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See Examples of What to Expect in Our Sample Paper Reviews
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Our experts can write a high-quality 275-word or 1-page essay for you within just 1 hour. However, if your essay is 550+ words long or 2+ pages, it will take them 3 hours to complete it to a high standard.
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Once the payment is done, you get access to the personal customer area, where you can track order progress, add more instructions for the writer or ask them order-related questions.
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The price for writing your paper greatly depends on your study level, type of work, deadline, and number of pages needed. For example, a college essay due in 7 days will cost you $7.00 per page, while a Ph.D. dissertation due in 30 days will cost $6.19 per page.
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Reference Examples
More than 100 reference examples and their corresponding in-text citations are presented in the seventh edition Publication Manual . Examples of the most common works that writers cite are provided on this page; additional examples are available in the Publication Manual .
To find the reference example you need, first select a category (e.g., periodicals) and then choose the appropriate type of work (e.g., journal article ) and follow the relevant example.
When selecting a category, use the webpages and websites category only when a work does not fit better within another category. For example, a report from a government website would use the reports category, whereas a page on a government website that is not a report or other work would use the webpages and websites category.
Also note that print and electronic references are largely the same. For example, to cite both print books and ebooks, use the books and reference works category and then choose the appropriate type of work (i.e., book ) and follow the relevant example (e.g., whole authored book ).
Examples on these pages illustrate the details of reference formats. We make every attempt to show examples that are in keeping with APA Style’s guiding principles of inclusivity and bias-free language. These examples are presented out of context only to demonstrate formatting issues (e.g., which elements to italicize, where punctuation is needed, placement of parentheses). References, including these examples, are not inherently endorsements for the ideas or content of the works themselves. An author may cite a work to support a statement or an idea, to critique that work, or for many other reasons. For more examples, see our sample papers .
Reference examples are covered in the seventh edition APA Style manuals in the Publication Manual Chapter 10 and the Concise Guide Chapter 10
Related handouts
Common Reference Examples Guide (PDF, 147KB)
Reference Quick Guide (PDF, 225KB)
Textual Works
Textual works are covered in Sections 10.1–10.8 of the Publication Manual . The most common categories and examples are presented here. For the reviews of other works category, see Section 10.7.
Journal Article References
Magazine Article References
Newspaper Article References
Blog Post and Blog Comment References
UpToDate Article References
Book/Ebook References
Diagnostic Manual References
Children’s Book or Other Illustrated Book References
Classroom Course Pack Material References
Religious Work References
Chapter in an Edited Book/Ebook References
Dictionary Entry References
Wikipedia Entry References
Report by a Government Agency References
Report with Individual Authors References
Brochure References
Ethics Code References
Fact Sheet References
ISO Standard References
Press Release References
White Paper References
Conference Presentation References
Conference Proceeding References
Published Dissertation or Thesis References
Unpublished Dissertation or Thesis References
ERIC Database References
Preprint Article References
Data and Assessments
Data sets are covered in Section 10.9 of the Publication Manual . For the software and tests categories, see Sections 10.10 and 10.11.
Data Set References
Toolbox References
Audiovisual Media
Audiovisual media are covered in Sections 10.12–10.14 of the Publication Manual . The most common examples are presented together here. In the manual, these examples and more are separated into categories for audiovisual, audio, and visual media.
Artwork References
Clip Art or Stock Image References
Film and Television References
Musical Score References
Online Course or MOOC References
Podcast References
PowerPoint Slide or Lecture Note References
Radio Broadcast References
TED Talk References
Transcript of an Audiovisual Work References
YouTube Video References
Online Media
Online media are covered in Sections 10.15 and 10.16 of the Publication Manual . Please note that blog posts are part of the periodicals category.
Facebook References
Instagram References
LinkedIn References
Online Forum (e.g., Reddit) References
TikTok References
X References
Webpage on a Website References
Clinical Practice References
Open Educational Resource References
Whole Website References
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Guest Essay
I Supervised New York City Judges. Juan Merchan Put On a Master Class in the Trump Trial.
By George Grasso
Mr. Grasso is a retired New York City administrative judge.
I spent almost 13 years as a judge in Brooklyn, Queens and the Bronx. I supervised judges presiding over a wide spectrum of cases, dealing with complex legal issues, angry victims, difficult defendants and intense media scrutiny. The job can at times be thankless and frustrating.
But for all the cases I saw, I never encountered anything remotely as challenging as what Justice Juan Merchan faced in his Manhattan courtroom while presiding over the first criminal trial of a former president. And since Donald Trump was found guilty on 34 counts, Justice Merchan has come under further vicious attack.
As a retiree, I was able to attend each day of the Trump trial. What I saw was a master class in what a judge should be — how one can serve fairly and impartially for the prosecution and the defense, and above all remain a pillar for the rule of law in America.
Since the indictment over the cover-up of hush-money payments was issued last year, Justice Merchan has been subjected to an unrelenting pressure campaign. The defendant, Mr. Trump, and his supporters viciously attacked the judge and his family in deeply personal terms. Most judges strive to maintain their composure under the greatest of stress, but few succeed — yet Justice Merchan remained cool, calm and collected at every step of the trial.
As a supervising judge, I always emphasized the importance of maintaining control to those under my charge. That is how a judge ensures that all defendants — especially the most difficult ones — get a fair trial. That is how everyone is treated with courtesy and how rulings are evenhanded and fair. In this area, Justice Merchan excelled.
He issued a gag order carefully designed to protect witnesses, jurors, prosecutors and court staff, but left himself out of the order. He did this to ensure that the defendant’s right to harshly criticize the proceedings was protected even though he must have known that he would become an even greater target of Mr. Trump’s ire. When Mr. Trump repeatedly violated the order, Justice Merchan bent over backward to avoid sending the defendant to jail, despite a clear legal justification to do so.
