Behaviour Research and Therapy
Subject Area and Category
- Psychiatry and Mental Health
- Clinical Psychology
- Developmental and Educational Psychology
- Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
Elsevier Ltd
Publication type
00057967, 1873622X
Information
How to publish in this journal
The set of journals have been ranked according to their SJR and divided into four equal groups, four quartiles. Q1 (green) comprises the quarter of the journals with the highest values, Q2 (yellow) the second highest values, Q3 (orange) the third highest values and Q4 (red) the lowest values.
The SJR is a size-independent prestige indicator that ranks journals by their 'average prestige per article'. It is based on the idea that 'all citations are not created equal'. SJR is a measure of scientific influence of journals that accounts for both the number of citations received by a journal and the importance or prestige of the journals where such citations come from It measures the scientific influence of the average article in a journal, it expresses how central to the global scientific discussion an average article of the journal is.
Evolution of the number of published documents. All types of documents are considered, including citable and non citable documents.
This indicator counts the number of citations received by documents from a journal and divides them by the total number of documents published in that journal. The chart shows the evolution of the average number of times documents published in a journal in the past two, three and four years have been cited in the current year. The two years line is equivalent to journal impact factor ™ (Thomson Reuters) metric.
Evolution of the total number of citations and journal's self-citations received by a journal's published documents during the three previous years. Journal Self-citation is defined as the number of citation from a journal citing article to articles published by the same journal.
Evolution of the number of total citation per document and external citation per document (i.e. journal self-citations removed) received by a journal's published documents during the three previous years. External citations are calculated by subtracting the number of self-citations from the total number of citations received by the journal’s documents.
International Collaboration accounts for the articles that have been produced by researchers from several countries. The chart shows the ratio of a journal's documents signed by researchers from more than one country; that is including more than one country address.
Not every article in a journal is considered primary research and therefore "citable", this chart shows the ratio of a journal's articles including substantial research (research articles, conference papers and reviews) in three year windows vs. those documents other than research articles, reviews and conference papers.
Ratio of a journal's items, grouped in three years windows, that have been cited at least once vs. those not cited during the following year.
Evolution of the percentage of female authors.
Evolution of the number of documents cited by public policy documents according to Overton database.
Evolution of the number of documents related to Sustainable Development Goals defined by United Nations. Available from 2018 onwards.
Leave a comment
Name * Required
Email (will not be published) * Required
* Required Cancel
The users of Scimago Journal & Country Rank have the possibility to dialogue through comments linked to a specific journal. The purpose is to have a forum in which general doubts about the processes of publication in the journal, experiences and other issues derived from the publication of papers are resolved. For topics on particular articles, maintain the dialogue through the usual channels with your editor.
Follow us on @ScimagoJR Scimago Lab , Copyright 2007-2024. Data Source: Scopus®
Cookie settings
Cookie Policy
Legal Notice
Privacy Policy
Behaviour Research and Therapy Latest Publications
Total documents, published by elsevier.
- Latest Documents
- Most Cited Documents
- Contributed Authors
- Related Sources
- Related Keywords
Targeting maladaptive reactivity to negative affect in emerging adults with cannabis use disorder: A preliminary test and proof of concept
Editorial board, associations between children's trauma-related sequelae and skin conductance captured through mobile technology, using socratic questioning to promote cognitive change and achieve depressive symptom reduction: evidence of cognitive change as a mediator, responsibility, probability, and severity of harm: an experimental investigation of cognitive factors associated with checking-related ocd, a tribute to jack (stanley) rachman, verbalisation of attention regulation strategies and background music enhance extinction learning and retention, modulation of threat extinction by working memory load: an event-related potential study, cognitive flexibility improves in cognitive behavior therapy for irritable bowel syndrome but not nonspecific education/support, guided internet-based transdiagnostic individually tailored cognitive behavioral therapy for symptoms of depression and/or anxiety in college students: a randomized controlled trial, export citation format, share document.
Behavior Research Methods
- An official publication of The Psychonomic Society
- Focuses on the application of computer technology in psychological research.
- Aims to improve cognitive-psychology research by making it more effective, less error-prone, and easier to run
- Publishes work on new and improved tools, tutorials, articles and reviews that make existing practices more agile
Societies and partnerships
Latest articles
An improved diagrammatic procedure for interpreting and scoring the wisconsin card sorting test: an update to steve berry’s 1996 edition.
- Caitlin A. Howlett
- G. Lorimer Moseley
On aggregation invariance of multinomial processing tree models
- Edgar Erdfelder
- Julian Quevedo Pütter
- Martin Schnuerch
Model-implied simulation-based power estimation for correctly specified and distributionally misspecified models: Applications to nonlinear and linear structural equation models
- Julien P. Irmer
- Andreas G. Klein
- Karin Schermelleh-Engel
People make mistakes: Obtaining accurate ground truth from continuous annotations of subjective constructs
- Brandon M. Booth
- Shrikanth S. Narayanan
Assessing computational reproducibility in Behavior Research Methods
- David A. Ellis
- Andrea S. Towse
Journal updates
2024 psychonomic society best article award, 2023 reviewer acknowledgements.
We acknowledge with gratitude the following Reviewers who contributed to the peer review process of Behavior Research Methods in 2023. We value your generous contributions.
2023 Psychonomic Society Best Article Award
Call for papers: “methodological challenges of complex latent mediator and moderator models”.
A Special Issue of Behavior Research Methods (BRM)
Click here for full details.
Journal information
- Biological Abstracts
- Current Contents/Social & Behavioral Sciences
- Google Scholar
- Japanese Science and Technology Agency (JST)
- Norwegian Register for Scientific Journals and Series
- OCLC WorldCat Discovery Service
- Social Science Citation Index
- TD Net Discovery Service
- UGC-CARE List (India)
Rights and permissions
Editorial policies
© The Psychonomic Society, Inc.
- Find a journal
- Publish with us
- Track your research
Behaviour Research and Therapy
( API-Link )
Impact Factor : 4.200 (based on Web of Science 2023)
- # 3 / 45 (Q1) in Psychology, Clinical
Partner: • University Press Alert
An official website of the United States government
Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock ( Lock Locked padlock icon ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.
- Publications
- Account settings
- Advanced Search
- Journal List
Behavioral Therapies for Drug Abuse
Kathleen m carroll , ph.d., lisa s onken , ph.d..
- Author information
- Copyright and License information
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Carroll, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 950 Campbell Ave. (151D), West Haven, CT 06519; [email protected]
The past three decades have been marked by tremendous progress in behavioral therapies for drug abuse and dependence, as well as advances in the conceptualization of approaches to development of behavioral therapies. Cognitive behavior therapy, contingency management, couples and family therapy, and a variety of other types of behavioral treatment have been shown to be potent interventions for several forms of drug addiction, and scientific progress has also been greatly facilitated by the articulation of a systematic approach to the development, evaluation, and dissemination of behavioral therapies. The authors review recent progress in strategies for the development of behavioral therapies for drug and alcohol abuse and dependence and discuss the range of effective behavioral therapies that are currently available.
Before the advent of research on treatments derived from operant and classic behaviorism, there was little indication that any form of psychosocial treatment was effective for any type of mental disorder ( 1 - 3 ). Research on behavioral therapies flourished with the adoption of the technology model ( 4 , 5 ), which sought to systematize these therapies and the experimental methods through which they could be evaluated to achieve a level of methodological rigor on a par with the standards for pharmacological research ( 6 , 7 ). By the mid to late 1980s, there were a number of behavioral treatments that had been shown to be efficacious in the treatment of a variety of mental disorders, including depressive, panic, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. However, the methodological rigor and specificity that were characteristic of these studies were not yet apparent in drug abuse treatment studies, with a few exceptions ( 8 ). Although behavioral approaches were universally available in drug abuse treatment programs by the late 1980s ( 9 ), there was continued pessimism in the field regarding the efficacy of behavioral therapies for drug use disorders ( 10 , 11 ).
