how to cite unpublished dissertation chicago style

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Theses & Dissertations

Citing a published thesis, citing an unpublished thesis, citing a thesis in online database or repository.

• CMS 14.224: Theses and dissertations

Titles of unpublished works appear in "quotation marks"—not in italics . This treatment extends to theses and dissertations, which are otherwise cited like books.

The kind of thesis, the academic institution, and the date follow the title. Like the publication data of a book, these are enclosed in parentheses in a note but not in a bibliography.

If the document was consulted online, include a URL or, for documents retrieved from a commercial database, give the name of the database and, in parentheses, any identification number supplied or recommended by the database.

For dissertations issued on microfilm, see 14.120 . For published abstracts of dissertations, see 14.197 .

Note-Bibliography

First-name Last-name, "Title of Thesis: Subtitle," (Publisher, Year).

      Mihwa Choi, “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty,” PhD diss., (University of Chicago, 2008).

Short Note:

Last-name, "Title of Thesis."

Choi. “Contesting Imaginaires ."

Bibliography Entry:

Last-name, First-name. "Title of Thesis: Subtitle." Year.

Choi, Mihwa. “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.” PhD diss. University      of Chicago, 2008.

Author-Date

Text Citation:

(Last-name Year)

(Mihwa 2008)

Reference Entry:

Last-name, First-name. Year. "Title of Thesis: Subtitle."

Choi, Mihwa. 2008. “Contesting  Imaginaires  in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.”  PhD diss.       University of Chicago.

Note -Bibliography

Note #. First-name Last-name, "Title of Thesis: Subtitle," Unpublished thesis type, University. Year.

Barry C. Hosking, "The Control of Gastro-intestinal Nematodes in Sheep with the Amino-acetonitrile Derivative, Monepantel with a Particular Focus on Australia and New Zealand," PhD diss., (Ghent University, 2010).

Note #. Last-name,"Title of Thesis."

Barry C. Hosking, "The Control of Gastro-intestinal Nematodes."

Bibliography:

Last-name, First-name. "Title of Thesis: Subtitle." Unpublished thesis type. University. Year.

Hosking, Barry C. "The Control of Gastro-intestinal Nematodes in Sheep with the Amino-acetonitrile Derivative, Monepantel with a Particular Focus on Australia and New Zealand." PhD diss., Ghent University, 2010.

(Hosking 2010)

Last-name, First-name.  Year.  "Title of Thesis: Subtitle." Unpublished thesis type. University.

Hosking, Barry C.    2010.  "The Control of Gastro-intestinal Nematodes in Sheep with the Amino-acetonitrile Derivative, Monepantel with a Particular Focus on Australia and New Zealand." PhD diss., Ghent University.

Note #. First-name Last-name, "Title of Thesis: Subtitle," Database Name (Identifier if given), Year, Internet address.

      12. Meredith Stewart, "An Investigation into Aspects of the Replication of Jembrana Disease Virus, " Australasian Digital Theses Program (WMU2005.1222), 2005, http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20051222.104106.

Note #. Last-name, "Title of Thesis."

21. Stewart, "An Investigation into Aspects."

Last-name, First-name. "Title of Thesis: Subtitle." Database Name (Identifier if given), Year. Internet address.

Stewart, Meredith. "An Investigation into Aspects of the Replication of Jembrana Disease Virus ." Australasian Digital Theses Program (WMU2005.1222),  2005. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20051222.104106.

(Stewart 2005)

Last-name, First-name. Year. "Title of Thesis: Subtitle."  Database Name  (Identifier if given), Internet address.

Stewart, Meredith. 2005. "An Investigation into Aspects of the Replication of Jembrana Disease Virus ." Australasian Digital Theses Program  (WMU2005.1222),    http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20051222.104106.

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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / Chicago Style / How to Cite a Thesis/Dissertation in Chicago/Turabian

How to Cite a Thesis/Dissertation in Chicago/Turabian

Academic theses and dissertations can be a good source of information when writing your own paper. They are usually accessed via a university’s database or a third party database, or found on the web. The main difference between a thesis and a dissertation is the degree type they are submitted for:

• Thesis—A document submitted to earn a degree, such as a master’s degree, at a university.
• Dissertation—A document submitted to earn an advanced degree, such as a doctorate, at a university.

This guide will show you how to create notes-bibliography style citations for theses and dissertations in a variety of formats using the 17th edition of the  Chicago Manual of Style.

Guide Overview

• Citing a thesis or dissertation from a database
• Citing a thesis or dissertation from the web
• Citing an unpublished thesis or dissertation

Citing a Thesis or Dissertation from a Database

Citation structure.

1. First name Last name, “Title” (master’s thesis or PhD diss., University Name, year published), page number, Database (Identification Number).

Bibliography:

Last name, First name. “Title.” Master’s thesis or PhD diss., University Name, year published. Database (Identification Number).

Citation Example

1. Kimberly Knight,  “Media Epidemics: Viral Structures in Literature and New Media” (PhD diss., University of California, Santa Barbara, 2011), 17, MLA International Bibliography (2013420395).

Knight, Kimberly.  “Media Epidemics: Viral Structures in Literature and New Media.” PhD diss., University of California, Santa Barbara, 2011. MLA International Bibliography (2013420395).

Citing a Thesis or Dissertation from the Web

1. First name Last name, “Title” (master’s thesis or PhD diss., University Name, year published), page number, URL.

Last name, First name. “Title.” Master’s thesis or PhD diss., University Name, year published. URL.

1. Peggy Lynn Wilson, “Pedagogical Practices in the Teaching of English Language in Secondary Public Schools in Parker County” (PhD diss., University of Maryland, College Park, 2011), 25, https://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/11801/1/Wilson_umd_0117E_12354.pdf.

Wilson, Peggy Lynn. “Pedagogical Practices in the Teaching of English Language in Secondary Public Schools in Parker County.” PhD diss., University of Maryland, College Park, 2011. https://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/11801/1/Wilson_umd_0117E_12354.pdf.

Citing an Unpublished Thesis or Dissertation

In rare cases, you may need to cite a thesis or dissertation that has not yet been published. This is particularly the case if you want to cite your own work or the work of a colleague.

1. First name Last name, “Title” (unpublished manuscript, Month Day, Year last modified), format.

Last name, First name. “Title.” Unpublished manuscript, last modified Month Day, Year. Format.

1. John Doe, “A Study of Generic Topic” (unpublished manuscript, June 19, 2021), Microsoft Word file.

Doe, John. “A Study of Generic Topic.” Unpublished manuscript, last modified June 19, 2021. Microsoft Word file.

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Chicago 17th Edition Citation Guide

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Legal, Public and Unpublished Materials

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General Guidelines for Public and Unpublished Materials

(“General Guidelines for Public and Unpublished Materials.”  The Purdue OWL.  https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/717/02/.)

Notes and bibliographic entries for public documents, like other documents, should include the elements needed to locate the items. These essential elements often include the following:

• Country, city, state, province, county, etc.
• Legislative body, executive department, court, bureau, board commission or committee, etc.
• Subsidiary divisions
• Title, if any, of the document or collection
• Individual author (editor or compiler), if given
• Report number or any other identification necessary or useful in finding the specific document
• Publisher, if different from issuing body

Footnote or Endnote (N):

1. Firstname Lastname, “Title of Document” (source type identifier, Place of Publication, year of publication) , page number(s).

Corresponding Bibliographic Entry (B):

Lastname, Firstname.   “Title of Document.” Source type identifier, Place of Publication, year of publication.

Legal Materials and Government Documents

Legal materials and other government documents should be cited using footnotes, endnotes, and/or citation sentences (with clauses including the same information required in a footnote). Print copies of the sources tend to be preferred to digital, though verified digital sources are acceptable.

When writing for law journals or other legal publications, these sources are not usually required to be cited in a bibliography or on a references page. Citation sentences alone are an acceptable form of citation, so long as the document has only a few legal citations (for more information, see The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th ed., sections 14.269-305 and 15.58.)

Court Decisions and Cases

Notes for court cases should include Case Name (formatted as Name of one party v. Name of the other party), number, volume number, abbreviated name(s) of reporter, and, in parentheses, the abbreviated name of the court and the date . Relevant information may follow.

Case names written in full are typeset in roman, while in subsequent shortened citations the short form of the case name is italicized . Citations are assumed to refer to decisions as a whole unless a particular page is cited using “at” (see example 3 below). The CMOS offers the following note examples in section 14.276:

United States v. Christmas, 222 F.3d 141, 145 4th Cir. (2000).

Profit Sharing Plan v. Mbank Dallas, N.A., 683 F. Supp. 592 (N.D. Tex. 1988).

Christmas, 222 F.3d at 145. The court also noted that under United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 7 (1989), police may briefly detain a person without probable cause if the officer believes criminal activity “may be afoot.” Christmas, 222 F.3d at 143; see also Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968).

Theses and Dissertations

Thesis and dissertation titles appear in quotation marks, not in italics, but are cited in all other ways like books. Include name, title, type of document, academic institution, and date, in that order. If the item was found online, include a URL or DOI (see websources tab)

1. Tara Hostetler, “Bodies at War: Bacteriology and the Carrier Narratives of ‘Typhoid Mary’” (master’s thesis, Florida State University, 2007), 15-16.

Hostetler, Tara. "Bodies at War: Bacteriology and the Carrier Narratives of ‘Typhoid Mary.’” Master’s thesis, Florida State University, 2007.

Letters and Unpublished Manuscripts

Letters and unpublished materials that have not been archived may be cited like other unpublished material, with information on location replaced by wording such as “private collection of Trinity Overmyer” or “in the author’s possession.” The location is not mentioned.

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Chicago 17th edition notes and bibliography

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Citing theses

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Titles of theses and dissertations appear in quotation marks otherwise they are cited like books.

The kind of thesis, the academic institution, and the date follow the title. Like the publication data of a book, these are enclosed in parentheses in a note but not in a bibliography.

If the document was consulted online, include a URL or, for documents retrieved from a commercial database, the name of the database and, in parentheses, any identification number supplied or recommended by the database.

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Citation Help: Dissertations & Theses

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A quick note:

The following examples follow the Notes-Bibliography style. For Author-Date style, please consult The Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition.

Chicago AND Turabian Citation Examples: Dissertations & Theses

Chicago and Turabian use the exact same format for citing dissertations and theses.

Important Elements:

• Author 
• Title of Dissertation or Thesis
• Type of Document (Dissertation or Thesis)
• Name of Degree Granting Institution

Thesis or dissertation

1. Author First Last, "Title of Dissertation or Theis" (Doctoral diss. or Master's Thesis, Name of Institution, Year), pp.-pp.

1. Dana S. Levin, "Let's Talk about Sex . . . Education: Exploring Youth Perspectives, Implicit Messages, and Unexamined Implications of Sex Education in Schools" (PhD diss., University of Michigan, 2010), 101-2.

Shortened note

2. Author Last, "Shortened Title," pp.

2. Levin, "Let's Talk about Sex," 98.

Bibliography Entry

Author Last, First. "Title of Dissertation or Thesis." Doctoral diss. or Master's Thesis, Name of Institution, Year.

Levin, Dana S. "Let's Talk about Sex . . . Education: Exploring Youth Perspectives, Implicit Messages, and Unexamined Implications of Sex Education in Schools." PhD diss., University of Michigan, 2010.

Examples courtesy of  The Turabian 8th edition .

Chicago/Turabian Examples by Source

•    Articles
•    Audio & Video
•    Books
•    Dictionaries & Encyclopedias
•    Dissertations & Theses
•    Websites, Including Social Media
•    Other Source Types

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Librarians are available to help you with your questions. Please don't hesitate to contact us with any questions you might have regarding citation styles, citation management, etc.

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Useful Resources for Chicago/Turabian

Check out the  Chicago Manual of Style's Shop Talk website  for more great information about using the Chicago Manual of Style through the links below!

• Shop Talk for Students
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Chicago Citation Style, 17th Edition: Thesis or Dissertation

• Bibliography
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• Author and Editor
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• Primary Source Published in an Edited Collection
• Thesis or Dissertation
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Thesis or Dissertation (14.215)

Example 1 – Print

N:           1. Lindsey Bingley, "From Overalls to Aprons? The Paid and Unpaid Labour of Southern Alberta Women, 1939-1959" (master's thesis, University of Lethbridge, 2006), 58.

B:     Bingley, Lindsey. "From Overalls to Aprons? The Paid and Unpaid Labour of Southern Alberta Women,              1939-1959." Master's thesis, University of Lethbridge, 2006.

Example 2 – Online (Commercial Database)

N:           1. Libra Rose Hilde, "Worth a Dozen Men: Women, Nursing, and Medical Care during the American Civil War" (PhD diss., Harvard University, 2003), 295, ProQuest ( 3091579).

B:     Hilde, Libra Rose. "Worth a Dozen Men: Women, Nursing, and Medical Care during the American              Civil War." PhD diss., Harvard University, 2003. ProQuest (3091579).

Example 3 – Online (Institutional Repository)

N:           1. Hiroshi Ishida, "A Geography of Contemporary Maori Agriculture." (PhD diss., University of Auckland, 1966), 110-16, https://researchspace.auckland.ac.nz/handle/2292/2489.

B:     Ishida, Hiroshi. "A Geography of Contemporary Maori Agriculture" PhD diss., University of Auckland,              1966. https://researchspace.auckland.ac.nz/handle/2292/2489.

Help & Guide Contents

Home General Guidelines     Notes     Bibliography Books     One Author or Editor     Multiple Authors or Editors     Author and Editor     Author and Translator     Organization as Author     Anonymous Work     Chapter from an Edited Work     Multivolume Work     Edition Other than the First     Dictionary or Encyclopedia     E-Book Articles     Journal Article     Magazine Article     Newspaper Article     Book Review Websites     Basic Webpage     Blogs and Social Media     Government Website Audiovisual Media     Audio/Video Recording     Online Multimedia Other Sources     Interview or Personal Communication     Lecture or Presentation    Primary Source Published in an Edited Collection     Thesis or Dissertation     Pamphlet or Brochure     Sacred Text     Indirect Source     Government Document     Paintings, Illustrations, Tables Plagiarism

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• Writing Tips

How to Cite a Thesis or Dissertation in Chicago Author–Date Referencing

2-minute read

• 17th May 2020

Want to reference someone else’s thesis or dissertation in your own work ? This can be useful if you are working on an unusual topic where little research has been published or when you know someone who wrote their final master’s or PhD piece on the same topic you are studying.

As with any source, though, you’ll need to cite it properly. Check out our guide to find out how this works in Chicago author–date referencing.

How to Format In-text Citations

In author–date Chicago referencing , you cite a thesis or dissertation by giving the author’s surname and the date of completion in brackets. For instance, we could cite a source by “Carter” from 2001 like this:

Citing your sources is very important (Carter 2001).

If you’re quoting a thesis or dissertation, meanwhile, you should include the page number in your citation:

Place quotes “within quote marks” (Carter 2001, 65).

You will then give the full source information in your reference list.

Reference List Entry for a Thesis or Dissertation

In the reference list at the end of your paper, the basic format for a thesis or dissertation is:

Author Surname, First Name. Year of completion. “Title.” Type of paper, academic institution, year of completion. URL/database ID (if applicable).

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For instance, the entry for a master’s dissertation would look like this:

Carter, Susan. 2001. “Citing Sources.” Master’s diss., University of Learning.

For an online version of a document, make sure to add the URL, too:

Johnson, Luke. 2012. “The Joy of Writing.” PhD diss., University of Learning. http://www.uol.ac.uk/archive/phd/johnson-10122017-final.pdf.

If you’ve only referred to an abstract rather than a full dissertation or thesis, meanwhile, you can simply add this detail after the title:

Carter, Susan. 2001. “Citing Sources.” Abstract. Master’s diss., University of Learning.

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Chicago Referencing Guide

• Notes - basic patterns
• Bibliography - basic patterns
• Chapters and other parts of a book
• Journal articles
• Magazine articles
• Newspaper articles
• Reference works

Thesis - general pattern

Thesis, dissertation or exegesis, type of thesis.

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• Tables - Examples
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Bibliography:

Thesis and dissertation can mean different things, depending on which institution the work is from.

