business plan preparation syllabus

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Course info.

• Joseph Hadzima

Departments

• Sloan School of Management

As Taught In

• Entrepreneurship

Learning Resource Types

Nuts and bolts of business plans, course meeting times.

Lectures: 3 sessions / week for 2 weeks, 3 hours / session

Prerequisites

No prerequisites for this course other than having an interest in entrepreneurship.

Course Information

This Independent Activities Period (IAP) Course 15.S21 was formerly known as 15.975.

Purpose of Course

The nuts and bolts of preparing a Business Plan and Starting a New Venture Plan was explored in this 25 th annual course offering. The course is open to members of the MIT Community and to others interested in entrepreneurship. It is particularly recommended for persons who are interested in starting or are involved in a new business or venture. Because some of the speakers are judges of the MIT $100K Entrepreneurship Competition, persons who are planning to enter the Competition should find the course particularly useful. In the past approximately 50% of the class has been from the Engineering / Science / Architecture Schools and 50% from the Sloan School of Management.

Grading and Course Credit

• MIT students may take this course for 3 units of Pass / Fail Credit.
• Attendance at each session is required (unless otherwise approved) and the writing requirement must be fulfilled.

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Course Syllabus

Course Description

Crafting the Blueprint: Mastering the Art of Business Planning

In the bustling world of entrepreneurship, where dreams are vast and the market ever-evolving, having a structured, articulate, and forward-thinking plan is not just advisable, it's indispensable. Many seasoned CPAs assert that the absence of a well-crafted business plan is the prime pitfall for nascent businesses. A business without a plan is like a ship without a compass; it might sail smoothly initially but can easily get lost or capsized amidst unforeseen challenges.

The adage "failing to plan is planning to fail" holds especially true in business. Entrepreneurs often grapple with seemingly minor hurdles, which, with foresight and planning, might have been mere stepping stones. Without a documented strategy, there's no roadmap to visualize, no north star to guide during tumultuous times.

Creating an impactful business plan is an intricate dance of meticulous research, keen understanding, and effective presentation. It's not just a document, but a reflection of your vision, mission, and the very ethos of what your venture stands for. This course aims to meticulously guide you through every nuance of crafting this vital instrument. You'll gain insights into what investors prioritize in a plan, how to make compelling presentations, and which aspects of your business strategy can significantly sway financial outcomes.

Moreover, this course isn’t just about creating a document; it’s about understanding and internalizing the strategic essence of business. We’ll share invaluable writing techniques that provide your plan the sheen of professionalism without the hefty cost of hiring a specialist.

By the culmination of this course, you'll be armed with a reservoir of knowledge, and more importantly, the confidence to create a business plan that not only informs but also impresses and persuades. Let’s set the stage for your business's success!

Course Modules :

Lesson 1: Plan Your Plan Foundations are paramount. Understand the importance of planning before plunging into the writing process. This lesson sets the tone for the entire course, ensuring clarity of vision and purpose.

Lesson 2: Structure and Sequence Learn the anatomy of a robust business plan. Dive into the optimal sequence that resonates with stakeholders, ensuring each section flows seamlessly into the next.

Lesson 3: Important Details Delve deep into the nitty-gritty. Highlighting vital components, this lesson emphasizes elements that can make or break your business strategy.

Lesson 4: The Executive Summary The front window to your business plan, this section often gets the most eyeballs. Understand the art of creating a concise yet comprehensive executive summary that captivates from the get-go.

Lesson 5: Financials Numbers tell a tale. Unravel the intricacies of showcasing your financial projections, understanding investor metrics, and painting a realistic yet promising financial future.

Lesson 6: Market Research The bedrock of any business strategy. Understand your market landscape, identify trends, and learn to present data that validates your business proposition.

Lesson 7: Competition No business exists in a vacuum. This lesson helps you adeptly analyze your competition, identifying gaps in the market and positioning your business as a front runner.

Lesson 8: Support Documents and Working Your Plan It's not just about creating the plan but living it. Learn the importance of auxiliary documents and the iterative process of refining your strategy as your business evolves.

Your business idea deserves a blueprint that mirrors its potential. Dive into this course and sculpt a business plan that stands as a testament to your vision, dedication, and entrepreneurial spirit. Here's to planning for prosperity!

• Completely Online
• Printable Lessons

• 6 Months to Complete
• 24/7 Availability
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• PC & Mac Compatible
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• Accredited CEUs

Learning Outcomes

• Plan your business writing plan.
• Define structure and sequence in the scope of a business plan.
• Describe the important details of a business writing plan.
• Describe the executive summary.
• Summarize the financials.
• Identify and describe market research
• Analyze the competition.
• Demonstrate mastery of lesson content at levels of 70% or higher.

Assessment Guide

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SKILL-Business Plan Preparation

Dr.Susanta Kumar Mishra

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Business Plan Preparation

Code(credit) : cutm 3095 (0-2-2), course objectives.

-To acquire the Skill relating to Entrepreneurship

-To develop the entrepreneurial way of thinking  to identify  a business. -To develop a Business Plan relating to the planned entrepreneurial venture

Learning Outcomes

. The students will  acquire the entrepreneurial temperament to start a business venture . Will able to write a Business Plan for the purpose of obtaining finance for the Business

Course Syllabus

Module 1: Overview of Entrepreneurship 

Overview on the concept of Entrepreneurship and Charms of becoming an Entrepreneur. Understand the qualities of an Entrepreneur ,Skills required for an Entrepreneur

Practice: So you want to start your own enterprise - Take a Quiz and then Stop, think and do some analysis. Identify your own qualities and share

Module 2: Planning for your Venture, Decisions, Market: Market Survey 

Planning and areas of planning, decisions an entrepreneur takes- Becoming an Entrepreneur, Finding an Opportunity, Making a Project Plan, The Process of Selection, Exploring Opportunities, Taking a Decision, Understanding the Broad Industry Group, Selection of Specific Project,Final Selection of Project