In the early 1990s, studies in which behavioral therapies, therapist training, study populations, and objective outcome measures were carefully specified and in which participants were randomly assigned to experimental and control or comparison conditions began to appear more frequently in the drug abuse treatment literature. The technology model facilitated the identification of effective behavioral treatments for substance use disorders as it enhanced the internal validity and replicability of research on behavioral therapies. However, the technology model also had the unanticipated effect of restricting the development of novel therapies. The stringent methodological requirements associated with the technology model (e.g., requiring investigators to have fully developed treatment manuals, therapist training protocols, and fidelity rating procedures) limited the therapies eligible for efficacy evaluation to those already developed for drug abuse and to those which could easily be adapted from other areas (e.g., alcohol and depression treatments). This restriction created bottlenecks not only in the introduction of new treatments but also in output, as it limited research on the dissemination of behavioral treatments. That is, once efficacious treatments were identified, no articulated research strategy was available to determine how those treatments might best be transferred to and administered effectively in clinical settings.
The Stage Model and Reconceptualization of Behavioral Therapies Development
In 1992, the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) began to offer comprehensive support for a broader range of scientific activity in behavioral treatment development, spanning from origination and initial testing of novel behavioral therapies to their dissemination in community settings ( 12 ). Three stages were defined: 1) Stage I, which consists of pilot/feasibility testing for new and untested treatments, including preparation of treatment manuals, development of a training program, and development of adherence/competence measures for new and untested treatments, as well as translation of findings from basic science to clinical applications; 2) Stage II, which consists principally of efficacy testing to evaluate treatments that are fully developed and have shown promise or efficacy in earlier studies; and 3) Stage III, which is aimed principally at issues of transportability of approaches to community settings ( 13 ). By providing a scientific framework and support not only for efficacy testing at Stage II but for the development of novel approaches at Stage I and a wide range of dissemination/diffusion research at Stage III, this program expanded both the range and the rigor of clinical behavioral science.
Stage I is particularly innovative in that it permits greater creativity by allowing investigators to develop entirely new therapies or to adapt or improve existing therapies. Another critical component of Stage I research is the translation of ideas and concepts from basic or clinical science/neuroscience to treatment development. Hence, Stage I allows for cross-disciplinary research and also for the entry of higher-risk/higher-yield projects into the field. Additional goals of Stage I research include the identification of effective change principles and strategies through a focus on potential mechanisms of action, even at the earliest stages of treatment development.
Efficacy testing, including dose-response and dismantling studies, occurs in Stage II (principles and methods of which have been described in detail elsewhere [14]). Although research in Stage II can determine if a treatment can be effective, clarify how and why it works, and identify its essential components, it does not address whether a treatment will work in clinical practice. Hence, the goal of Stage III research is to produce all of the necessary knowledge to proceed to and conduct what is usually considered traditional “effectiveness” research, that is, an evaluation of whether an approach is effective when implemented by community-based clinicians in clinical settings. Stage III research addresses, at the therapy and therapist level, issues involved in ensuring that a treatment can work in a community setting. In Stage III research, investigators attempt to produce a treatment that shows efficacy in a community setting, as well as knowledge about how to implement the treatment effectively. Thus, in Stage III, research on questions of transportability, implementation, and acceptability (e.g., What is needed to train clinicians to learn to use an efficacious treatment?) are encouraged ( 15 ). For example, a Stage III study might include the development of therapist training procedures, followed by a randomized clinical trial to determine the effectiveness of those procedures. Alternatively, a Stage III study might simply determine the effectiveness of a therapy in a community setting or might compare, in a community setting, the effectiveness of a therapy in an individual format with the same therapy modified to a group format.
Thus, the stage model provides a conceptual framework and the necessary structure to produce treatments that are both efficacious and practical while at the same time fostering continued systematic improvements in those treatments through scientific advances.
Behavioral Therapies for Drug Abuse and Dependence
The following sections present a brief overview of progress made in the development of effective behavioral treatments for drug abuse and dependence, with a primary focus on the broader categories of treatment that have been found to be effective in Stage II randomized clinical trials (including contingency management, cognitive behavior approaches, motivational interviewing, and family/couples approaches) and on the major categories of drug dependence (opioids, cocaine, and marijuana dependence). Space limitations preclude a more comprehensive review of this burgeoning literature; hence, a number of important studies, populations (e.g., adolescents, smokers), and approaches (e.g., combined therapies, harm reduction) will not be highlighted here.
Contingency Management Therapies
Contingency management, in which patients receive incentives or rewards for meeting specific behavioral goals (e.g., verified abstinence), has particularly strong, consistent, and robust empirical support across a range of types of drug use. Contingency management approaches are based on principles of behavioral pharmacology and operant conditioning, in which behavior that is followed by positive consequences is more likely to be repeated. For example, allowing a patient the privilege of taking home methadone doses, contingent on the patient’s providing drug-free urine specimens, is associated with significant reductions in illicit drug use, and this strategy can be used address a number of other problems, such as benzodiazepine use, that are common in methadone maintenance programs ( 16 , 17 ). This body of work also supports the view that positive incentives (e.g., rewards for desired behaviors) are more effective in producing improved substance use outcomes and in retaining patients in treatment than negative consequences (such as methadone dose reductions, restriction of clinic privileges, or termination of treatment) ( 18 - 21 ).
Despite consistent findings of the efficacy of contingent take-home privileges in methadone maintenance programs, contingency management procedures proved difficult to implement outside of methadone programs until the early 1990s, when Budney, Higgins, and their colleagues ( 22 ) demonstrated the efficacy of vouchers redeemable for goods and services, contingent on the patient’s providing cocaine-free urine specimens, in reducing targeted drug use and enhancing retention in treatment. A series of studies by Higgins and his colleagues indicated that the initiation of abstinence facilitated by contingent vouchers is associated with durable reductions in drug use ( 23 , 24 ) and that the addition of the community reinforcement approach, which encompasses skills training, a job club, disulfiram therapy, and relationship counseling, can enhance treatment benefits ( 25 ).
Voucher-based incentives have been shown to be effective in improving retention and abstinence in outpatient opioid detoxification ( 26 ), in reducing smoking as well as illicit substance use among opioid addicts in a methadone maintenance program ( 27 ), in reducing the frequency of marijuana use ( 28 ), and in improving medication compliance among opioid-dependent individuals treated with naltrexone maintenance ( 29 - 31 ). Iguchi et al. ( 32 ) expanded voucher-based contingency management to outcomes other than drug-negative urine specimens, demonstrating that reinforcement of tasks outlined in an individualized, verifiable treatment plan was associated with greater reductions in illicit drug use than reinforcement of drug-free urine specimens. Voucher-based contingency management has also been shown to reduce cocaine ( 33 , 34 ) and opioid ( 35 ) use in the context of methadone maintenance, thus extending the availability of contingency management procedures to methadone programs where the ability to offer take-home privileges is restricted. Silverman and colleagues ( 36 , 37 ) demonstrated the efficacy of a therapeutic workplace for pregnant and postpartum drug-abusing women in a methadone maintenance program. Access to the therapeutic workplace, which provided job training and a salary, was linked to abstinence and was contingent on the participants’ producing drug-free urine specimens.