At Auckland University of Technology (and other NZ universities):

• Thesis is used either for a doctoral or a master's degree.
• Dissertation is used either for a master's or a bachelor's degree with honours.
• Exegesis is the written component of a practice-based thesis where the major output is a creative work;  e.g. a film, artwork, novel.

In some other parts of the world, such as the United States, a dissertation may be used for a doctoral degree and a thesis   used for a master's degree. You can use the same citation pattern, no matter what the type of thesis is called.

List the type of thesis as it appears on the title page, but abbreviate dissertation as diss .

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Fast and free citation generator APA 6th and 7th ed. • MLA 8th ed. • Chicago 16th ed.

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Mindfullness & COVID-19

• General Format Rules
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• Encyclopedia & Dictionary
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• Online Video
• Audio/Podcast
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Chicago Style Guide

Thesis/dissertation – chicago bibliography, general tips.

• Titles of unpublished works appear in quotation marks—not in italics. This treatment is applied to theses and dissertations.

Thesis/Dissertation Print

Last , First M . " Thesis/Dissertation Title ." PhD diss., [OR] Master's thesis , Academic institution , Year .

1. Mihwa Choi, "Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty," (PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2008).

2. Choi "Contesting Imaginaires".

Choi, Mihwa. "Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty." PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2008.

Thesis/Dissertation Commercial Database

For items retrieved from a commercial database, add the name of the database and an accession number following the facts of publication. This dissertation cited below is shown as it would be cited if it were retrieved from ProQuest's database for dissertations and theses.

Last , First M . " Thesis/Dissertation Title ." PhD diss., [OR] Master's thesis , Academic institution , Year . Database name ( accession number ).

Choi, Mihwa. "Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty." PhD diss.,, University of Chicago, 2008. ProQuest (AAT 3300426).

Thesis/Dissertation Web

Last , First M . " Thesis/Dissertation Title ." PhD diss., [OR] Master's thesis , Academic institution , Year . http:// www.url.com

Johnson, Shakela Carion. "An Examination of the Social Characteristics and Beliefs of Delinquent and Non-Delinquent Youth." PhD thesis. Auburn University, 2007. http://search.proquest.com/docview/304897390?accountid=12528

1. Mihwa Choi, "Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty," (PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2008), ProQuest (AAT 3300426).

Choi, Mihwa. "Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty." PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2008. ProQuest (AAT 3300426).

A Citation Guide: Chicago style

• Citation Styles
• Chicago style
• Research Guides

Chicago, Chicago

"Chicago style" comes from the Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) and is actually three systems: Chicago author-date (similar to APA), Chicago notes-and-bibliography (a little like MLA), and Turabian (a simpler CMOS.) Use the one your instructor assigns, or the one favored by the field in which you are writing. For a basic guide, look at its website, https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/home.html. Or, carefully use the Chicago section of the Purdue OWL. Purdue University's very reliable Online Writing Lab  (OWL)  is now yoked to a profit-oriented company, so the website is cluttered with ads and video. Ignore them. Just use the basic content: https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/chicago_manual_17th_edition/cmos_formatting_and_style_guide/chicago_manual_of_style_17th_edition.html 

Below is a comparison of the two styles of Chicago style, taken from the CMOS website. The content is the same in both styles, but the format is slightly different. For in-text references, use footnotes instead of parentheses.

Chicago/Turabian Author-Date style

Journal article.

In the reference list, include the page range for the whole article. In the text, cite specific page numbers. For articles consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database in the reference list entry. Many journal articles list a DOI (Digital Object Identifier). A DOI forms a permanent URL that begins https://doi.org/. This URL is preferable to the URL that appears in your browser’s address bar.

Sample reference list (in alphabetical order)

Bay, Rachael A., Noah Rose, Rowan Barrett, Louis Bernatchez, Cameron K. Ghalambor, Jesse R. Lasky, Rachel B. Brem, Stephen R. Palumbi, and Peter Ralph. 2017. “Predicting Responses to Contemporary Environmental Change Using Evolutionary Response Architectures.” American Naturalist 189, no. 5 (May): 463–73. https://doi.org/10.1086/691233.

Keng, Shao-Hsun, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem. 2017. “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality.” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.

LaSalle, Peter. 2017. “Conundrum: A Story about Reading.” New England Review 38 (1): 95–109. Project MUSE.

Satterfield, Susan. 2016. “Livy and the Pax Deum .” Classical Philology 111, no. 2 (April): 165–76.

Sample in-text citations

(Bay et al. 2017, 465).

(Keng, Lin, and Orazem 2017, 9–10).

(LaSalle 2017, 95).

(Satterfield 2016, 170).

Chicago/Turabian Notes and Bibliography style

In a note, cite specific page numbers. In the bibliography, include the page range for the whole article. For articles consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database. Many journal articles list a DOI (Digital Object Identifier). A DOI forms a permanent URL that begins https://doi.org/. This URL is preferable to the URL that appears in your browser’s address bar.

Notes (Use this form for the first mention of a source.)

1. Susan Satterfield, “Livy and the Pax Deum ,” Classical Philology 111, no. 2 (April 2016): 170.

2. Shao-Hsun Keng, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem, “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality,” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring 2017): 9–10, https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.

3. Peter LaSalle, “Conundrum: A Story about Reading,” New England Review 38, no. 1 (2017): 95, Project MUSE.

Shortened notes (Use this form after the first mention.)

4. Satterfield, “Livy,” 172–73.

5. Keng, Lin, and Orazem, “Expanding College Access,” 23.

6. LaSalle, “Conundrum,” 101.

Bibliography entries (Put them in alphabetical order.)

Keng, Shao-Hsun, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem. “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality.” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring 2017): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.

LaSalle, Peter. “Conundrum: A Story about Reading.” New England Review 38, no. 1 (2017): 95–109. Project MUSE.

Satterfield, Susan. “Livy and the Pax Deum .” Classical Philology 111, no. 2 (April 2016): 165–76.

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Citation Guide: Chicago Manual of Style (Author/Date System)

The Chicago Manual of Style documentation system is used in both the humanities and the social sciences. A bit more complex than either the MLA or the APA, it offers two approaches for documenting sources: 1) a notes system and, 2) an author/date system similar to the APA. This guide explains the Author/Date system. A separate guide explains the Chicago Manual of Style (Notes System) .

Inserted at the point of reference, an in-text parenthetical citation containing the author's name and the date of publication interacts with the end documentation by pointing to a specific entry on the References List page.

Notes, similar to those used in the CMS Notes System, may be used in the Author/Date system, but only to provide further information about a particular idea. They do not replace entries found in the References List which contains the bibliographic information required to properly cite your sources. Check with your instructor on what is expected when you are asked to use this style.

This guide is largely based on style recommendations from the 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style.

[Guide Updated April 2022]

Citing Sources within Your Document

The CMS Author/Date in-text citation system follows a parenthetical format rather than the superscripted numbers found in the CMS Notes system. Much like the APA, it emphasizes authors and dates of publication, both of which are important benchmarks denoting relevancy and validity in the social and the natural sciences.

In some cases, chapters, paragraphs and page numbers are required. Regardless of contents, the parenthetic citation should immediately follow the cited material within a sentence and before the period if it is at the end of the sentence. In the case of quoted material, the citation is placed between the final quotation mark and the period at the end of the sentence.

CMS In-Text Formatting Rules

CMS Author/Date in-text formatting rules are as follows:

• A space, not a comma, should separate the author's name and the year of publication.
• Page numbers are included only when part of a source or a direct quotation is cited. Abbreviations ("p." or "pp.") are not required.
• Footnotes and endnotes are used only when there is a need to provide further information about a particular idea or when specific copyright permission needs to be documented.

Specific rules depend on whether part or all of a source is being cited as well as whether or not the author's name is mentioned in the sentence where the citation occurs.

Examples of In-Text Formatting Rules

Citing an entire source.

When citing an entire work, document the last name of the author and the year of publication. No page numbers are necessary. The citation format will vary according to whether the author's name is mentioned in the sentence being cited.

1. Citing an Entire Source: Author Name Not Included in Preceding Sentence

Format: Cite both the last name of the author and the publication date. The citation is placed in parentheses directly following the information being cited. When the citation falls at the end of the sentence, the parenthetical note precedes the end punctuation (period). There is a space, not a comma, between the author's name and the date.

In a recent study of sustainable management techniques (Myers 1997)... 

2. Citing an Entire Source: Author Name Included in Preceding Sentence

Format: When the author's name is mentioned in the sentence, you may omit this name from the parentheses to avoid redundancy, using only the date. The date (in parentheses) should follow the author's name. In cases where the source itself is being cited rather than the author, the parentheses around the date may be omitted.

Example One:

Myers (1997) compared sustainable management techniques...

Example Two:

In Myers 1997, sustainable management techniques are compared to more conventional practices.

Citing Part of a Source

When citing a specific part of a source, document the last name of the author, the year of publication and the page numbers (or chapter, section, line numbers, etc.) where the cited material may be found.

3. Citing Part of a Source

Format: When the citation falls at the end of the sentence, the parenthetical note precedes the end punctuation (period). One space separates the author's name from the date, and one comma separates the date from the page number (or chapter, etc.). Page abbreviations like "p." or "pp." are used only when their absence is likely to cause confusion. Abbreviations such as sec. (section), fig. (figure), app. (appendix), etc., should be used, however.

Because of the underdevelopment of the racial theme, Bright Skin was said to have "failed to feed the growing appetite for anti-establishment tracts while at the same time offering no new insights into the nature of Blue Brook Plantation" (Landess 1976, 121).

Examples of Variations to In-Text Formatting Rules

1. Citing Sources with No Date

Format: When you cite a source that has no date given, include in parentheses the name of the author and the abbreviation "n.d." ("no date").

This has occurred in previous experiments (Phelps & Gomez, n.d.).

2. Citing Sources with Unnamed, Uncertain or Anonymous Authors

Format: When no author is listed on the tile or copyright page, begin the entry with the title of the work. In the bibliography, alphabetize the entry by the first word other than A, An, or The .

Letting Ana Go (New York: Simon Pulse, 2013), 118-20.

Letting Ana Go . New York: Simon Pulse, 2013.

3. Citing Electronic (Web site or Internet) Sources

Format: An electronic source is cited like any other source when the entire source is cited: Author's Last Name and Date of Publication are mentioned. However, in cases where specific parts of the electronic source are cited, documentation of the particular paragraph number or section heading where the cited material may be found is recommended.

Mendelson, Abby. “Roberto Clemente: A Form of Punishment.” Pittsburg Pirates. MLB.com. May 24, 2013. http://mlb.mlb.com/pit/history/pit_clemente.jsp.

4. Citing Authors with Same Last Name in References List

Format: Include first name initials of all in-text cited authors when other authors in your References List have the same last name.

K.K. Sullivan (1962) and D. Sullivan (1996) came to similar conclusions about the effects of this treatment method.

5. Citing Sources Not Included in the References List

Format: Unpublished manuscripts, letters and newspaper articles, etc. may be cited within the in-text parenthetical citation or in the actual text itself.

Paul Nesbitt (telephone interview, 19 August 2016) expressed his dissatisfaction with the proposed plan.

In a letter dated 12 August 2016, Nesbitt indicated to his daughter that a new plan was being presented to the County Commissioners.

6. Citing Sources with More than One Author

Format, Sources with Two or Three Authors: List the authors in the order in which they appear on the title page. In a note, list the first name for each author first. In the bibliography, list the first author’s last name first and list the first names for each other author first.

Jerin, Robert A., and Laura J. Moriarty. The Victims of Crime . Upper Saddle river, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2010.

Format, Sources with Four or More Authors: In a note, give only the first author’s name followed by “et al.” (Latin for “and others”). In the bibliography, list all the authors that appear on the title page.

Harry Markopolos et al., No One Would Listen: A True Financial Thriller (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2010). 179.

Markopolos, Harry, Frank Casey, Neil Chelo, Gaytri Kachroo, and Michael Ocrant. No One Would Listen: A True Financial Thriller . Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2010.

Note: An alternative would be to include a shortened title following the "Author et al.", in every instance of the same "Author et al." occurring.

(Nesbitt et al., Neighborhood associations , 2015)

(Nesbitt et al., Zoning laws , 2015)

7. Citing Sources Authored by a Group or Corporation

Format: Use the group or corporation as the author; it may also be the publisher.

Where the References List entry looks like:

Bas Bleu Theatre Company. 2014. 2014 NEA Grant Application for …

The first in-text citation will look like:

The grant proposal (Bas Bleu Theatre Company [BBTC] 2014) was an important effort to support the arts in the community.

And a subsequent in-text citation will look like:

The proposal requested new and increased salaries for theatre staff (BBTC 2014).

8. Citing Two or More Sources in the Same Parenthesis

Format, Two or More Sources by Same Author: When you are citing two or more works by the same author in one parenthetical note, list the name of the author only once, followed by the publication dates of the various works in order of year of publication.

Psychologists have arrived at this conclusion in the past (Tripp, 2004, 2010, 2016).

Format, Two or More Sources Published by Same Author in Same Year: When, in one parenthetical note, you are citing two or more works by the same author published in the same year, be sure to distinguish between the two by assigning them letter suffixes ("a," "b," etc.). These designations will be consistent with those you have given the works in the reference list.

Past research (Johnson 2013a, 2013b) has revealed interesting patterns.

Format, Two or More Sources by Different Authors: When you refer to works by different authors within the same parenthetical note, separate them by using semicolons.

Several studies (Evens 2005; Dorer 2014; Bundy 2014) have contributed to our current understanding of this phenomenon.

Citing Sources at the End of Your Document

The end documentation in the CMS Author/Date system is the References List page. It is located at the end of a document or book and contains all the bibliographic information needed to find out more about cited source material.

This list is a selective bibliography and does not include a full accounting of sources related to or consulted before you began writing your document, but only those actually cited.

Proper CMS documentation depends on the References List . Without it the in-text numbers would make little sense as they would no longer be pointing at any corresponding entries in the end documentation.

Formatting Citations

CMS References List formatting rules call for the end documentation to begin on a new page at the end of your document and be numbered accordingly. If your document is 6½ pages long, the Notes page should begin on page 8.

Note: Unless informed otherwise, you can count on your instructor not counting the References List page in the total page count of an eight page assignment.

The page itself should be formatted in the following way:

• The title-References List-should be centered one inch from the top of the page. This may also be called a Literature Cited or Works Cited page.
• Double space between the title and first entry; all subsequent entries should be single spaced.
• Arrange entries alphabetically, according to authors' last names.

Individual entries should be formatted in the following way:

• The first line of each entry should be flush-left while any subsequent lines are indented five spaces.
• LastName, FirstName. Year.  Title of Work.  Location: Publisher.
• Use the "down" or "sentence style" for titles and subtitles, capitalizing only the first letter of the first word, as well as any proper nouns and adjectives that are included.

1. Book with Unknown Author(s)

References List Format : When no author is listed on the title or copyright page, begin the entry with the title of the work followed by the date of publication. In the bibliography, alphabetize the entry by the first word other than A, An, or The .

Lucy in the Sky. 2012. New York: Simon and Schuster.

References List Format : Use the corporation or group as the author; it may also be the publisher.

Microsoft Corporation. 2003.  Microsoft Windows 2000 Scripting Guide: Automating System Administration. Hoboken: Microsoft Press.

References List Format : When citing a book, use the information from the title page and the copyright page (on the reverse side of the title page), not from the book’s cover or a library catalog.

Mengestu, Dinaw. 2007.  The Beautiful Thing That Heaven Bears. New York: Riverhead Books.

Note: Names must always appear in the same order as found on the Title page of the work being cited.

References List Format : List the authors in the order in which they appear on the title page. In a note, list the first name for each author first. In the bibliography, list the first author’s last name first and list the first names for each other author first.

Kaufman, Amie, and Meagan Spooner. 2022.  Beyond the End of the World. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.

Note: Names must always appear in the same order, separated by commas, as found on the Title page of the work being cited.

References List Format : First Author-Last Name first. Next Author(s)-First Names or initials first. Year of Publication. Book Title-in italics. Number ed.-when applicable. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher.