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Air Canada ordered to pay couple $2,000 in compensation. Instead, it's taking them to court
Experts say legislative changes could see more air passenger complaints in court.
Air Canada serves couple court papers instead of paying compensation
Social sharing.
Close to four years after they filed a complaint with the Canadian Transportation Agency (CTA), Andrew and Anna Dyczkowski finally got a resolution — in their favour.
In November 2023, a CTA officer determined their 24-hour flight delay from Vancouver to Costa Rica in 2020 was Air Canada's fault. The airline was ordered to compensate the couple $1,000 each, as per federal regulations.
"We were kind of happy that the system works," said Andrew Dyczkowski who lives with his wife, Anna, just outside Kelowna, B.C.
But instead of getting cash, the couple was served with court documents in January. Turns out, Air Canada is taking them to Federal Court in an attempt to overturn the decision of the CTA officer. The agency is not named in the case.
Feeling stuck, the couple, who work in the construction industry, got a lawyer.
"We're kind of numb," said Dyczkowski, who believes the legal dispute should be between Air Canada and the CTA — not passengers.
"Leave us little folks alone. Like, we really don't want to be in this business of courts, or hundreds of pages of legal documents," he said. "Something is really wrong in the system."
The CTA, Canada's transport regulator, is tasked with settling disputes between airlines and customers. Both parties have always had the right to legally challenge CTA decisions but it rarely happens.
Tens of thousands of air passenger complaints have poured into the CTA over the past couple of years .
During that period, airlines appealed just six agency decisions involving compensation, according to the CTA.
Have you had to deal with the CTA for an air travel complaint? What was your experience like? Let us know in an email to [email protected] .
However, new federal government measures broaden the type of CTA decisions that can be contested in court. Some legal experts suspect airlines will take advantage and drag more unsuspecting passengers into legal disputes.
"It's really unfortunate; there's going to be a lot more of these [cases], I think," said John Lawford, a lawyer and executive director of the Public Interest Advocacy Centre.
Airlines are going "to try to further gum up the process and make the complaints process look bad, even worse than it already does."
New measures explained
Opening the door to more legal disputes wasn't the intent of the new measures, adopted in late September 2023. They were designed to speed up the backlogged complaints process by allowing the CTA to hire complaints resolution officers who can issue decisions on behalf of the agency.
But a byproduct of the change is that airlines can no longer challenge the decisions in the Federal Court of Appeal. Instead, carriers now must request a judicial review in Federal Court, which has a lower bar for the kinds of cases that can be contested.
"The airlines will be able to attack these CTA decisions on more grounds than they could have before," said Mark Mancini, an assistant law professor at Thompson Rivers University in Kamloops, B.C. "It's a much easier process for the airlines."
Even so, Air Canada disagrees with the notion that carriers will now flood the courts with cases. In an email to CBC News, spokesperson Peter Fitzpatrick said legal challenges "are complex and costly," and only pursued for "serious questions of fact or law."
He added that since the new CTA measures took effect, the airline has only contested the one case involving the Dyczkowskis.
Why did Air Canada launch the case?
Under federal rules, airlines pay up to $1,000 compensation per passenger if a flight cancellation or delay was within their control.
In court documents for the Dyczkowski case, Air Canada argues that bad weather — which was outside its control — was the main reason for the delay.
The CTA officer who ruled on the case disagreed. Air Canada claims the officer "failed to properly evaluate the evidence."
Air Canada's Fitzpatrick says launching the case was the only way the airline could get clarity on the new CTA officers' obligations when assessing evidence. He added that the Dyczkowskis won't be on the hook for legal fees if the airline is victorious.
Proposed changes to air passenger protections as complaints soar
Fitzpatrick said Air Canada didn't target the CTA because that's how Canada's judicial system works.
"The original case was between the passenger and Air Canada, therefore the review of the decision is between the same parties," he said.
The CTA has asked the court for permission to participate in the case but Air Canada is fighting the request.
The Dyczkowskis' lawyer, Peter Choe, who is working pro bono, told CBC News a hearing will likely be scheduled in the fall.
The CTA responds
The CTA told CBC News that, so far, the new system is working well, with scores of newly hired officers tackling its backlog of more than 72,000 passenger complaints.
"We're processing them faster," said spokesperson Tom Oommen in an interview.
When asked about concerns that airlines may try to overturn more decisions in court, Oommen said it's too early to tell.
"That's not something we have a clear line of sight on for the moment," he said. "If we need to adjust, then certainly that's advice we would bring to the government."
But consumer advocate Lawford argues a wait-and-see approach is unfair to passengers.
"They shouldn't be using customers as guinea pigs to test their system," he said. Lawford suggests the CTA should change its format to an ombudsman-type service where disputes are resolved with no legal recourse.
"The airline regulations should be free. They should be simple to understand. And it shouldn't involve court ever for consumers."
The CTA's Oommen says that if a passenger is named in a judicial review case, they aren't required to participate.
He said even if the passenger is a no-show, the judge will still review all relevant documents to determine if the CTA officer made the right decision.
Although he doesn't want to go to court, Dyczkowski says if he didn't, "that means that the judgment can be issued against you, without you having a chance to say anything."
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Business reporter
Based in Toronto, Sophia Harris covers consumer and business for CBC News web, radio and TV. She previously worked as a CBC videojournalist in the Maritimes where she won an Atlantic Journalism Award for her work. Contact: [email protected]
@sophiaharrisCBC
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