Despite these findings, questions have arisen regarding the applicability and sustainability of contingency management in clinical practice, especially in community-based treatment programs where the cost of the vouchers and the need for frequent urine monitoring can be prohibitive. These issues have been addressed in part by the work of Petry et al. ( 38 ), who developed a lower-cost contingency management procedure in which vouchers are not given but participants receive the opportunity to draw prizes of varying value, contingent on verifiable target behaviors such as provision of drug-free urine specimens. This approach has been effective in reducing drug use among methadone maintenance patients ( 39 ), as well as cocaine-dependent outpatients ( 40 ).
Although the consistent findings of effectiveness in contingency management interventions are compelling, some limitations have been noted. First, the effects tend to weaken after the contingencies are terminated. This problem might be addressed by evaluating combinations of contingency management with approaches that have more enduring effects, for example, by transferring rewards from monetary reinforcers to behaviors that are, in and of themselves, reinforcing or by exploring novel discontinuation strategies, such as lengthening periods between reinforcement or offering more intermittent reinforcements. Second, the cost of providing rewards and administering contingency management systems has been a barrier to the adoption of these approaches by the clinical community ( 41 ). Lower-cost contingency management approaches that use reinforcers without monetary value and that reinforce behaviors other than provision of drug-free urine samples are promising strategies, but there are no cost-effectiveness data that might persuade policy makers and third-party payers to support these approaches in clinical practice ( 15 ). Finally, because a substantial proportion of substance abusers does not respond to contingency management, there is a need to understand and address individual differences in response to these approaches.
Cognitive Behavior and Skills Training Therapies
Cognitive behavior approaches, such as relapse prevention, are grounded in social learning theories and principles of operant conditioning. The defining features of these approaches are 1) an emphasis on functional analysis of drug use, i.e., understanding drug use within the context of its antecedents and consequences, and 2) skills training, through which the individual learns to recognize the situations or states in which he or she is most vulnerable to drug use, avoid those high-risk situations whenever possible, and use a range of behavioral and cognitive strategies to cope effectively with those situations if they cannot be avoided ( 42 , 43 ). Meta-analyses and extensive reviews of the literature have established that cognitive behavior approaches have strong empirical support for use in treatment of alcohol use disorders ( 44 , 45 ) and several non-substance-related psychiatric disorders ( 46 ) and that these approaches have been demonstrated to be effective in drug-using populations as well ( 47 ). Several research groups have demonstrated the efficacy of cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of cocaine-dependent outpatients, particularly depressed and more severely dependent cocaine users ( 48 - 54 ), and have shown that cognitive behavior therapy is compatible and possibly has additive effects when combined with pharmacotherapies such as disulfiram ( 55 , 56 ).
Furthermore, cognitive behavior therapy is characterized by an emphasis on the development of skills that can be used initially to foster abstinence but can also be applied to a range of co-occurring problems. This feature may be a factor in emerging evidence for the long-term durability of the effects of cognitive behavior therapy. Several studies have demonstrated that cognitive behavior therapy’s effects are durable and that continuing improvement may occur even after the end of treatment ( 57 , 58 ). These findings are consistent with evidence that cognitive behavior therapy may have enduring effects for other disorders, such as panic disorder and depression ( 59 , 60 ). Delayed emergence of the effects of cognitive behavior therapy was highlighted in two studies that directly compared group cognitive behavior therapy and contingency management among cocaine-dependent patients in a methadone maintenance program ( 61 , 62 ). Although end-oftreatment outcomes favored contingency management over cognitive behavior therapy, 1-year follow-up indicated significant continuing improvement for patients assigned to cognitive behavior therapy, in contrast to weakening effects for contingency management, which resulted in comparable, or slightly better, outcomes for cognitive behavior therapy at the end of follow-up. Extending the work on cognitive behavior therapy’s durability to panic disorder patients, two studies found that the addition of group cognitive behavior therapy to slow tapering of alprazolam or clonazepam for patients who were attempting to discontinue the benzodiazepine resulted in higher rates of successful discontinuation, compared with the use of slow tapering alone ( 63 , 64 ).
Cognitive behavior interventions have also been evaluated as a component of multimodal treatment packages. For example, in a multisite study evaluating psychosocial treatments for methamphetamine-dependent individuals, the matrix model (a cognitive behavior approach that included group and individual treatment) was found to be more effective overall than standard treatment ( 65 ). Another multisite study involving 450 marijuana-dependent individuals demonstrated that a nine-session individual approach that integrated cognitive behavior therapy and motivational interviewing ( 66 ) was more effective than a two-session motivational interviewing approach, which was in turn more effective than a delayed-treatment control condition ( 67 ).
Despite the emerging empirical support for use of cognitive behavior therapy in drug-dependent populations, additional research is needed to address its limitations. Cognitive behavior therapy is a comparatively complex approach, and training clinicians to implement this approach effectively can be challenging. Strategies for addressing these issues include greater emphasis on understanding the mechanisms of action of cognitive behavior therapy so that ineffective components can be removed and treatment delivery can be simplified and shortened and perhaps even accomplished by computer or other automated means. Strategies for enhancing acceptance and effective implementation of cognitive behavior therapy by the clinical community are also needed.
Motivational Interviewing
Motivational interviewing is based on principles of motivational psychology and is intended to enhance the individual’s intrinsic motivation for change ( 66 ). Motivational interviewing approaches have strong empirical support for use in treating alcohol users, with several studies showing significant and durable effects ( 68 - 70 ). More recently, motivational interviewing has been evaluated as treatment for drug users. For example, marijuana-dependent adults who received motivational interviewing had significant reductions in marijuana use, compared to a delayedtreatment control group ( 71 ). A combination of motivational interviewing with behavioral skills training was found to reduce HIV risk behaviors among low-income urban women ( 72 , 73 ).
However, several clinical trials have not supported the efficacy of motivational interviewing as an engagement strategy for general populations of substance users. These trials include studies of the effects of motivational interviewing on drug use outcomes among inpatients and outpatients entering community-based treatment ( 74 ), on attrition among individuals on a waiting list for publicly funded drug treatment ( 75 ), on treatment entry among intravenous drug users ( 76 ), and on engagement in a specialized substance misuse program among psychiatric inpatients ( 77 ). The mixed results of these studies and of smaller pilot studies in other populations suggest that single- session motivational interviewing may not greatly enhance engagement or outcome in general populations of illicit drug users. There is stronger support for motivational interviewing combined with other evidence-based therapies for drug abusers, although the combination of treatments precludes attribution of benefit to any single component. More work is needed to identify the populations that best respond to motivational interviewing and to determine how motivational interviewing enhances change among users of illicit drugs.
Couples and Family Treatments
The defining feature of couples and family treatments is that they treat drug-using individuals in the context of family and social systems in which substance use may develop or be maintained. The engagement of the individual’s social networks in treatment can be a powerful predictor of change, and thus the inclusion of family members in treatment may be helpful in reducing attrition (particularly among adolescents) and addressing multiple problem areas ( 78 , 79 ). Meta-analyses have strongly supported the efficacy of these approaches for both adult ( 80 ) and adolescent substance users ( 81 - 83 ). It is important to note that family-based approaches are quite diverse, and it is unlikely that all are equally effective. Moreover, many family-based approaches combine a variety of techniques, including family and individual therapies, skills training, and communication training ( 84 ).
Behavioral couples therapy and behavioral family counseling combine abstinence contracts and behavioral principles to reinforce abstinence from drugs; these approaches require the participation of a non-substance-abusing spouse or cohabitating partner ( 85 ). Among men entering methadone maintenance treatment, behavioral couples therapy was more effective than equally intensive individual services in reducing the frequency of cocaine- or opioid- positive urine tests during treatment; behavioral couples therapy was also associated with better ratings of happiness in the relationship and fewer family and social problems ( 86 ). A study evaluating the addition of behavioral family counseling to individual treatment for men entering naltrexone treatment found that behavioral family counseling was associated with better retention and naltrexone compliance, as well as better substance use outcomes during treatment and through a 1-year followup ( 87 ). Moreover, even though the children of participants were not directly targeted by the intervention, the children of the adults who received behavioral couples therapy had meaningful improvements in psychosocial functioning, relative to the children of parents assigned to the control condition ( 88 ). These findings highlight the possibility that effective treatment of substance-using parents may ameliorate and conceivably prevent problems in their children.
