning, and limited in their effectiveness. Following legal and political constraints on affirmative action policies, university leaders embraced the cause of diversity rather than racial justice. 1 Subsequently, universities more often tasked diversity administrators with the discussion of diversity, including publishing statements and missions, rather than pursuing meaningful systems change. 5 Furthermore, repeatedly launching new initiatives can displace substantive reforms by rearranging priorities and failing to invest in existing work. 6 DEI leaders are often scattered in silos that preclude collaboration and communication. To work effectively, DEI leaders require equity-focused directives, sustained investment, organizational authority, coordination across units, and a commitment to reforming existing institutional structures. 7 - 9

Our objective for this study was to describe the experiences of leaders in US academic medicine who have a formal DEI (or similar) position, particularly in the context of the renewed calls for attention to racial justice in medicine. We conducted key informant interviews to explore participants’ motivations, responsibilities, and their experiences in conducting DEI work. In the absence of a clear understanding of what DEI leaders can or should do, academic medicine cannot evaluate the impact of these initiatives. Consequently, schools and health systems run the risk of expending opportunities without advancing structural change. 10 By exploring perspectives from DEI leaders, we can offer insights on strategies to support their success.

We used the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research ( SRQR ) reporting guideline to prepare this manuscript. The protocol was approved by the institutional review board of the University of California, Davis. We provided participants with a letter of information upon scheduling the interview, reviewed the document with participants, and obtained verbal consent.

The lead author (C.J.E.) identifies as a Chicane nonbinary medical student at the time of the study, who has created and participated in institutional DEI and racial equity initiatives. The primary interviewer (M.S.) identifies as a White cisgender man and professional facilitator with expertise in diversity in higher education. Coinvestigator (E.B.) identifies as a Black cisgender woman physician researcher with expertise in racism in medical education and currently serves as a senior DEI leader for an academic medical center. The senior investigator (M.K.) identifies as an Asian American cisgender woman researcher who has served in multiple DEI positions. Coinvestigator (M.R.L.) identifies as a White cisgender woman medical student. The collective team background and experience fostered planning, analysis, and discussion from multiple perspectives. Our status as a multiracial, multi-ethnic team enabled inquiry and analyses that included racial and ethnic positionality-specific examination.

We used a phenomenographic approach to construct a representation of the variation in nature, positionality, and experience of those with DEI roles. We analyzed our topic within the multilayered context of academic medical institutions. 11

We recruited participants from US medical schools and academic medical centers who held, or recently held, formal leadership roles in an office of Diversity, Equity, and/or Inclusion, which referred to all administrative units whose primary intent is to foster 1 or more of these goals at their respective program or institution. Although we used the term offices, we noted potential participants held titled roles over many types of structures, eg, committee, division, or center.

At the time of the study, there was no national directory of DEI leaders, and as noted previously, this population was rapidly changing. We conducted initial recruitment via email through professional networks, the UC Davis Center for a Diverse Healthcare Workforce, and contacts from prior studies conducted by the team. We supplemented with snowball sampling and purposive sampling to ensure we obtained perspectives from different geographic regions (West, Midwest, South, and Northeast) and types of institutions (public and private; schools and health systems). Participants were assigned an alphanumeric study identifier (ID) at recruitment.

We conducted video interviews from December 2020 to September 2021. Interviews lasted approximately 1 hour and were digitally recorded and transcribed using Zoom services. We labeled speakers with participant study ID prior to recording and labeled files by study ID. Two authors (M.R.L. and C.J.E.) then reviewed transcripts to correct errors and remove identifying information, including regional (eg, city, county, and state), institutional, and programmatic details.

No interviews were discarded. We were unable to collect data on nonparticipants, other than name and institution, so we were unable to discern patterns of nonparticipants related to individual characteristics.

Critically, we conducted interviews early in the COVID-19 pandemic, shortly following the murder of George Floyd in the summer of 2020. Therefore, our data and analyses reflected the co-occurrence with these events. Discussions explored DEI structures (eg, roles, placement within institutions, formal resources, and level of influence) as well as participants’ personal experiences (eg, motivations, challenges, and emotional hurdles). The full interview guide is provided as the eAppendix in Supplement 1 .