Alred, Gerald J., Charles T. Brusaw, and Walter E. Oliu. 2003. The Business Writer's Handbook. 7th ed. Boston and New York: Bedford/St. Martin's.

References List Format (Editor) : List the author at the beginning of the citation and add the editor’s name after the title. In notes, use the abbreviation “ed.” before the editor’s name. In the bibliography, include the phrase “Edited by” before the editor’s name.

Lewis, Matthew. 2016.  The Monk. Edited by Howard Anderson. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

References List Format (Translator) : List the author first and the translator after the title. Use the abbreviation “trans.” in a note, but spell out “Translated by” in the bibliography.

Lessing, Gotthold E. 2004.  Nathan the Wise. Translated by Ronald Schechter. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's.

References List Format : To cite an entire anthology or collection of articles, give the editor(s) before the title of the collection, adding a comma and the abbreviation “ed.” or “eds.”

Dove, Rita, ed. 2011. The Penguin Anthology of Twentieth Century American Poetry . New York: Penguin Books.

References List Format : Give the author and title (in quotation marks) for the chapter or selection. Then give the title, editor (if any), and publication data for the book or anthology. In the bibliography, give the inclusive page numbers before the publication data, separated by a comma.

Boully, Jenny. 2003. “ The Body. ” In The Next American Essay , 437-466. Minneapolis: Gray Wolf Press.

9. Chapter in an Unedited Book

References List Format : Author-Last Name first. Year of Publication. Chapter Title-No quotation marks-No italics. Chap. Number-if applicable. In Book Title-in italics. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher.

Barad, Karen. 2007. Agential Realism: How Material Discursive Practices Matter. Chap. 4 in Meeting the Universe Halfway.  Durham and London: Duke University Press.

References List Format : Give edition information after the title.

McDonald, Russ. 2001.  The Bedford Companion to Shakespeare. 2 nd  ed. Boston and New York: Bedford/St. Martin's.

References List Format : Place the original publication date after the original author's name. Include the date of re-publication after the editor's name.

Austen, Jane. 1813.  Pride and Prejudice. Edited by James Kinsley. 2008. Reprint, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.

Note: Citations of sacred texts such as the Christian Bible, Islam's Holy Qur'an and the Hebrew Torah generally occur only in the in-text citation and are not included in the References List. Please refer to the CMS Notes Examples of In-Text Formatting Rules for more information.

References List Format : In the notes, give the volume number and page number, separated by a colon, for the specific location of the information referred to in your text. In the bibliography, if you have used all of the volumes, give the total number of volumes after the title, using the abbreviation “vols.” (“2 vols.” or “4 vols.”). If you have used one volume, give the abbreviation “Vol.” and the volume number after the title.

Canterbury, Dave. 2015.  Advanced Bush Craft: An Expert Field Guide to the Art of Wilderness Survival . Vol 2. Avon: Adams Media.

References List Format : Give the title of the volume to which you refer, followed by the volume number and the general title for the entire work.

Rozell, Matthew A. 2017  The Things our Fathers Saw, 1944-1945. Vol 2 of War in the Air. Hartford: Woodchuck Hollow Press.

References List Format : The series name follows the title and is capitalized as a title but is not italicized. If the series numbers its volumes, include that information as well.

Jordan, Jay. 2022.  Grounded Literacies in a Transnational WAC/WIC Ecology: A Korean-U.S. Study.  International Exchanges on the Study of Writing Series. Fort Collins: The WAC Clearinghouse. https://doi.org/10.37514/INT-B.2022.1503.

References List Format : For a book without publication information, use the following format: Author-Last Name first. n.d.  Book Title – in italics . N.p.

Biv, Roy G. n.d.  On learning the color spectrum. N.p.

References List Format : Give the name of the writer of the foreword, introduction, preface, or afterword followed by the appropriate phrase (“introduction to,” “preface to,” and so on) before the title of the book. If the writer of the introduction or other part differs from the writer of the book, after the title insert the word “by” and the author’s name.

Tracy, Robert. 2008. Introduction to In a Glass Darkly , vii-xxviii. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Journals, Magazines and Newspapers

1. Journal Article with Consecutive Pagination

Note: Consecutive Pagination means that each new issue of a Journal begins with the page number that follows the last page number in the previous issue. In other words, the page numbers run consecutively from issue to issue.

References List Format : Give the author (last name first) followed by the year of publication then the article title. Include the name of the journal (in italics) followed by the v olume number, the issue number (if available) and page number(s). End with the DOI (if available). The DOI should be in a URL format, beginning with "https://doi.org/".

Harrington, Marua G. 2004."'My Narrative': the Story of the Non-Disinterested Narrator in Poe's 'Hop-Frog'."  The Edgar Allan Poe Review  5, no.1 (Spring): 91-99.

Note: Non-Consecutive Pagination means that each new issue of a Journal begins with page 1 and not with the number that follows the last page number in the previous issue, as is the case with consecutive pagination.

References List Format : Begin with the author (last name first) followed by the year of publication, the article title and the name of the journal (in italics). Include the volume number, the issue number and end with the article page number(s).

Clifford, James. 1983. On Ethnographic Authority. Representations 1, no. 2:118-46.

References List Format : Cite like a monthly magazine (see next format), but provide the day of publication.

Bates, Josiah. March 25, 2022. "Why the FBI Won't Release Quarterly Crime Stats for 2021.” Time Magazine .

References List Format : Magazines are cited by their dates rather than by volume and issue.

Bertz, Matt. February 2017. “Virtual Reality is Still Waiting for its Software Savior.” Game Informer , 22-30.

Note: When no author by-line exists, begin with the Article Title and proceed as shown above. This case also illustrates a magazine with a volume number but not an issue number.

References List Format : Begin with the author (last name first) followed by the year of publication, the article title, the magazine title (in italics), the volume number and or issue. End with the page number(s) when citing specific portions or quoted passages.

A passing race. 1929. Canadian Magazine , 71:34.

Note: In most cases, newspaper articles are cited in running text and are not included in the References List; however, when you do, follow the example below. When no author by-line exists, begin with the Article Title rather than the author's name.

References List Format : If the name of the newspaper does not include the city, insert the city before the name (and italicize it). If an American city is not well known, name the state as well (in parentheses, abbreviated). Identify newspapers from other countries with the city in parentheses (not italicized) after the name of the newspaper. Page number may be omitted, since separate editions of the same newspaper may place articles differently. If a paper comes out in more than one edition, identify the edition after the date.

Zito, Kelly. “Cities Key Source of Toxins in Bay, Study Finds.” San Francisco Chronicle , October 5, 2010, Bay Area Edition.

Note: When not part of the newspaper title, include name of American city, in italics, along with the rest of the title, as shown here:

Denver Rocky Mountain News

Note: When city name is not well known, or there is more than one city in America with the same name, include the state abbreviation, in parenthesis and not italicized, as shown here:

Ashtabula , (OH) Star-Beacon

Note: Follow the title of foreign newspapers with its hometown name, in parenthesis and not italicized, as shown here:

Sunday Times (London)

References List Format : Give the author of the review title, if any, and then the words “review of” followed by the title and the author of the work reviewed and the author or editor (for books) or director or performer (for movies, plays, and similar productions).

Holden, Stephen. “Students Caught in the School Squeeze.” Review of Waiting for Superman , directed by Davis Guggenheim. New York Times , September 23, 2010.

References List Format : If no author is given, begin the note with the title of the article; begin the bibliography entry with the title of the periodical.

Boston Globe. “NYC May Ban Smoking in Parks, on Beaches.” Boston Globe September 16, 2010.

9. Citing a Letter to the Editor

References List Format : Treat as a newspaper article. If no title is provided, place “Letter to the editor” in the title position.

Levi, Jason. Letter to the editor. Smithsonian , June 2016.

Dissertations and Theses

1. Published Dissertation or Thesis

Note: Include the phrase, "Ph.D. diss." or "Master's thesis" before the name of the degree granting institution.

References List Format : Give the author and year, then the title, followed by the phrase “PhD diss.” or “master’s thesis,” and any information about the institution that granted the degree. End with the DOI if one is available.

Hill, Chaney E. 2018.  The Nonhuman Write Back: Charlotte Perkins Gilman's Short Stories . master's thesis, Boise State University, https://doi.org/10.18122/td/1389/boisestate.

References List Format : Give the author and year, then the title, followed by the phrase “PhD diss.” or “master’s thesis,” and any information about the institution that granted the degree.

Lopez, Lope. 2010. “Untimely Figures: Edgar Allan Poe, Journalism and the Literary Imagination.” PhD diss., University of Pittsburgh.

Note: Format like a Journal Article. Include the phrase, "Ph.D. diss." or "Master's thesis" before the name of the degree granting institution.

References List Format : Provide information as you would for an article in a journal. Add information about Dissertation Abstracts International.

Corwin, Elizabeth J. 1977. “Botanical Environments.” master's thesis, Colorado State University. Abstract: iii-iv.

Unpublished Manuscripts and Papers

1. Unpublished Document in a Manuscript Collection

References List Format : Include the document author (last name first), the document date (when available) followed by a description of the document including the collection name, the depository name and the depository location.

Peterkin, Julia. 1930. Letter to George Shively dated 18 October. Bobbs-Merrill Papers. Lilly Library, Indiana University, Bloomington.

Note: Papers appearing in the Published Proceedings of Meetings may be formatted in the same manner as a book.

References List Format : List the author (last name first), the year the paper was read, and the paper title. Include the phrase “Paper read” followed by the meeting name, the location, the day and month of the meeting.

Montgomery, M. Lorenzo. 1985. Dow Turner's early work on Gullah. Paper read at 9th Annual Symposium on Language and Culture, Columbia, SC, 27 April.

Interviews, Letters and Personal Communications

1. Published Interviews

Note: Consult The Chicago Manual of Style to format interviews appearing in other print and non-print mediums.

References List Format : Give the location and date in a note.

Rachel Stein, interview by author, Pittsburgh, June 2, 2014.

References List Format : Do not include unpublished interviews in the bibliography.

References List Format : Do not include personal communications such as letters or phone calls in the bibliography. In a note, give the name of the person with whom you communicated, the form of communication, and the date.

Megahn McKennan, conversation with author, March 5, 2014.

Sangita Thakore, letter to author, November 12, 2014

Electronic Sources

1. Portable Sources (CD-ROM's, Diskettes, Magnetic Tapes, etc.)

Note: Unlike online sources which exist on a computer service or network and are subject to continual revision, portable electronic sources are published and released at fixed points in time. Generally, these types of citations are done in running text within the document; however, they can be included in the References List. The following example is for a non-periodical portable source. The format for a periodical source is slightly different.

References List Format : Author or Editor-Last Name first. Year of Publication. Title- in italics if book title . Volume, edition, etc.-if appropriate. [Medium]. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher.

Sheehy, Donald, ed. 1997. Robert Frost: Poems, life, legacy . [CD-ROM]. New York: Holt.

References List Format : Program/Software Name: Identifying Version, level or release number and date-if available. Abbreviated Program/Software Name.-if applicable. Organization or Individual holding Property Rights, Location.

Electronic Supplements for Real Writing: 1. Interactive Writing Software Ver. 1. Bedford, Boston.

Digital Sources

All digital sources should include either a publication date, a revision or “last modified” date, or an access date. After the date, include a DOI (digital object identifier) or, if the source does not have a DOI, a stable URL. Ensure that all DOIs are also in a URL format. For a source accessed through a database, include the name of the database and any number assigned to the source.

1. Online Computer Services

References List Format : List the author or editor (last name first). List the title (italicize if it is a book title), the print publication information, the online publication information (including the computer service name), and finish with the accession number.

Note: The following source was obtained through the computer service "Dialog."

Wever, Katharine. 1998. In a painting, Gershwin packed the house. New York Times 30 August, late ed.: sec. 2, p. 30. Dialog, New York Times Fulltext 03819774.

2. Article from an Online Journal

References List  Format:

List the name of the author or editor followed by the date and title of the article in quotations, as well as the name of the journal in italics. Finally, include any information about the journal and end with the DOI or URL.

Ray, Brian. 2008. "A New World: Redefining the Legacy of Min-Zhan Lu.’” The Journal of Basic Writing  27, no. 2 . https://doi.org/10.37514/JBW-J.2008.27.2.06.

3. Article from an Online Database

List the author or editor followed by the date and the title of the article in quotations. Put the name of the journal in which the article was originally published in italics, then include any information about the journal. End with the name of the online database as well as the DOI or URL if available.

Abbasi, Pyeaam and Bahareh Azad. 2018. “Hamlet's Catch-22: A Psychoanalytic Reading of Hamlet and Catch-22.” Critical Survey  30, no. 3: 97-115. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/48587699.

4. Article from a Website

.List the author and date of publication, followed by the title of the article in quotations. End with the name of the website and the URL

Rittenburg, Adam. 2022. “Final Four 2022: How Remy Martin went from afterthought to Kansas Jayhawks hero when it mattered most.” ESPN.  https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/story/_/id?33615018.

5. Article Posted on a Wiki

References List Format :

List the name of the wiki site followed by the date of publication. Then, list the title of the article in quotations, the date the article was last modified, and the URL.

Wikipedia. 2022. "Diet Coke." Last Modified March 19, 2022. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_Coke.

6. Citing an Entire Blog

Put the word “blog” in parentheses following the name of the blog, if it is not already part of the name. If the blog is part of a larger publication, include the name of the publication as well.

McNamara, Pat. McNamara’s Blog: Musings of a Catholic Church Historian from Queens, New York. http://patheos.com/blogs/mcnamarasblog/.

7. Citing an Entry or Comment on a Blog

References List Format : Put the word “blog” in parentheses following the name of the blog, if it is not already part of the name. If the blog is part of a larger publication, include the name of the publication as well.

Winchell, Donna Haisty. “In Arizona, Is It Ethics or Economics?” Argument and the Headlines (blog). Bits: Ideas for Teaching Composition , March 3, 2014, http://blogs.bedfordstmartins.com/bits/author/donnaonbitsgmail-com/.

8. Citing an E-mail Message

References List Format : Chicago recommends that personal communication, including email, not be included in the bibliography, although it can be cited in your text. Note that the Chicago Manual prefers the hyphenated version of the word “e-mail.”

Brysa, H. Levy, e-mail message to author, January 4, 2014

9. Citing an Online Posting to a Discussion Group

References List Format : Like email, online postings are considered personal communication and are therefore listed in the text only, not in the bibliography. Include a URL for archived postings.

Alessandro, Busà to URBANTH-L discussion group, December 1, 2009, http://lists.cc.ysu.edu/pipermail/urbanth-l/2009-December/002761.html.

Audio and Video Recordings

1. Sound or Musical Recordings

Note: The elements in the following format (particularly composer and director) may be rearranged to suit your particular purposes. See Chicago Manual of Style for more examples.

References List Format : Give the composer and title of the recording, the performers and conductor, the label and identifying number.

Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich. Symphony No. 5, Romeo and Juliet Fantasy Overture. Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Daniele Gatti. Harmonia Mundi, MU907381, compact disc.

References List Format : List the playwright (last name first), the title of the recording (in italics), director’s name, the performers’ or artists’ names, (first names first), the label and identifying number.

Shakespeare, William. Othello . Directed by Howerd Sackler. Performed by Frank Silvera, Celia Johnson, Cyril Cusack, Anna Massey, and others. Caedmon CDG 225. Audiotape.

References List Format : List the poet or prose writer (last name first), the recording title (in italics), the name of the reader (first name first) or the phrase “Read by Author”, the label and the recording number.

Eliot, T.S. Poems and Choruses . Read by author. Caedmon TC1045. Record album.

References List Format : List the lecture recorder (last name first), the year, the recording title (in italics), a brief description of the lecture, the phrase “presented by” followed by the name of the lecturer. Include the institution name, the location, the month and year of the lecture and any publication information (if applicable).

Nesbitt, L.M. 1995. Censorship . Audiotape of a lecture presented by Louann Reid at Colorado State University. Fort Collins, CO, October 1995.

Note: The variety of visual and audiovisual materials now used by writers makes general formatting rules impossible. In these cases a description of the material, the name of the individual responsible for the material, and the information necessary to retrieve it should be included.