Several family therapies have been demonstrated to be effective among drug-using adolescents. Azrin’s family behavior therapy, which combines behavioral contracting with contingency management, was found to be more effective than supportive counseling in a series of comparisons involving adolescents with substance use disorders with and without conduct disorder ( 89 ). Multisystemic therapy is a manual-based approach that addresses multiple determinants of drug use and antisocial behavior and is intended to promote more family involvement by engaging family members as collaborators in treatment, emphasizing the strengths of youths and their families, and addressing a broad and comprehensive array of barriers to attaining treatment goals ( 90 ). Henggeler and colleagues ( 78 , 91 - 94 ) have demonstrated the efficacy and durability of multisystemic therapy in retaining patients and broadly improving outcomes among substance-using juvenile offenders, compared with similar juvenile offenders who received the usual community treatment services. Brief strategic family therapy ( 95 ) has also received a substantial level of empirical support. In contrast to the other family therapies for adolescents reviewed here, brief strategic family therapy is somewhat less intensive, as it targets fewer systems and can be delivered through once-a-week office visits. Brief strategic family therapy has been associated with improved retention ( 96 - 98 ), as well as significant reductions in the frequency of externalizing behaviors (aggression, delinquency) ( 99 ). Multidimensional family therapy is a multicomponent, staged family therapy that incorporates both individual and family formats and targets the substance-abusing youth, the family members, and their interactions ( 81 ). Liddle et al. ( 79 ) demonstrated that multidimensional family therapy was more effective than group therapy or multifamily education among substance-abusing adolescents who were referred to treatment by the criminal justice system or by schools.
The body of work on family and couples approaches is marked by the consistency of positive findings regarding the efficacy of these approaches. However, because most of these approaches include multiple components, it has not yet been possible to isolate the components that are associated with the treatment effects or to determine if some components can be eliminated without weakening outcomes overall. The efficacy of several of these approaches has not yet been replicated by other investigators, and whether there are meaningful differences in outcome across the various family approaches is not yet clear. Finally, these approaches have been evaluated in comparatively small groups of individuals who have appropriate family members (i.e., family members who are not abusing substances) who are willing to participate in treatment. Evaluation of the effectiveness of these approaches in the general population is needed.
Drug Counseling
Another major development of the past 10 years has been efforts to rigorously evaluate approaches similar to those widely used in clinical practice. For example, researchers have specified the elements of drug counseling approaches in detailed manuals for therapists and have evaluated these approaches in clinical trials. A multisite randomized clinical trial of psychotherapeutic treatments for cocaine dependence ( 100 ) provided evidence of the effectiveness of a manual-guided individual drug counseling approach that combined drug counseling and relapseprevention techniques ( 101 ). Data from this study also indicated that the reductions in cocaine use were associated with sharp decreases in the frequency of HIV risk behaviors ( 102 ), underscoring the view that effective drug abuse treatment constitutes effective HIV prevention ( 103 ).
HIV Risk Reduction
Behavioral therapies have been demonstrated to be effective in reducing HIV risk behaviors and promoting health in intravenous drug users enrolled in methadone maintenance programs. Two randomized clinical trials found that the Holistic Harm Reduction Program, developed to reduce HIV risk behaviors, illicit drug use, and transmission of infectious diseases (e.g., HIV, hepatitis B and C), reduced illicit drug use and risky sexual behavior and, among HIV-positive participants, improved adherence to antiretroviral treatment ( 104 , 105 ). Although these findings are promising, this approach has been evaluated in a fairly narrow range of populations and requires replication in other settings and other groups of drug users.
Future Directions
The findings of research on behavioral treatments have been positive, but there is still a great deal more to be done. Even the most powerful behavioral therapies are not universally effective, nor do all individuals who benefit from these treatments improve as quickly or as completely as desired. There are many ways to improve behavioral therapies at all three stages of treatment development.
Stage I research provides the opportunity for clinical creativity and innovation in clinical behavioral science. Research at this stage has the potential for a high yield from evaluation of clinical strategies that have not yet been subject to empirical evaluation, from the adaptation of effective treatments used for other disorders, and from translation of concepts from basic science to clinical applications. Basic neuroscience and basic research on behavioral, cognitive, affective, and social factors offer rich and relatively untapped sources of information on behavior and behavior change. With the development of new technologies of brain imaging, behavioral treatments based on a new understanding of the brain could be on the horizon.
At Stage II, renewed emphasis is needed on improving understanding of the mechanisms of action in treatments with established efficacy, not only to enhance their effectiveness but also to increase the efficiency of treatment delivery. Currently underutilized strategies for investigating mechanisms of action include 1) evaluating novel combinations of behavioral therapies or psychotherapy/pharmacotherapy combinations, both to enhance treatment efficacy and to offset weaknesses of a single approach; 2) investigating individual differences in treatment response and in treatment moderators by using novel methods that may in the near future include subtyping and predictor analyses involving neuroimaging, stress-response paradigms, and genetics; and 3) developing strategies to investigate sequenced interventions, in which treatments or treatment components are delivered on the basis of the individual drug user’s characteristics, including previous treatment response, neurocognitive functioning, and family history. Finally, greater emphasis is needed on enhancing adherence and response to existing behavioral and pharmacological approaches.
At Stage III, promising strategies include evaluation of the means by which efficacious treatments can be reduced in duration, complexity, and cost. Projects to make behavioral treatments more “community friendly” are needed for treatments that show efficacy but are not deemed feasible for use by treatment providers or the treatment system. For example, individual treatments could be transformed into group-based approaches that would have wider acceptability in clinical practice. Simplified training procedures should be developed for treatments that are difficult for practitioners to learn. New information technologies should be considered, both as a means to improve treatment efficacy and as a way to make treatments more readily available and easier for patients and practitioners to use.
In summary, the level of progress in the behavioral treatment of drug abuse in recent years has exceeded what many researchers and practitioners had believed possible. Efficacious behavioral treatments exist, and conditions for which efficacious medications exist can be treated with combinations of behavioral and pharmacological treatments that have even greater potency than either type of treatment alone. More work can be done to improve effect sizes in research on behavioral treatments and to develop strategies to help drug users who do not respond to existing treatments. Work on the mechanisms of action of behavioral treatments, in addition to translational efforts to link basic science and neuroscience with treatment development, promises to yield new insights that will help to make drug abuse not only treatable but treated.
Acknowledgments
Supported by National Institute on Drug Abuse grants R01 DA-10679, K05 DA-00457, and P50 DA-09241.