We used a phenomenographic approach with concurrent analysis to identify thematic categories across participants, rather than a focused analysis of singular experiences. Two authors conducted preliminary independent review of 5 transcripts (C.J.E and M.K.) to identify initial categories. Following review and full team discussion, 1 author (C.J.E.) reviewed the remaining transcripts to further develop and revise codes. In instances of differences of opinion, the team discussed and developed an agreed-on code and/or set of codes for the lead author to review and apply. The full team reevaluated the subsequent coding structure an additional 2 times, and then 1 reviewer (C.J.E.) conducted the final analysis and coding to produce final themes. We used Dedoose version 9.0.107 for initial code development, followed by hand-coding of transcripts to produce final themes. To enhance trustworthiness, we created an audit trail of detailed memos and used investigator triangulation of experiences in DEI roles for verification and context.

Our final sample consisted of 32 participants (18 of 30 [56%] cisgender women; 16 [50%] Black or African American, 6 [19%] Latinx or Hispanic, and 8 [25%] White) from 27 institutions ( Table 1 ). More than half held a dean position (17 [53%]), and several held 2 or more DEI roles (4 [13%]). Two-thirds identified as underrepresented in medicine (20 [63%]) and one-third as first generation to attend college (11 [34%]). Regional distribution somewhat favored the eastern United States, with more than one-third of participants in the South.

Participants described responsibilities spanning clinical to biomedical to public health areas ( Table 2 ). All reported formal goals of increasing workforce diversity and improving institutional climate. Many shared overlapping objectives, such as increasing capacity, broadening reach, and building credibility.

Responses indicated a broad range in authority, leadership endorsement, and resources, even when participants held seemingly similar roles. For example, among 3 participants with associate dean titles, ID62 reported 20% full-time equivalent (FTE) allocation to chair the antiracism task force and conduct oversight of medical school metrics, training, and policies, with 4 staff and a $1 million budget. ID11 had 30% FTE to oversee undergraduate medical school curriculum as well as recruitment and retention of trainees, faculty, and department chairs, with no staff or budget. Meanwhile, ID94 described their time as 20% or 50%, depending on their leadership’s perspective, and supervised undergraduate pathway programs, curriculum, LCME and ACGME accreditation, and faculty diversity, with the assistance of 1 staff coordinator and federal grants. Those working at the department level had no staff and minimal compensation and funding.

Many reported a high level of autonomy, but nearly all preferred clearer, more structured expectations from leadership ( Table 2 ). Participants regularly juggled informal on-demand requests, such as providing emotional support following incidents of discrimination and crafting rapid institutional response statements. They described how complex reporting structures (eg, reporting simultaneously to school, health system, and university leadership) required them to expend time and energy developing and maintaining a broad network of connections.

Participants with longer tenure described institutional volatility in commitment and resources. Many reported that expectations increased following the renewed racial justice movement but questioned whether these changes merely reflected a temporary institutional response vs sustained effort. Furthermore, institutions hired underrepresented individuals for DEI positions; this offered needed perspective but placed these individuals at heightened vulnerability: DEI failures could also be blamed on leaders from marginalized racial, ethnic, income, or gender groups.

Two participants (ID48 and ID62) expressed optimism because they had received new directives with clear expectations, appropriate staffing and budget, and institutional accountability. Their institutions required department chairs and division chiefs to prepare detailed faculty DEI plans and accountability incorporated into performance reviews, signaling DEI as an institutional priority. The DEI office provided data and programming support for these leaders, positioning the DEI administrator as a collaborative, rather than adversarial, partner.

Participants consistently described insufficient investment relative to institutional expectations ( Table 2 ). Investment consisted of both tangible resources, eg, budget, staff, time, and compensation, as well as intangible resources, such as authority and leadership endorsement. Most felt that senior leadership did not understand the level of support needed to pursue DEI goals effectively. Participant ID224 summarized, “They have high expectations, and the reality is that I am only one person.… Diversity is seen as compliance accreditation. [If] you’re really interested in changing the landscape… then you have to put money where your mouth is, to move the needle.”

