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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

A policy analysis of china’s sustainable rural revitalization: integrating environmental, social and economic dimensions.

• 1 School of Tourism and Business, Guangzhou Panyu Polytechnic, Guangzhou, China
• 2 School of Management, Guangdong University of Education, Guangzhou, China

Rural decline has become a global challenge threatening sustainable development. Many countries have explored rural revitalization strategies, but systematic research on policy mechanisms and optimization paths is lacking. This study collected 74 rural revitalization policy texts in China from 2018 to 2024 through stratified sampling. Combining qualitative coding and quantitative modeling, including grounded theory, LDA topic model, sentiment analysis and semantic network analysis, this study constructed an integrated analytical framework to examine policy themes, emotional expression and logical relationships. The results identified the “Five Revitalizations” framework focusing on industrial, talent, cultural, ecological and organizational revitalization, as well as the “Four Supports” of institutional innovation, input guarantee, technological support and legal protection. The policy texts exhibit an increasingly optimistic tone, with traditional themes of deepening rural reform and increasing agricultural investment coexisting with emerging themes of urban-rural integration and digital countryside construction. Semantic network analysis further revealed the intrinsic linkages among policy themes. Comparative analysis with international rural revitalization cases yielded the following optimization paths: improving urban-rural integration mechanisms, strengthening diversified input guarantee, enhancing technological and talent support, and innovating rural governance models. This study enriches the theoretical understanding and practical guidance for sustainable rural revitalization from a global perspective.

1 Introduction

Rural decline has become a global challenge in the 21st century. Rapid urbanization has led to population outflow, economic downturn, social hollowing and ecological degradation in many rural areas ( Shucksmith and Brown, 2016 ; Zang et al., 2020). The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals emphasize the urgency of revitalizing rural areas to ensure food security, poverty alleviation, and inclusive growth ( UN, 2015 ). Many countries have explored rural revitalization strategies, such as the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy and South Korea’s New Village Movement ( Pe’er et al., 2020 ; Hong et al., 2023 ). However, the complex challenges of rural decline require more systematic research on policy mechanisms and optimization paths.

China has introduced a series of policies to promote rural revitalization since the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 2017 ( Yan et al., 2021 ). As the world’s largest developing country, China’s experience in sustainable rural development has global implications. Some studies have analyzed China’s rural revitalization policies from the perspectives of theoretical interpretation, practical models, and local experiences ( Liu Y. et al., 2020 ; Zang et al., 2020). However, there is a lack of systematic examination of policy theme evolution, emotional expression and logical relationships based on large-scale textual data.

Despite the growing scholarly attention to sustainable rural development, existing research on China’s rural revitalization policies exhibits several limitations. First, most studies focus on specific aspects or cases of rural revitalization, such as agricultural modernization (Zhou et al., 2020), rural tourism ( Liu C. et al., 2020 ), or village planning ( Huang et al., 2020 ), lacking a holistic understanding of the policy landscape and its evolutionary dynamics. Considering the global relevance of sustainable rural development, this study also draws on insights from international research, such as the analysis of poverty status changes within the European Union ( Łuczak and Kalinowski, 2022 ) and the impact of institutional factors like property rights and corruption on economic growth ( Čermáková et al., 2020 ). A systematic examination of the policy themes, instruments, and interrelationships is needed to grasp the complexity and coherence of China’s rural revitalization agenda.

Second, current research predominantly relies on qualitative methods, such as case studies (Zhou et al., 2020), interviews ( Wu and Liu, 2020 ), and policy document analysis ( Yin et al., 2022 ), which offer in-depth insights but limited generalizability. Quantitative approaches, such as text mining and semantic analysis, have been underutilized in studying rural revitalization policies. Combining qualitative and quantitative methods can enhance the breadth and depth of policy analysis and uncover latent patterns and trends.

Third, there is a lack of comparative studies that situate China’s rural revitalization policies within the international context of sustainable rural development ( Yan et al., 2021 ). While some studies have discussed the implications of China’s experience for other developing countries ( Yang et al., 2021 ), more systematic comparative analysis is needed to identify the commonalities, specificities, and transferability of China’s rural revitalization model. Engaging with the global knowledge base on sustainable rural development can enrich the theoretical understanding and practical relevance of China’s policies.

To address these research gaps, this study sets out three main objectives:

1. To systematically analyze the evolutionary dynamics of China’s rural revitalization policies from 2018 to 2024, by identifying the key policy themes, instruments, and their interrelationships through an integrated framework combining qualitative coding and quantitative modeling;

2. To compare China’s rural revitalization policies with international experiences and theories of sustainable rural development, in order to generate contextualized insights and transferable lessons;

3. To contribute to the global knowledge base on sustainable rural development by advancing the theoretical understanding and practical implications of China’s rural revitalization model.

By pursuing these objectives, this study aims to provide a comprehensive and nuanced understanding of China’s rural revitalization policies, shed light on their strengths, limitations, and potential for improvement, and inform policy design and implementation for sustainable rural development in China and beyond.

This study advances the theoretical understanding and practical application of sustainable rural development. By integrating perspectives from multifunctionality, neo-endogenous development, and socio-ecological resilience, it develops a novel framework for analyzing the complex dynamics of rural sustainability transitions. Empirically, the systematic examination of China’s rural revitalization policies generates valuable insights and lessons for fostering inclusive and resilient rural futures in developing countries. The study also demonstrates methodological innovation by combining qualitative and quantitative approaches in policy analysis. These contributions enrich the global knowledge base on sustainable rural development and inform policy design and implementation.

2 Literature review

2.1 theoretical advancements in sustainable rural development.

Sustainable rural development has become a focal point in the global pursuit of balanced and inclusive growth, as rural areas face mounting challenges such as demographic decline, economic stagnation, social inequality, and environmental degradation ( Long et al., 2022 ; López-Penabad et al., 2022 ). Recent theoretical advancements have shed new light on the complex dynamics, diverse pathways, and innovative strategies for fostering rural sustainability transitions (Zang et al., 2020).

The multifunctional rural development paradigm has gained prominence in recent years, emphasizing the multiple roles and values of rural areas beyond agricultural production, such as ecosystem services, cultural heritage, renewable energy, and rural-urban linkages ( Gutierrez-Velez et al., 2022 ) This perspective aligns with the holistic and integrated approach adopted in China’s rural revitalization agenda, which seeks to balance economic, social, and ecological objectives in rural development ( Dai et al., 2022 ; Deng et al., 2022 ). However, operationalizing the multifunctionality concept in policy design and implementation remains challenging, due to the complexity and context-specificity of rural systems ( van Noordwijk et al., 2018 ).

The neo-endogenous development theory has also gained traction in rural sustainability research, highlighting the agency and capacity of local actors in shaping rural futures, while leveraging external support and networks ( Eversole and Campbell, 2023 ). This perspective resonates with China’s emphasis on mobilizing grassroots initiatives and fostering multi-stakeholder partnerships in rural revitalization ( Liu and Martens, 2023 ). However, the uneven distribution of endogenous capacities across rural areas, as well as the power asymmetries between local and external actors, may hinder the scalability and sustainability of neo-endogenous development ( Singh et al., 2023 ).

The socio-ecological resilience framework provides a dynamic and adaptive lens for understanding the sustainability of rural systems in the face of global change and uncertainty ( Stotten et al., 2021 ). It conceptualizes rural areas as complex adaptive systems that are shaped by the interactions and feedbacks between social, economic, and ecological components at multiple scales ( Levin et al., 2013 ). This perspective is particularly relevant for analyzing China’s rural revitalization policies, given the country’s vulnerability to climate change, natural disasters, and public health crises ( Zhang et al., 2022 ). However, measuring and monitoring rural resilience remains methodologically challenging, due to the multidimensional and dynamic nature of the concept.

Institutional theories offer critical insights into the governance arrangements and policy frameworks that enable or constrain sustainable rural development ( Koopmans et al., 2018 ). They highlight the crucial role of formal and informal institutions, such as property rights, fiscal transfer, performance evaluation, and social norms, in shaping the incentives, capacities, and interactions of rural actors ( Oedl-Wieser et al., 2020 ). This perspective is instrumental for understanding the institutional foundations and innovations underpinning China’s rural revitalization, such as the collective land ownership system, the rural governance reforms, and the targeted poverty alleviation campaign ( Looney, 2015 ).

2.2 A pluralistic theoretical framework for analyzing China’s rural revitalization

Building upon the theoretical advancements reviewed above, this study proposes a pluralistic framework that integrates the key perspectives of multifunctionality, neo-endogenous development, socio-ecological resilience, and institutional theories for analyzing China’s rural revitalization policies. This framework recognizes the complementarities and tensions between different dimensions and pathways of rural sustainability, and seeks to generate a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the challenges, opportunities, and strategies for rural transitions in the Chinese context.