- 1. Sargent S. The treatment of depressive states. Int J Neurol. 1967;6:53–64. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 2. Agras WS, Chapin HN, Oliveau DC. The natural history of phobia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1972;26:315–317. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1972.01750220025004. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 3. Marks IM. New approaches to the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorders. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1973;156:420–426. doi: 10.1097/00005053-197306000-00007. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 4. Waskow IE. Specification of the technique variable in the NIMH Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program. In: Williams JBW, Spitzer RL, editors. Psychotherapy Research: Where Are We and Where Should We Go? New York: Guilford; 1984. pp. 150–159. [ Google Scholar ]
- 5. Docherty JP. Implications of the technological model of psychotherapy. Ibid. :139–149. [ Google Scholar ]
- 6. Elkin I, Pilkonis PA, Docherty JP, Sotsky SM. Conceptual and methodologic issues in comparative studies of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy, I: active ingredients and mechanisms of change. Am J Psychiatry. 1988;145:909–917. doi: 10.1176/ajp.145.8.909. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 7. Elkin I, Pilkonis PA, Docherty JP, Sotsky SM. Conceptual and methodological issues in comparative studies of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy, II: nature and timing of treatment effects. Am J Psychiatry. 1988;145:1070–1076. doi: 10.1176/ajp.145.9.1070. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 8. Woody GE, Luborsky L, McLellan AT, O’Brien CP, Beck AT, Blaine JD, Herman L, Hole A. Psychotherapy for opiate addicts: does it help? Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1983;40:639–645. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1983.04390010049006. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 9. Onken LS, Blaine JD. Psychotherapy and counseling research in drug abuse treatment: questions, problems, and solutions. NIDA Research Monogr. 1990;104:1–8. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 10. Kang SY, Kleinman PH, Woody GE, Millman RB, Todd TC, Kemp J, Lipton DS. Outcomes for cocaine abusers after once-a-week psychosocial therapy. Am J Psychiatry. 1991;148:630–635. doi: 10.1176/ajp.148.5.630. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 11. Kleber HD, Gawin FH. Cocaine abuse: a review of current and experimental treatments. In: Grabowski J, editor. Cocaine: Pharmacology, Effects and Treatment of Abuse. DHHS Publication (ADM) 84-1326. Rockville, Md: National Institute on Drug Abuse; 1984. pp. 111–129. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 12. Onken LS, Blaine JD, Battjes R. Behavioral therapy research: a conceptualization of a process. In: Henggeler SW, Santos AB, editors. Innovative Approaches for Difficult-to-Treat Populations. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1996. pp. 477–485. [ Google Scholar ]
- 13. Rounsaville BJ, Carroll KM, Onken LS. A stage model of behavioral therapies research: getting started and moving on from Stage I. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 2001;8:133–142. [ Google Scholar ]
- 14. Kazdin AE. Comparative outcome studies in psychotherapy: methodological issues and strategies. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1986;54:95–105. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.54.1.95. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 15. Carroll KM, Rounsaville BJ. Bridging the gap between research and practice in substance abuse treatment: a hybrid model linking efficacy and effectiveness research. Psychiatr Serv. 2003;54:333–339. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.54.3.333. [ DOI ] [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 16. Stitzer ML, Bickel WK, Bigelow GE, Liebson IA. Effect of methadone dose contingencies on urinalysis test results of polydrug abusing methadone maintenance patients. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1986;18:341–348. doi: 10.1016/0376-8716(86)90097-9. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 17. Stitzer ML, Iguchi MY, Felch LJ. Contingent take-home incentives: effects on drug use of methadone maintenance patients. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1992;60:927–934. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.60.6.927. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 18. Dolan MP, Black JL, Penk WE, Rabinowitz R, DeFord HA. Contracting for treatment termination to reduce illicit drug use among methadone maintenance treatment failures. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1985;53:549–551. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.53.4.549. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 19. Kidorf M, Stitzer ML. Contingent use of take-homes and splitdosing to reduce illicit drug use of methadone patients. Behav Ther. 1996;27:41–51. [ Google Scholar ]
- 20. Iguchi MY, Stitzer ML, Bigelow GE, Liebson IA. Contingency management in methadone maintenance: effects of reinforcing and aversive consequences on illicit polydrug use. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1988;22:1–7. doi: 10.1016/0376-8716(88)90030-0. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 21. Stitzer ML, Iguchi MY, Kidorf M, Bigelow GE. Contingency management in methadone treatment: the case for positive incentives. In: Onken LS, Blaine JD, Boren JJ, editors. Behavioral Treatments for Drug Abuse and Dependence. Rockville, Md: National Institute on Drug Abuse; 1993. pp. 19–36. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 22. Budney AJ, Higgins ST, Mercer DE, Carpenter G. NIH Publication 98-4309. Rockville, Md: National Institute on Drug Abuse; 1998. A Community Reinforcement Plus Vouchers Approach: Treating Cocaine Addiction. [ Google Scholar ]
- 23. Higgins ST, Wong CJ, Badger GJ, Ogden DE, Dantona RL. Contingent reinforcement increases cocaine abstinence during outpatient treatment and 1 year of follow-up. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000;68:64–72. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.68.1.64. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 24. Higgins ST, Badger GJ, Budney AJ. Initial abstinence and success in achieving longer term cocaine abstinence. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000;8:377–386. doi: 10.1037//1064-1297.8.3.377. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 25. Higgins ST, Sigmon SC, Wong CJ, Heil SH, Badger GJ, Donham R, Dantona RL, Anthony S. Community reinforcement therapy for cocaine-dependent outpatients. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60:1043–1052. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.60.9.1043. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 26. Bickel WK, Amass L, Higgins ST, Badger GJ, Esch RA. Effects of adding behavioral treatment to opioid detoxification with buprenorphine. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1997;65:803–810. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.65.5.803. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 27. Shoptaw S, Rotheram-Fuller E, Yang X, Frosch D, Nahom D, Jarvik ME, Rawson RA, Ling W. Smoking cessation in methadone maintenance. Addiction. 2002;97:1317–1328. doi: 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00221.x. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 28. Budney AJ, Higgins ST, Radonovich KJ, Novy PL. Adding voucher-based incentives to coping skills and motivational enhancement improves outcomes during treatment for marijuana dependence. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000;68:1051–1061. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.68.6.1051. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 29. Preston KL, Silverman K, Umbricht A, DeJesus A, Montoya ID, Schuster CR. Improvement in naltrexone treatment compliance with contingency management. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1999;54:127–135. doi: 10.1016/s0376-8716(98)00152-5. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 30. Carroll KM, Ball SA, Nich C, O’Connor PG, Eagan D, Frankforter TL, Triffleman EG, Shi J, Rounsaville BJ. Targeting behavioral therapies to enhance naltrexone treatment of opioid dependence: efficacy of contingency management and significant other involvement. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58:755–761. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.58.8.755. [ DOI ] [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 31. Carroll KM, Sinha R, Nich C, Babuscio T, Rounsaville BJ. Contingency management to enhance naltrexone treatment of opioid dependence: a randomized clinical trial of reinforcement magnitude. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002;10:54–63. doi: 10.1037//1064-1297.10.1.54. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 32. Iguchi MY, Belding MA, Morral AR, Lamb RJ, Husband SD. Reinforcing operants other than abstinence in drug abuse treatment: an effective alternative for reducing drug use. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1997;65:421–428. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.65.3.421. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 33. Silverman K, Higgins ST, Brooner RK, Montoya ID, Cone EJ, Schuster CR, Preston KL. Sustained cocaine abstinence in methadone maintenance patients through voucher-based reinforcement therapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1996;53:409–415. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830050045007. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 34. Silverman K, Wong CJ, Umbricht-Schneiter A, Montoya ID, Schuster CR, Preston KL. Broad beneficial effects of cocaine abstinence reinforcement among methadone patients. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1998;66:811–824. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.66.5.811. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 35. Silverman K, Wong CJ, Higgins ST, Brooner RK, Montoya ID, Contoreggi C, Umbricht-Schneiter A, Schuster CR, Preston KL. Increasing opiate abstinence through voucher-based reinforcement therapy. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1996;41:157–165. doi: 10.1016/0376-8716(96)01246-x. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 36. Silverman K, Svikis DS, Robles E, Stitzer ML, Bigelow GE. A reinforcement-based therapeutic workplace for the treatment of drug abuse: six-month abstinence outcomes. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2001;9:14–23. doi: 10.1037/1064-1297.9.1.14. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 37. Silverman K, Svikis DS, Wong CJ, Hampton J, Stitzer ML, Bigelow GE. A reinforcement-based therapeutic workplace for the treatment of drug abuse: three-year abstinence outcomes. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002;10:228–240. doi: 10.1037//1064-1297.10.3.228. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 38. Petry NM, Martin B, Cooney JL, Kranzler HR. Give them prizes and they will come: contingency management treatment of alcohol dependence. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000;68:250–257. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.68.2.250. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 39. Petry NM, Martin B. Low-cost contingency management for treating cocaine- and opioid-abusing methadone patients. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2002;70:398–405. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.70.2.398. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 40. Petry NM, Tedford J, Austin M, Nich C, Carroll KM, Rounsaville BJ. Prize reinforcement contingency management for treating cocaine abusers: how low can we go, and with whom? Addiction. 2004;99:349–360. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2003.00642.x. [ DOI ] [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 41. Crowley TJ. Research on contingency management treatment of drug dependence: clinical implications and future directions. In: Higgins ST, Silverman K, editors. Motivating Behavior Change Among Illicit Drug Abusers. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 1999. pp. 345–370. [ Google Scholar ]
- 42. Carroll KM. NIH Publication 98-4308. Rockville, Md: National Institute on Drug Abuse; 1998. A Cognitive-Behavioral Approach: Treating Cocaine Addiction. [ Google Scholar ]
- 43. Marlatt GA, Gordon JR. Relapse Prevention: Maintenance Strategies in the Treatment of Addictive Behaviors. New York: Guilford; 1985. [ Google Scholar ]
- 44. Miller WR, Wilbourne PL. Mesa Grande: a methodological analysis of clinical trials of treatments for alcohol use disorders. Addiction. 2002;97:265–277. doi: 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00019.x. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 45. Miller WR, Brown JM, Simpson TL, Handmaker NS, Bien TH, Luckie LF, Montgomery HA, Hester RK, Tonigan JS. What works? a methodological analysis of the alcohol treatment literature. In: Hester RK, Miller WR, editors. Handbook of Alcoholism Treatment Approaches: Effective Alternatives. Boston: Allyn & Bacon; 1995. pp. 12–44. [ Google Scholar ]
- 46. DeRubeis RJ, Crits-Christoph P. Empirically supported individual and group psychological treatments for adult mental disorders. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1998;66:37–52. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.66.1.37. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 47. Irvin JE, Bowers CA, Dunn ME, Wong MC. Efficacy of relapse prevention: a meta-analytic review. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1999;67:563–570. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.67.4.563. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 48. Maude-Griffin PM, Hohenstein JM, Humfleet GL, Reilly PM, Tusel DJ, Hall SM. Superior efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for crack cocaine abusers: main and matching effects. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1998;66:832–837. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.66.5.832. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 49. Rohsenow DJ, Monti PM, Martin RA, Michalec E, Abrams DB. Brief coping skills treatment for cocaine abuse: 12-month substance use outcomes. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000;68:515–520. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.68.3.515. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 50. Monti PM, Rohsenow DJ, Michalec E, Martin RA, Abrams DB. Brief coping skills treatment for cocaine abuse: substance abuse outcomes at three months. Addiction. 1997;92:1717–1728. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 51. McKay JR, Alterman AI, Cacciola JS, Rutherford MJ, O’Brien CP, Koppenhaver J. Group counseling versus individualized relapse prevention aftercare following intensive outpatient treatment for cocaine dependence. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1997;65:778–788. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.65.5.778. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 52. Carroll KM, Rounsaville BJ, Gordon LT, Nich C, Jatlow PM, Bisighini RM, Gawin FH. Psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for ambulatory cocaine abusers. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51:177–197. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950030013002. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 53. Carroll KM, Rounsaville BJ, Gawin FH. A comparative trial of psychotherapies for ambulatory cocaine abusers: relapse prevention and interpersonal psychotherapy. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 1991;17:229–247. doi: 10.3109/00952999109027549. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 54. Rosenblum A, Magura S, Palij M, Foote J, Handlesman L, Stimmel B. Enhanced treatment outcomes for cocaine-using methadone patients. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1999;54:207–218. doi: 10.1016/s0376-8716(98)00166-5. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 55. Carroll KM, Nich C, Ball SA, McCance-Katz E, Rounsaville BJ. Treatment of cocaine and alcohol dependence with psychotherapy and disulfiram. Addiction. 1998;93:713–728. doi: 10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.9357137.x. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 56. Carroll KM, Fenton LR, Ball SA, Nich C, Frankforter TL, Shi J, Rounsaville BJ. Efficacy of disulfiram and cognitive-behavioral therapy in cocaine-dependent outpatients: a randomized placebo controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;64:264–272. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.61.3.264. [ DOI ] [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 57. Carroll KM, Rounsaville BJ, Nich C, Gordon LT, Wirtz PW, Gawin FH. One year follow-up of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for cocaine dependence: delayed emergence of psychotherapy effects. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51:989–997. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950120061010. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 58. Carroll KM, Nich C, Ball SA, McCance-Katz EF, Frankforter TF, Rounsaville BJ. One-year follow-up of disulfiram and psychotherapy for cocaine-alcohol abusers: sustained effects of treatment. Addiction. 2000;95:1335–1349. doi: 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2000.95913355.x. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 59. Barlow DH. Cognitive behavioral therapy for panic disorder: current status. J Clin Psychiatry. 1997;58(suppl 2):32–36. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 60. Hollon SD, Shelton RC, Davis DD. Cognitive therapy for depression: conceptual issues and clinical efficacy. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1993;61:270–275. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.61.2.270. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 61. Rawson RA, Huber A, McCann MJ, Shoptaw S, Farabee D, Reiber C, Ling W. A comparison of contingency management and cognitive- behavioral approaches during methadone maintenance for cocaine dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59:817–824. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.59.9.817. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 62. Epstein DE, Hawkins WE, Covi L, Umbricht A, Preston KL. Cognitive behavioral therapy plus contingency management for cocaine use: findings during treatment and across 12-month follow-up. Psychol Addict Behav. 2003;17:73–82. doi: 10.1037/0893-164X.17.1.73. [ DOI ] [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 63. Otto MW, Pollack MH, Sachs GS, Reiter SR, Maltzer-Brody S, Rosenbaum JF. Discontinuation of benzodiazepine treatment: efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for patients with panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150:1485–1490. doi: 10.1176/ajp.150.10.1485. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 64. Spiegel DA, Bruce TJ, Gregg SF, Nuzzarello A. Does cognitive behavior therapy assist slow-taper alprazolam discontinuation in panic disorder? Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151:876–881. doi: 10.1176/ajp.151.6.876. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 65. Rawson RA, Marinelli Casey PJ, Anglin MD, Dickow A, Frazier Y, Gallagher C, Galloway GP, Herrell J, Huber A, McCann MJ, Obert J, Pennell S, Reiber C, Vandersloot D, Zweben J Methamphetamine Treatment Project Corporate Authors. A multi-site comparison of psychosocial approaches for the treatment of methamphetamine dependence. Addiction. 2004;99:708–717. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00707.x. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 66. Miller WR, Rollnick S. Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People for Change. 2. New York: Guilford; 2002. [ Google Scholar ]