Furthermore, participants had no consistent positioning within their organizations and often occupied a place in parallel to (rather than integrated in) main organizational units (eg, medical education, faculty development). Without the ability to directly guide operations, participants struggled to meet expectations. One participant (ID207) explained that they “do not have true power” but rather “power… by proxy.” Many characterized their institutional leadership as verbally supportive without concomitant sponsorship, thus hampering their abilities to advance organizational accountability ( Table 2 ).

The mismatch between institutional expectations and resources, particularly relative to investments in research and clinical activities, undermined participants’ trust in their institution’s commitment to DEI. They questioned whether they played superficial, rather than substantive, roles. One (ID11) worried that the creation of the DEI office allowed their institution to absolve other units of accountability. Institutional devaluation further amplified racial prejudice from peers and staff, who perceived DEI leaders as less capable.

Participants felt that the absence of structured institutional expectations increased the difficulty of their work ( Table 2 ). They perceived that leadership frequently operated by reactionary response to an event, such as LCME accreditation or a major news crisis, that resulted in “clamoring for activities, statements, and webinars” rather than addressing “real concerns [such as] structural racism” (ID239). Participants noted the lack of root-cause analysis also contributed to the perception of institutional DEI as performative rather than substantive. As ID236 explained, DEI work required new expertise—otherwise, there would be no need for change. Several endorsed “that nobody knows how to do it” and wished for more scholarship on DEI practice in academic medicine.

The limited evidence base contributed to inconsistency in measurement and accountability. Participants expressed uncertainty around how to demonstrate success, which undermined their confidence and ability to advocate for DEI to institutional leadership. Some perceived LCME and ACGME accreditation as diversity compliance, but others felt the threat of losing accreditation at least motivated small steps toward reform.

Without a strong base of theory and scholarship, participants described a vacuum in expertise to assess qualifications for DEI positions. Participants explained that given that the majority of academic medicine faculty are physicians, most lack training on organizational development theory, implementation science, and historical and current systems of oppression in medicine. Instead, ID236 reflected, the lack of physicians with appropriate training contributes to the problems that DEI work is supposed to fix.

Participants referenced personal sources of motivation, often arising from their own lived experiences with tokenism, discrimination, and mistreatment in academic medicine ( Table 2 ). Thus, despite the challenges described in the preceding themes, they held a strong commitment to support trainees and faculty from marginalized groups. As ID83 noted, “I understand the importance of my own presence in the territory, and try to share the values that I have developed over time with others, in a way that’s not combative but hopefully compelling.” Some reported leveraging their own marginalized identity to educate peers and leadership, putting a “personal spin on it” for people “to see the humanness.”

Many reported that the combination of personal and institutional marginalization contributed to deep professional isolation. Their DEI roles required them to serve as the face of their institutions in managing internal incidents of interpersonal discrimination and abuse yet also supporting trainees and peers. They also described the toll of leading institutional responses following highly publicized cases of racial and gender-based violence, while being chronically undersupported and unrecognized for their emotional labor. Participants reported growing burnout from the pressure of navigating the narrow space between institutional and community demands. Participant ID207 shared, “My job is to have hope, to absorb for everybody else, figure out what I can do after every kaboom to help the community heal…. But [I] don’t have time to heal or process [myself].”

Our findings offer insights into the experiences of DEI leaders in academic medicine during a period of heightened attention to racial injustices. The variability in roles and institutional investment reveal an overall lack of clarity on the aims and implementation of DEI initiatives. Furthermore, DEI work can occur at high personal cost to the individuals tasked with carrying it through.

Our findings are consistent with earlier studies that have found high variability in titles, scope, role, authority, and resources. 3 , 12 The ambiguity of DEI roles and responsibilities, and the mismatch between expectations and investment, are emblematic of decentralization, described by sociologist James Thomas as: “1) lack of/slow coordination; 2) absence of regulations and/or enforcement; 3) unresponsiveness; 4) poor observational capabilities; 5) shared belief that no matter what organizational actors do, the same outcome persists.” 6 Our participants’ guarded perceptions of new antiracism initiatives reflect the concern that academic medicine will remain unchanged. Recognizing this pattern is crucial, because some may conclude that the lack of progress suggests that DEI work cannot, or should not, be done.