References List Format : Slide Show Producer-Last Name first. Year. Slide Show Title-in italics . Place of Production: Production Company Name. Slides.

Nesbitt, John. 1991. Europe by train . Knoxville, TN: Fabricated Production Company. Slides.

References List Format : Provide the title first, the name of the director, the company, the year it was filmed, the medium (film, videocassette, DVD).

Michael Jackson’s This Is It. Directed by Kenny Ortega. 2009 (2009; Culver City, CA: Sony Pictures, 2010) DVD.

Legal Materials

1. State and Federal Court Cases/Decisions

Note: State and federal court cases and decisions are normally cited in the running text of a document as in the example below. The Chicago Manual of Style provides no guidance for a References List entry.

In the 1923 case, Meyer v. State of Nebraska (262 U.S. 390), the Court handed down a decision that...

Note: State and federal constitutions are normally cited in the running text of a document as in the example below

Format : Give the state or country name. the article or amendment number and the subdivision number.

In the Wisconsin Constitution, art. 9, sec. 1...

Publications of Congress

1. Congressional Record/General Citation

References List Format : List the Congressional Record (in italics), the year, the abbreviated number of Congress, the abbreviated number of sessions, the volume number (numeral only) and the abbreviated pt. number. Include the page number(s) (if appropriate).

Congressional Record . 1995. 104th Cong., 1st sess. Vol. 141, pt. 26.

References List Format : List the Speaker’s name (last name first), the year, a brief description of the remarks, the resolution number (if appropriate), the abbreviated number of Congress, the abbreviated number of session, the phrase “Cong Rec” (abbreviated and in italics), the day, month, volume number, pt. number and page number(s) (if appropriate).

Kennedy, Edward. 1995. Senator Kennedy of Massachusetts reintroducing the Equal Remedies Act. 104th Cong., 1st sess. Cong. Rec. , 30 Jan., vol. 141, pt. 10.

References List Format : Congressional Body or Committee Name. Year. Report or Document Title-in italics . Number of Congress-abbreviated, Number of Session-abbreviated,. Document Number. Serial Number-if available.

U.S. Congress. 1982. South Dakota Water Resource Development . 97th Cong., 2d sess. S. Doc. 514. Serial 13452.

References List Format : List the Congressional body name, the name of the journal (in italics), the year, number of Congress (abbreviated), the number of sessions (abbreviated), the day, month and year. .

U.S. Congress. Senate Journal . 1996. 104th Cong., 2d sess., 20 February.

U.S. Senate Journal. 1996. 104th Cong., 2d sess., 20 February.

References List Format : List the Congressional body name, the year, the Committee name, the title of the Hearing (in italics), the abbreviated number of Congress, the abbreviated number of sessions, the day and month.

U.S. Senate. 1990. Committee on Foreign Relations. U.S. Policy in the Persian Gulf: Hearings before the Committee on Foreign Relations. 101st Cong., 2d sess. 4-5 December.

References List Format : List the Congressional body name, the year, the Committee name, the title of the report (in italics), the phrase “Report prepared by” followed by the name of the agency or department person(s), the abbreviated number of Congress, the abbreviated number of session, and the Committee Print number.

U.S. Senate. 1973. Committee on Public Works. Effects and methods of control of thermal discharges. Report prepared by the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency. 93rd Cong., 1st sess. Committee Print 14.

Note: Congressional bills and resolutions are normally cited in the running text of a document, however, when included in the References List, follow the example below.

References List Format : List the Congressional body name, the year, the Bill or Resolution title (in italics), the abbreviated number of Congress, abbreviated number of session, the Bill or Resolution number, the phrase “Congressional Record” (in italics), and record information (if applicable).

U.S. House. 1995. Interstate Child Support Enforcement Act . 104th Cong., 1st sess., H.R. 195. Congressional Record , 241, no. 4, daily ed. (9 January): H168.

References List Format : List the name of Law (when available; in italics), the U.S. Public Law numbers, the abbreviated number of Congress, the abbreviated number of session, the day, month and year.

U.S. Public Law 105-258. 105th Cong., 2d sess., 14 October 1998.

References List Format : List U.S. Statutes at Large (in italics), the year, the volume number, the page number(s) and the name of the law (when available; in italics).

U.S. Statutes at Large . 1888. Vol. 25, p. 476.

References List Format : List the law, statute, or act title (in italics), U.S. Code (in italics), the volume number and the section number.

Farm Credit Act . 1959. U.S. Code Annotated . Vol. 42, sec. 410.

Presidential Documents

1. Proclamations and Executive Orders

References List Format : President. Year. Proclamation or Executive Order. Proclamation or Executive Order Title. Federal Register-in italics Number, Issue Number (Day Month):-in parenthesis: Page Number(s). Medium-if applicable.

President. 1954. Proclamation. Display of the flag of the United States of America at half-staff upon the death of certain officials and former officials. Federal Register 19, no. 3 (1 March): 1235. Microfiche.

References List Format : Document Title-in italics . Number of Congress-abbreviated, Number of Session-abbreviated. In Compilation of the messages and papers of the presidents, 1789-1897-in italics . Edited by Name of Editor-First Name First. Vol. Number. Washington, D.C.: GPO, Year of Publication.

References List Format : President-Last Name first. Year. Public papers of the presidents of the United States: President-First Name first, Term in Office. Vol. Number. Washington, D.C.: GPO, Year of Publication-no parenthesis.

Carter, Jimmy. 1981. Public papers of the presidents of the United States: Jimmy Carter, 1980-81. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: GPO.

Government Documents and Publications

1. Executive Department Publications

References List Format : In general, give the issuing body, then the title and any other information (such as report numbers) that would help your readers locate the source. Follow with the publication data and the page numbers if relevant. You may abbreviate “Government Printing Office” as GPO.

U.S. Department of Agriculture. Subcommittee on Conservation, Credit and Rural Development of the Committee on Agriculture, U.S. House of Representatives. 1991. Attorney-client privilege and the right of congressional access to documents for oversight purposes in the case of the suspension of the telephone loan programs by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington, D.C.: GPO.

References List Format : Commission Name. Year. Publication Title-in italics . Washington, D.C.: GPO.

U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. 1977/78. Annual report of the U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. Washington, D.C.: GPO.

References List Format : Department or Issuing Body. Year of Treaty. Treaty Title. Day Month of Treaty. TIAS Number. Publication Name-in italics. Vol. Number, Part Number-if text instead of microform.

U.S. Department of State. 1989. Tourism. 3 October. TIAS no. 12403. United States treaties and other international agreements.

References List Format : Name of Issuing Body. Year. Report Title-in italics. Place.

Colorado General Assembly, Colorado Commission on Higher Education. 1996. 1996 Legislative report on higher education admission standards. Denver.

Note: State laws or municipal ordinances are normally cited in the running text, although compilations of state laws (codes) or municipal ordinances may be cited in the References List.

References List Format : State or Municipal Name, Year. State Laws or Municipal Compilation Title-in italics. (Editor Name)-in parenthesis.

Colorado. 1974. Revised Statutes, Annotated (Michie Co.).

How to Arrange Reference List Entries

1. Unknown, Uncertain or Anonymous Authors

Note: Organize alphabetically and avoid using "Anonymous". When a work is of unknown origin, use the first word of its title, excluding definite or indefinite articles which may be transposed to the end of the title.

When the author's name is known but does not appear on the title page place it before the title as you would normally, but in [brackets]. When the author's name is uncertain, indicate so with a question mark inside the [brackets?].

Parsons, Elsie Clews. [1923] 1969. Folk-lore of the Sea Islands, South Carolina. Reprint, Chicago: Afro-Am Press.

Passing Race, A. 1929. Canadian Magazine .

Peterkin, Julia. 1927. Black April . Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co.

[Joe Schmoe?]. Passing Race, A, 1929. Canadian Magazine.

Note: Single author works always precede co-authored works.

Shor, Ira. 1986. Culture wars: School and society in the conservative restoration, 1969-1982. Boston: Routledge and K. Paul.

Shor, Ira. and Paul Friere. 1987. A pedagogy of liberation: Dialogues on transforming education. New York: Bergin and Garvey.

The three-em dash serves the same purpose as "ditto" marks. When an author appears consecutively, associated with different titles, a three-em dash (---) may replace the name after the first entry.

Each work is then organized in chronological order, by publication date. In the event of two works being published in the same year, add a lowercase letter following the date and alphabetize the entries by title.

Nesbitt, P.B. 1998a. Zoning laws and neighborhood crises. Knoxville, TN: Wachese Press.

---. 1998b. The role of neighborhood associations in urban development battles. Knoxville, TN: Wachese Press.

Additional CMS Author/Date Resources

Printed Resources:

University of Chicago Press. The Chicago Manual of Style: The Essential Guide for Writers, Editors, and Publishers . 14th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.

University of Chicago Press. The Chicago Manual of Style: The Essential Guide for Writers, Editors, and Publishers . 15th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.

University of Chicago Press.  The Chicago Manual of Style,  17th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.7208/cmos17.

Turabian, K. A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations . 6th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.

Electronic Resources:

The official Chicago Manual of Style website, updated regularly, is the comprehensive guide to all things CMS: the organization, its journals, products and services.

Mississippi University for Women - ' Chicago Citation Guide '

University of Washington Libraries - ' Citing Sources: Chicago Author-Date Style '

Bennett, Andrea, Will Allen, Peter Connor, Heidi Scott, & Laurel Nesbitt. (1994-2022). Citation Guide: Chicago Manual of Style (Author/Date System).  Writing@CSU . Colorado State University.  https://writing.colostate.edu/guides/guide.cfm?guideid=10

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• Chicago Style

Chicago Style Citation Guide | Templates & Citation Examples

Notes and bibliography is the most common type of Chicago style citation, and the main focus of this article. It is widely used in the humanities. Citations are placed in footnotes or endnotes , with a Chicago style bibliography listing your sources in full at the end.

Author-date style is mainly used in the sciences. It uses parenthetical in-text citations , always accompanied by a reference list at the end.

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Table of contents

Citing sources with notes (notes and bibliography), chicago note citation examples (notes and bibliography), creating a chicago style bibliography (notes and bibliography), chicago author-date style, frequently asked questions about chicago style citation.

To cite sources in Chicago notes and bibliography style, place a superscript number at the end of a sentence or clause, after the punctuation mark, corresponding to a numbered footnote or endnote .

Footnotes appear at the bottom of each page, while endnotes appear at the end of the text. Choose one or the other and use it consistently.

Most word-processing programs can automatically link your superscript numbers and notes.

Full notes vs. short notes

Citations can take the form of full notes or short notes. Full notes provide complete source information, while short notes include only the author’s last name, the source title, and the page number(s) of the cited passage. The usual rule is to use a full note for the first citation of each source, and a short note for subsequent citations of the same source.

Guidelines can vary across fields, though; sometimes you might be required to use full notes every time, or conversely to use short notes every time, as long as all your sources are listed in the bibliography. It’s best to check with your instructor if you’re unsure which rule to follow.

Multiple authors in Chicago notes

When a source has multiple authors, list up to three in your note citations. When there are four or more, use “ et al. ” (Latin for “and others”).

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A Chicago footnote or endnote citation always contains the author’s name and the title of the source. The other elements vary by the type of source you’re citing.

Page number(s) should be included if you are referring to a specific part of the text. The elements of the citation are separated by commas , and the note always ends with a period. The page range is separated by an en dash .

Navigate through the Chicago citation examples using the tabs below.

• Book chapter
• Journal article

When citing a book , if an edition is specified, include it in abbreviated form (e.g., 2nd ed.). If the book was accessed online, add a URL.

When citing a chapter from a multi-authored book, start with details of the chapter, followed by details of the book.

To cite a journal article , you need to specify the volume and issue as well as the date. It’s best to use a DOI instead of a URL.

Web pages often have no author or date specified. If the author is unknown, start with the title in a full note, and use the website name as author in a short note. If the publication date is unknown, include the date you accessed the information (e.g., accessed on March 12, 2022).

The bibliography lists full references for all your sources. It appears at the end of your paper (before any appendices ).

Author names are inverted in the bibliography, and sources are alphabetized by author last name. Each source is listed on a new line, with a hanging indent applied to sources that run over onto multiple lines.

If a source has multiple authors, list up to 10 in the bibliography. If there are 11 or more, list the first seven followed by “et al.”

When to include a bibliography

It is not mandatory to include a bibliography if you have cited your sources with full notes. However, it is recommended to include one in most cases, with the exception of very short texts with few sources.

Check with your instructor if you’re not sure whether to include one.

Chicago style bibliography examples (notes and bibliography)

Bibliography entries vary in format according to source type. Formats and examples for some common source types are shown below.

In the (social) sciences, you may be told to use author-date style instead. In this style, citations appear in parentheses in the text.

Unlike note citations, author-date citations look the same for all source types .

Reference list

Author-date citations are always accompanied by a reference list. The reference list is similar to a bibliography: It appears at the end of your text and lists all your sources in full.

The only difference is that the publication year comes straight after the author name, to match with the in-text citations. For example, the book reference from above looks like this in author-date style.

Chicago Author-Date Quick Guide

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In a Chicago style footnote , list up to three authors. If there are more than three, name only the first author, followed by “ et al. “

In the bibliography , list up to 10 authors. If there are more than 10, list the first seven followed by “et al.”

The same rules apply in Chicago author-date style .

To automatically generate accurate Chicago references, you can use Scribbr’s free Chicago reference generator .

In a Chicago footnote citation , when the author of a source is unknown (as is often the case with websites ), start the citation with the title in a full note. In short notes and bibliography entries, list the organization that published it as the author.

In Chicago author-date style , treat the organization as author in your in-text citations and reference list.

When an online source does not list a publication date, replace it with an access date in your Chicago footnotes and your bibliography :

If you are using author-date in-text citations , or if the source was not accessed online, replace the date with “n.d.”

Page numbers should be included in your Chicago in-text citations when:

• You’re quoting from the text.
• You’re paraphrasing a particular passage.
• You’re referring to information from a specific section.

When you’re referring to the overall argument or general content of a source, it’s unnecessary to include page numbers.

In Chicago notes and bibliography style , the usual standard is to use a full note for the first citation of each source, and short notes for any subsequent citations of the same source.

However, your institution’s guidelines may differ from the standard rule. In some fields, you’re required to use a full note every time, whereas in some other fields you can use short notes every time, as long as all sources are listed in your bibliography . If you’re not sure, check with your instructor.

In Chicago author-date style , your text must include a reference list . It appears at the end of your paper and gives full details of every source you cited.

In notes and bibliography style, you use Chicago style footnotes to cite sources; a bibliography is optional but recommended. If you don’t include one, be sure to use a full note for the first citation of each source.

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Citation Style Guides

• Chicago (CMS)
• Citing Government Sources

Chicago Basics

These guidelines are based on the advice from The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) , 17th edition, published in 2017. Design and layout of materials is based on Diana Hacker's "Research and Documentation Online, 5th edition" accessed March 2014. This style guide is most often used in courses for History, Humanities, Literature and the Arts .

Chicago has two systems of documentation. One uses Footnotes (notes at the end of the page) or Endnotes (notes at the end of the paper) to cite materials, along with a Bibliography at the end. The other system, Author-Date , uses parenthetical in-text citations and a Bibliography at the end. It is referred to as Author-Date because the in-text citations use (Author's Last Name Date, Page Number) format; ex. (Krahmer 2015, 192).

Chicago Manual of Style

The Chicago Manual of Style uses two formats: Notes & Bibliography and Author-Date. Make sure you are using the correct format, as there are many differences between them. 