- 67. MTP Research Group. Brief treatments for cannabis dependence: findings from a randomized multisite trial. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2004;72:455–466. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.72.3.455. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 68. Dunn C, Deroo I, Rivara FP. The use of brief interventions adapted from motivational interviewing across behavioral domains: a systematic review. Addiction. 2001;96:1725–1742. doi: 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.961217253.x. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 69. Burke BL, Arkowitz H, Menchola M. The efficacy of motivational interviewing: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2003;71:843–861. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.71.5.843. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 70. Project MATCH Research Group. Matching alcohol treatments to client heterogeneity: Project MATCH posttreatment drinking outcomes. J Stud Alcohol. 1997;58:7–29. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 71. Stephens R, Roffman RA, Curtin L. Comparison of extended versus brief treatments for marijuana use. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000;68:898–908. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 72. Carey MP, Maisto SA, Kalichman SC, Forsythe AD, Wright EM, Johnson BT. Enhancing motivation to reduce the risk of HIV infection for economically disadvantaged urban women. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1997;65:531–541. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.65.4.531. [ DOI ] [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 73. Carey MP, Braaten LS, Maisto SA, Gleason JR, Forsythe AD, Durant LE, Jaworski BC. Using information, motivational enhancement, and skills training to reduce the risk of HIV infection for low-income urban women: a second randomized clinical trial. Health Psychol. 2000;19:3–11. doi: 10.1037//0278-6133.19.1.3. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 74. Miller WR, Yahne CE, Tonigan JS. Motivational interviewing in drug abuse services: a randomized trial. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2003;71:754–763. doi: 10.1037/0022-006x.71.4.754. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 75. Donovan DM, Rosengren DB, Downey L, Cox GC, Sloan KL. Attrition prevention with individuals awaiting publicly funded drug treatment. Addiction. 2001;96:1149–1160. doi: 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.96811498.x. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 76. Booth RE, Kwiatkowski C, Iguchi MY, Pinto F, John D. Facilitating treatment entry among out-of-treatment injection drug users. Public Health Rep. 1998;113(suppl 1):116–128. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 77. Baker A, Lewin T, Reichler H, Clancy R, Carr V, Garret R, Sly K, Devir H, Terry M. Motivational interviewing among psychiatric inpatients with substance use disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2002;106:233–240. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0447.2002.01118.x. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 78. Henggeler SW, Pickrel SG, Brondino MJ, Crouch JL. Eliminating (almost) treatment dropout of substance abusing or dependent delinquents through home-based multisystemic therapy. Am J Psychiatry. 1996;153:427–428. doi: 10.1176/ajp.153.3.427. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 79. Liddle HA, Dakof GA, Parker K, Diamond GS, Barrett K, Tejeda M. Multidimensional family therapy for adolescent drug abuse: results of a randomized clinical trial. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2001;27:651–688. doi: 10.1081/ada-100107661. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 80. Stanton MD, Shadish WR. Outcome, attrition, and family-couples treatment for drug abuse: a meta-analysis and review of the controlled, comparative studies. Psychol Bull. 1997;122:170–191. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.122.2.170. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 81. Liddle HA, Dakof G. Efficacy of family therapy for drug abuse: promising but not definitive. J Marital Fam Ther. 1995;21:511–543. [ Google Scholar ]
- 82. Waldron HB. Adolescent substance abuse and family therapy outcome: a review of randomized trials. Adv Clin Child Psychol. 1997;19:199–234. [ Google Scholar ]
- 83. Deas D, Thomas SE. An overview of controlled studies of adolescent substance abuse treatment. Am J Addict. 2001;10:178–189. doi: 10.1080/105504901750227822. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 84. Waldron HB, Slesnick N, Brody JL, Turner CW, Peterson TR. Treatment outcomes for adolescent substance abuse at 4- and 7-month assessments. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2001;69:802–813. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 85. Fals-Stewart W, O’Farrell TJ, Birchler GR. Behavioral couples therapy for male substance-abusing patients: a cost outcomes analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1997;65:789–802. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.65.5.789. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 86. Fals-Stewart W, O’Farrell TJ, Birchler GR. Behavioral couples therapy for male methadone patients: effects on drug-using behavior and relationship adjustment. Behav Ther. 2001;32:391–411. [ Google Scholar ]
- 87. Fals-Stewart W, O’Farrell TJ. Behavioral family counseling and naltrexone for male opioid-dependent patients. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2003;71:432–442. doi: 10.1037/0022-006x.71.3.432. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 88. Kelley ML, Fals-Stewart W. Couples- versus individual-based therapy for alcohol and drug abuse: effects on children’s psychosocial functioning. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2002;70:417–427. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.70.2.417. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 89. Azrin NH, Donohue B, Besalel VA, Kogan ES, Acierno R. Youth drug abuse treatment: a controlled outcome study. J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse. 1994;3:1–16. [ Google Scholar ]
- 90. Henggeler SW, Borduin CM. Family Therapy and Beyond: A Multisystemic Approach to Treating the Behavior Problems of Children and Adolescents. Pacific Grove, Calif: Brooks/Cole; 1990. [ Google Scholar ]
- 91. Henggeler SW, Melton GB, Smith LA. Family preservation using multisystemic therapy: an effective alternative to incarcerating serious juvenile offenders. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1992;60:953–961. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.60.6.953. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 92. Borduin CM, Mann BJ, Cone LT, Henggeler SW, Fucci BR, Blaske DM, Williams RA. Multisystemic treatment of serious juvenile offenders: long-term prevention of criminality and violence. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1995;63:569–578. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.63.4.569. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 93. Huey SJ, Henggeler SW, Brondino MJ, Pickrel SG. Mechanisms of change in multisystemic therapy: reducing delinquent behavior through therapist adherence and improved family and peer functioning. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000;68:451–467. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 94. Henggeler SW, Clingempeel WG, Brondino MJ, Pickrel SG. Four-year follow-up of multisystemic therapy with substance-abusing and substance-dependent juvenile offenders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002;41:868–874. doi: 10.1097/00004583-200207000-00021. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 95. Szapocznik J, Hervis O, Schwartz S. NIH Publication 03-4751. Bethesda, Md: National Institute on Drug Abuse; 2003. Brief Strategic Family Therapy for Adolescent Drug Abuse. [ Google Scholar ]
- 96. Szapocznik J, Perez-Vidal A, Brickman AL, Foote FH, Santisteban DA, Hervis O, Kurtines WM. Engaging adolescent drug abusers and their families in treatment: a strategic structural systems approach. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1988;56:552–557. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.56.4.552. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 97. Santisteban DA, Coatsworth JD, Perez-Vidal A, Mitrani V, Jean-Gilles M, Szapocznik J. Engaging behavior problem/drug abusing youth and their families in treatment: a replication and further exploration of the factors that contribute to differential effectiveness. J Fam Psychol. 1996;10:35–44. [ Google Scholar ]
- 98. Coatsworth JD, Santisteban DA, McBride CK, Szapocznik J. Brief strategic family therapy versus community control: engagement, retention, and an exploration of the moderating role of adolescent severity. Fam Process. 2001;40:313–332. doi: 10.1111/j.1545-5300.2001.4030100313.x. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 99. Szapocznik J, Kurtines WM, Foote FH, Perez-Vidal A, Hervis O. Conjoint versus one-person family therapy: some evidence for the effectiveness of conducting family therapy through one person. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1986;54:395–397. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.54.3.395. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 100. Crits-Christoph P, Siqueland L, Blaine JD, Frank A, Luborsky L, Onken LS, Muenz L, Thase ME, Weiss RD, Gastfriend DR, Woody G, Barber JP, Butler S, Dale D, Salloum I, Bishop S, Najavits L, Lis J. Psychosocial treatments for cocaine dependence: results of the National Institute on Drug Abuse Collaborative Cocaine Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56:495–502. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.56.6.493. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 101. Mercer DE, Woody GE. NIH Publication 99-4380. Rockville, Md: National Institute on Drug Abuse; 1999. An Individual Drug Counseling Approach to Treat Cocaine Addiction: The Collaborative Cocaine Treatment Study Model. [ Google Scholar ]
- 102. Woody GE, Gallop R, Luborsky L, Blaine JD, Frank A, Salloum IM, Gastfriend DR, Crits-Christoph P Cocaine Psychotherapy Study Group. HIV risk reduction in the National Institute on Drug Abuse Cocaine Collaborative Treatment Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2003;33:82–87. doi: 10.1097/00126334-200305010-00012. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 103. Sorensen JL, Copeland AL. Drug abuse treatment as an HIV prevention strategy: a review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2000;59:17–31. doi: 10.1016/s0376-8716(99)00104-0. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 104. Margolin A, Avants SK, Warburton LA, Hawkins KA, Shi J. A randomized clinical trial of a manual-guided risk reduction intervention for HIV-positive injection drug users. Health Psychol. 2003;22:223–228. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- 105. Avants SK, Margolin A, Usubiaga MH, Doebrick C. Targeting HIV-related outcomes with intravenous drug users maintained on methadone: a randomized clinical trial of harm reduction group therapy. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2004;26:67–78. doi: 10.1016/S0740-5472(03)00159-4. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- View on publisher site
- PDF (52.5 KB)
- Collections
Similar articles
Cited by other articles, links to ncbi databases.