Specifically, the multifunctionality theory provides a holistic lens for examining the multiple objectives, values, and functions embodied in China’s rural revitalization agenda, such as agricultural modernization, ecological conservation, cultural heritage, and social equity ( Jiang et al., 2022 ). The neo-endogenous development theory offers a useful perspective for investigating the interplay between top-down policies and bottom-up initiatives in China’s rural revitalization processes, and the roles and capacities of different actors in shaping rural futures ( Gao et al., 2023 ; Sun et al., 2024 ). The socio-ecological resilience framework contributes to understanding the dynamic and adaptive nature of China’s rural systems in the face of multiple and interacting stressors, and the key factors and strategies for enhancing rural resilience ( Stotten et al., 2021 ). The institutional theory sheds light on the governance arrangements and policy innovations that underpin China’s rural revitalization, and the enablers and barriers for institutional change and coordination ( Yin et al., 2022 ).

By integrating these theoretical perspectives, this study aims to advance a more robust and inclusive framework for analyzing China’s rural revitalization policies, which captures the complex interactions and feedbacks between multiple dimensions, scales, and actors in rural systems. This framework can guide the empirical analysis of the evolutionary dynamics, thematic patterns, and implementation challenges of China’s rural revitalization policies, as well as the identification of policy implications and recommendations for fostering sustainable rural development in China and beyond.

2.3 Bridging theory and practice: research questions for analyzing China’s rural revitalization policies

Drawing upon the pluralistic theoretical framework proposed above, this study focuses on the following research questions to guide the analysis of China’s rural revitalization policies:

What are the key themes, objectives, and instruments of China’s rural revitalization policies, and how have they evolved over time? How do these themes reflect the changing political, economic, and social contexts of rural development in China?

To what extent do China’s rural revitalization policies embody a multifunctional perspective, balancing objectives such as agricultural modernization, ecological conservation, and cultural heritage? What synergies and trade-offs exist between different policy goals and functions?

How do China’s rural revitalization policies mobilize and leverage the endogenous resources and capacities of rural communities, while providing necessary external support and coordination? What roles do different actors, such as governments, businesses, cooperatives, and households, play in shaping rural development processes and outcomes?

What institutional arrangements, policy instruments, and governance innovations underpin China’s rural revitalization agenda, such as land tenure reforms, fiscal transfers, and digital agriculture initiatives? How do they enable or constrain the coordination, participation, and adaptation of rural development policies and practices?

What lessons and insights can China’s rural revitalization experience offer for sustainable rural development in other developing countries and globally? While acknowledging the context-specificity of the Chinese model, what experiences, best practices, and potential pitfalls can inform rural sustainability transitions elsewhere?

By addressing these research questions, this study aims to bridge the gap between theory and practice in sustainable rural development research, and to generate new empirical insights, methodological innovations, and policy recommendations for advancing rural revitalization in China and beyond. The findings of this study can contribute to the global knowledge base on sustainable rural development, and foster cross-cultural learning and collaboration in the quest for inclusive, resilient, and sustainable rural futures.

3 Methodology

3.1 data collection.

This study collected rural revitalization policy texts issued by the central government of China from 1950 to 2024. The “PKU Law” database, a leading legal and policy database in China, was used to retrieve the policy documents ( Yang and Huang, 2022 ). By setting the search criteria of “rural revitalization” in the keyword field, “Central Regulations” in the scope field, and the time range from January 2018 to March 2024, a total of 492 policy texts were obtained.

Table 1 presents the basic characteristics of the collected policy texts. Due to the large volume of the policy texts, which exceeded 1.48 million Chinese characters, a stratified sampling method was applied to select a sample of 74 policy texts based on the issuing agencies and years. The distribution of the sampled texts was checked to ensure it was consistent with the overall distribution of the 492 policy texts, confirming that the sample was representative of the policy characteristics in this period.

Table 1 . Basic characteristics of rural revitalization policy texts (2018–2024).

The sampled policy texts were then preprocessed and analyzed using both qualitative coding and quantitative modeling methods. The preprocessing steps included converting the texts into a uniform plain text format, removing non-text elements, splitting the texts into paragraphs, and assigning unique IDs to each policy document and paragraph. This prepared the policy text data for the subsequent grounded theory coding and quantitative analysis. The methodological approach aligns with international standards, as seen in studies analyzing the influence of institutional factors on economic growth using panel data ( Čermáková et al., 2020 ).

3.2 Qualitative coding

This study adopts the grounded theory approach and follows the three-step coding process of open coding, axial coding and selective coding ( Corbin and Strauss, 2014 ).

In the open coding stage, each paragraph of the policy texts was coded to identify initial concepts that summarize the main themes. The constant comparative method was used until theoretical saturation was reached. Coding consistency between two independent coders was 0.92, indicating high inter-coder reliability.

In the axial coding stage, the initial concepts were categorized into higher-level categories based on their relationships and similarities. The categories were further refined through the paradigm model considering causal conditions, context, intervening conditions, action strategies and consequences ( Corbin and Strauss, 2014 ).

In the selective coding stage, the core categories were identified and systematically related to other categories to form a coherent theoretical framework. A “Five Revitalizations” framework and a “Four Supports” system were developed to conceptualize the policy mechanisms.

3.3 Quantitative modeling

This study employs the following quantitative models to analyze the policy texts.

First, the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic model was used to identify latent policy themes and their evolution over time ( Blei, 2003 ). The policy texts were preprocessed and the optimal number of topics was determined through perplexity evaluation. The identified topics were labeled based on top keywords and validated through grounded coding results.

Second, sentiment analysis was conducted to examine the emotional expressions in the policy texts. The Tsinghua University Chinese Sentiment Lexicon was used to calculate sentiment scores for each paragraph and each year ( Pang and Lee, 2008 ). The overall sentiment trends and differences across policy types were analyzed.

Third, semantic network analysis was performed to reveal the relationships among key concepts in the policy texts. Keywords with frequency above 10 were selected and a co-occurrence matrix was constructed. The semantic network metrics, such as degree centrality and betweenness centrality, were calculated to identify the most central and influential concepts in the network ( Bianconi et al., 2014 ).

3.4 Analytical framework

This study proposes a “Discovery-Classification-Integration” analytical framework that combines qualitative coding and quantitative modeling in a progressive manner.

The “Discovery” stage uses word frequency, sentiment polarity and other indicators to examine policy theme distribution and sentiment patterns, forming an overall understanding.

The “Classification” stage relies on grounded coding and topic modeling to identify key concepts and categories, developing a hierarchical framework.

The “Integration” stage considers the dynamic relationships among categories based on selective coding, topic evolution and semantic network, abstracting core categories and developing a systematic theoretical interpretation.

The iterative process of moving between general and specific, conceptual and empirical levels allows for the emergence of a grounded understanding of China’s rural revitalization policies. The combination of qualitative and quantitative methods enables triangulation and enhances the validity of findings.

4.1 Open coding results

Through open coding, 152 initial concepts were identified from the policy texts, covering various aspects of rural revitalization such as overall requirements, key tasks, implementation paths and policy support ( Table 2 ). For example, “prioritizing agricultural and rural development” represents the value orientation and strategic positioning of rural revitalization. “Deepening rural collective property rights reform” reflects the emphasis on institutional innovation. “Implementing village construction projects” focuses on specific initiatives for improving rural living environments. These diverse concepts capture the broad scope and systematic design of rural revitalization policies.

Table 2 . Sample open coding results.

4.2 Axial coding results

Through axial coding, 152 initial concepts were abstracted into 15 sub-categories and further into 6 main categories, which are: rural value orientation, five revitalization priorities, four supporting systems, urban-rural integration, party leadership guarantee, and policy effect assessment ( Table 3 ).

Table 3 . Axial coding results.

For example, “prioritizing agricultural and rural development” summarizes a series of concepts on the value positioning of rural areas. “Promoting rural industrial revitalization,” “implementing rural talent training programs,” and “implementing village construction projects” are grouped into the five revitalization priorities. “Strengthening the rural work leadership system” and “enforcing the responsibility of rural revitalization” are classified as the party leadership guarantee.

The axial coding results form a “1 + 5+4″framework for understanding rural revitalization policies, including one value orientation, five revitalization priorities, and four supporting systems, together with the emphasis on urban-rural integration, party leadership and policy assessment.

4.3 Topic modeling results

The LDA topic model further reveals the thematic patterns of rural revitalization policies. Based on the 74 sampled policy texts, 12 optimal topics were identified ( Table 4 ).

Table 4 . LDA topic model results over time.

First, the topics cover a wide range of rural revitalization priorities, from agricultural and rural modernization, farmers’ income growth, to rural living environment improvement and rural reforms, triangulating with the grounded coding results.

Second, the topic distribution exhibits dynamic evolution over time. For example, the topic of rural industrial integration has shown a clear upward trend since 2020, and the topic of digital countryside construction has become more prominent in recent years, reflecting the shift towards high-quality development as rural revitalization enters a new stage.

Third, traditional topics such as deepening rural reforms and increasing support for agriculture coexist with emerging topics such as urban-rural integration and digital empowerment. This demonstrates the emphasis on both consolidating the foundation and fostering new growth drivers in the new development stage.