• Jump to Notes & Bibliography examples
• Jump to Author-Date examples

Notes & Bibliography Format

• Book with 1 author
• Book with 2 or more authors

Book with an Organization as the author

Book with an Unknown author

Multiple books by the same author (in bibliography)

Edited volume without an author

Edited volume with an author

Book that has been translated

2nd edition and later editions

Single volume in a multi-volume set

Single story in an anthology

• Quoting from the Introduction, Preface, Foreword, or Afterword

Republished book

Book with a title in its title

Single letter in a published collection of primary materials

Single book in a series

Encyclopedia or dictionary entry

Sacred or religious texts

Quoting a source that is quoted in another source

• Journal Articles

Article in a print journal

Article in an online journal

Journal article from an Article Database (such as Academic Search Premier or JSTOR)

• Article in a print popular magazine (such as Cosmo or People)
• Article in an online popular magazine (such as cosmopolitan.com)
• Article in a popular magazine from an Article Database

Book review

Letter to the editor

Article in a print newspaper

Article in an online newspaper

Newspaper article from a database

Newspaper article with an Unknown Author

Other Sources

Single article, page or story from a website

Online discussion boards or archived listservs

Personal communication (including non-public emails)

Blog post (blogger, wordpress, tumblr, etc.)

Twitter (or other microblog like Sina Weibo)

Online video (such as YouTube)

Film (DVD, Blu-Ray, Streaming)

Sound recording (LP, CD, MP3, Streaming)

Musical Score or composition

Performance

Government document

Unpublished Dissertation or Thesis

Unpublished Manuscript from the Colgate Archives

Unpublished Photograph from the Colgate Archives

Unpublished Letters and Correspondence in the Colgate Archives

Colgate Yearbooks and published primary materials in the Colgate Archives

Lectures, including presentations and course lectures

Books (general example)

Note: 1. Norman Coombs,  Making Online Teaching Accessible: Inclusive Course Design for Students with Disabilities (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2010), 45-46.

Bibliography : Coombs, Norman,  Making Online Teaching Accessible: Inclusive Course Design for Students with Disabilities. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2010.

Electronic/Online

2. Carolyn Kastner,  Jaune Quick-To-See Smith: an American Modernist (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2013), ebrary edition, chap 2.

Kastner, Carolyn.  Jaune Quick-To-See Smith: an American Modernist . Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2013. ebrary edition.

3. Frances H. Early, A World Without War: how U.S. feminists and pacifists resisted World War I (Syracuse, N.Y. : Syracuse University Press, 1997), 172-185.

Early, Frances H. A World Without War: how U.S. feminists and pacifists resisted World War I. Syracuse, N.Y. : Syracuse University Press, 1997.

Books with 2-3 authors, include all the authors' names in the notes and bibliography. Books with 4 or more authors, include only the first author's name and then use "et al." in the notes; for the bibliography, list all the authors' names.

4. John Bailey, Carri Schneider, and Tom Vander Ark. Navigating the Digital Shift: Implementation Strategies for Blended and Online Learning (Florida: Digital Learning Now!, 2013), 128, http://digitallearningnow.com/site/uploads/2014/05/DLN-ebook-PDF.pdf.

Bailey, John, Carri Schneider, and Tom Vander Ark. Navigating the Digital Shift: Implementation Strategies for Blended and Online Learning . Florida: Digital Learning Now!, 2013. http://digitallearningnow.com/site/uploads/2014/05/DLN-ebook-PDF.pdf.

5. New York Times, 36 Days: The Complete Chronicle of the 2000 Presidential Election Crisis (Time Books, 2001), 42.

New York Times. 36 Days: The Complete Chronicle of the 2000 Presidential Election Crisis . Times Books, 2001.

6. Beowulf, An Anglo-Saxon Epic Poem (Boston: D.C. Heath & Co., 1892), 175.

Beowulf, An Anglo-Saxon Epic Poem. Boston: D.C. Heath & Co., 1892.

In the bibliography, when you have several books by the same author, you can replace the author's name with 6 hyphens for all subsequent entries, arranged alphabetically by book title.

Goodman, Nelson. Fact, Fiction and Forecast. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1965.

------. Languages of Art: An Approach to a Theory of Symbols . Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1968.

8. Gene Andrew Jarrett, ed., The Wiley Blackwell Anthology of African American Literature (Chichester, England: Wiley-Blackwell, 2014), 138.

Jarrett, Gene Andrew, ed.  The Wiley Blackwell Anthology of African American Literature . Chichester, England: Wiley-Blackwell, 2014.

9. Charles B. Gatewood, Lt. Charles Gatewood and His Apache Wars Memoir, ed. Louis Kraft (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2005), 92.

Gatewood, Charles B.  Lt. Charles Gatewood and His Apache Wars Memoir . Edited by Louis Kraft. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2005.

10. Leo Tolstoy, War and Peace , trans. Rosemary Edmonds (New York: Penguin Books, 1982), 392.

Tolstoy, Leo. War and Peace . Translated by Rosemary Edmonds. New York: Penguin Books, 1982.

11. Jill Nelmes, ed., Introduction to Film Studies , 5th ed. (Oxon, NY: Routledge, 2012), 56.

Nelmes, Jill, ed. Introduction to Film Studies. 5th ed. Oxon, NY: Routledge, 2012.

12. Marcel Proust, Time Regained , vol. 12 of Remembrance of Things Past , illustrated ed. (London: Chatto & Windus, 1957), 42.

Proust, Marcel. Time Regained . Vol. 12 of Remembrance of Things Past . Illustrated ed. London: Chatto & Windus, 1957.

13. John Heywood, "The Play of the Weather (c. 1533), in The Oxford Anthology of Tudor Drama, ed. Greg Walker (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 125.

Heywood, John. “The Play of the Weather (c. 1533).” In The Oxford Anthology of Tudor Drama , edited by Greg Walker, 118-43. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.

Quoting from the Introduction, Preface, Foreword, or Afterword.

14. Alan Ryan, foreword to Karl Marx , fifth edition, by Isaiah Berlin (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013), xix.

Ryan, Alan. Foreword to Karl Marx , fifth edition, by Isaiah Berlin, xix-xxix. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013.

15. Erich von Daniken, Chariots of the Gods? Unsolved Mysteries of the Past , (1969; repr., New York: Berkley Publishing, 1980), 78.

Daniken, Erich von. Chariots of the Gods? Unsolved Mysteries of the Past. 1969. Reprint, New York: Berkley Publishing, 1980.

16. Austin Sarat and Martha Merrill Umphrey, Reimagining "To Kill a Mockingbird:" Family, Community and the Possibility of Equal Justice Under Law (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2013), 15.

Sarat, Austin, and Martha Merrill Umphrey.  Reimagining "To Kill a Mockingbird:" Family, Community, and the Possibility of Equal Justice Under Law . Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2013.

17. Sartre to Simone de Beauvoir, 19 March 1940, in Quiet Moments in a War: The Letters of Jean-Paul Sartre to Simone de Beauvoir, 1940-1963 , ed. Simone de Beauvoir, trans. Lee Fahnestock and Norman MacAfee (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1983), 116.

Sartre, Jean-Paul. Quiet Moments in a War: The Letters of Jean-Paul Sartre to Simone de Beauvoir, 1940-1963. Edited by Simone de Beauvoir. Translated by Lee Fahnestock and Norman MacAfee. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1983.

18. Laura Ingalls Wilder, Little House in the Big Woods , The Little House Books (New York, NY: Library of America, 2012), 17.

Wilder, Laura Ingalls. Little House in the Big Woods . The Little House Books. New York, NY: Library of America, 2012.

Well-known encyclopedias like Britannica or dictionaries like Websters ' don't require publication information, but you need to include the edition. They are often not included in the bibliography, but check with your professor. Use the abbreviation of "s.v." to signify the title of the encyclopedia entry. (S.V. stands for sub verbo or "under the word.") Include the author of a signed encyclopedia article. 

19. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th ed., s.v. "Magna Carta."

19. Oxford Dictionary of Humorous Quotations, fifth ed., 2013, s.v. "stigma."

19. Wikipedia , s.v. "Magna Carta," last modified October 19, 2015, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Carta.

19. Nobuko Miyama Ochner, Encyclopedia of Modern Asia, vol. 2, ed. Karen Christensen and David Levinson (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2002) 329, s.v. "Enchi Fumiko."

Ochner, Nobuko Miyama. "Enchi Fumiko." In Encyclopedia of Modern Asia . Ed. Karen Christensen and David Levinson. Vol. 2. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2002. 329-330. Gale Virtual Reference Library . Web. 22 Oct. 2015.

Sacred or religious texts are not included in the bibliography. (see also the SBL Handbook of Style or History of Religions for more texts.)

[Torah/Bible] 20. Matt. 10:16 (King James Version).

[Qur'an] 20. Qur'an 5:8.

[Mishnah] 20. m. Ber. 1:1-2. 

[Vedas] 20. RV 10.90.12.

21. Anne Savage, ed., The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles, trans. Anne Savage (Wayne: BHB International Inc, 1997), 41, quoted in Lars Brownworth, The Sea Wolves: A History of the Vikings (United Kingdom: Crux Publishing, 2014), 70.

Savage, Anne, ed. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles . Translated by Anne Savage. Wayne: BHB International Inc, 1997, 41. Quoted in Lars Brownworth. The Sea Wolves: A History of the Vikings . United Kingdom: Crux Publishing, 2014, 70.

Journal Articles (print and online)

22. Andy Byford, "The Russian Diaspora in International Relations: ‘Compatriots’ in Britain."  Europe-Asia Studies 64, no. 4 (2012): 725.

Byford, Andy. "The Russian Diaspora in International Relations: ‘Compatriots’ in Britain."  Europe-Asia Studies  64, no. 4 (2012): 715-735.

For online journals, give the DOI if it is available; otherwise, use the URL of the article. Page numbers should be included if they are available. If there are no page numbers, use some sort of locator in your note such as paragraph number or subheading.

23. Jelena Subotic, "Remembrance, Public Narratives, and Obstacles to Justice in the Western Balkans," Studies in Social Justice 7, no. 2 (2013): 273, http://brock.scholarsportal.info/journals/index.php/SSJ/article/view/1047.

Subotic, Jelena. "Remembrance, Public Narratives, and Obstacles to Justice in the Western Balkans." Studies in Social Justice 7, no. 2 (2013): 265-283. http://brock.scholarsportal.info/journals/index.php/SSJ/article/view/1047.

For online journals, give the DOI if it is available; otherwise, use the "stable" or "persistent" URL of the article. If neither are available, then you can use the name of the database plus the number assigned to the article by the database. Page numbers should be included if they are available. If there are no page numbers, use some sort of locator in your note such as paragraph number or subheading.

24. Andy Byford, "The Russian Diaspora in International Relations: ‘Compatriots’ in Britain,"  Europe-Asia Studies 64, no. 4 (2012): 725, doi:10.1080/09668136.2012.660764.

Byford, Andy. "The Russian Diaspora in International Relations: ‘Compatriots’ in Britain."  Europe-Asia Studies  64, no. 4 (2012): 715-735. doi:10.1080/09668136.2012.660764.

Article in a print popular (non-scholarly) magazine (such as Cosmo or People)

25. Emma Koonse, "Mind, Body & Spirit," Publisher's Weekly, September 14, 2015: 26.

Koonse, Emma. “Mind, Body & Spirit.” Publisher’s Weekly, September 14, 2015: 25-28.

Article in an online popular (non-scholarly) magazine (such as cosmopolitan.com)

For online magazines, give the DOI if it is available; otherwise, use the "stable" or "persistent" URL of the article. If page numbers are included, use them; otherwise they are not required.

26. Colin Gorenstein, "Jon Stewart Hammers GOP Over Incoherent Iran Warmongering," Salon , April 15, 2015, http://www.salon.com/2015/04/15/jon_stewart_hammers_gop_over_incoherent_iran_warmongering/.

Gorenstein, Colin. "Jon Stewart Hammers GOP Over Incoherent Iran Warmongering." Salon , April 15, 2015. http://www.salon.com/2015/04/15/jon_stewart_hammers_gop_over_incoherent_iran_warmongering/.

Article in a popular (non-scholarly) magazine from an Article Database

For online magazines, give the DOI if it is available; otherwise, use the "stable" or "persistent" URL of the article. If neither are available, then you can use the name of the database plus the number assigned to the article by the database. If page numbers are included, use them; otherwise they are not required.

27. Caitlin Keating, "Hope After Tragedy Raising Quadruplets on my Own," People 83, no. 13, March 30, 2015: 58, Academic Search Premier (101639618).

Keating, Caitlin. "Hope After Tragedy Raising Quadruplets on my Own." People 83, no. 13, March 30, 2015: 58-61. Academic Search Premier (101639618).

28. Kate Wong, "The Changing Arctic Landscape," review of The Changing Arctic Landscape , by Ken Tape, Scientific American  303, no. 2 (2010): 90. Academic Search Premier (52112108).

Wong, Kate. "The Changing Arctic Landscape." Review of The Changing Arctic Landscape , by Ken Tape.  Scientific American  303, no. 2 (2010): 90. Academic Search Premier (52112108).

Only refer to it as "letter to the editor," and not by any titles given to the letter by the publication.

29. Martin E. Ross, letter to the editor, New York Times , October 5, 2015.

Ross, Martin E. Letter to the editor. New York Times , October 5, 2015.

Use the section letter or number if available. Page numbers are not needed.

30. Alissa J. Rubin, "Doctors Without Borders Exits Afghan City as Fight Worsens," New York Times , October 5, 2015, Late ed.: A1.

Rubin, Alissa J. “Doctors Without Borders Exits Afghan City as Fight Worsens.” New York Times, October 5, 2015, Late ed.: A1.

Do not use the full URL if it is very long. Don't use page numbers, even if they are included.

31. Alissa J. Rubin, "Doctors Without Borders Says It Is Leaving Kunduz After Strike on Hospital," New York Times , October 4, 2015, http://nytimes.com.

Rubin, Alissa J. “Doctors Without Borders Says It Is Leaving Kunduz After Strike on Hospital.” New York Times, October 4, 2015, http://nytimes.com.

Use whatever identifying information you have from the database such as DOI, Database & the number assigned to it, or a "stable" or "persistent" URL.

32. Alissa J. Rubin, "Doctors Without Borders Exits Afghan City as Fight Worsens," New York Times , October 5, 2015, LexisNexis Academic .

Rubin, Alissa J. “Doctors Without Borders Exits Afghan City as Fight Worsens.” New York Times, October 5, 2015, LexisNexis Academic .

Unsigned articles, features, and editorials do not necessarily need a bibliographic citation. If a bibliography is required by your professor, then the name of the newspaper can be used in place of the author.

33. “Rein in Online Fantasy Sports Gambling,” New York Times , October 5, 2015, sec. A22.

New York Times . "Rein in Online Fantasy Sports Gambling." October 5, 2015, sec. A22.

33. "5 Ways to Save on Holiday Airfare," New York Times, October 22, 2015, http://nytimes.com.

New York Times. "5 Ways to Save on Holiday Airfare." October 22, 2015, http://nytimes.com.

Include an author if given, title of the site, sponsor if available, date of publication/modification (if available; if not available, then use the accessed date), and URL. Don't italicize the title of the site unless it's an online book or periodical. If the website has a print counterpart, the title is in italics ( The New York Times , for example). If the website does not have a print counterpart, the site is not in italics. Use quotemarks for sections or individual pages within a website.

34. Northern New York Library Network, last updated October 13, 2015, http://nnyln.org/.

Northern New York Library Network. Last updated October 13, 2015. http://nnyln.org/.

34. Paul Howarth, The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive, Boise State University, last updated April 3, 2015, http://math.boisestate.edu/GaS/.

Howarth, Paul. The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive. Boise State University. Last updated April 3, 2015. http://math.boisestate.edu/GaS/.

35. Jacqueline Banerjee, "Queen's College and the "Ladies' College"," Victorian Web, last modified June 14, 2007, http://www.victorianweb.org/history/education/ulondon/6.html.

Banerjee, Jacqueline. "Queen's College and the "Ladies' College"." Victorian Web. Last modified June 14, 2007. http://www.victorianweb.org/history/education/ulondon/6.html.

Discussion boards and archived listservs are not included in the bibliography. URLs should be included.

36. Douglas F. Watt, “Re: Wildlife Lenses for Sony A77,” Digital Photography Discussions Thread. Digital Photography Review. Posted January 5, 2015. http://www.dpreview.com/forums/post/55041898

Personal communications are not included in the bibliography.