Practice : Why Market Survey? What does it involve? Steps in the Market Research/Survey, Tips for conducting market survey

Module 3: Business Plan

What is a Business Plan , General Information, Details of Proposed Project: Manufacturing or service, Conducting the Market Study, Cost of the Project (Fixed Capital, Working Capital),Means of Finance, Project Profitability Analysis

Module 4: Sources of Finance and Various Govt. Schemes

Internal Sources and External Sources, Term-loan –Long Term Loan, Short Term Loan, Plant Leasing, Hire-Purchase, Working capital Loan

Practice: Understand the various schemes (Mudra Scheme, Pradhan Mantri Rozgar Yojana (PMRY), Swarojgar Credit Card Scheme (SCC Scheme), Khadi and Village Industries Rural Employment Generation Programme (GRAMODYOG ROJGAR YOJANA) through Public Sector Banks and Regional Rural Banks, Direct Credit scheme of SIDBI, Credit schemes of NSIC Ltd.

List of Projects (Maximum group size is 4)

1) Prepare a Business Plan for production of “Chocolate Milk” 2) Prepare a Business Plan for a “Bakery Unit” 3) Develop a case study from your locality of a Successful Entrepreneur 4) Prepare a Business Plan for any product of your likeness 5) Prepare a Business Plan for “Agarbatti and Pampad making Unit” 6) Prepare a Business Plan for any "Ecological Product" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Session Plan

The concept of Entrepreneurship and the charms of becoming an entrepreneur. Introduction to Entrepreneur, Discussion on What is Entrepreneur? What is Entrepreneurship? Entrepreneur vs Career- Which are you?, How to be an Entrepreneur, Charms of becoming an entrepreneur or Advantages of Being an Entrepreneur, Compare and contrast the entrepreneur and the employee Take the Quiz and analyse.

Web links –

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=92ZmzD70sOU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CfJd8Vuc0VU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=imlIWKr4dKA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cc6pLB866Cw

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prDsSjywWag https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkHvtU66sWU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lJjILQu2xM8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MT66Ib3DwYg

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=csX7KWjKlRY

SO YOU WANT TO START YOUR OWN ENTERPRISE?_PDF ARE YOU AN ENTREPRENEURIAL PERSON?_PDF ENTREPRENEURSHIP MEANING & DEFINITION_PDF

Qualities of an Entrepreneur , Traits of Successful Entrepreneurs,  Qualities of an Entrepreneur

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UNCnHlljuXI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LMXPDkWWCTA

Entrepreneurial Competencies_Shiv_CUTM

Understanding the importance of Planning. Long term and Short term planning, Types of Plan Demo- Read Planning and Areas of Planning Web Links- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4B4blUrQavU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=De0HyiqRXIU Planning_PDF

Decision an Entrepreneur Takes: Decision to Becoming an Entrepreneur, Finding an Opportunity, Project Identification, Making a Project Plan, Entrepreneurial Continuum, The Process of Selection, Exploring Opportunities Web links- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HMybR2X2G3Y (Business opportunity identification) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cIsA1s9SwEU (How to find business ideas- the ultimate guide)

Decisions an Entrepreneur Takes_PDF

Taking a Decision: Step: 1: Understanding the Broad Industry Group, Step: 2: Selection of Specific Project, 3) Own strength & limitations, 4) Comparing relative advantages & disadvantages and Step 3: Final Selection of Project. Decisions an Entrepreneur Takes_PPT

What is Market Survey.The need for Market Survey What does it involve? Steps in the Market Research/Survey, Tips for conducting market survey Practice: Carry out a market survey of the product you have chosen in the campus Web Links- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sfEsKXuXfI4 (Definition, Methods and Steps of Market Survey) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gy4Xyfcbpic (5 Market Survey Tips for Small Business Owners) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6pHlj3MrYIs (Importance & Types of Market Survey)

https://pestleanalysis.com/what-is-marketing-analysis/ https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-market-analysis-definition-examples.html

ENSURING MARKET: MARKET SURVEY AND RESEARCH_PDF

What is a Business Plan .The need for Business Plan.  Who should write a Business Plan . How to Prepare a Business Plan Web Links- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FIoGLHT4wGE (What is Business Plan) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fqch5OrUPvA&t=3s (How To Write a Business Plan To Start Your Own Business)

Business Plan or Project Report_PPT

General Information and Details of Proposed Project: Manufacturing or service The Business Plan Format and write the plan Web Links- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nlnRToSW_0I https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FdDR3zzEdks (How to write the Business Plan)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=btsKJdLmXgc

Business Plan Outline_PDF Business Plan Format Business Plan Outline_PDF

Understand the Process Flow Diagram (PFD) and do the Market Study See the Business Plan Format and write the plan Web links- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y7g8vWv11Vk

Understand the Cost of the Project (Fixed Capital, Working Capital) See the Business Plan Format and calculate the cost of the project Web links- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6LabzBcO79U (Fixed Capital and Working Capital- An Overview)

Total Cost of the Project The Business Plan and total cost of the project Practice- Review the previous calculations and and calculate the total cost of the project

A Sample Business Plan

Understand the Means of Finance (Internal and External sources: Term-loan –Long Term Loan, Short Term Loan, Plant Leasing, Hire-Purchase, Working capital Loan, Summary of Sources of Finance Sources of Finance_PPT

Presenting your case for a Term Loan: A Business Proposition on Either Side, Expectation of a Financier, How will your business perform?, What will your plan do for your Business?, What is your financial strength?, Your own strength as an entrepreneur, Some Useful Tips.