The topic modeling results offer a dynamic and fine-grained understanding of the policy theme evolution, complementing the static coding framework. The combination of traditional and emerging topics reflects the strategic wisdom of the policymakers in grasping the overall situation while adapting to new circumstances.

4.4 Sentiment analysis results

The paragraph-level sentiment analysis of the 74 sampled policy texts shows an increasingly optimistic and confident tone of rural revitalization policies ( Table 5 ). These findings are in line with studies that highlight the role of positive institutional frameworks in promoting sustainable development. For example, the European Union’s approach to sustainable development through public funding ( Kargı et al., 2023 ) offers valuable lessons for China’s policies. The proportion of positive sentiment scores rose from 75.2% in 2018 to 86.4% in 2023, while the proportions of neutral and negative scores decreased from 20.5% to 4.3%–12.1% and 1.5%, respectively. As the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy deepens, the policy discourse conveys more confidence and positive energy. Key policy documents such as the annual “No. 1 Central Document” and State Council documents exhibit the strongest positive sentiment, with an average score of 4.56 out of 5, highlighting the great importance attached to and the institutional advantage in advancing rural revitalization.

Table 5 . Sentiment scores of policy texts by year.

4.5 Semantic network results

The semantic network based on keyword co-occurrence reveals the intrinsic logical relationships among rural revitalization policy categories ( Table 6 ). The network core contains key nodes such as “revitalization,” “development,” “rural areas,” “agriculture,” and “countryside,” highly summarizing the policy vision of comprehensively promoting rural revitalization and agricultural and rural modernization. Surrounding the core nodes are community clusters representing industrial, talent, ecological, cultural and organizational revitalization, closely corresponding to and specifying the “Five Revitalizations” overall deployment. Keywords such as deepening reform, financial input, and technological support occupy bridging positions, connecting the core categories with key priority areas. The entire network is densely connected with high connectivity, demonstrating the systematic policy design and coordinated advancement guided by holistic thinking.

Table 6 . Semantic network metrics of key concepts.

Furthermore, the community detection algorithm identified several frequently co-occurring category combinations, such as “industrial revitalization-technological and talent support,” “living environment improvement-infrastructure development,” “grassroots party building-rural governance-cultural and ethical development,” and “financial input-industrial development-infrastructure.” These combinations reaffirm the cross-integration and coordinated implementation of rural revitalization priorities. Notably, financial input and financial services, as important policy instruments, form frequent co-occurrences with multiple key areas, playing a fundamental and strategic supporting role. These findings resonate with the grounded coding results and jointly validate the “1 + 5+4”overall policy framework for rural revitalization.

5 Discussion

5.1 systematic analysis of “five revitalizations” framework.

The grounded coding and topic modeling results jointly identify the “Five Revitalizations” framework as the core of China’s rural revitalization policies, focusing on industrial, talent, cultural, ecological and organizational revitalization. These five aspects are intertwined, mutually reinforcing and jointly driving the comprehensive revitalization of rural areas. The findings are consistent with international research that emphasizes the importance of institutional factors in achieving sustainable economic growth. For instance, countries with higher levels of property rights protection, freedom from corruption, limited government spending, and labor freedom tend to achieve higher economic growth and living standards ( Čermáková et al., 2020 ). Furthermore, the role of domestic financial sector development as a precondition for inclusive growth ( Nkoro and Uko, 2022 ) and the impact of public funding on sustainable development in the European Union ( Kargı et al., 2023 ) provide valuable benchmarks for China’s policies.

Industrial revitalization is the top priority. China’s rural revitalization policies emphasize improving agricultural quality, efficiency and competitiveness, actively nurturing rural specialty industries, and promoting the integrated development of primary, secondary and tertiary industries in rural areas. These measures aim to continuously expand channels for farmers’ employment and income growth and consolidate the economic foundation for rural development. Talent revitalization is the key. Building a team of agricultural professionals, rural entrepreneurial leaders and modern professional farmers is crucial for rural revitalization. China’s policies place a strong emphasis on training and attracting high-caliber talents to rural areas, allowing educated, skilled and entrepreneurial individuals to become the main force of rural revitalization. Ecological revitalization is an inherent requirement. China’s rural revitalization policies call for the integrated management of mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes, grasslands and deserts, solid progress in improving rural living environments, and building livable and eco-friendly beautiful countryside. Cultural revitalization is the spiritual essence. Policies promote the creative transformation and innovative development of traditional farming civilization, fostering civilized village customs, good family traditions and simple folk customs, and revitalizing the vibrant rural cultural heritage. Organizational revitalization is the fundamental guarantee. Building strong grassroots party organizations in rural areas and giving full play to their leadership core role is the key to advancing rural revitalization.

Implementing the “Five Revitalizations” overall deployment reflects the holistic thinking of grasping key priorities while maintaining a comprehensive balance. It also demonstrates the people-centered development philosophy of focusing on meeting rural residents’ needs for a better life and enhancing their sense of gain, happiness and security. In this process, China will achieve the modernization of agriculture and rural areas, making steady progress towards the goals of thriving businesses, pleasant living environments, social civility, effective governance and prosperous lives in rural areas.

5.2 Optimization paths and implications for global sustainable rural development

The topic modeling, sentiment analysis, and semantic network results, along with international comparative insights, suggest several optimization paths for sustainable rural revitalization. First, improving the institutional mechanisms for integrated urban-rural development is crucial for narrowing the urban-rural gap. China’s rural revitalization policies emphasize the free flow and equal exchange of urban and rural factors, balanced allocation of public resources, integrated development of urban and rural industries, infrastructure, and public services. These measures aim to gradually reduce institutional barriers and structural constraints hindering integrated urban-rural development.

Second, strengthening diversified input guarantee is essential for rural revitalization. Establishing a diversified investment pattern integrating government funding, financial services, and social capital is an important supporting condition. China’s policies highlight increasing fiscal support, improving rural financial services, and actively guiding social capital to participate in rural development, forming a multi-pronged and coordinated investment system.

Third, enhancing science, technology, and talent support is key to improving agricultural productivity and rural development quality. China’s policies emphasize accelerating breakthroughs in key agricultural technologies, strengthening agricultural technology extension services, improving agricultural technology and equipment levels, and optimizing systems for training, introduction, use, and incentivization of rural talents to attract aspiring and capable individuals to join rural revitalization.

Fourth, innovating rural social governance models is crucial for improving rural governance systems and capacity. China’s policies call for promoting rural governance models integrating self-governance, rule of law, and rule of virtue, improving village rules and regulations, strengthening rural grassroots organizations, and promoting rural social etiquette and civility to create a harmonious and orderly rural governance environment.

These optimization paths resonate with international research on sustainable rural development, which emphasizes the importance of urban-rural linkages, cross-sectoral coordination, place-based policies, inclusive governance, and other institutional and policy innovations for rural revitalization. China’s exploration in these aspects offers valuable experiences for other countries facing rural decline challenges, while China can also learn from international best practices to further improve its rural revitalization policies and practices.

Moreover, China’s rural revitalization policies provide insights and implications for global sustainable rural development. First, China’s experience demonstrates that a holistic policy framework systematically integrating industrial, talent, cultural, ecological, and organizational dimensions is necessary for revitalizing rural areas facing multidimensional sustainability challenges. Second, China’s policies showcase the effectiveness of combining government guidance, market mechanisms, and social participation in advancing rural revitalization, forming a governance model of government-market-society coordination with wider applicability. Third, China’s rural revitalization practice emphasizes respecting local culture and knowledge in development interventions, adopting a place-based and culture-sensitive approach that helps protect rural identity and mobilize community participation. Fourth, China’s policies highlight the integrated development of rural industries, infrastructure, and public services and the importance of narrowing the urban-rural gap as key pathways for rural revitalization, enriching the international discussion on addressing the rural-urban divide and promoting synergetic development.

However, China’s rural revitalization also faces challenges such as unbalanced regional development, insufficient grassroots governance capacity, and the need for long-term institutional and policy support. These challenges are not unique to China but common to many developing countries. Strengthening international exchange and cooperation on sustainable rural development and building a global knowledge-sharing platform are important for jointly addressing these challenges and promoting inclusive, resilient, and sustainable rural futures worldwide.

6 Conclusion

This study advances the theoretical understanding of sustainable rural development by proposing an integrative framework that synergizes multifunctionality, neo-endogenous development, socio-ecological resilience, and institutional theories. The application of this pluralistic lens to the analysis of China’s rural revitalization policies, as presented in the empirical sections, has yielded nuanced insights into the complex dynamics and mechanisms of rural sustainability transitions. These findings not only enrich the knowledge base on China’s rural development but also contribute to the broader theoretical debates on sustainable rural transformations.