Participants believed their challenges arose partly due to the absence of theories of change within academic medicine. Institutional leaders reference business and management fields to pursue clinical and educational reforms, but not for DEI work. 12 For example, the field of implementation science applies organizational behavior knowledge, yet no participants reported using implementation science in DEI. This may reflect institutional oversight, but diversity scholars argue that the overall lack of strategy is a feature, rather than a bug, in the system. 7 , 8 Under these conditions, DEI leaders run the risk of being perceived as ineffectual, and their own work as performative. 5

Our participants expressed exhaustion and burnout from compensating for DEI decentralization, which was further amplified participants from minoritized racial and ethnic groups by staging difference: “the constant push for new programs, managed by men and women of color,” to signal a “new” effort by the university. 6 Feminist scholar Sara Ahmed 5 raised the cautionary warning that racially and ethnically minoritized DEI professionals then embody DEI for the institution, at a steep cost to their personal health. Black DEI professionals are particularly exploited by institutions to address systemic problems (without systemic resources), serve as a buffer between leadership and their constituents, and use their own identity as a stand-in for entire communities. 13 , 14 Our participants detailed the fatigue that arises when they selectively express and repress aspects of their identities, without the structural or material support to change the very institutions that continue to harm them. Thomas 6 cautions that “rather than addressing structural inequalities, the performative culture of diversity reproduces and exaggerates them.” Staging difference reproduces DEI leadership churn, leading to failed initiatives and repeated calls for minoritized workers to lead the next new initiative.

Our study offers rich detail on how DEI leaders may be stymied in academic medicine; however, they also suggest opportunities for change. First, organizations such as the AAMC can support developing specific guidelines on DEI objectives and resources and invest in successful programs. Second, the LCME and the ACGME can institute detailed DEI standards, including requirements for clear expectations, measurement, and institutional investment in monitoring and evaluation. 15 The current diversity and inclusion accreditation standards created a theoretical structure for assessment, but measurement and evaluation remain vague and limited in fostering accountability. 16 , 17 Third, institutions can establish professional expectations for DEI leaders, such as training and experience in organizational behavior, power assessment, critical race theory, and historical understanding of structural inequities. Fourth, DEI leaders must be granted resources—including staff, budgets, and authority—concomitant with their objectives and scope.

These recommendations may be particularly challenging to enact as policymakers in multiple states have terminated DEI funding, programming, and positions. The current climate further demonstrates the need for greater specificity and understanding of DEI objectives in academic medicine. DEI work that is valued only for its appearance, and not the design and impact, cannot produce the changes necessary to create diverse, equitable, or inclusive systems of care for our communities.

The limitations of this study include the timing, in a period when medical institutions and organizations increased DEI resources. 18 However, as higher education and health care institutions experience growing staff shortages and public attention to racial justice wanes, institutional investment may be declining. Second, our recruitment process and stated aims may have selected for participants who were motivated to participate due to their personal challenges at work. As a qualitative study, we aimed for range and depth of experiences, rather than generalizability to the entire academic medicine population. We could not recruit from a national directory of DEI offices, leaders, or administrators in academic medicine. In 2018, Chen et al 3 identified 112 offices in 148 allopathic schools, but since then, institutions have created multiple offices and positions within schools and across departments. Third, we focused on those with formal titles, but effective DEI initiatives rely on the broader campus community, so our findings do not capture the experiences of other important actors. We interviewed only 7 participants with departmental-level roles, and thus may not sufficiently capture how these positions have expanded recently; systematic documentation is needed.

In this qualitative study, DEI leaders described multiple institution-level challenges to their work, including limited resources, unclear expectations, and a lack of evidence-based practices. While the transformation of academic medicine is long overdue, dismantling systems requires large-scale, sustained investment, grounded in theories of change, supported by evidence, and constantly interrogated for purpose, operationalization, and impact. Relegating the work to a handful of siloed individuals can set DEI leaders up for burnout and perceived failures. Recent events—from litigation against affirmative action to states’ efforts to eliminate DEI offices and related work on university campuses—reflect societal pushback against the (small) gains of the racial justice movements of 2020. 19 - 21 Sustained commitment to health equity, including the training and membership of the medical profession, is more important than ever.