- Download .nbib .nbib
- Format: AMA APA MLA NLM
COMMENTS
An International Multi-Disciplinary JournalThe major focus of Behaviour Research and Therapy is an experimental psychopathology approach to understanding emotional and behavioral disorders and their prevention and treatment, using cognitive, behavioral, and psychophysiological (including neural) …. View full aims & scope.
2005 — Volume 43. Previous. Page 1 of 4. Read the latest articles of Behaviour Research and Therapy at ScienceDirect.com, Elsevier's leading platform of peer-reviewed scholarly literature.
Behavior Therapy, published six times a year, is an international journal devoted to the application of the behavioral and cognitive sciences to the conceptualization, assessment, and treatment of psychopathology and …. View full aims & scope. Become an ABCT member now. $3600.
The major focus of Behaviour Research and Therapy is an experimental psychopathology approach to understanding emotional and behavioral disorders and their prevention and treatment, using cognitive, behavioral, and psychophysiological (including neural) methods and models. This includes laboratory-based experimental studies with healthy, at ...
Behaviour Research and Therapy is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering behavior therapy.It was established by Hans Eysenck in 1963 as the world's first journal dedicated to behavior therapy. [1] It is published by Elsevier and the editor-in-chief is Michelle Craske (University of California at Los Angeles).According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2017 impact ...
Behaviour Research and Therapy. Volume 12 • Issue 12. ISSN: 0005-7967. Editor-In-Chief: Michelle G. Craske. 5 Year impact factor: 4.7. Impact factor: 4.2. Journal metrics. Request a sales quote. An International Multi-Disciplinary JournalThe major focus of Behaviour Research and Therapy is an experimental psychopathology approach to ...
Behavior Analysis: Research and Practice is a multidisciplinary journal committed to increasing the communication between the subdisciplines within behavior analysis and psychology, and bringing up-to-date information on current developments within the field. It publishes original research, reviews of the discipline, theoretical and conceptual ...
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) explores the links between thoughts, emotions and behaviour. It is a directive, time-limited, structured approach used to treat a variety of mental health disorders. It aims to alleviate distress by helping patients to develop more adaptive cognitions and behaviours. It is the most widely researched and ...
A meta-analytic review of psychological treatments for social anxiety disorder. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy. 2008;1:94-113. [Google Scholar] Powers MB, Vedel E, Emmelkamp PMG. Behavioral couples therapy(BCT) for alcohol and drug use disorders: a meta-analysis. ... Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2006;44:99-111. doi: 10.1016/j ...
The majority of psychological treatment research is dedicated to investigating the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) across different conditions, population and contexts. We aimed to summarise the current systematic review evidence and evaluate the consistency of CBT's effect across different conditions.
Read the latest articles of Behaviour Research and Therapy at ScienceDirect.com, Elsevier's leading platform of peer-reviewed scholarly literature ... ADVERTISEMENT. Journals & Books; Help. Search. My account. Sign in. Behaviour Research and Therapy. Supports open access. 7.5 CiteScore. 4.2 Impact Factor. Articles & Issues. About. Publish ...
Behaviour Research and Therapy has an h-index of 216.It means 216 articles of this journal have more than 216 number of citations. The h-index is a way of measuring the productivity and citation impact of the publications. The h-index is defined as the maximum value of h such that the given journal/author has published h papers that have each been cited at least h number of times.
Taking into account the number of publications/studies, academic programs, and/or practicing professionals, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is arguably the gold standard of the psychotherapy field. However, recently, some colleagues have argued for plurality in psychotherapy, questioning the status of CBT as the gold standard in psychotherapy (), because many studies are of low quality and ...
Investigating the efficacy of a Dialectical behaviour therapy-based universal intervention on adolescent social and emotional well-being outcomes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, Vol. 169, Issue. , p. 104408.
In the first study, one task was to judge whether the persons on the photos were critical or accepting: unlike social phobics (Lundh and Ost, 1996b, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, 787-794 ...
Verbalisation of attention regulation strategies and background music enhance extinction learning and retention. Behaviour Research and Therapy . 10.1016/j.brat.2022.104037 . 2022 . pp. 104037. Author (s): Allison M. Waters . Amanda McCann . Rachel Kapnias .
Behavior Research Methods is a dedicated outlet for the methodologies, techniques, and tools utilized in experimental psychology research. An official publication of The Psychonomic Society. Focuses on the application of computer technology in psychological research. Aims to improve cognitive-psychology research by making it more effective ...
An International Multi-Disciplinary JournalThe major focus of Behaviour Research and Therapy is an experimental psychopathology approach to understanding emotional and behavioral disorders and their prevention and treatment, using cognitive, behavioral, and psychophysiological (including neural) …. View full aims & scope.
Seiden D. The effect of research on practice in cross-cultural behavior therapy: A single case study (You're the case) The Behavior Therapist. 1999;22:200-201. [Google Scholar] Shea M, Yeh CJ. Asian American Students' Cultural Values, Stigma, and Relational Self-construal: Correlates of Attitudes Toward Professional Help Seeking.
Sudden gains in face-to-face and internet-based cognitive therapy for social anxiety disorder. Graham R. Thew, Anke Ehlers, David M. Clark. Article 104334. View PDF. Article preview. Read the latest articles of Behaviour Research and Therapy at ScienceDirect.com, Elsevier's leading platform of peer-reviewed scholarly literature.
The impact factor of Behaviour Research and Therapy, and other metrics like the H-Index and TQCC, alongside relevant research trends, citation patterns, altmetric scores, Twitter account and similar journals. ... (Based on citations to the other journals in the most recent 30 papers in this journal, at least if metadata about citations were ...
Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) is a multi-component cognitive behavioural intervention with proven efficacy in treating people with borderline personality disorder symptoms. Establishing benchmarks for DBT intervention with both adults and adolescents is essential for bridging the gap between research and clinical practice, improving teams ...
Read the latest articles of Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy at ScienceDirect.com, Elsevier's leading platform of peer-reviewed scholarly literature. ... Resources for authors Track your accepted paper Journal Finder Researcher Academy Rights and permissions Journal Article Publishing Support Center. For editors. Resources for ...
Before the advent of research on treatments derived from operant and classic behaviorism, there was little indication that any form of psychosocial treatment was effective for any type of mental disorder (1-3).Research on behavioral therapies flourished with the adoption of the technology model (4, 5), which sought to systematize these therapies and the experimental methods through which they ...