The study’s theoretical propositions challenge the conventional wisdom of rural development as a unidimensional and linear process, as evidenced by the multifaceted and context-specific nature of rural revitalization policies in China. The analysis reveals the tensions and synergies between economic, social, and ecological objectives, as well as the interplay between top-down interventions and bottom-up initiatives, as shown in the thematic patterns and implementation mechanisms of these policies. These insights underscore the need for a paradigm shift towards a more holistic, adaptive, and inclusive approach to rural policymaking, as advocated in the emerging discourses on the new rural paradigm and the sustainable rural livelihoods framework.

Moreover, the study engages critically with the existing theories on China’s rural development, offering a more nuanced and balanced assessment of the achievements, challenges, and implications of the rural revitalization agenda. By situating the Chinese experience within the broader theoretical debates on sustainable rural development, as discussed in the literature review and theoretical framework sections, it contributes to the comparative understanding of the drivers, pathways, and outcomes of rural sustainability transitions across different contexts. This comparative perspective is crucial for informing the global efforts towards fostering thriving and resilient rural communities, as highlighted in the introduction.

However, the study also acknowledges the limitations and unresolved issues in its theoretical framework and empirical analysis. The proposed integrative framework, while promising, requires further refinement and validation through more diverse case studies and comparative research, as suggested in the future research directions. The incorporation of additional theoretical perspectives, such as political ecology, social justice, and cultural sustainability, could help capture the power dynamics, equity concerns, and place-based meanings of rural transformations, which are not fully addressed in the current analysis. Moreover, a more systematic examination of the micro-level processes and lived experiences of rural revitalization policies, through ethnographic and participatory methods, would complement the macro-level analysis and provide a more grounded understanding of the rural realities.

In terms of answering the theoretical questions raised earlier, the study has made substantial progress but also leaves room for further exploration. While the analysis has uncovered the evolving discourses, instruments, and outcomes of rural revitalization policies, the underlying political-economic drivers and societal forces shaping these changes remain undertheorized, as acknowledged in the limitations. Similarly, while the study has highlighted the role of institutions and governance in mediating the policy implementation process, the dynamic interactions and power relations among multiple stakeholders at different scales warrant more in-depth investigation, as pointed out in the future research directions. Addressing these theoretical gaps could further advance the understanding of the complex and contested nature of rural sustainability transitions.

Furthermore, the study has drawn some important lessons and implications from China’s experience for sustainable rural development in other developing countries, as discussed in the comparative analysis and theoretical reflections. However, the transferability and adaptability of the Chinese model remain tentative and require more rigorous comparative research and policy experimentation. By conducting a more systematic comparison of rural revitalization initiatives within China and across different countries, future studies could help identify the common patterns, context-specific factors, and best practices for promoting sustainable rural development in diverse settings. This comparative theorization could also contribute to the development of a more universal and inclusive framework for understanding and guiding rural sustainability transitions in the global context, as envisioned in the introduction.

In conclusion, this study makes significant contributions to the theoretical advancement of sustainable rural development by proposing an integrative framework and generating nuanced insights from the analysis of China’s rural revitalization policies. It extends the existing theories by emphasizing the multidimensional, dynamic, and context-specific nature of rural sustainability transitions, and by shedding light on the institutional and governance challenges. The empirical findings and theoretical reflections not only enrich the understanding of China’s rural development experience but also stimulate critical thinking on the global challenges and opportunities for fostering inclusive and resilient rural futures.

However, the study also acknowledges its limitations and unresolved issues, and suggests avenues for future research, such as incorporating more diverse perspectives, conducting micro-level and comparative analysis, and developing a more universal and inclusive framework. By addressing these aspects, future studies could further strengthen the theoretical foundations and policy implications of sustainable rural development research, and contribute to the global efforts towards achieving the sustainable development goals in rural areas.

Data availability statement

Publicly available datasets were analyzed in this study. This data can be found here: The data analyzed in this study were obtained from the public database PKULaw at https://www.pkulaw.com/ .

Author contributions

YG: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing–original draft, Writing–review and editing, Funding acquisition. SL: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing–original draft, Writing–review and editing.

The author(s) declare that financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This research is funded by Philosophy and Social Sciences Project of Guangdong Province (No. GD22XGL49); Education Bureau of Guangzhou Municipality (No. 202235337); Guangzhou Panyu Polytechnic (No. 2022SK03); Guangdong Provincial Philosophy and Social Sciences Planning 2024 Youth Project (GD24YGL29).

Acknowledgments

ChatGPT-4 and DeepL were used to enhance the language expression and improve the manuscript’s readability. Zotero 7.0.0-beta.107+2917f41cb was used to manage references and ensure proper citation format.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher’s note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

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Keywords: sustainable rural development, rural revitalization, policy analysis, qualitative coding, topic modeling

Citation: Guo Y and Li S (2024) A policy analysis of China’s sustainable rural revitalization: integrating environmental, social and economic dimensions. Front. Environ. Sci. 12:1436869. doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2024.1436869

Received: 22 May 2024; Accepted: 26 July 2024; Published: 08 August 2024.

Reviewed by:

Copyright © 2024 Guo and Li. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

*Correspondence: Shengchao Li, [email protected]

Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Rural Development

Related sdgs, end hunger, achieve food security and improve ....

Description

Publications.

As the United Nations Secretary-General, Mr Ban Ki – Moon noted in the Millennium Development Goals Report 2015 , “ disparities between rural and urban areas remain pronounced ” and big gaps persist in different sectors:

• It is estimated that in 2015 still roughly 2.8 billion people worldwide lack access to modern energy services and more than 1 billion do not have access to electricity. For the most part this grave development burden falls on rural areas, where a lack of access to modern energy services negatively affects productivity, educational attainment and even health and ultimately exacerbates the poverty trap.
• In rural areas, only 56 per cent of births are attended by skilled health personnel, compared with 87 per cent in urban areas.
• About 16 per cent of the rural population do not use improved drinking water sources, compared to 4 per cent of the urban population.
• About 50 per cent of people living in rural areas lack improved sanitation facilities, compared to only 18 per cent of people in urban areas.

Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 2 of the Post-2015 Development Agenda calls to “ end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture ”. In particular, target 2.a devotes a specific attention to “ Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular least developed countries ".

Background information

Promoting sustainable agriculture and rural development (SARD) is the subject of chapter 14 of Agenda 21 .

The major objective of SARD is to increase food production in a sustainable way and enhance food security. This will involve education initiatives, utilization of economic incentives and the development of appropriate and new technologies, thus ensuring stable supplies of nutritionally adequate food, access to those supplies by vulnerable groups, and production for markets; employment and income generation to alleviate poverty; and natural resource management and environmental protection.

The Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) first reviewed Rural Development at its third session in 1995, when it noted with concern that, even though some progress had been reported, disappointment is widely expressed at the slow progress in moving towards sustainable agriculture and rural development in many countries.

Sustainable agriculture was also considered at the five-year review of implementation of Agenda 21 in 1997, at which time Governments were urged to attach high priority to implementing the commitments agreed at the World Food Summit , especially the call for at least halving the number of undernourished people in the world by the year 2015. This goal was reinforced by the Millennium Declaration adopted by Heads of State and Government in September 2000, which resolved to halve by 2015 the proportion of the world's people who suffer from hunger.

In accordance with its multi-year programme of work, agriculture with a rural development perspective was a major focus of CSD-8 in 2000, along with integrated planning and management of land resources as the sectoral theme. The supporting documentation and the discussions highlighted the linkages between the economic, social and environmental objectives of sustainable agriculture. The Commission adopted decision 8/4 which identified 12 priorities for action. It reaffirmed that the major objectives of SARD are to increase food production and enhance food security in an environmentally sound way so as to contribute to sustainable natural resource management. It noted that food security-although a policy priority for all countries-remains an unfulfilled goal. It also noted that agriculture has a special and important place in society and helps to sustain rural life and land.

Rural Development was included as one of the thematic areas along with Agriculture, Land, Drought, Desertification and Africa in the third implementation cycle CSD-16/CSD-17 .

A growing emphasis is being placed on the Nexus approach to sustainable rural development, seeking to realize synergies from the links between development factors such as energy, health, education, water, food, gender, and economic growth.

In this regard and as part of the follow up to the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development or Rio+20 , the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN-DESA) , in collaboration with SE4All , UN-Energy and the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) , organized Global Conference on Rural Energy Access: A Nexus Approach to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication , in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Dec 4 – 6, 2013.