Presenting your Case_PPT

Various Schemes offered by Government Read the schemes from the document and from links Web links-

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pnN-t7xmU5k

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=orzNC8lClKk&feature=youtu.be  https://www.makeinindia.com/about  https://aim.gov.in/index.php  https://wcd.nic.in/schemes/support-training-and-employment-programme-women-step

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dw1Vnt-3lks

Schemes by GoI_PDF

Various Schemes by Government Read the schemes from the document and from links Web links- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uvQRDU0gN9o https://www.standupmitra.in/ http://www.dcmsme.gov.in/schemes/treadwomen.htm https://msme.gov.in/sites/default/files/MSME_Schemes_English_0.pdf

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QDKbq9EH0gc

https://birac.nic.in/desc_new.php?id=89

Business Plan Presentation Present your Business Plan/ Report Practice: Present your Business Plan for production of “Chocolate Milk  or for a “Bakery Unit”

Business Plan Presentation

Practice: Present your Business Plan for “Agarbatti and Pampad making Unit” or Present your Business Plan for any "Ecological Product"

Business Plan Presentation Practice: Present your Business Plan for the product you have chosen

Present your case study from your locality of a Successful Entrepreneur Demo- Present through the case study format Practice: Present your case

SE-Case Study Format

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FuG8AzK9GVQ

Present your case study  of a Successful Entrepreneur

Suggested Books

1.How to write a Business Plan, Dr.Susanta K Mishra,Kindle Self Publishing

2.Skills for Entrepreneurial Success, Dr.Susanta K Mishra,Kindle Self Publishing

3.The 5Gs of Family Business,Walter Viera& Mita Dixit,Sage Publications

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Developing a Business Plan

This course will give you an in-depth look at what to consider when drafting your business plan. You'll learn how to put a business plan together, how to organize your departments and employees, and how to create a strategic financial plan.

Course Syllabus – 6 Lessons

• Lesson 1 Brainstorming Your Business Plan This article will teach you what you need to think about when determining your business goals and objectives.
• Lesson 2 Do's and Don'ts of Your Business Plan Learn the do's and don'ts of writing your business plan from experts who have been in your spot.
• Lesson 3 Writing Your Executive Summary There's a lot of items that go into an executive summary. Find out all about it in this lesson.
• Lesson 4 Creating Your Marketing Strategy In this video, experts share their thoughts on how to create a marketing strategy.
• Lesson 5 Organizing Your Management Team It's time to put your dream team together! Learn how to decide who you need to hire right away, and how to pay them.
• Lesson 6 Operations Plans This article will shed light on why it's important to have an operations plan and deadlines.
• Fireside Chat How to Create the Modern Business Plan for your Startup Successful entrepreneurs chat about how to write the modern business plan for your startup. Insight on determining projections, market research and more!
• Final Project One-Page Business Plan The final project will give you the chance to take all the activity worksheets in the section, and compile into a one-page business plan.

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BUS101: Introduction to Business

Course introduction.

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First, read the course syllabus. Then, enroll in the course by clicking "Enroll me". Click Unit 1 to read its introduction and learning outcomes. You will then see the learning materials and instructions on how to use them.

Unit 1: The Context of Business

This unit covers the basic concepts that give context to a business. We explore economic and historical information governments use to make decisions, which provides a foundation for future decision-making. You will learn about productivity, the business cycle, the impact of business on society, economic trends and policies, and elements of global business. We will examine the financial meltdown of 2008, including the government bailout of AIG and General Motors, and the collapse of Lehman Brothers, which provide teachable moments in economic policy and business cycles.

Completing this unit should take you approximately 15 hours.

Unit 2: Entrepreneurship and Legal Forms of Business

In this unit, we explore various forms of ownership (sole proprietorship, partnerships, and corporations) that affect how businesses are taxed, how profits are distributed, and what regulations must be followed. The form of ownership you choose corresponds to the growth, taxation, and future of your company. We also examine some techniques business owners use to analyze profitability. We review the characteristics of successful entrepreneurs, how small businesses impact the economy, and the role of the Small Business Administration in the United States.

Completing this unit should take you approximately 10 hours.

Unit 3: Marketing

Marketing encompasses more than simple advertising and selling. It describes the activity businesses engage in to create, communicate, deliver, and exchange their products to their customers, clients, partners, and society. Business owners not only aim to provide customers with the goods and services they want and need, but they also need to convince them to make a purchase and come back for more. It involves the product, price, distribution, and promotion in the form of advertisements, publicity, public relations, and sales promotion. We will explore e-commerce, e-business, and the use of social media marketing.

Completing this unit should take you approximately 9 hours.

Unit 4: Accounting, Finance, and Banking

Every day, business owners make financial decisions that will affect every phase of the business operation, such as payroll, cash flow, and projecting future growth. A thorough understanding of accounting and financial management allows business owners to find the best sources and use of funds. For example, you can derive an accurate measure of the health of your business from the income statement, balance sheets, and financial ratios. We investigate financing options, how to analyze credit, and the time value of money. We also examine how banks, such as the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank, affect the ability of businesses to obtain financing.

Completing this unit should take you approximately 12 hours.

Unit 5: Management

The management practices that a business adopts will inform how well it can achieve its goals and respond to changes in the workplace. For-profit and nonprofit companies achieve their goals through the four steps of management: planning, organizing, controlling, and leading. Technical, conceptual, and interpersonal skills are essential to the management process. It also involves using human, financial, and informational resources. In this unit, we explore how successful business management requires teamwork, communication, creating a clear corporate mission and culture, following good business ethics, and committing to social responsibility.

Completing this unit should take you approximately 16 hours.

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Developing a Business Plan

The foundation of a successful business is a solid business plan. This comprehensive course dives into the details of developing a plan and students emerge with a first draft of a sound business plan.

What you can learn.