37. Jesi Buell, e-mail message to the author, October 8, 2015.

You should italicize the name of the blog, with "(blog)" listed after it if the name doesn't include "blog" to differentiate it from a regular website. You do not need to list the blog post in your bibliography, unless you cite it frequently--then you may decide to cite the blog as a whole in the bibliography.

38. Bill Nye, "Hubble's Millionth Observation," Your Place in Space (blog), The Planetary Society , July 5, 2011, http://www.planetary.org/blogs/bill-nye/3088.html.

38. Bob Ware, June 14, 2015 (06:52 CDT), comment on Bill Nye, "Tonight I Glimpsed LightSail," Your Place in Space (blog), The Planetary Society , June 14, 2015, http://www.planetary.org/blogs/bill-nye/20150614-tonight-i-glimpsed-lightsail.html.

Nye, Bill. Your Place in Space (blog). http://www.planetary.org/blogs/bill-nye/.

38. medievalpoc, “Pieter Brueghel the Younger,” People of Color in European Art History (blog), accessed October 21, 2015, http://medievalpoc.tumblr.com/post/130342024617/pieter-brueghel-the-younger-die-kreuztragung.

Private content, including direct messages, should be cited as form of personal communication.

39. Michele Truty, "We do need a gender-neutral pronoun," Facebook, August 24, 2016, https://facebook.com/micheletruty/posts/1032352213.

40. Taylor Swift (@taylorswift13), "Look what you made me do," Twitter, October 13, 2017, 10:00 p.m., https://twitter.com/TaylorSwift/status/843848339292.

Treat podcast episodes like a single story from a website, but add (if available) the author's/speaker's name(s), title of the podcast, and episode number.

41. Private Cabin, "Freddy vs. Jason," Episode 221, We Hate Movies, podcast audio, October 20, 2015, http://www.whmpodcast.com/.

Private Cabin. "Freddy vs. Jason." Episode 221. We Hate Movies. Podcast audio. October 20, 2015. http://www.whmpodcast.com/.

42. CBS News, “Khan Academy: The Future of Education?” YouTube, March 11, 2012. https://youtu.be/zxJgPHM5NYI.

CBS News. “Khan Academy: The Future of Education?” YouTube, March 11, 2012. https://youtu.be/zxJgPHM5NYI.

42. "Chopin - Complete Nocturnes," YouTube, May 8, 2015. https://youtu.be/liTSRH4fix4

"Chopin - Complete Nocturnes." YouTube, May 8, 2015. https://youtu.be/liTSRH4fix4

Include all information important to identifying the film, such as writer and season/episode number for TV shows. If you are referring to a specific DVD release, include the original year of release for the film as well as the DVD release year.

43. The Dark Knight Rises , directed by Christopher Nolen (Burbank, CA: Warner Bros. Entertainment, 2012). DVD.

The Dark Knight Rises. Directed by Christopher Nolen. Burbank, CA: Warner Bros. Entertainment, 2012. DVD.

43. Scott M. Gimple, "No Sanctuary," The Walking Dead season 5, episode 1, directed by Greg Nicotero, aired October 12, 2014 (Anchor Bay Entertainment, 2015), DVD.

Gimple, Scott M. "No Sanctuary." The Walking Dead season 5, episode 1. Directed by Greg Nicotero. Aired October 12, 2014. Anchor Bay Entertainment, 2015. DVD.

43. Vertigo , directed by Alfred Hitchcock (1958; Universal City, CA: Universal, 2008). DVD

Vertigo . Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. 1958; Universal City, CA: Universal, 2008. DVD

43. The Nightmare Before Christmas, directed by Henry Selick (1993). Netflix.com.

The Nightmare Before Christmas . Directed by Henry Selick. 1993. Netflix.com.

Use the conductor, composer, or performer as the author, depending on which one is more important for your citation. Include any identifying information such as orchestra, conductor, featured performers, recording date, publication year, format, number of discs, and publisher number if available. If this is from the Colgate collection, consult the library catalog record for basic important information to include. Audiobooks and other published recordings should be treated the same way as musical recordings.

44. Etta James, Stickin' to my Guns , Island Record 842 936-1, 1990, 33 1/3 rpm.

James, Etta. Stickin' to my Guns. Island Record 842 936-1, 1990, 33 1/3 rpm.

44. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Piano Concertos K. 271, 453, 466; Adagio and fugue K. 546, conducted by Dennis Russell Davies, recorded on May 1996 and March 1998, Muenchen: ECM Records 289 462 651-2, 1999, 2 compact discs.

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. Piano Concertos K. 271, 453 , 466; Adagio and fugue K. 546. Conducted by Dennis Russell Davies. Recorded May 1996 and March 1998. Muenchen: ECM Records 289 462 651-2, 1999, 2 compact discs.

44. Giacomo Puccini, “Nessun Dorma,” from Turandot ; Luciano Pavarotti (tenor), London Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Zubin Mehta, Luciano Pavarotti - The Best , Decca, 2005, MP3 file, downloaded May 12, 2009, iTunes.

Puccini, Giacomo. "Nessun Dorma." From Turandot ; Luciano Pavarotti (tenor). London Symphony Orchestra. Conducted by Zubin Mehta. Luciano Pavarotti - The Best . Decca 2005, MP3 file. Downloaded May 15, 2009. iTunes .

44. Frederick Chopin, Nocturn Op. 55 No. 10, performed by Robin Scheidegger, streaming audio, accessed October 21, 2015. Soundcloud.com.

Chopin, Frederick. Nocturn Op. 55 No. 10. Performed by Robin Scheidegger. Streaming Audio. Accessed October 21, 2015. Soundcloud.com.

44. Max Brooks, World War Z: An Oral History of the Zombie War, performed by F. Murray Abraham, et al., complete edition, New York: Random House Audio, 2013, 10 compact discs.

Brooks, Max. World War Z: An Oral History of the Zombie War . Performed by F. Murray Abraham, Alan Alda, Rene Auberjonois, et al. Complete edition. New York: Random House Audio, 2013, 10 compact discs.

45. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, The Marriage of Figaro: An Opera in Four Acts , libretto by Lorenzo Da Ponte, English version by Ruth and Thomas Martin (New York: G. Schirmer, 1951.)

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. The Marriage of Figaro: An Opera in Four Acts. Libretto by Lorenzo Da Ponte. English version by Ruth and Thomas Martin. New York: G. Schirmer, 1951.

Include as much information as you can, including the medium, date of creation, size of artwork, museum location, database & database number, and URL. If you are citing an image out of a book, cite it as a " single story in an anthology . "

46. Pablo Picasso, Gertrude Stein , oil on canvas, 1905-6, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY.

Picasso, Pablo.  Gertrude Stein .  Oil on canvas.  1905-6. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY.

46. Berenice Abbott, Julien Levy , gelatin silver print, 1927, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, http://www.metmuseum.org/collection/the-collection-online/search/282740.

Abbott, Berenice. Julien Levy . Gelatin silver print. 1927. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, http://www.metmuseum.org/collection/the-collection-online/search/282740.

46. Albrecht Durer, Head of a Woman , 1520, British Museum, London, UK, ARTstor (33-01-09/58).

Durer, Albrecht. Head of a Woman . 1520. British Museum, London, UK, ARTstor (33-01-09/58).

47. Christina Liu, This is not a Play about Sex, directed by Charity Whyte and Providence Ryan, Colgate University Community, Hamilton, NY, October 3, 2015.

Liu, Christina. This is not a Play about Sex. Directed by Charity Whyte and Providence Ryan. Colgate University Community, Hamilton, NY, October 3, 2015.

48. United States Senate, Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, The Case for Climate Change Action: Hearing before the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate , 108th Cong., 1st sess. (Washington, DC: GPO, 2015).

United States Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. The Case for Climate Change Action: Hearing before the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate , 108th Cong., 1st sess. Washington, DC: GPO, 2015.

If the thesis or dissertation has a preferred citation, use it. Otherwise include the DOI or URL as available. If found through a commercial database, then just use the name of the database and any identification numbers.

49. Emily Navarro, "SimSE: A Software Engineering Simulation Environment for Software Process Education" (PhD diss., University of California, Irvine, 2006), 135, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.134.5381&rep=rep1&type=pdf.

Navarro, Emily. "SimSE: A Software Engineering Simulation Environment for Software Process Education." PhD diss., University of California, Irvine, 2006. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.134.5381&rep=rep1&type=pdf.

49. G. S. Patrick, "The Impact of Managerial Ability and Capital Structure on Farm Firm Growth" (M.S. thesis, Purdue University Library, June 1966), 53-55, ProQuest (AAT 9666404). 

Patrick, G. S. "The Impact of Managerial Ability and Capital Structure on Farm Firm Growth." M.S. thesis, Purdue University Library, June 1966. ProQuest (AAT 9666404).

49. Rachel Stegemoeller, "Shidai Manhua and the Challenges of Modernity" (B.A. thesis, Colgate University, Spring 2005), 23.

Stegemoeller, Rachel. "Shidai Manhua and the Challenges of Modernity." B.A. thesis, Colgate University, Spring 2005.

Materials from the Archives should have an exact citation for the item in the notes, with a shorter bibliographic citation for the collection.

50. Orrin E. Dunlap Jr., “Communications in Space,” 1962, M2001, Orrin E. Dunlap, Jr. papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Colgate University Libraries.

Dunlap, Jr. Papers. Special Collections and University Archives. Colgate University Libraries.

51. Photograph of Willow Path, Undated, A1000, Buildings and Grounds collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Colgate University Libraries.

Buildings and Grounds Collection. Special Collections and University Archives. Colgate University Libraries.

52. William M. White to L. York, 1864 February 7, M2027, York family papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Colgate University Libraries.

York Family Papers. Special Collections and University Archives. Colgate University Libraries.

53. Colgate University, Board of Trustees Minutes, vol. 14, 1966-1969 (Hamilton, NY: Colgate University Press, 1969).

Colgate University. Board of Trustees Minutes, vol. 14, 1966-1969 . Hamilton, NY: Colgate University Press, 1969.

54. Colgate University, Salmagundi, 1934 (Hamilton, NY: Colgate University Press, 1934).

Colgate University. Salmagundi, 1934 . Hamilton, NY: Colgate University Press, 1934.

54. Colgate University, Salmagundi , 1937 (Hamilton, NY: Colgate University Press, 1937) 20.

Colgate University. Salmagundi, 1937 . Hamilton, NY: Colgate University Press, 1937. http://diglib.colgate.edu

For course lectures, use the name of the course as the name of the presentation.

55. Claudia Rankine, "Citizen: An American Lyric" (poetry reading, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY, October 21, 2015).

Rankine, Claudia. "Citizen: An American Lyric." Poetry reading. Colgate University. Hamilton, NY, October 21, 2015.

55. Anna Rios-Rojas, "American School" (class lecture, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY, November 3, 2015).

Rios-Rojas, Anna. "American School." Class lecture. Colgate University. Hamilton, NY, November 3, 2015.

55. Josh Radnor, "An Evening with Josh Radnor: Screenwriting Master Class" (lecture, Andrew W Mellon Foundation and Central New York Humanities Corridor, Hamilton, NY, September 24, 2015).

Radnor, Josh. "An Evening with Josh Radnor: Screenwriting Master Class." Lecture. Andrew W Mellon Foundation and Central New York Humanities Corridor. Hamilton, NY, September 24, 2015.

56. Sharon Milberger, Evaluation of Violence Against Women With Physical Disabilities in Michigan, 2000-2001, ICPSR version, Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, 2002. doi:10.3886/ICPSR03414.

Milberger, Sharon. Evaluation of Violence Against Women With Physical Disabilities in Michigan, 2000-2001 . ICPSR version. Detroit: Wayne State University, 2002. Distributed by Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research, 2002. doi:10.3886/ICPSR03414.v1.

Author-Date Format

Citing several references in the same in text citation

In Text: (Coombs 2010, 45-46)

Bibliography: Coombs, Norman. 2010 . Making Online Teaching Accessible: Inclusive Course Design for Students with Disabilities. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

In Text: (Kastner 2013, chap 2)

Kastner, Carolyn. 2013. Jaune Quick-To-See Smith: an American Modernist . Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ebrary edition. 

Book with 1 Author

In Text: (Early 1997, 172-185)

Early, Frances H. 1997. A World Without War: How U.S. Feminists and Pacifists Resisted World War I. Syracuse, N.Y. : Syracuse University Press.

Book with 2 or more Authors

In Text: (Bailey, Schneider, and Vander Ark 2013, 128)

Bailey, John, Carri Schneider, and Tom Vander Ark. 2013. Navigating the Digital Shift: Implementation Strategies for Blended and Online Learning . Florida: Digital Learning Now! http://digitallearningnow.com/site/uploads/2014/05/DLN-ebook-PDF.pdf.

When the organization is the author, use a shortened version of the organization's name (usually the abbreviation) for the in text citation. Include the abbreviation in the bibliographic entry, and alphabetize your bibliography by the abbreviation rather than the full organization name.

In Text: (NYT 2001, 42)

NYT (New York Times). 2001. 36 Days: The Complete Chronicle of the 2000 Presidential Election Crisis . Times Books.

Use a shortened version of the title for the in text citation, making sure to include the first word (that is not an article A, An, or The).

In Text: ( Beowulf 1892, 175).

Beowulf, An Anglo-Saxon Epic Poem. 1892. Boston: D.C. Heath & Co.

Goodman, Nelson. 1965 . Fact, Fiction and Forecast. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.

------. 1965. Languages of Art: An Approach to a Theory of Symbols . Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.

In Text: (Jarrett 2014, 138).

Jarrett, Gene Andrew, ed. 2014. The Wiley Blackwell Anthology of African American Literature . Chichester, England: Wiley-Blackwell.

In Text: (Gatewood 2005, 92).

Gatewood, Charles B. 2005. Lt. Charles Gatewood and His Apache Wars Memoir . Edited by Louis Kraft. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

Chapter in an Edited Volume

In Text: (Thoreau 2016, 177-78).

Thoreau, Henry David. 2016. "Walking." In The Making of the American Essay , edited by John D'Agata, 167-95. Minneapolis: Graywolf Press.

In Text: (Tolstoy 1982, 392).

Tolstoy, Leo. 1982. War and Peace . Translated by Rosemary Edmonds. New York: Penguin Books.

In Text: (Nelmes 2012, 56).

Nelmes, Jill, ed. 2012. Introduction to Film Studies. 5th ed. Oxon, NY: Routledge.

In Text: (Proust 1957, 42).

Proust, Marcel. 1957. Time Regained . Vol. 12 of Remembrance of Things Past . Illustrated ed. London: Chatto & Windus.

In Text: (Heywood 2014, 125).

Heywood, John. 2014. “The Play of the Weather (c. 1533).” In The Oxford Anthology of Tudor Drama , edited by Greg Walker, 118-43. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

In Text: (Ryan 2013, xix).

Ryan, Alan. 2013. Foreword to Karl Marx , fifth edition, by Isaiah Berlin, xix-xxix. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Only use the original publication date in the in text citation if it is important to the context of the paper. Otherwise, just use the date of the reprint.

In Text where original date is important: (Daniken [1969] 1980, 78).

In Text where original date is NOT important: (Daniken 1980, 78).

Daniken, Erich von. (1969) 1980. Chariots of the Gods? Unsolved Mysteries of the Past. Reprint, New York: Berkley Publishing.

In Text: (Sarat and Umphrey 2013, 15).

Sarat, Austin, and Martha Merrill Umphrey. 2013. Reimagining "To Kill a Mockingbird:" Family, Community, and the Possibility of Equal Justice Under Law . Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.

You should work in the original date of the letter into your text, and then use the date of the book collection in the citation.

In Text: In Jean-Paul's letter to Simone on March 19, 1940 (Sartre 1983, 116), he said...

In Text: Sartre (1983, 116) said to Simone de Beauvoir on March 19, 1940...

Sartre, Jean-Paul. 1983. Quiet Moments in a War: The Letters of Jean-Paul Sartre to Simone de Beauvoir, 1940-1963. Edited by Simone de Beauvoir. Translated by Lee Fahnestock and Norman MacAfee. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.

In Text: (Wilder 2012, 17).

Wilder, Laura Ingalls. 2012. Little House in the Big Woods . The Little House Books. New York, NY: Library of America.