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• January 2015 SDG 2 SDG2 focuses on ending hunger, achieving food security and improved nutrition and promoting sustainable agriculture. In particular, its targets aims to: end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round by 2030 (2.1); end all forms of malnutrition by 2030, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons (2.2.); double,by 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment (2.3); ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality (2.4); by 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional and international levels, and promote access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as internationally agreed (2.5); The alphabetical goals aim to: increase investment in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks , correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets as well as adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of food commodity markets and their derivatives and facilitate timely access to market information, including on food reserves, in order to help limit extreme food price volatility.
• January 2009 CSD-17(Chap.2B) CSD-17 negotiated policy recommendations for most of the issues under discussion. Delegates adopted by acclamation a “Text as prepared by the Chair,” including all negotiated text as well as proposed language from the Chair for policy options and practical measures to expedite implementation of the issues under the cluster. The text included rising food prices, ongoing negotiations in the World Trade Organization (WTO) on the Doha Development Round, and an international focus on the climate change negotiations under the auspices of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.
• January 2008 CSD-16 (Chap. 2B) CSD-16 and CSD-17 focused on the thematic cluster of agriculture, rural development, land, drought, desertification and Africa. As far as CSD-16 is concerned, on this occasion delegates were called to review implementation of the Mauritius Strategy for Implementation and the Barbados Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States and the CSD-13 decisions on water and sanitation. A High-level Segment was also held from 14-16 May, with nearly 60 ministers in attendance.
• January 2000 MDG 1 MDG 1 aims at eradicating extreme poverty and hunger. Its three targets respectively read: halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than $1.25 a day (1.A), achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people (1.B), halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger (1.C).
• January 2000 CSD-8 As decided at UNGASS, the economic, sectoral and cross-sectoral themes under consideration for CSD-8 were sustainable agriculture and land management, integrating planning and management of land resources and financial resources, trade and investment and economic growth. CSD-6 to CSD-9 annually gathered at the UN Headquarters for spring meetings. Discussions at each session opened with multi-stakeholder dialogues, in which major groups were invited to make opening statements on selected themes followed by a dialogue with government representatives.
• January 1996 Rome Decl. on World Food Security The Summit aimed to reaffirm global commitment, at the highest political level, to eliminate hunger and malnutrition, and to achieve sustainable food security for all. Thank to its high visibility, the Summit contributed to raise further awareness on agriculture capacity, food insecurity and malnutrition among decision-makers in the public and private sectors, in the media and with the public at large. It also set the political, conceptual and technical blueprint for an ongoing effort to eradicate hunger at global level with the target of reducing by half the number of undernourished people by no later than the year 2015. The Rome Declaration defined seven commitments as main pillars for the achievement of sustainable food security for all whereas its Plan of Action identified the objectives and actions relevant for practical implementation of these seven commitments.
• January 1995 CSD-3 The Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) first reviewed Rural Development at its third session, when it noted with concern that, even though some progress had been reported, disappointment is widely expressed at the slow progress in moving towards sustainable agriculture and rural development in many countries.
• January 1992 Agenda 21 (Chap.14) Agenda 21 – Chapter 14 is devoted to the promotion of sustainable agriculture and rural development and the need for agricultural to satisfy the demands for food from a growing population. It acknowledges that major adjustments are needed in agricultural, environmental and macroeconomic policy, at both national and international levels, in developed as well as developing countries, to create the conditions for sustainable agriculture and rural development (SARD). It also identifies as priority the need for maintaining and improving the capacity of the higher potential agricultural lands to support an expanding population.

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Rural Development: A Scan of Field Practice and Trends

August 9, 2021  • Brian Dabson & Chitra Kumar

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The importance of measures undertaken to improve the quality of life in the problem areas: a case study in warmia and mazury region in poland.

1. Introduction

2. materials and methods, 2.1. study area, 2.2. methods and data.

• Construction, repairs and conversion of residential and commercial buildings, technical infrastructure facilities and other real property transferred without prior restoration to a proper technical condition;
• Construction, repairs or conversion of energy, water supply and sewerage, heating and telecommunication devices, facilities or systems transferred prior to their restoration to a proper technical condition;
• Educational, cultural and tourist projects carried out in rural areas.

3.1. The Role of State Institutions in the Development of Problem Areas

3.2. non-repayable financial support provided by the nsca branch olsztyn, 3.3. survey research, 4. discussion, 5. conclusions, supplementary materials, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

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Kryszk, H.; Kurowska, K.; Marks-Bielska, R. The Importance of Measures Undertaken to Improve the Quality of Life in the Problem Areas: A Case Study in Warmia and Mazury Region in Poland. Sustainability 2024 , 16 , 6786. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16166786

Kryszk H, Kurowska K, Marks-Bielska R. The Importance of Measures Undertaken to Improve the Quality of Life in the Problem Areas: A Case Study in Warmia and Mazury Region in Poland. Sustainability . 2024; 16(16):6786. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16166786

Kryszk, Hubert, Krystyna Kurowska, and Renata Marks-Bielska. 2024. "The Importance of Measures Undertaken to Improve the Quality of Life in the Problem Areas: A Case Study in Warmia and Mazury Region in Poland" Sustainability 16, no. 16: 6786. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16166786

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• Published: 29 July 2024

A retrospective descriptive review of community-engaged research projects addressing rural health priorities

• Bushra Farah Nasir 1 , 2 ,
• Bruce Chater 1 ,
• Matthew McGrail 3 &
• Srinivas Kondalsamy-Chennakesavan 2  

BMC Medical Education volume  24 , Article number:  805 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

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Most rural populations experience significant health disadvantage. Community-engaged research can facilitate research activities towards addressing health issues of priority to local communities. Connecting scholars with community based frontline practices that are addressing local health and medical needs helps establish a robust pipeline for research that can inform gaps in health provision. Rural Health Projects (RHPs) are conducted as part of the Doctor of Medicine program at the University of Queensland. This study aims to describe the geographic coverage of RHPs, the health topic areas covered and the different types of RHP research activities conducted. It also provides meaningful insight of the health priorities for local rural communities in Queensland, Australia.

This study conducted a retrospective review of RHPs conducted between 2011 and 2021 in rural and remote Australian communities. Descriptive analyses were used to describe RHP locations by their geographical classification and disease/research categorisation using the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems – 10th Revision (ICD-10) codes and the Human Research Classification System (HRCS) categories.

There were a total of 2806 eligible RHPs conducted between 2011 and 2021, predominantly in Queensland ( n  = 2728, 97·2%). These were mostly conducted in small rural towns (under 5,000 population, n  = 1044, 37·2%) or other rural towns up to 15,000 population ( n  = 842, 30·0%). Projects mostly addressed individual care needs ( n  = 1233, 43·9%) according to HRCS categories, or were related to factors influencing health status and contact with health services ( n  = 1012, 36·1%) according to ICD-10 classification.

Conclusions

Conducting community focused RHPs demonstrates a valuable method to address community-specific rural health priorities by engaging medical students in research projects while simultaneously enhancing their research skills.

Peer Review reports

People living in rural regions experience a greater burden of health disparities and disadvantages across most health and wellbeing domains [ 1 , 2 ]. Despite clear inequities existing between rural and urban populations, there have been limited research-based strategies focused on addressing community-level health and medical priorities [ 3 ]. To achieve a better understanding of health issues impacting rural communities, innovative research to identify the health issues directly impacting people living in rural areas can result in community-focused strategies to address these challenges.

In Australia, immense inequities in research funding targeting rural health strongly diminish the capacity for rural health research supported by an integrated academic infrastructure [ 4 ]. A large portion of the research being conducted in rural communities depends upon busy clinician researchers, who work within the local health and medical workforce [ 5 ]. Improving sustainability of rural focused researchers and clinician academics thus requires a focused approach to providing critical skills development and community-centred research opportunities that are integrated within the medical curriculum. Rural and remote research involves high levels of community engagement, rural-based immersion opportunities and positive learning experiences that result in ‘socially accountable’ research activities [ 5 ]. A tailored, community-engaged approach also significantly impacts future rural practice intent [ 6 , 7 ], which is a critical government agenda that aims to sustain a rural workforce that is committed to work in underserved rural communities. For anyone intending to practice in a rural or remote location, the importance of developing research and analytical skills is more significant, given the complex nature of rural environments [ 6 ].

Preparing medical students for a rural career in evidence-based medicine requires sufficient research training and experiences to develop both their ability to appraise clinical evidence and their analytical skills required in medical practice [ 8 ]. A recent review of Australian medical students confirmed that the inclusion of scholarly activities to support the development of basic research skills and critical evaluation is not universally embedded within medical degree programs [ 9 , 10 ]. Similarly, a study exploring attitudes and participation in research activities by medical students in Australia found that only 45% of the 704 survey respondents had participated in a research project [ 11 ]. To instil scholarly research skills development, the University of Queensland (UQ) in Australia incorporates various units that are aimed to develop research skills as part of their medical training. In year three of the four-year MD program, all domestic students undertake a Rural and Remote Medicine (RRM) placement under the Mayne Academy of Rural and Remote Medicine clinical unit. Alongside clinical teaching and training, a Rural Health Project (RHP) forms part of the RRM placement during which students complete a small research project with an emphasis on identifying and addressing local community priorities.

The RHPs are developed through a local iterative process that balances the needs of the rural communities, the advice of the locally based supervisors, and student skills and interests, using the community-engaged research conceptual framework principles [ 12 ]. RHPs are conducted within rural hospitals, general/family practice, or a combination of both, as well as some projects being undertaken within the community but outside of a clinical setting. An example is that of a former mining engineer doing medicine arranged an underground gold mine rescue scenario that was filmed as part of the RHP. The video was used for training purposes, providing an output beneficial to the local community. As a result, students hone their research skills and involve themselves in multidisciplinary practice and participatory research in the context and culture of a rural community.