• Learn the key components for creating a business plan
• Identify existing customers and future customers
• Understand revenue forecasting methodologies, competitor analysis, small business finance, and how to transition from personal guarantees and credit lines to a self-financing business model
• Effectively plan, hire, and train staff with high potential
• Examine the legal aspects of organizing and managing a small business

About this course:

Summer 2024 schedule.

Enrollment limited; early enrollment advised. Internet access required.

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DAY – 54 Insta 75 Days Revision Plan-2024: Topic – POLTY , PREVIOUS YEAR UPSC PAPER 2001 & 2002 and Aug & Sep 2023 CA

INSTA 75 Days REVISION PLAN 2024

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1 . Question

Consider the following countries:

How many of the above have semi-presidential system of government?

• a) Only two
• b) Only three
• c) Only four
• d) All five

Explanation:

• A presidential system involves a single head of state and government, often with significant executive powers, distinct from a parliamentary system where the executive powers are vested in a prime minister. In a semi-presidential system, the president and prime minister share powers, with varying degrees of authority depending on the country.
• Germany has a parliamentary syste m, with the Chancellor as the head of government and a largely ceremonial President.
• Sri Lanka has a semi-presidential system , with both a President and a Prime Minister, but the President wields significant executive power.
• Brazil has a presidential system, where the President is the head of state and government.
• Ukraine has a semi-presidential system , with a President who has significant powers and a Prime Minister sharing some executive responsibilities.
• Israel has a parliamentary system , with a Prime Minister as the head of government and a largely ceremonial President.

Hence, option (a) is correct.

2 . Question

Consider the following statements about the executive system in India:

• The President of India is the formal head of the state, while the Prime Minister is the head of government.
• The Prime Minister of India is appointed by the President but must have the support of the majority in the parliament.

Which of the above given statements is/ are correct?

• c) Both 1 and 2
• President of India is the formal head of the state, while the Prime Minister is the head of government. The President holds a ceremonial position, while the Prime Minister has the primary executive authority. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• The Prime Minister is appointed by the President, they must have the support of the majority in the Lok Sabha only, the lower house of Parliament.Hence, majority in Rajya Sabha is not mandated . Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.

3 . Question

Under what circumstances can the President of India exercise his/her discretion?

• Sending back the advice given by the Council of Ministers for reconsideration.
• Withholding or refusing assent to ordinary Bills passed by Parliament.
• Appointing the Prime Minister when there is no clear majority in the Lok Sabha.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

• a) 1 and 2 only
• b) 2 and 3 only
• c) 1 and 3 only
• d) 1, 2, and 3
• The President can send back the advice given by the Council of Ministers for reconsideration. The President has the discretionary power to ask the Council to reconsider its advice. However, if the Council of Ministers reiterates its advice, the President must act on it. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• The President can withhold or refuse assent to Bills passed by Parliament. The President can refuse assent to a Bill (except Money Bills), which is known as a “veto,” and can also exercise a “pocket veto” by not signing or refusing to act on the Bill. Veto power is used as per the discretion of the president. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• The President appoints the Prime Minister when there is no clear majority in the Lok Sabha. In situations where there is no clear majority, the President has the discretion to decide who should be appointed as Prime Minister, typically based on who can likely form a stable government. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
• Hence, option (d) is correct.

4 . Question

Which of the following statements about the Indian bureaucracy is/are correct?

• The Indian Administrative Service (IAS) and Indian Police Service (IPS) officers are appointed by the central government but work under the supervision of the state government.
• The central government has the authority to take disciplinary action against IAS and IPS officers.
• d) Neither 1 nor 2
• IAS and IPS officers are appointed by the central government but work under the supervision of the state government. The central government appoints these officers, but they are assigned to states and work under the state’s administrative structure. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• The central government has the authority to take disciplinary action against IAS and IPS officers. While these officers are supervised by the state government, disciplinary action, particularly severe measures, are under the central government’s jurisdiction. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• Hence, option(c) is correct.

5 . Question

What was one of the primary tasks assigned to the Rohini Commission?

• a) To examine the distribution of benefits among OBCs
• b) To propose new educational reservation quotas for OBCs
• c) To recommend ways to merge OBC categories
• d) To study the representation of Scheduled Tribes in central jobs
• Recently, Justice G. Rohini-headed Commission for the sub- categorisation of Other Backward Classes (OBC) caste groups submitted its long-awaited report to the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment after nearly six years of work.
• The Justice Rohini Commission, formally known as the Commission for the Sub-Categorization of Other Backward Classes (OBCs), was established on 2nd October 2017 by the President of India under Article 340 of the Indian Constitution. This article empowers the President to set up a commission to investigate the conditions of backward classes and propose measures for their improvement.

6 . Question

What is one of the reasons critics believe Parliament is losing its central role in democratic governance?