For well-known items like Britannica and Websters , include the edition rather than year, and do not include it in the bibliography. Use the abbreviation of "s.v." to signify the title of the encyclopedia entry. (S.V. stands for sub verbo or "under the word.") Include the author of a signed encyclopedia article. 

In Text : ( Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed).

In Text : ( Oxford Dictionary 2013).

Oxford Dictionary of Humorous Quotations. 2013. Fifth ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. s.v. "Stigma."

In Text : (Wikipedia 2015).

Wikipedia . 2015. s.v. "Magna Carta." Last modified October 19. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Carta.

In Text: (Ochner 2002, 329).

Ochner, Nobuko Miyama. 2002. "Enchi Fumiko." In Encyclopedia of Modern Asia . Ed. Karen Christensen and David Levinson. Vol. 2. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 329-330. Gale Virtual Reference Library .

In Text: [Torah/Bible] (Matthew 10:16, KJV).

In Text: [Qur'an] (Qur'an 5:8).

In Text: [Mishnah] (m.Berakhot 1:1-2). 

In Text: [Vedas] ( Rig Veda 10.90.12).

If the original source is not available, then use "quoted in" for the in text citation with some message in the text about the original source. Cite only the secondary source in the bibliography.

In Text: Anne Savage (quoted in Brownsworth 2014, 70) translated the passage as...

Brownworth, Lars. 2014. The Sea Wolves: A History of the Vikings . United Kingdom: Crux Publishing.

Your in text citation should include all the resources you cited for that sentence, but individual resources should be listed separately in your bibliography.

In Text: (Nelmes 2012; Cox 2009; Smith 2015).

If there are more than 3 authors, just use the first author's last name and "et al." in the In Text citation. If there is more than one article where the first author is the same but the subsequent authors are not, and they are all published in the same year, then use a second author to differentiate them. ex. (Byford, Collins et al. 2009) and (Byford, Smith et al. 2009).

In Text: (Byford 2012, 725).

Byford, Andy. 2012. "The Russian Diaspora in International Relations: ‘Compatriots’ in Britain."  Europe-Asia Studies  64, no. 4: 715-735.

In Text: (Subotic 2013, 273).

Subotic, Jelena. 2013. "Remembrance, Public Narratives, and Obstacles to Justice in the Western Balkans." Studies in Social Justice 7, no. 2: 265-283. http://brock.scholarsportal.info/journals/index.php/SSJ/article/view/1047.

For online journals, give the DOI if it is available; otherwise, use the "stable" or "persistent" URL of the article. If neither are available, then you can use the name of the database plus the number assigned to the article by the database. Page numbers should be included if they are available. 

Byford, Andy. 2012. "The Russian Diaspora in International Relations: ‘Compatriots’ in Britain."  Europe-Asia Studies  64, no. 4: 715-735. doi:10.1080/09668136.2012.660764.

In Text: (Koonse 2015, 26).

Koonse, Emma. 2015. “Mind, Body & Spirit.” Publisher’s Weekly, September 14: 25-28.

In Text: (Gorenstein 2015).

Gorenstein, Colin. 2015. "Jon Stewart Hammers GOP Over Incoherent Iran Warmongering." Salon , April 15. http://www.salon.com/2015/04/15/jon_stewart_hammers_gop_over_incoherent_iran_warmongering/.

For online magazines, give the DOI if it is available; otherwise, use the "stable" or "persistent" URL of the article. If neither are available, then you can use the name of the database plus the number assigned to the article by the database. If page numbers are included, use them; otherwise they are not required. 

In Text: (Keating 2015, 58).

Keating, Caitlin. 2015. "Hope After Tragedy Raising Quadruplets on my Own." People 83, no. 13, March 30: 58-61. Academic Search Premier (101639618).

In Text: (Wong 2010, 90)

Wong, Kate. 2010. "The Changing Arctic Landscape." Review of The Changing Arctic Landscape , by Ken Tape.  Scientific American  303 (2): 90. Academic Search Premier (52112108).

In Text: (Ross 2015).

Ross, Martin E. 2015. Letter to the editor. New York Times , October 5.

In Text: (Rubin 2015).

Rubin, Alissa J. 2015. “Doctors Without Borders Exits Afghan City as Fight Worsens.” New York Times, October 5, Late ed.: A1.

Rubin, Alissa J. 2015. “Doctors Without Borders Says It Is Leaving Kunduz After Strike on Hospital.” New York Times, October 4, http://nytimes.com.

Rubin, Alissa J. 2015. “Doctors Without Borders Exits Afghan City as Fight Worsens.” New York Times, October 5, LexisNexis Academic .

If the article is unsigned or the author unknown, then use a short version of the title that includes the first word not counting any articles (a, an, the). The year should come directly after the title in the bibliographic entry.

In Text: ("Rein in Online" 2015).

"Rein in Online Fantasy Sports Gambling." 2015. New York Times, October 5, sec. A22.

In Text: ("5 Ways" 2015).

"5 Ways to Save on Holiday Airfare." 2015. New York Times, October 22, http://nytimes.com.

Include an author if given, title of the site, sponsor if available, date of publication/modification (if available; if not available, then use the accessed date), and URL. Don't italicize the title of the site unless it's an online book or periodical. I f the website has a print counterpart, the title is in italics ( The New York Times , for example) . If the website does not have a print c ounterpart, the site is not in italics.  Use quotemarks for sections or individual pages within a website.

In Text: (Northern New York Library Network 2015).

Northern New York Library Network. 2015. "Upcoming Events." Last updated October 13. http://nnyln.org/events.html.

In Text: (Howarth 2015).

Howarth, Paul. 2015. The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive. Boise State University. Last updated April 3. http://math.boisestate.edu/GaS/.

In Text: (Banerjee 2007).

Banerjee, Jacqueline. 2007. "Queen's College and the "Ladies' College"." Victorian Web. Last modified June 14. http://www.victorianweb.org/history/education/ulondon/6.html.

In Text: (Watt 2015).

Watt, Douglas F. 2015. “Re: Wildlife Lenses for Sony A77,” Digital Photography Discussions Thread. Digital Photography Review. January 5. http://www.dpreview.com/forums/post/55041898

Personal communications are not included in the bibliography. Instead of an in text citation using parenthesis, you can use a purely textual reference to the item.

In Text: In an email to the author on October 8, 2015, Jesi Buell said...

In Text: (Jesi Buell, e-mail message to the author, October 8, 2015).

In Text: (Jesi Buell, pers. comm.).

You should italicize the name of the blog, with "(blog)" listed after it if the name doesn't include "blog" to differentiate it from a regular website. For a comment on a post, you should use a textual reference to signal that it is a comment, then cite the original post. If the author is unknown or uses a pseudonym to refer to a group posting on a single blog, you can use that pseudonym/username instead.

In Text: (Nye 2011).

Nye, Bill. 2011. "Hubble's Millionth Observation." Your Place in Space (blog). The Planetary Society , July 5, http://www.planetary.org/blogs/bill-nye/3088.html.

In Text: In a comment on June 14, 2015, Bob Ware said... (Nye 2015).

Nye, Bill. 2015. "Tonight I Glimpsed LightSail." Your Place in Space (blog). The Planetary Society , June 14, http://www.planetary.org/blogs/bill-nye/20150614-tonight-i-glimpsed-lightsail.html.

In Text: (medievalpoc 2015).

medievalpoc. 2015. “Pieter Brueghel the Younger.” People of Color in European Art History (blog). Accessed October 21, http://medievalpoc.tumblr.com/post/130342024617/pieter-brueghel-the-younger-die-kreuztragung.

In Text : (Truty 2016).

Michele Truty, "We do need a gender-neutral pronoun," Facebook, August 24, 2016, https://facebook.com/micheletruty/posts/1032352213.

In Text : On August 24, 2016, Michele Truty pointed out the need for gender-neutral pronouns in our language on her Facebook account. (Truty 2016).

In Text : (Swift 2017).

Taylor Swift (@taylorswift13), "Look what you made me do," Twitter, October 13, 2017, 10:00 p.m., https://twitter.com/TaylorSwift/status/843848339292

In Text: (Private Cabin 2015).

Private Cabin. 2015. "Freddy vs. Jason." Episode 221. We Hate Movies. Podcast audio. October 20. http://www.whmpodcast.com/.

In Text: (CBS News 2012).

CBS News. 2012. “Khan Academy: The Future of Education?” YouTube , March 11. https://youtu.be/zxJgPHM5NYI.

In Text: ("Chopin" 2015).

"Chopin - Complete Nocturnes." 2015. YouTube , May 8. https://youtu.be/liTSRH4fix4

Include all information important to identifying the film, such as writer, director (whichever is more important for your paper) and season/episode number for TV shows. If you are referring to a specific DVD release, include the original year of release for the film as well as the DVD release year. Citations should privilege the original release date over the digital one.

In Text: ( Dark Knight Rises 2012).

The Dark Knight Rises. 2012. Directed by Christopher Nolen. Burbank, CA: Warner Bros. Entertainment. DVD.

In Text: (Gimple 2014).

Gimple, Scott M. 2014. "No Sanctuary." The Walking Dead season 5, episode 1. Directed by Greg Nicotero. Aired October 12. Anchor Bay Entertainment, 2015. DVD.

In Text: ( Vertigo 1958).

Vertigo . 1958. Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Universal City, CA: Universal, 2008. DVD.

In Text: ( Nightmare Before Christmas 1993).

The Nightmare Before Christmas . 1993. Directed by Henry Selick. Netflix.com.

In Text : (James 1990).

James, Etta. 1990. Stickin' to my Guns. Island Record 842 936-1, 33 1/3 rpm.

In Text: (Mozart 1999).

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. 1999. Piano Concertos K. 271, 453 , 466; Adagio and fugue K. 546. Conducted by Dennis Russell Davies. Recorded May 1996 and March 1998. Muenchen: ECM Records 289 462 651-2, 2 compact discs.

In Text: (Puccini 2005).

Puccini, Giacomo. 2005. "Nessun Dorma." From Turandot ; Luciano Pavarotti (tenor). London Symphony Orchestra. Conducted by Zubin Mehta. Luciano Pavarotti - The Best . Decca, MP3 file. Downloaded May 15, 2009. iTunes .

In Text : (Chopin 2015).

Chopin, Frederick. 2015. Nocturn Op. 55 No. 10. Performed by Robin Scheidegger. Streaming Audio. Accessed October 21. Soundcloud.com.

In Text : (Brooks 2013).

Brooks, Max. 2013. World War Z: An Oral History of the Zombie War . Performed by F. Murray Abraham, Alan Alda, Rene Auberjonois, et al. Complete edition. New York: Random House Audio, 10 compact discs.

In Text: (Mozart 1951).

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. 1951 . The Marriage of Figaro: An Opera in Four Acts. Libretto by Lorenzo Da Ponte. English version by Ruth and Thomas Martin. New York: G. Schirmer.

In Text : (Picasso 1905-6).

Picasso, Pablo. 1905-6. Gertrude Stein .  Oil on canvas. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY.

In Text : (Abbott 1927).

Abbott, Berenice. 1927. Julien Levy . Gelatin silver print. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, http://www.metmuseum.org/collection/the-collection-online/search/282740.

In Text : (Durer 1520).

Durer, Albrecht. 1520. Head of a Woman . British Museum, London, UK, ARTstor (33-01-09/58).

In Text : (Liu 2015).

Liu, Christina. 2015. This is not a Play about Sex. Directed by Charity Whyte and Providence Ryan. Colgate University Community, Hamilton, NY, October 3.

In Text: (US Senate 2015).

United States Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. 2015. The Case for Climate Change Action: Hearing before the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate , 108th Cong., 1st sess. Washington, DC: GPO.

In Text: (Navarro 2006).

Navarro, Emily. 2006. "SimSE: A Software Engineering Simulation Environment for Software Process Education." PhD diss., University of California, Irvine. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.134.5381&rep=rep1&type=pdf.

In Text: (Patrick 1966).

Patrick, G. S. 1966. "The Impact of Managerial Ability and Capital Structure on Farm Firm Growth." M.S. thesis, Purdue University Library, June. ProQuest (AAT 9666404).

In Text: (Stegemoeller  2005, 23).

Stegemoeller, Rachel. 2005. "Shidai Manhua and the Challenges of Modernity." B.A. thesis, Colgate University, Spring.

If you are only citing one item from a collection, then give the full citation to the specific item in the bibliography. If you're citing several things from the same collection, then use the text to give the details of the item with a shorter bibliographic citation for the collection.

In Text : (Dunlap 1962).

Dunlap, Jr., Orrin E. 1962. “Communications in Space.” M2001, Orrin E. Dunlap, Jr. papers. Special Collections and University Archives. Colgate University Libraries.

In Text: In an undated black and white photograph of Willow Path (Buildings file A1000), the geese appear prominently, while an image from 1952 (Buildings file A10001) shows that they are missing.

In Text : William White wrote in a letter to L. York on February 7, 1964 (York M2027) to say...

In Text : (Colgate University 1969, 53).

Colgate University. 1969. Board of Trustees Minutes, vol. 14, 1966-1969 . Hamilton, NY: Colgate University Press.

In Text: (Colgate University 1934, 90).

Colgate University. 1934. Salmagundi, 1934 . Hamilton, NY: Colgate University Press.

In Text: (Colgate University 1937, 20).

Colgate University. 1937. Salmagundi, 1937 . Hamilton, NY: Colgate University Press. http://diglib.colgate.edu

In Text : (Rankine 2015).

Rankine, Claudia. 2015. "Citizen: An American Lyric." Poetry reading. Colgate University. Hamilton, NY, October 21.

In Text: (Rios-Rojas 2015).

Rios-Rojas, Anna. 2015. "American School." Class lecture. Colgate University. Hamilton, NY, November 3.

In Text: (Radnor 2015).

Radnor, Josh. 2015. "An Evening with Josh Radnor: Screenwriting Master Class." Lecture. Andrew W Mellon Foundation and Central New York Humanities Corridor. Hamilton, NY, September 24.

In Text : (Milberger 2002).

Milberger, Sharon. 2002. Evaluation of Violence Against Women With Physical Disabilities in Michigan, 2000-2001 . ICPSR version. Detroit: Wayne State University. Distributed by Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research. doi:10.3886/ICPSR03414.v1.

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Research Guides

Gould library, how to cite your sources.

• Tools and Handbooks

Chicago Quick Guides!

Video examples of chicago manual of style, citing other publication types.

• Citing Government Documents
• Citing Rare Books
• Citing Archival Material
• Image Credits and Captions
• Informal Attribution

Style Guides

What does an Annotated Bibliography look like?

• Chicago Manual of Style: Annotated bibliography example Remember that your annotated bibliographies are not simply lists. They are creative, rhetorical devices that map out the scholarly conversation on a topic.

More Videos on Chicago

• Chicago Style - Books (Video)
• Chicago Style - Journals (Video)
• Chicago Style - Websites & Social Media (Video)
• Notes & Bibliography
• Author-Date

(N) = footnote or endnote style ; (B) = Bibliography style

Your bibliography should be alphabetized by author last name. For works that do not have an author, alphabetize by item title (omitting articles like "a" or "the"). Your bibliography should also be formatted using Hanging Indents .

Newspaper Article/Newspapers

(N) "Shipping News,"  New York Herald , December 4, 1868, Readex America's Historical Newspapers.

(B) The New York Herald, 1868-1878.

(B) The Ohio State Journal (Columbus, Ohio) April 1-20, 1900.

• See:  14.191: Basic citation format for newspaper articles
• Newspapers are more commonly cited in notes or parenthetical references than in bibliographies.
• An example from the Carleton History Department on how to cite a newspaper in a bibliography (if needed)

(N) 1. “Balkan Romani,” Endangered Languages, Alliance for Linguistic Diversity, accessed September 2, 2022, https://web.archive.org/web/20220822122125/https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/5342.

• See  14.207: Citing web pages and websites for other options : Include a publication date or date of revision or modification if possible; else, access date
• See  14.10: Short forms for URLs for help with long, weird URLs
• You may also choose to cite to the Internet Archive instead of the live website

Images and Art

(N) 1. Michelangelo Buonarroti, The Slave , 1513-15, marble, 2.09 m., Paris, The Louvre.