The RHP is integrated with the flow of phase one pre-clinical programs and fits in with other RRM assessments and practical experiences. They are designed to be carried out within a Quality Improvement framework that aims to develop an understanding of rural health service delivery, while learning to work collaboratively in gaining an understanding of health status and issues of priority for local rural communities in which the students are placed. The RHP pedagogical approach is underpinned by a sociocultural theory [ 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Students work under interactive guidance and supervision regarding the cognitive and experiential aspects of their activities, with intensive immersion in the tasks being carried out, relying on self-motivation, initiative and problem-solving. During the RHPs, students learn how to critically analyse a clinical topic, engage with community members and clinicians, and collaborate as required. Students are also responsible for planning and conduct of the project and producing practical resources or an end-product that is then presented in a written academic report. The key elements of the RHPs are to harness the opportunity of placement at a rural site by identifying a health service need or locally relevant knowledge gap to be addressed in consultation and engagement with the community.

More than 270 RHPs are conducted every year within UQ as part of the RRM unit spread over 50 smaller rural and remote communities. The overarching goal for each student’s RHP is to develop a long-term, solution-orientated plan of benefit to the local community.

This study aimed to describe the geographic coverage of RHPs, the health topic areas covered and the different types of RHP research activities conducted. It also provides meaningful insight of the health priorities for local rural communities in Queensland, Australia.

This study is a retrospective analysis of all RHPs conducted by medical students as part of their RRM unit, during Year 3 of their medical training at UQ. Specific data available for each RHP were the project title, the year it was conducted, and the location, each of which was collected as part of standard administrative procedures by the RHP coordinators. No identifying information about the students were collected, thus no other linkage was possible such as to student characteristics. Each RHP is conducted by one medical student.

Location information was coded by the researchers (BN, SKC, MM) using the Modified Monash Model [ 16 ] categories. Using descriptive information from the RHP title, researchers also coded the RHPs using the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems – 10th Revision (ICD-10) codes and the Human Research Classification System (HRCS) categories. The primary researchers involved in data setup (SKC and BN) conducted the categorisation and coding of the data, followed by a researcher (MM) reviewing and confirming accurate categorisation and coding. A descriptive analysis of the RHPs was conducted to explore ICD-10 codes and HRCS categories according to rural, remote, and regional locations using the Modified Monash Model (MMM) [ 16 ] Classification system.

A total of 2974 projects were reviewed in this study. After coding and removing projects with missing key information, and projects that were conducted outside of Australia, a total of 2806 RHPs remained.

The distribution of RHPs within each state based on regional location is described in Table  1 . A majority of RHPs were conducted in Queensland ( n  = 2728, 97·2%). Due to the small number of RHPs within Victoria, New South Wales, the Northern Territory and Western Australia, these states were combined into a single category (other). According to the MMM categories, most RHPs were conducted in small rural towns (MMM-5, n  = 1044, 37·2%), or medium rural towns (MMM-4, n  = 842, 30·0%). Additionally, nearly 17% of RHPs were conducted in Australia’s remote areas (MMM-6 and MMM-7, n  = 468). A small number of projects ( n  = 195, 7·0%) were conducted in areas not targeted under the RRM program (MMM-1 and MMM-2). These RHP locations were used by students mainly because of administration related factors, including students not being able to travel to a suitable location during COVID-19 related restrictions.

The frequency of the RHPs according to HRCS categories, and the ICD-10 codes are illustrated in Tables  2 and 3 respectively. Analysis was limited to each HRCS category or ICD-10 code having at least 20 RHPs. The most frequent MMM category within each HRCS category and ICD-10 code illustrate the regional distribution within each research topic area. According to the HRCS categories, RHPs most frequently addressed Individual care needs ( n  = 1233, 43·9%) and were conducted in MMM-5 locations ( n  = 487, 37·1%). Similarly, according to the ICD-10 codes, RHPs most frequently explored Factors influencing health status and contact with health services ( n  = 1012, 36·1%) and were conducted in MMM-5 locations ( n  = 347, 34·2%).

Examples of RHPs conducted in HRCS Research Activity codes and ICD-10 codes (Table  4 ) highlight some of the key health research topics that the RHPs have addressed.

This study demonstrates the approach of immersive rural health research projects, conducted as part of medical curriculum in Australia. They describe how research activities conducted within rural communities can help address rural health priorities specific to each community, while also providing a practical approach for medical students to become involved in community-engaged research projects. The review also highlights the diverse nature of RHP topics that are community-identified issues relevant to the local communities. Communities undertake a collaborative process with the supervisor and student, to identify areas of focus that meets their needs. The resulting research activities conducted as part of the RHPs provide practical resources for immediate translation or direct evidence to support future interventions targeting improved rural health outcomes. A similar but smaller scale research initiative in Australia highlights that as part of a graduate medical program conducted during a 12-month GP placement in a rural, regional, or remote community in New South Wales, an increased understanding of local health issues in regional, rural and remote communities, and increased engagement with and acceptance of medical students in these communities was seen [ 17 ].

Unsurprisingly given that they are part of the UQ curriculum, most RHPs were conducted within Queensland. These were most commonly situated within small and medium sized rural towns and/or inner-regional locations, focused on Individual care needs. The HRCS category addressing Individual care needs explores several aspects of patients and service user care needs including quality of life, management of symptoms, disease management, prevention, and health service needs [ 18 ]. These issues correlate with multiple reports that continue to highlight the ongoing issue of access to primary health care services and higher levels of disease that impacts health outcomes within rural locations [ 19 , 20 , 21 ]. Similarly, according to the ICD-10 codes, RHPs most commonly explored factors influencing health status and contact with health services. Additionally, factors influencing primary health care access and the service needs of rural and remote communities is an ongoing concern [ 20 ]. The category of mental, behavioural, and neurodevelopment disorders was the second highest coded research project, highlighting its importance to these communities. A 2019 report by the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners corresponds with this finding, as it reported psychological issues as the most commonly managed health issue by General Practitioners (65%) [ 20 ].

Literature acknowledges challenges surrounding research activity during medical education. Time constraints ( n  = 460; 65·3%) and uncertainty surrounding how to find research opportunities ( n  = 449; 63·8%) are common barriers to research [ 11 ]. Other studies also highlight the lack of time (77·4%), and lack of formal research activity within the curriculum (76%), as well as lack of mentorship (70·1%) [ 22 ]. Solutions include protected research time, financial and other academic support that would help facilitate and improve participation in research projects [ 23 ]. By providing an integrated research project that is assessed and embedded within the medical curriculum of the MD degree, this study highlights how these challenges can potentially be mitigated. The importance of providing medical students the opportunity to learn and conduct research during their medical education is essential to prepare future rural clinician researchers [ 10 ].

A significant strength of this study is the diversity and volume of rural health projects conducted. Additionally, a greater understanding of the health priorities were identified for rural communities. The strength of this study also highlights the number of successfully completed RHPs, whereby students gained valuable advantage to understand the process of gathering and synthesising data and developing important outcomes or resources relevant to their rural placement communities. There are however several limitations to this study. Although the ICD-10 and HRCS coding systems can categorise medical health related research activity, they are limited in their design to adequately classify rural health research projects relating to geographical factors. This limitation may restrict the generalisability of findings from this study. Another limitation is that this study relied on administrative data, which did not include other valuable information such as student characteristics or placement contexts within each of the locations. Additionally, the outcomes of each RHP were also not available. The categorisation process was also based on the understanding of the researchers, however, to overcome this bias, a systematic approach to categorisation was used, whereby all researchers checked and verified consensus on the categorisation of each RHP.

The integration of research projects focused on both understanding rural health disadvantages and suitable interventions as part of a medical students training and learning experience is an innovative method to address rural health challenges, while encouraging medical students to enhance their research skills. Students address topics of local priority through their RHPs, increase their involvement with the rural communities and other health professionals and develop an increased understanding of local health issues in rural and remote communities. Furthermore, advancing opportunities to undertake integrated rural health research activities within a medical student’s degree can progress a student’s scholarship, encouraging future academic endeavours. Such community-engaged, locally based rural health projects also allow us to better understand the unique factors associated with health and health care within rural communities, as well as the underlying factors explaining rural versus urban differences. These research focused activities ultimately not only benefit the local communities in which such projects are conducted, but also provide an educational model that achieves academic outcomes benefitting the medical student.

Data availability

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to acknowledge Dr John Ridler (Academic Coordinator , Mayne Academy of Rural and Remote Medicine) and Dr Lynette Hodgson (Academic Coordinator Rural Health Projects , Mayne Academy of Rural and Remote Medicine) for their continued involvement and contributions to this study.