• a) The decline in the quality of debates and discussions in Parliament
• b) The increasing influence and power of the executive over legislature.
• c) The increased focus on regional and state issues rather than national issues
• d) The overemphasis on electoral functions rather than legislative functions.
• Parliament traditionally holds a central role in democratic governance, serving as a platform for legislation, debate, and holding the executive accountable. However, critics argue that Parliament’s influence is diminishing due to the increasing power and dominance of the executive branch, leading to a perceived decline in Parliament’s centrality.
• The decline in the quality of debates and discussions in Parliament could indicate a loss of vibrancy and robustness in the parliamentary process . However, this could be a symptom of executive dominance rather than a root cause. When the executive controls the legislative agenda, debates may become perfunctory, leading to a decline in quality.
• A decline in debate quality might result from the executive’s ability to set the agenda and control discussions. If the executive holds significant power, it can suppress meaningful debate, leading to fewer opportunities for dissent or scrutiny.
• When the executive has a strong grip on the legislative process, it can initiate and push through policies with limited input from Parliament. This dominance can lead to reduced debate, weakened accountability, and decreased scrutiny of the executive’s actions.
• Dominance of the Executive: In many parliamentary systems, including India, the executive branch, typically led by the Cabinet or the Prime Minister, has significant control over the legislative agenda. This can lead to a situation where the executive initiates policies and sets the governance agenda, reducing the scope for broader parliamentary debate and input.
• Legislative Control: When the executive dominates, it can control the flow of legislation, potentially reducing the role of Parliament to merely approving executive-driven policies. This undermines the traditional role of Parliament as a body for thorough debate and scrutiny.
• Majority Governments and Party Discipline : In systems where a single party or coalition holds a strong majority, party discipline can result in Members of Parliament (MPs) adhering to the party line, rather than engaging in robust debate or questioning executive decisions. This, in turn, can reduce Parliament’s effectiveness in acting as a check on executive power.
• Decline in Parliamentary Debate : A decrease in the quality or quantity of debates and discussions within Parliament may also contribute to the perception of its reduced role. If Parliament becomes a venue for routine approval of executive decisions rather than vibrant discussion and dissent, its central role in democratic governance can be compromised.
• Erosion of Parliamentary Procedures : Another reason for critics’ concerns is the erosion of parliamentary procedures. When executive power grows, parliamentary processes might be bypassed or manipulated to push through executive agendas, further diminishing Parliament’s role as a check on power.
• Ultimately, when the executive branch dominates, it can limit Parliament’s capacity to represent diverse viewpoints, ensure governmental accountability, and engage in meaningful debates . The consequences of such a shift can be significant, as it challenges the foundational principles of a democratic system where different branches of government serve as checks and balances for one another.
• The increased focus on regional and state issues rather than national issues can occur when MPs prioritize local interests over national governance. While this could fragment parliamentary focus, it doesn’t necessarily mean Parliament is losing its central role. In fact, regional representation is an essential aspect of a federal system.
• The overemphasis on electoral functions rather than legislative functions points to a shift in focus within Parliament. While this can be a concern, it’s generally not a root cause of Parliament’s declining role. The electoral functions of Parliament, such as electing the President and Vice-President, are part of its broader responsibilities, but they do not necessarily lead to a loss of centrality in governance.
• Hence, option (b) is correct.

7 . Question

Consider the following statements about the  powers of the Rajya Sabha:

• The Rajya Sabha can alone initiate the procedure for the removal of the Vice President of India.
• The Rajya Sabha has equal power with the Lok Sabha when it comes to constitutional amendments.
• The Rajya Sabha can suggest amendments to money bills, but it cannot initiate money bills.

How many of the above given statements are correct?

• a) Only one
• b) Only two
• c) All three
• The Rajya Sabha can alone initiate the procedure for the removal of the Vice President of India. The process of removing the Vice President can be initiated only in the Rajya Sabha. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• The Rajya Sabha has equal power with the Lok Sabha when it comes to constitutional amendments. Both the Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha have co-equal powers in the case of constitutional amendments. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• The Rajya Sabha can suggest amendments to money bills, but it cannot initiate money bills. While the Rajya Sabha can offer suggestions on money bills, it cannot initiate them—only the Lok Sabha can do so. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

8 . Question

The Indian Constitution terms India as a ‘Republic’. In this context, consider the following statements:

• Political sovereignty is not vested in a single individual.
• Absence of privileged classes.
• All public offices are open to citizens without discrimination.

How many of the above features describes India as a Republic?

• A democratic polity can be classified into two categories– monarchy and republic. In a monarchy, the head of the state (usually king or queen) enjoys a hereditary position, that is, he comes into office through succession, e.g., Britain.
• In a republic, on the other hand, the head of the state is always elected directly or indirectly for a fixed period, e.g., USA.Therefore, the term ‘republic’ in our Preamble indicates that India has an elected head called the president. He is elected indirectly for a fixed period of five years.
• A republic also means two more things:
• One, vesting of political sovereignty in the people and not in a single individual like a king. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Second, the absence of any privileged class and hence all public offices being opened to every citizen without any discrimination.
• Hence, statement 2 and statement 3 are correct.

9 . Question

With reference to the Second schedule of the Indian Constitution, consider the following:

• Speaker of the Legislative Assembly in the states
• Prime Minister
• Judges of the High Courts
• Comptroller and Auditor-General

Second Schedule deals with provisions relating to the remunerations, allowances, privileges etc. of how many of the above?

• c) Only three
• d) All four
• Second Schedule deals with provisions relating to the emoluments, allowances, privileges and so on of
• The President of India
• The Governors of States
• The Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha
• The Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha
• The Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly in the states
• The Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council in the states
• The Judges of the Supreme Court
• The Judges of the High Courts
• The Comptroller and Auditor-General of India
• The remuneration for the prime minister and other ministers are covered under the purview of Salaries and Allowances of Minister Act, 1952.
• Leaders of Opposition is covered under the purview of Salary and Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in Parliament, 1977.
• Hence, option c is correct.

10 . Question

What are the mechanisms by which Parliament regulates its own conduct?

• The presiding officer oversees the smooth conduct of parliamentary business.
• The anti-defection law restricts members from switching parties after being elected.
• The Joint Parliamentary Committees ensure ethical conduct among members.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• The presiding officer oversees the smooth conduct of parliamentary business.The presiding officer (Speaker in the Lok Sabha, Chairman in the Rajya Sabha) ensures that parliamentary sessions are conducted orderly, decides on procedural matters, and has the authority to maintain discipline. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• The anti-defection law restricts members from switching parties after being elected. The anti-defection law, introduced to prevent political defections, can lead to disqualification of members who switch parties or violate party instructions during key votes. Hence, statement 2 is correct .
• The Joint Parliamentary Committees (JPCs) are generally set up to address specific issues, such as investigating a particular bill or financial irregularities. They do not primarily focus on ensuring ethical conduct among members. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.