(B) Buonarroti, Michelangelo. The Slave , 1513-15. Marble, 2.09 m. Paris, The Louvre.

• See:  14.235: Citing paintings, photographs, and sculpture
• See: Best practices for Creative Commons attribution

If citing images found in published works or online collections, cite them similarly to book chapters, articles, or web pages within website, with the artist in the author position and the image title in the chapter title, article title, or webpage title position.

Data Sets & DH Projects

(N) 1. Creator,  Title  (Place: Publisher, Year), link.

(B) Creator. Title.  Place: Publisher, Year. link.

(N) 1. The World Bank. Washington Development Indicators . (Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 2012). http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators.

(B) The World Bank. World Development Indicators . Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 2012. http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators.

• See:  Example of how to cite different parts of a digital humanities project

Primary Sources in a Republished Source

When possible, always find and cite the original. If this is absolutely impossible, you may need to cite a primary source that is republished in a secondary source.

Follow whatever citation rules apply to your specific item type; for instance, because this example is a newspaper article, there's only a short bibliography entry. If this were a different item type, the bibliography entry might look different. 

(N) 1. [Complete citation for the older/original item; see Archival Citations  or above for help], quoted in [Complete citation for newer/secondary source; see above for help], page #, URL/doi.

(B) [Complete citation for the older/original item; see Archival Citations or above for help]. Quoted in [Complete citation for newer/secondary source; see above for help]. URL/doi. 

(N) 1. Itthi, "Love Problems of the Third Sex -- Solved by Go Pakhnam" [in Thai], Plaek , July 7, 1976, quoted in Peter A. Jackson, First Queer Voices from Thailand: Uncle Go’s Advice Columns for Gays, Lesbians and Kathoeys (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2016), 196-197,  https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1bj4sqf .

(B) Plaek . July 7, 1976. Quoted in Peter A. Jackson. First Queer Voices from Thailand: Uncle Go’s Advice Columns for Gays, Lesbians and Kathoeys. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2016. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1bj4sqf .

• See:  14.260: Citations taken from secondary sources
• See: Citing Primary Sources Published in Edited Collections  (Trent University)

If citing images or art that stand alone:

Buonarroti, Michelangelo. 1513-15. The Slav e. Marble, 2.09 m. Paris, The Louvre.

Creator. Year. Title . Place: Publisher. link

The World Bank. 2012. World Development Indicators . Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators.

Lastname, Firstname. Year.  Title . Performed by Firstname Lastname. Place: Studio. Format.

Wong, John. 1999. Cool People at the Libe. Directed by Cat Toff. Northfield: Gould Libe. DVD.

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How to cite unpublished sources?

Citing unpublished sources in academic or professional writing requires a different approach than citing published works. Unpublished sources may include research papers, theses, dissertations, conference papers, unpublished manuscripts, and other original works that have not been formally published or made publicly accessible. As with other sources, the specific citation style you are using (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.) will dictate the format. Below are examples of how to cite unpublished sources in APA, MLA, and Chicago styles:

• APA Style: For unpublished sources in APA style, include the author's name, the year the work was produced (or "n.d." if not available), the title of the work, and a description of the document type (e.g., unpublished manuscript, doctoral dissertation, conference presentation).

Example of citing an unpublished manuscript: Smith, J. A. (2023). Title of Unpublished Manuscript [Unpublished manuscript].

Example of citing a doctoral dissertation: Johnson, R. B. (2022). Title of Dissertation [Doctoral dissertation, University Name].

• MLA Style: In MLA style, citing unpublished sources includes the author's name, the title of the work, the document type, and the institution or organization where the work is housed.

Example of citing an unpublished manuscript: Smith, John A. Title of Unpublished Manuscript. Unpublished manuscript, Name of Institution.

Example of citing a thesis or dissertation: Johnson, Robert. Title of Dissertation. Diss. University of XYZ, 2021.

• Chicago/Turabian Style: In Chicago style (both author-date and notes & bibliography), citing unpublished sources typically includes the author's name, the title of the work, the document type, and any additional publication or location information.

Example of citing an unpublished manuscript in notes & bibliography style:

• Smith, Jane. "Title of Unpublished Manuscript." Unpublished manuscript, Name of Institution, Year.

Example of citing a thesis or dissertation in notes & bibliography style:

• Johnson, Robert. "Title of Dissertation." PhD diss., University of XYZ, 2021.

Note that for unpublished sources, it's essential to provide as much information as possible to help readers locate and verify the source if needed. Additionally, if the work is forthcoming or under review for publication, you can indicate that in the citation to provide further context.

As with all citations, make sure to follow the guidelines of your chosen citation style for formatting and punctuation.

Related Guides

Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

This section contains information on The Chicago Manual of Style  (CMOS) method of document formatting and citation. These resources follow the seventeenth edition of The Chicago Manual of Style (17t h e dition), which was issued in 2017.

Please note that although these resources reflect the most recent updates in the The Chicago Manual of Style  (17 th  edition) concerning documentation practices, you can review a full list of updates concerning usage, technology, professional practice, etc. at  The Chicago Manual of Style Online .

Introduction

The Chicago Manual of Style  (CMOS) covers a variety of topics from manuscript preparation and publication to grammar, usage, and documentation, and as such, it has been lovingly dubbed the “editor's bible.”

The material on this page focuses primarily on one of the two CMOS documentation styles: the Notes-Bibliography System (NB) , which is used by those working in literature, history, and the arts. The other documentation style, the Author-Date System, is nearly identical in content but slightly different in form and is preferred by those working in the social sciences.

Though the two systems both convey all of the important information about each source, they differ not only in terms of the way they direct readers to these sources, but also in terms of their formatting (e.g., the position of dates in citation entries). For examples of how these citation styles work in research papers, consult our sample papers: 

Author-Date Sample Paper

NB Sample Paper

In addition to consulting  The Chicago Manual of Style  (17th edition) for more information, students may also find it useful to consult Kate L. Turabian's  Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations  (8th edition). This manual, which presents what is commonly known as the "Turabian" citation style, follows the two CMOS patterns of documentation but offers slight modifications suited to student texts.

Notes and Bibliography (NB) in Chicago style

The Chicago Notes and Bibliography (NB) system is often used in the humanities to provide writers with a system for referencing their sources through the use of footnotes, endnotes, and through the use of a bibliography. This offers writers a flexible option for citation and provides   an outlet for commenting on those sources, if needed. Proper use of the Notes and Bibliography system builds a writer’s credibility by demonstrating their accountability to source material. In addition, it can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the intentional or accidental uncredited use of source material created by others.

Introduction to Notes

In the Notes and Bibliography system, you should include a note (endnote or footnote) each time you use a source, whether through a direct quote, paraphrase, or summary. Footnotes are added at the end of the page on which the source is referenced, while endnotes are compiled at the end of each chapter or at the end of the entire document.

In either case, a superscript number corresponding to a note, along with the bibliographic information for that source, should be placed in the text following the end of the sentence or clause in which the source is referenced.

If a work includes a bibliography, which is typically preferred, then it is not necessary to provide full publication details in notes. However, if a bibliography is not included with a work, the first note for each source should include  all  relevant information about the source: author’s full name, source title, and facts of publication. If you cite the same source again, or if a bibliography is included in the work, the note only needs to include the surname of the author, a shortened form of the title (if more than four words), and the page number(s). However, in a work that does not include a bibliography, it is recommended that the full citation be repeated when it is first used in a new chapter.

In contrast to earlier editions of CMOS, if you cite the same source two or more times consecutively, CMOS recommends using shortened citations. In a work with a bibliography, the first reference should use a shortened citation which includes the author’s name, the source title, and the page number(s), and consecutive references to the same work may omit the source title and simply include the author and page number. Although discouraged by CMOS, if you cite the same source and page number(s) from a single source two or more times consecutively, it is also possible to utilize the word “Ibid.,” ( from the Latin ibidem, which means “in the same place,”) as the corresponding note. If you use the same source but a draw from different new page, the corresponding note should use “Ibid.” followed by a comma and the new page number(s).

In the NB system, the footnote or endnote itself begins with the appropriate full-sized number, followed by a period and then a space.

Introduction to Bibliographies

In the NB system, the bibliography provides an alphabetical list of all sources used in a given work. This page, most often titled Bibliography, is usually placed at the end of the work preceding the index. It should include all sources cited within the work and may sometimes include other relevant sources that were not cited but provide further reading.

Although bibliographic entries for various sources may be formatted differently, all included sources (books, articles, websites, etc.) are arranged alphabetically by author’s last name. If no author or editor is listed, the title or, as a last resort, a descriptive phrase may be used.

Though useful, a bibliography is not required in works that provide full bibliographic information in the notes.

Common Elements

All entries in the bibliography will include the author (or editor, compiler, translator), title, and publication information.

Author Names

The author’s name is inverted in the bibliography, placing the last name first and separating the last name and first name with a comma; for example, John Smith becomes Smith, John.

Titles of books and journals are italicized. Titles of articles, chapters, poems, etc. are placed in quotation marks .

Publication Information

The year of publication is listed after the publisher or journal name .

Punctuation

In a bibliography, all major elements are separated by periods.

For more information and specific examples, see the sections on  Books  and  Periodicals .

Please note that this OWL resource provides basic information regarding the formatting of entries used in the bibliography. For more information about Selected Bibliographies, Annotated Bibliographies, and Bibliographic Essays, please consult Chapter 14.61 of  The Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition).

• Bibliography
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Dissertation (thesis): how to cite in Chicago Style – notes and bibliography (17th ed.)?

Create a spot-on reference in chicago 17 and 16, general rules.

Citing dissertations, master's theses, etc. under the requirements of The Chicago Manual of Style is specific due to the particularities of this type of source. Thus, a bibliographic reference should include the university responsible for the preparation and defense of the work and the type of work. The title of the dissertation is put between quotation marks. Use the following templates for references:

Reference in a bibliography:

Author . " Title ." Work type , University , year . URL .

Author , " Title " ( work type , University , year ), number of the cited page , URL .

Short note:

Author , " Title ," number of the cited page .

For a dissertation published online, it is allowed to indicate the database from which it is available and its publication number in the database instead of the URL address.

To order and indicate correctly all reference elements, we recommend using our online reference generator .

Examples of references in a bibliography

Bolton, Emma Victoria. "The Barriers and Facilitators to Stopping Inappropriate Medicines ('Deprescribing') for Older People Living in Care Homes." PhD thesis, University of Leeds, 2020. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/27649/ .

Alotaibi, Sarah. "A Biophysically-Based Skin Reflectance Model for Face Analysis." PhD thesis, University of York, 2019. White Rose eTheses Online.

Examples of notes

1. Emma Victoria Bolton, "The Barriers and Facilitators to Stopping Inappropriate Medicines ('Deprescribing') for Older People Living in Care Homes" (PhD thesis, University of Leeds, 2020), 11, http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/27649/ .

2. Sarah Alotaibi, "A Biophysically-Based Skin Reflectance Model for Face Analysis" (PhD thesis, University of York, 2019), 41, White Rose eTheses Online.

3. Bolton, "Stopping Inappropriate Medicines ('Deprescribing')," 11.

4. Alotaibi, "Skin Reflectance Model," 42.

Other citation styles:

• What is APA Style (7th ed.)?
• Examples of bibliographic references in APA (7th ed.)
• APA 7 vs APA 6: key differences
• How to cite authors?
• How to format the references page with APA (7th ed.)?
• In-text citations
• Archival document
• Book chapter
• Conference paper
• Dictionary/encyclopedia/dictionary entry/encyclopedia article
• Dissertation (thesis)
• Journal article
• Newspaper article
• Press release
• Religious text
• Social media post
• Software / mobile app
• Video (online)
• Video game / computer game
• What is MLA Style (8th ed.)?
• Examples of references in works cited in MLA (8th ed.)
• How to format the works cited page in MLA (8th ed.)?
• What is Chicago Style?
• Examples of bibliographic references in Chicago Style – notes and bibliography (17th ed.)
• How to format the bibliography page?
• Notes and in-text citations
• Examples of bibliographic references in Chicago Style – author-date (17th ed.)
• What is Harvard referencing style?
• Examples of bibliographic references in Harvard style
• Online video
• What is IEEE Style?
• Examples of bibliographic references in IEEE Style
• How to format the references pages in IEEE Style?
• What is Vancouver Style?
• Examples of bibliographic references in Vancouver Style

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How To Cite Unpublished Dissertation In The Chicago Style: A Detailed Guide

In higher learning institutions, there are different styles of writing which a student is expected to pursue among them is the Chicago style. When it is time to craft your final paper, this is an aspect which should always be taken into serious consideration because you don’t want to write and only to be told you failed to follow the requisite rules that define a given academic writing style. In dissertation writing, it is therefore paramount to stick to the rules of writing which your college recommends while ensuring that every bits and bytes of the same are given preference. Further, there is no day you will do a piece of academic paper and call it done without including references or the section which shows your cited works. The question however is; what about situations whereby you have no option but to cite unpolished works? To someone who is going to cite such works for the first time, it can be a big hurdle and the possibility of doing it wrongly cannot be overruled. Therefore, a little guidance on how to do it just rightly is important and this is what this article discusses hereafter.

Use of quotations

Well, when your academic writing pursues the Chicago style, the use of quotations makes is always phenomenal when referencing unpublished thesis. Make no mistake of using italics. The name of the unpublished work is what should appear in quotations. This is then followed by the name of the institution of higher learning and then the date. These are always enclosed by a parenthesis in note form but not in bibliographic referencing.

What about reference list?

In crafting an academic paper where giving attribution to unpublished works is part of writing, in text citation becomes more pronounced than having a bibliographic reference at the end of your writing. In this regard, you are supposed to have your sources including the authors names fully included in the text rather than under bibliographic information.

The order of citation

When citing unpolished sources in your writing, it means you are referencing to majorly primary sources of information which can otherwise be referred to as raw data. The name of the unpublished work will always come first and in which case should appear as italicized and followed by the name of higher learning institution such as university or college. The author’s name will always come last and the option of having all names indicated is never a mistake.

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How do I cite an unpublished material (e.g. diary) in Chicago Style?

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Answered By: Events Calendar Last Updated: Feb 23, 2022     Views: 16577

Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS)  14.221:

Full identification of most unpublished material usually requires giving the title and date of the item, series title (if applicable), name of the collection, and name of the depository. Except for placing the cited item first [in a note], there is no general agreement on the sequence of the remaining elements in the citation.  Whatever sequence is adopted, however, should be used consistently throughout the same work.

Citations of collections consulted online will usually take the same form as citations of physical collections, aside from the addition of a URL or database name.

Elements of footnote:

Title of cited item, format (e.g. original manuscript, digital reproduction of original manuscript, transcript), date of item (unless clear from the title), box number (if applicable), name of the collection (if applicable), name of the depository.

(Include the page number if the source has page numbers, e.g. the transcript, the pdf version of the original – see examples below.)  

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Elements of bibliography:

Title of item cited. Format. Date of item (unless clear from the title). Name of collection (if applicable). Name of depository.

Note: don’t use italics for the title in either the footnote or bibliography.

Footnote examples:

2. Mary Ann Friend Journal Typescript, n.d., State Library of Western Australia, 19, https://www.slwa.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/MaryAnnefriendtypescript.pdf.

3. Mary Ann Friend's Journal of a Voyage to Hobart with Account of the Settlement on the Swan River, 1829-1831, digital reproduction of original manuscript, State Library of Western Australia, 34,  https://www.slwa.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/MaryAnnFriendDiary.pdf.

Short form footnote examples:

6. Journal Typescript, 20.

7. Mary Ann Friend's Journal, digital reproduction, 35.

Bibliography examples:

Mary Ann Friend Journal Typescript. n.d. State Library of Western Australia. https://www.slwa.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/MaryAnnefriendtypescript.pdf.

Mary Ann Friend's Journal of a Voyage to Hobart with Account of the Settlement on the Swan River, 1829-1831. Digital reproduction of original manuscript. State Library of Western Australia. https://www.slwa.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/MaryAnnFriendDiary.pdf.

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• Chicago 17 - Manuscripts 14.221
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