Accepted for Publication: March 17, 2024.

Published: June 13, 2024. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.15401

Open Access: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License . © 2024 Esparza CJ et al. JAMA Network Open .

Corresponding Author: Michelle Ko, MD, PhD, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Medical Sciences 1C, Davis, CA 95616 ( [email protected] ).

Author Contributions: Drs Ko and Esparza had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

Concept and design: All authors.

Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: All authors.

Drafting of the manuscript: Esparza, London, Bath, Ko.

Critical review of the manuscript for important intellectual content: All authors.

Statistical analysis: Esparza, London.

Obtained funding: Ko.

Administrative, technical, or material support: Esparza, Simon, London, Ko.

Supervision: Bath, Ko.

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Esparza reported receiving grants from Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) of the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) during the conduct of the study. Mr Simon reported receiving grants from HRSA during the conduct of the study and outside the submitted work. Ms London reported receiving grants from HRSA during the conduct of the study. Dr Ko reported receiving grants from HRSA during the conduct of the study. No other disclosures were reported.

Funding/Support: This work was supported by the HRSA of the HHS as part of an award totaling $3 791 026 with 0% financed with nongovernmental sources.

Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The funder had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

Disclaimer: The contents are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of HRSA, HHS, or the US government.

Data Sharing Statement: See Supplement 2 .

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In 1863, President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared more than 3.5 million enslaved people living in Confederate states to be “forever free.” It wasn’t until Union soldiers arrived in Galveston, TX, on June 19 two years later, however, that the enslaved first learned of their freedom. That date became known as Juneteenth, first celebrated in 1866, first declared a federal holiday in 2021. This book list is a Juneteenth commemoration in the form of fiction and nonfiction about its history and the long-standing implications of enslavement and the Jim Crow era.

In 1863, President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared more than 3.5 million enslaved people living in Confederate states to be “forever free.” It wasn’t until Union soldiers arrived in Galveston, TX, on June 19 two years later, however, that the enslaved first learned of their freedom. That date became known as Juneteenth, first celebrated in 1866, first declared a federal holiday in 2021. This book list is a Juneteenth commemoration in the form of fiction and nonfiction about its history and the long-standing implications of enslavement and the Jim Crow era.  These titles, and those selected from previous years, are available as a downloadable spreadsheet.

Falade, David Wright. Black Cloud Rising. Grove. Feb. 2022. 304p. ISBN 9780802159199. Historical

Harris, Nathan. The Sweetness of Water. Little, Brown. Jun. 2021. 368p. ISBN 9780316461276. African American & Black / Historical

Jones, Gayl. Palmares. Beacon. Sept. 2021. 504p. ISBN 9780807033494. African American & Black / Historical

Larsen, Nella. Beyond "Passing": The Further Writings of Nella Larsen. CSRC Storytelling. Sept. 2021. 212p. ISBN 9781955382144. Classics

Watson, Ruth P. A Right Worthy Woman. Atria. Jun. 2023. 304p. ISBN 9781668003022. African American & Black / Historical

Commander, Michelle D. & Schomberg Center. Unsung: Unheralded Narratives of American Slavery & Abolition. Penguin Classics. Feb. 2021. 656p. ISBN 9780143136088. Literary Collections / American / African American & Black

Davis, Thulani. The Emancipation Circuit: Black Activism Forging a Culture of Freedom. Duke Univ. Jun. 2022. 464p. ISBN 9781478018193. Social Science / Cultural & Ethnic Studies / American / African American & Black Studies

Hunter, Marcus Anthony. Radical Reparations: Healing the Soul of a Nation. Amistad. Feb. 2024. 336p. ISBN 9780063004726. History / African American & Black

Taylor, Nicole A. Watermelon and Red Birds: A Cookbook for Juneteenth and Black Celebrations. S. & S. May. 2022. 288p. ISBN 9781982176211. Cooking / Regional & Cultural / American

Williams, Kidada E. I Saw Death Coming: A History of Terror and Survival in the War Against Reconstruction. Bloomsbury. Jan. 2023. 384p. ISBN 9781635576634. History / African American & Black

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Ethan Smith

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