11 . Question

With reference to the Sponges, consider the following statements:

• Unlike corals, they are mobile aquatic invertebrates having simple structures with no tissues.
• Unlike corals, these species are found in freshwater and estuaries along with marine habitats.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (c) Both 1 and 2
• (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Statement 1 is not correct: While sponges, like corals, are immobile aquatic invertebrates, they are otherwise completely different organisms with distinct anatomy, feeding methods, and reproductive processes.

Corals are complex, many-celled organisms. Sponges are very simple creatures with no tissues.

Statement 2 is correct: All corals require saltwater to survive. While most sponges are found in the ocean, numerous species are also found in fresh water and estuaries.

A sponge’s skeletal type adapts well to its particular habitat, allowing it to live on hard, rocky surfaces or soft sediments such as sand and mud. Some sponges even attach themselves to floating debris! Rarely are they found completely free-floating.

12 . Question

Consider the following statements regarding the Software-as-a-Service (SaaS):

• It allows software access on a subscription basis using external servers and allows to access programs without the Internet.
• It is not costly as users can pay for SaaS instead of purchasing multiple software licenses for multiple computers.
• It has major advantages including no security risks with greater speed and control of software customization.

How many of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) Only one
• (b) Only two
• (c) All three

Statement 1 is not correct: Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) is a software licensing model. It allows access to software on a subscription basis using external servers. As its important feature, SaaS allows each user to access programs via the Internet.

The user need not install the software on his/her computer. The rise of SaaS and cloud-based computing go hand in hand.

Statement 2 is correct: It is easy to implement, update and debug. Moreover, it is not very costly as users pay for SaaS instead of purchasing multiple software licenses for multiple computers. This is a very cost-effective advantage.

SaaS allows users to access the software through a web browser from multiple locations. He or she can have remote desktop software and can work from home.

Statement 3 is not correct: Major disadvantages of SaaS consist of security risks, slower speed, lack of customization, lack of control and lack of customization.

13 . Question

Consider the following statements regarding the Deflation:

• It is associated with a contraction in the supply of money and credit.
• It decreases the economic power of savings-based equity financing.
• It leads to a decrease in employment and destabilizes the economy.

Statement 1 is correct: Deflation is a general decline in prices for goods and services, typically associated with a contraction in the supply of money and credit in the economy.

During deflation, the purchasing power of currency rises over time.

Statement 2 is not correct: Deflation makes it less economical for governments, businesses, and consumers to use debt financing. However, deflation increases the economic power of savings-based equity financing.

Deflation is the general decline in prices of goods and services, which effectively increases the value of currency.

It’s associated with a variety of causes, including a contraction in the availability of money, as well as increased productivity and advancements in technology.

Statement 3 is not correct: According to the Pigou effect, price deflation leads to increased employment and wealth, stabilizing the economy.

14 . Question

Consider the following statements regarding the Mediterranean Sea:

• It is connected to the Atlantic Ocean through the Strait of Gibraltar.
• It is connected to the Black Sea through the Bosporus Strait.
• It is connected to the Red Sea through the Suez Canal.
• It shares its boundary with Botswana and Mozambique.
• (c) Only three
• (d) All four

The Mediterranean Sea is bordered by the continent of Europe in the north; by Asia in the east and by Africa in the south.

Statement 1 is correct: In the west, the Mediterranean Sea is connected to the Atlantic Ocean via the narrow Strait of Gibraltar.

Statement 2 is correct: In the extreme northeast, it is connected to the Black Sea via the Dardanelles Strait, the Sea of Marmara, and the Bosporus Strait.

Statement 3 is correct : The Mediterranean Sea is also connected to the Red Sea via the Suez Canal in the southeast.

Statement 4 is not correct: Some of the significant countries that are located along the Mediterranean Sea are Greece, France, Italy, Spain, Croatia, Algeria, Tunisia, Lebanon, etc.

15 . Question

Consider the following statements regarding the Melghat Tiger Reserve:

• It is located in Central India on the Satpura Hill Range.
• It is drained by the rivers which are all tributaries of the Tapti.
• Its forests are categorized as Southern Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests.

How many of the statements given above is/are not correct?

Statement 1 is correct: Melghat Tiger Reserve is located in Central India on a southern branch of the Satpura Hill Range, commonly known as the Gavilgarh Hills.

Statement 2 is correct: The area is drained by five large rivers: Khandu, Khapra, Sipna, Gadga, and Dolar, which are all tributaries of the Tapti. The River Tapti forms the Reserve’s northern and eastern boundaries.

Melghat is Maharashtra’s premier biodiversity reserve. The extensive plateaus amidst the rough topography include Makhala, Chikhaldara, Chiladari, Patulda, and Gugamal.

Statement 3 is correct: It comprises of five protected areas: the Gugamal National Park, the Melghat Sanctuary, the Narnala, the Ambabarwa, and the Wan Sanctuaries. The Reserve’s forests are categorized as Southern Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests.

16 . Question

Consider the following statements.

Assertion (A): Reducing air pollution can potentially help mitigate antibiotic resistance.

Reason (R): Particulate matter PM2.5 in the air can contain antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes, which might be inhaled by humans.

In the context of the above, which of these is correct?

• a) A is correct, and R is an appropriate explanation of A.
• b) A is correct, but R is not an appropriate explanation of A.
• c) A is correct, but R is incorrect.
• d) Both A and R are incorrect.

Solution: a)

Justification:

Justification: A global study suggests that air pollution is contributing to a rise in antibiotic resistance, posing a significant threat to human health worldwide.

The analysis shows a consistent link between increased air pollution and rising antibiotic resistance in every country and continent.

Particulate matter PM2.5 in the air can contain antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes, which might be inhaled by humans, potentially contributing to resistance.