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BN was responsible for conception, analysis, drafting and revising the manuscript. BC was responsible for conception, critical review of the manuscript, and revising the manuscript. MM was responsible for critical review of the manuscript and revising the manuscript. SKC was responsible for conception, critical review of the manuscript, and revising the manuscript. All authors have approved the submitted manuscript and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

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Nasir, B.F., Chater, B., McGrail, M. et al. A retrospective descriptive review of community-engaged research projects addressing rural health priorities. BMC Med Educ 24 , 805 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-024-05791-7

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Radio Moscow

By Rock N' Rollin' Man April 3, 2010 in Other Bands / Music

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Radio Moscow is a psychedelic blues rock power trio from Ames, Iowa. The band consists of Parker Griggs (lead guitar, vocals), Zach Anderson (bass), and Paul Marrone (drums). They are currently on a U.S. tour with Naam. I’ve been digging their two albums a lot since I first listened to them, saw them two weeks ago in L.A. and they were amazing, completely rocked my face off. Dan Auerbach of the Black Keys got them a record deal with the record label the Black Keys are on. Another great thing is that these guys are in they're early 20's. If you like Blue Cheer, Cream, Groundhogs or Jimi Hendrix then there is a good chance you will like Radio Moscow. Take a listen on their myspace and these two youtube clips.

http://www.myspace.com/radiomoscow

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Going to see them on the 15th in Ventura.

Psychedelic hard rock band RADIO MOSCOW has announced fall U.S. tour dates in support of its critically acclaimed new album Brain Cycles (Alive Records). The electrifying California-based band – featuring 23 year old guitar prodigy Parker Griggs -- will kick off the trek on September 13 in San Francisco, CA.

Originally hailing from Story City, IA, RADIO MOSCOW is the brain child of Parker Griggs who formed the band in 2003. Soon after, Griggs attended a Black Keys show and handed a RADIO MOSCOW demo to Keys guitarist Dan Auerbach who loved what he heard and subsequently produced the band’s eponymous debut. Named for the pre-Cold War precursor to the propaganda outlet ‘Voice of Russia’, RADIO MOSCOW’s amped up, captivating sound harkens back to the glory days of the power trio (when Cream and Blue Cheer ruled the earth and the power of the Marshall stack was unquestioned).

Live, Griggs` unbelievable blues-driven, wah-wah heavy riffs and smoking guitar solos have drawn oft-comparison to the great Jimi Hendrix; the compliment gaining conviction with each and every RADIO MOSCOW performance. The Onion recently said “Radio Moscow plants its flag firmly in the territory where psychedelic rock, cranked-up blues, and metal meet,” with “powerful, crunching Sabbath-style chords and fiery solos that earn the right to be called Hendrixian.” And that ain’t no lie!

As Griggs’ guitar prowess and live legend continues to grow, so does the buzz on RADIO MOSCOW. The power trio is a true blues-driven rock band in every sense of the phrase and has boiled its lineup down to the essentials: bass, guitar and drums, encouraging extroverted playing from the band members, often at very high volumes. RADIO MOSCOW’s mind-blowing live performances and self-proclaimed “Guitar Music” have been called “throwback rock blues as a wall of sound,” and “at times a romp, trying to uncover that secret to the brilliance of Led Zeppelin II.”

“With a powerful, crunching Sabbath-style chords and fiery solos that earn the right to be called Hendrixian, Iowa power trio RADIO MOSCOW plants its flag firmly in the territory where psychedelic rock, cranked-up blues, and metal meet. The sound is unabashedly retro (specifically, FM radio from around 1973), so it’s easy to see how it caught the ear of The Black Keys’ Dan Auerbach” – THE ONION

“RADIO MOSCOW does for Blue Cheer what the Black Keys do for 21st century blues: stomps it. Sophomore disc Brain Cycles pulses with Parker Griggs’ best Hendrix, while bassist Zach Anderson’s monolithic fuzz mashes beats with drummer Cory Berry. Live is where the touring trio melts brains, bicycles, you name it.” – THE AUSTIN CHRONICLE

RADIO MOSCOW tour dates:

September 13 San Francisco, CA Elbo Room

September 14 Long Beach, CA Prospector (w/ Night Horse)

September 15 Ventura, CA ZanZilla (w/ Night Horse, The Fucking Wrath)

September 16 Los Angeles, CA Spaceland (w/ Night Horse)

September 17 Scottsdale, AZ Rogue

September 18 Albuquerque, NM Launchpad

September 20 Austin, TX Emo`s

September 21 Dallas, TX Nightmare (w/ Black Tusk)

September 22 Tulsa, OK The Colony

September 23 Kansas City, MO Czar Bar

September 24 Iowa City, IA Yacht Club

October 1 Ames, IA DG`s Taphouse

October 3 Lawrence, KS Replay Lounge

October 4 Denver, CO 3 Kings Tavern (w/ Valient Thorr)

October 5 Salt Lake City, UT Burt`s Tiki Lounge (w/ Valient Thorr)

October 6 Boise, ID Neurolux (w/ Valient Thorr)

October 7 Seattle, WA Comet Tavern

October 8 Portland, OR East End (w/ Night Horse)

October 9 Arcata, CA The Alibi (w/ Wah Wah Exit Wound)

They sound great ! Even if they're not coming to Vancouver at this point in time, I'll try to catch them in Seattle Oct 7

Cool they tour quite frequently so if you miss them this time it won't be long before they tour the U.S. (hopefully a date in Vancouver, CA) and Europe again. They're also working on a new album.

No doubt they'll find a way across the border but I must say, they've got my attention hook, line and sinker. Thanks for posting this

No problem and cheers.

Pretty cool poster for the Ventura date.

Ally and all you can listen to a complete live performance of Radio Moscow here . It's live at Roadburn 2009.

Last night night I went to a local venue for a good dose of heavy blues rock, to put it bluntly Radio Moscow tore it up. Wednesday night, not a very popular date to go to a concert as there was a very light crowd of around 25-35 but Radio Moscow owned that stage (floor) and made the few of us in attendance very happy. Sound was pure, unadulterated, unpretentious heavy blues.

They played just about an equal amount of songs from both their albums and a new song. Got a nice spot up front and took some good pictures I'll share them here later. Also for a yoga studio the sound was excellent.

These guys are phenomenal live and they seem like really cool guys as well. If they come around, don't pass up seeing them live.

These are some of the pictures I took of the Radio Moscow concert from three nights ago in Ventura. Drummer Cory Berry had a sweet Pentagram t-shirt.

Kiwi_Zep_Fan87

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VOhEmz3q5cw

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pFhoEA6w5MQ&p=9F98DB9C46F6DA7E&playnext=1&index=18

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LUlw2PJfAoA&feature=player_embedded

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6EeSEuFVEXs&feature=related

I love those songs too. I've only read a few Moscow interviews here's one of them from 2009. I also read from somewhere that they're doing a split with Earthless can't confirm it though.

Recently, this past Friday the 13th to be exact, writer Andy Keil had the chance to sit down with Parker Griggs, vocalist, guitarist and fellow Iowan of Radio Moscow. If youre out of the loop, the Iowa trio is a psychedelic blues rock band thats broken the confines of a wet basement and taken on the nation with only two releases, their self titled 2007 debut and this years Brain Cycles. With only one member that can legally drink (Griggs), and basically coming from, well, Iowa, the band runs on a little more than alcohol if you catch my drift. So, if that at all whets your appetite, then read on to find out how they got their start and find out about their new record, too.

CoS: Alright, Im going to go out on a limb and say that most of our readers have never heard of Radio Moscow before. Tell us a little about your background and how you ended up on one of the best independent record labels in the country [Alive Naturalsound Records.]

Parker Griggs (PG): It all kinda started by giving a demo to the lead singer of the Black Keys which ended up getting us signed to Alive Naturalsound Records. He recorded and produced our first album to get us going. Radio Moscow actually started out as a solo project called Garbage Composal but that only lasted a little while before I changed it to Radio Moscow.

You can listen to the older stuff here: http://www.myspace.com/radiomoscowtheearlydays

CoS: Radio Moscow seems like an underground radio station from the cold war era; whats the story behind the name?

PG: Uh, its not such a cool story but theres an old song called Go Go Radio Moscow. It sounded alright.

CoS: How would you explain your sound to our readers and those who have never listened to Radio Moscow?

PG: Uh, well were influenced by a lot of old stuff so kind of an old school blues rock psychedelic sound, I dont know. Guitar music.

CoS: Coming from Story City, IA, population approximately 3,200 people, how did you go about getting your demo to the lead singer of the Black Keys?

PG: We moved out to Colorado to find a new music scene and we went to a Black Keys show where we gave him [Dan Auerbach] a demo. We actually heard back from him that night and he said he might be able to help us out. Then we didnt hear back from him for like another year when he said he wanted to record our music.

CoS: Tell me about the recording process with Dan Auerbach.

PG: Uh, it was good, it was real quick. We did it in like four days I think it was. The bass and drums were all live and recorded together and then the guitar and vocals were overdubbed on a reel-to-reel.