Key findings:

The study, the first comprehensive global analysis of this connection, suggests that reducing air pollution could help mitigate antibiotic resistance.

The study acknowledges that while air pollution is recognized as a pathway for disseminating antibiotic resistance, there is limited data on specific routes that antibiotic-resistant genes travel via air pollution.

The research found that antibiotic resistance increases with PM2.5 air pollution, with a 10% rise in pollution associated with a 1.1% increase in resistance.

A modelling scenario suggests that without changes to current air pollution policies, antibiotic resistance could rise by 17% by 2050, resulting in around 840,000 annual premature deaths attributed to resistance.

Q Source: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2023/08/09/mission-2024-insights-daily-current-affairs-pib-summary-9-august-2023/

17 . Question

Scientists rely on which of these natural sources to reconstruct climate conditions over longer timescales?

• Paleoclimate proxies
• Isotopes that undergo steady radioactive decay

Which of the above is/are correct?

Solution: c)

Justification: Palaeo proxies, short for paleoclimate proxies, are indirect pieces of evidence that scientists use to infer past climate conditions. Since instrumental climate records (such as thermometer measurements) are only available for a relatively short period, usually a few hundred years, scientists rely on various natural sources to reconstruct climate conditions over longer timescales.

To estimate past temperatures, scientists also use isotopes that undergo steady radioactive decay.

Limitations of these techniques:

Palaeo proxy technique has limitations. It can only provide temperature anomalies on long timescales, such as centuries or thousands of years. Even the best proxies only offer estimates on weekly or seasonal timescales. Additionally, all temperature proxies are local or regional, making global temperature estimates uncertain.

Q Source: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2023/08/03/mission-2024-insights-daily-current-affairs-pib-summary-3-august-2023/

18 . Question

Which of the following principles/doctrines underlie Article 14 of the constitution?

• Doctrine of Non-Arbitrariness
• Doctrine of Reasonable Classification

Justification: India has a ‘Doctrine of Non-Arbitrariness and Reasonable Classification’ originating from Article 14 (fundamental right to equality to every citizen in the country)

The ‘reasonableness doctrine is a legal principle used to evaluate the validity of administrative decisions. It assesses whether a decision is extremely unreasonable, based on factors like the consideration of relevant information, proper balancing of factors, and absence of irrelevant influences.

For instance, if a government decision allocates resources without adequately considering the impact on citizens’ well-being, or if a political appointment is made without proper evaluation of the candidate’s qualifications, the ‘reasonableness’ doctrine can be used to challenge and overturn such decisions.

19 . Question

Pink diamonds get their distinct colour from

• unique structural irregularities in the crystal lattice of the diamond
• impurities like nitrogen and boron, which give coloured diamonds their hues

Justification: Pink diamonds are a rare and highly coveted type of diamond known for their stunning pink or reddish-pink colour. Pink diamonds are exceptionally rare, and their rarity, combined with their captivating beauty, makes them extremely valuable.

How it is unique?

Pink diamonds get their distinct colour from unique structural irregularities in the crystal lattice of the diamond, rather than impurities like nitrogen or boron, which give other coloured diamonds their hues (such as in the case of Yellow and blue diamonds)

Where is it found?

The Argyle diamond mine in Western Australia was one of the primary sources of pink diamonds (over 90% of production), although it ceased production in 2020. Pink diamonds from the Argyle mine were particularly famous for their quality and colour intensity.

What does the study indicate?

Pink diamonds were formed as a result of the breakup of Earth’s first supercontinent, Vaalbara, through intense geological forces from colliding tectonic plates that caused their crystal lattices to twist and bend. The critical event that turned once-colourless diamonds into pink was a monumental collision between Western Australia and Northern Australia.

Q Source: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2023/09/22/mission-2024-insights-daily-current-affairs-pib-summary-22-september-2023/

20 . Question

Consider the following statements about the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India.

• It was founded in pre-independent India.
• It is a statutory body.
• It is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Finance.
• It is tasked with licensing both the insurance and re-insurance industries in India.

How many of the above is/are correct?

Justification: The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (founded 1999; HQ: Hyderabad) is a statutory body (under the IRDA Act 1999) and is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Finance and is tasked with regulating and licensing the insurance and re-insurance industries in India.

The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) is creating the ‘Bima Sugam’ online platform, which is described as a ‘game-changer’ and a ‘UPI moment’ for the insurance sector.

It will serve as a one-stop destination for insurance-related needs, including policies, portability, agent changes, and claims.

Buyers can directly purchase life, motor, or health policies through web aggregators, brokers, banks, and insurance agents. Insurance companies will be major shareholders in the platform, which will offer services via an ‘e-insurance account’ (E-IA).

21 . Question

Consider the following statements regarding Mahajanapadas: 1. Vajji and Malla were the only republic mahajanapadas. 2. Anga was the important trade center for traders moving to South-East Asia (Suvarnabhumi). 3. Mahabharata tells the story of the conflict in the Kuru clan.

How many of the above statements are incorrect?

Vajji, Malla, Kuru and Kamboja were the ganatantras (republic) Mahajanapadas.

Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.

Anga was the important trade center for traders moving to South-East Asia (Suvarnabhumi).

Hence, statement 2 is correct.

Mahabharata tells the story of the conflict in the Kuru clan.

Hence, statement 3 is correct.

22 . Question

Consider the following statements regarding the Sangam texts: 1. Sangam texts constitute religious literature. 2. Short and long poems were composed by numerous poets in praise of various heroes and heroines. 3. Sangam poems are not primitive songs, but literature of high quality.

• d) None of the above

The Sangam texts are different from the Vedic texts, particularly the Rig Veda. They do not constitute religious literature.

The short and long poems were composed by numerous poets in praise of various heroes and heroines and are in secular nature. They are not primitive songs, but literature of high quality.

Hence, statement 2 and statement 3 both are correct.