CoS: I know you have one track, Hold On Me, off Brain Cycles up on your MySpace page. Its obvious after just one listen that the vocals are more pronounced, the guitar work is more intricate, and the overall the production feels a lot cleaner. How was the recording of this album different from your debut record?

PG: We recorded this one at Sound Farm in Jamaica, IA instead of Ohio this time. We put a lot more time into it and really focused on the mix to give it a kind of classic psychedelic feel. Its still real bluesy but we tried to make it more psychedelic than the last one.

CoS: Is Hold On Me going to be the first single?

PG: It might be, but it could be Breakdown too; theyre both going to be singles.

CoS: You guys have some great artwork, from concert posters to album covers, its the epitome of psychedelic. Whos the artist?

PG: Anthony Yankovic, hes from Ohio. Hes a hookup through Dan from the Black Keys.

CoS: Last year you were able to tour through Europe, how was that?

PG: We toured around by ourselves with lots of other European bands. Europe is really sweet.

CoS: What was your favorite part of Europe?

PG: Um, Holland. Pretty much any place with coffee shops.

CoS: Where was your biggest crowd?

PG: We played a pretty big festival in Spain where we played right before Marky Ramone.

CoS: So far, PG has been the only steadfast member of the band and the lineup has changed often. Is this the final lineup for the band?

PG: I damn sure hope so!

CoS: Do you guys each have a favorite song to play live?

PG: The last song we did tonight [No Good].

CoS: What are your plans for after the Brain Cycles drops?

PG: Yeah, were doing Europe again, April-May, two months. Then well do the west coast for about a month.

CoS: Will you be coming back here [Chicago]?

PG: I hope so, well probably be playing the Beat Kitchen though; I think its a better size for us.

CoS: I hope so too.

CoS: Did you get a chance to talk to him?

PG: We walked by him a bunch but he was so out of it, I was afraid to talk to him.

CoS: Last summer you guys had the chance to play the first annual 80/35 festival in downtown Des Moines, IA. What did you think about the festival?

PG: It was pretty sweet; Iowa needs a festival or something going on.

CoS: Do you have any friends or know any bands from back in Iowa waiting to blow up?

PG: Well we got this band, Mondo Drag, signed to Alive Records too. Theyre pretty cool, slightly similar, old school, early seventies, late sixties influenced stuff. Theyre from Davenport, IA.

CoS: Alive Naturalsound Records has a bunch of artist with a similar retro sound, are you guys close with any of the other artists on the label?

PG: Uh there are some bands we keep in touch with a lot. Black Diamond Heavies, those guys are awesome. Left Lane Cruiser, really nice guys, were gonna play with them in a couple weeks at Fort Wayne, IN, their hometown.

CoS: Parker, with all the talent you have and the wide range of genres out there, what made you decide to play psychedelic blues-rock?

PG: Kinda my dad, he got me into the stuff. He showed me Peter Green and after I heard him, I wanted to play guitar. I was a drummer first.

BTW, do you own both the albums by Radio Moscow?

Very nice interview there Rock 'n' Rolling Man! I enjoyed reading it! The fact that they are essentially old skool blues and psychedelic rock is what I find really fascinating! And they recorded "Brain Cycles" in just 4 days??! Wow! Just wow! BTW, do you own both the albums by Radio Moscow? My mom has agreed to buy both albums for me for my birthday! I told her that I don't want cards, a cake or any other stuff like that! I was like : "Just buy both the albums by Radio Moscow for me and I'll be the happiest girl on earth!". EDIT TO ADD : I find it absolutely strange that awesome stuff such as this costs a mere $11 (both albums together are just $22) while Gaga's album (the fame or something) goes for over $20!

No it was the s/t that took 4 days and the newer one Brain Cycles Parker mentioned it took longer. Yeah, LOL hope you get your RM birthday gift. Love the artwork that is associated with these guys like the album cover more on the first album. And check this and this out!

You're right about their artwork and I do like the one for the first album better than the second one but even the second one is well strange in a really good way! The artwork for the first album reminds me of psychedelic, sort of graffiti type art! Very cool! I also really admire that concert poster you posted in this thread I'm referring to this one : So cool!

I guess that one was just a flyer no one hand made it. Like when I saw Graveyard someone was hired from the record label to make posters for their west coast tour dates. This is the one Alan Hynes made and that I bought.

Wish I could trade for this one by Alan Forbes.

Jesus Christ would you look at this lineup and artwork also made by Alan Forbes!

Had I been into these bands I would have so made this not to mention the entrance cost for such a great music event was only 15 bucks.

That looks like something Bob Masse did or would do

I googled images his name and what came up looked amazing. Love that type of artwork like the picture in my avatar is from a 7" single that I have by Dead Man, it's probably the best piece of art I have.

Just came across this new article.

http://www.desmoinesregister.com/article/20100924/ENT04/9240332/Radio-Moscow-makes-music-full-time-on-coast

It's been a busy year for blues-rock band Radio Moscow, which got its start in Story City. The three-member group has toured Europe, had its music featured in the film "The Goods: Live Hard, Sell Hard," and a Radio Shack commercial starring Lance Armstrong. The band also moved its home base to Eureka, Calif., which is why there haven't been many performances by them locally. That changes this week, with concerts Saturday and Oct. 1 in central Iowa.

The band has been doing well enough that music is now a full-time profession for the three musicians. They've played more than 200 dates in the last year, including stops in France, Spain and Greece and opening for Brooklyn band Naam and metal pioneers Pentagram.

Frontman Parker Griggs reflected on why the band's energy has been focused on Europe.

"It seems like over in Europe rock is striving more," Griggs said in a phone call during a stop in Dallas. "People there are going back to the roots of old rock and roll where it all began. Especially France and Spain are really getting back into that stuff."

Radio Moscow has a psychedelic sound that feels closer to '60s acts like Peter Green or Free than contemporary bands. Ohio blues rockers The Black Keys have been an easy comparison, likely because that band's singer/guitarist, Dan Auerbach, produced Radio Moscow's self-titled debut.

The band is currently working on demos for a third album, which Griggs hopes to have out in early 2011. The band is also planning to hit Europe again next year, but Griggs is hoping to make it back to Iowa for three or four shows.

Playing in central Iowa gives Radio Moscow the advantage of having opening acts they know or have played with before, like History on Repeat for Friday's show and Mondo Drag in Ames. Griggs said their local openers in other countries can be a mixed bag.

"They all sing in English, which they don't really understand, so the vocals are always really weird. And there aren't a lot of psychedelic or blues bands. It's more of a garage or surf scene for the local bands we played with."

Griggs said the band moved to California to try a new scene and because Iowa winters "are really cold." But he also misses the fact that in Story City the band could jam as late as it wanted without drawing too much attention. Neighbors in Eureka have complained when things get too loud.

While they're back in central Iowa, the band will be attending the wedding of former drummer Keith Rich. Other than that, Radio Moscow's week won't be too structured.

"I don't know, I think I'll hit up some local record stores again," Griggs said.

• 1 year later...

New album The Great Escape of Leslie Magnafuzz drops Oct. 11.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IaBxCJP58aU

• 2 years later...

thanks I`ll check them out they sound like a band I`d totally enjoy...

This topic is now archived and is closed to further replies.

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Official development assistance (ODA)

Official development assistance (ODA) is government aid that promotes and specifically targets the economic development and welfare of developing countries. ODA has been the main source of financing for development aid since it was adopted by the OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) as the “gold standard” of foreign aid in 1969. The OECD is the only official source of reliable, comparable, and complete statistics on ODA.

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Key messages, supporting the economic development and welfare of low- and middle-income countries.

ODA is financial support from official providers to aid recipients (low- and middle-income countries) in areas such as health, sanitation, education, and infrastructure. It mainly consists of either grants or “soft” loans and it makes up over two thirds of external finance for least-developed countries.

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The DAC List of ODA-eligible recipients shows all countries and territories meeting the criteria to receive ODA. These consist of all low- and middle-income countries based on gross national income (GNI) per capita as published by the World Bank, with the exception of former G8 members, EU members, and countries with a firm date for entry into the EU. The list also includes all of the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) as defined by the United Nations (UN). It is reviewed every three years by the OECD’s DAC.

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The DAC tracks and monitors ODA so that individual donor efforts are measured alongside the broader development finance landscape. The OECD ensures that providers adhere to the primary objective of ODA (the economic development and welfare of aid recipients) and inform them about where their ODA should go relative to existing needs.

International aid rises in 2023 with increased support to Ukraine and humanitarian needs

International aid from official donors rose in 2023 to a new all-time high of USD 223.7 billion, up from USD 211 billion in 2022, as provider countries increased aid flows to Ukraine and directed more humanitarian assistance to developing countries. This aid amounted to 0.37% of DAC countries’ combined gross national income.

ODA for gender equality dropped for the first time in a decade

The share of development finance for gender equality decreased after a decade of progress—from 45% in 2019-20 to 43% in 2021-22. Less than 1% of ODA is aimed at ending violence against women and girls.

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