23 . Question

Consider the following statements regarding Sungas: 1. The founder of the Sunga dynasty was Pusyamitra Sunga. 2. Magadha was the nucleus of the Sunga kingdom. 3. Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras and Mahabhasya were composed in this period.

o The Sunga dynasty was established in 185 B.C.E., about 50 years after Ashoka’s death, when the king Brhadrata, the last of the Mauryan rulers, was assassinated by the then commander-in-chief of the Mauryan armed forces, Pusyamitra Sunga.

Hence, statement 1 is correct.

24 . Question

Consider the following statements regarding Maurya Empire: 1. The victory of Chandragupta Maurya over Southern India is mentioned in Ashoka‟a inscriptions and Jain texts but not in Sangam literature. 2. Apart from four Varnas, Kautilya in his Arthashastra talked about Varnashankaras such as Nishad. 3. Kautilya in his Arthashastra mentioned the practice of sati system.

The victory of Chandragupta Maurya over Southern India is mentioned in Ashoka‟a inscriptions, Jain texts and Sangam literature. He gained control over the area of Northern Karnataka.

Varna system had completely developed during the time of Mauryas. There were four types of Varna i.e Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaishya, Shudra and their work was decided according to their Varna. Apart from these four Varnas, Kautilya in his Arthashastra talked about Varnashankaras such as Nishad, Magadh, Sut, Veg, Chandals, etc. Kautilya considered them to be Shudras.

Kautilya has not given any information about sati system. But Strabo mentioned that sati system was prevalent among the Kath tribes of Punjab.

Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.

25 . Question

With reference to the Mesolithic sites in India, consider the following pairs: (Mesolithic Sites)​​(Location) 1. Kuchai​​​Bihar 2. Hatkhamba​​​Maharashtra 3. Tilwara​​​Rajasthan 4. Ghagharia​​​Uttarakhand

How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Indian Mesolithic sites

The earliest discovery of microliths and other Mesolithic tools were discovered in the rock-shelters of Mirzapur district of Uttar Pradesh. Major excavated sites in India include: o Tilwara, Bagor, Ganeshwar in Rajasthan

Hence, pair 3 is correctly matched.

o Langhnaj, Akhaj, Valasana, Hirpura, Amrapur, Devnimori, Dhekvadlo, o Tarsang in Gujarat o Patne, Pachad, Hatkhamba in Maharashtra

Hence, pair 2 is correctly matched.

o Morkhana, Lekhahia, Baghai Khor, Sarai Nahar Rai, Mahadaha, Damdama, o Chopani Mando, Baidha Putpurihwa in Uttar Pradesh o Pachmarhi, Adamgarh, Putli Karar, Bhimbetka, Baghor II, Baghor III, o Ghagharia in Madhya Pradesh

Hence, pair 4 is incorrectly matched.

o Paisra in Bihar o Kuchai in Odisha

Hence, pair 1 is incorrectly matched.

o Birbhanpur in West Bengal o Muchatla Chintamanu Gavi, Gauri Gundam in Andhra Pradesh o Sanganakallu in Karnataka o Tenmalai in Kerala.

26 . Question

An innovative India will be inclusive as well as technologically advanced, improving the lives of all Indians. Innovation and R&D can mitigate increases in social inequality and relieve the pressures created by rapid urbanization. The growing divergence in productivity between agriculture and knowledge-intensive manufacturing and services threatens to increase income inequality. By encouraging India’s R&D labs and universities to focus on the needs of poor people and by improving the ability of informal firms to absorb knowledge, an innovation and research agenda can counter this effect. Inclusive innovation can lower the cost of goods and services and create income – earning opportunities for the poor people.

Which among the following is the most logical and rational assumption that can be made from the above passage

• (a) Innovation and R&D is the only way to reduce rural to urban migration.
• (b) Every rapidly growing country needs to minimize the divergence between productivity in agriculture and other sectors.
• (c) Inclusive innovation and R&D can help create an egalitarian society.
• (d) Rapid urbanization takes place only when a country's economic growth is rapid.

Correct Answer: C

A is wrong because there are other reasons too for rural to urban migration.

D is wrong because it is the extreme statement.

27 . Question

Which among the following is the most logical and rational inference that can be made from the above passage?

• (a) We must create conditions for the faster growth of highly productive service jobs to ensure employment growth and inclusion.
• (b) We must shift the farm workers to the highly productive manufacturing and service sectors to ensure the economic growth and inclusion.
• (c) We must create conditions for the faster growth of productive jobs outside of agriculture even while improving the productivity of agriculture.
• (d) We must emphasize the cultivation of high-yielding hybrid varieties and genetically modified crops to increase the per capita income in agriculture.

Author of the passage is trying to convey that we should reduce our dependence on agriculture and also increase the productivity of agriculture.

Option C is the nearest answer to this.

28 . Question

How many times in 24 hours, are the hands of a clock in a straight line but opposite in direction?

Answer b) 22

The hands of a clock point in opposite directions (in the same straight line) 11 times in every 12 hours. (Because between 5 and 7 they point in opposite directions at 6 o’clock only). So, in a day, the hands point in the opposite directions 22 times.

29 . Question

The calendar for the year 2007 will be the same for the year?

Answer c) 2018

Explanation

Count the number of odd days from the year 2007 onwards to get the sum equal to 0 odd day.

Year :   2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Odd day : 1    2    1   1    1    2   1   1    1    2   1

Sum = 14 odd days 0 odd days.

Calendar for the year 2018 will be the same as for the year 2007.

30 . Question

Five persons viz. A, B, C, D and E have different weights. A is heavier than at least two persons. D is heavier than B. Only C and E are lighter than B. Who among them is the second heaviest?

• (d) Cannot be determined

Ans. (d) Cannot be determined

Sol.  A/D > D/A > B > C/E > E/C.

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