Related terms for research papers - synonyms, antonyms and sentences with research papers, similar meaning.
Sentence examples, proper usage in context.
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My research is in software engineering, but in a sub-field which is very close to social science. My papers normally contain sentences like "We conducted a study with 56 participants." and "Our previous study showed that [some assumptions are true]" and "We chose to use Cramer's V as the association measure, because [explanation why we thought it is better than other association measures]".
Now that I am close to my Ph.D. thesis, I am writing more texts alone, and the thesis is legally required to be my own work. So "we" is factually wrong. But using "I" feels immodest, and it is certainly unusual. But I don't know how to change my texts to avoid it.
I can't imagine how to apply the advice from that other answer to my case. "One conducted a study with 56 participants"? "The conducted study had 56 participants"? "A study was conducted, with 56 participants"? Unlike describing a mathematical proof, these sentences sound terrible. And how to explain my decision to use Cramer's V, when it is based on personal opinion?
Any advice how to deal with the matter outside of the world of mathematical proofs?
Another example why "I" might be needed. It is not only vanity; in the not-so-exact sciences there is sometimes lots of leeway involved. Say that I code some data. This is a very subjective process, and can be error prone. It is important for the readers to know that a coding was done by a single person, as this is considered less reliable than having somebody else repeat it and discuss any differences, and also because the coder has to take responsibility for any unusual decisions or errors.
There is a more general question on the same topic. But the accepted and highly-upvoted answer is from the point of view of a mathematician, it says that the writing style is best constrained to declarative sentences such as "Since p, it follows that q.".
The use of the authorial 'we' is very common in academia even for single-author papers, as argued by many and properly referenced in the other question that you mention.
Personally, I would keep 'we' also for the thesis without bothering. I doubt anyone would misunderstand, but if you wish you can include a quick remark in the introduction: something like Despite the use of the 'authorial we', common in academia, this thesis is the sole work of its author . In many cases you are required to state that you are the only author anyway in some boilerplate forms in the front matter.
This looks much better to my eye than changing every sentence to a contorted passive form. Readability matters.
There are customs and habits that differ between disciplines, between research groups and between individuals. I would endeavour to claim that the trend is away from passive phrased (e.g. "was made" etc.) to active we and I but perhaps also from royal we's and expressions such as "this author" in favour for being to the point using "I". The key, however, lies in how the "I" is used. (in fact, "this author" may even be confused by the author of the latest referenced paper)
If you write a paper you can safely use I whenever you report on things you in particular have done. In methods sections, it concerns the choices of methods you (and nobody else) has made and in the results section it concerns the results you (and nobody else) has obtained and your choice which ones to highlight. In the discussion section you can use "I" whenever you make a point that you stand by, you can use we in parts where you perform a discussion with the reader; we meaning you and the reader. In short, the "I" signals your contributions and puts you (and nobody else) on the spot for criticism. So as I see it "I" is not a way to brag (which seems to scare many), it is exposing the fact that you alone stand for what is written.
I suggest you try to find good (recommended by peers) papers written in different styles and think about the styles with the aim of finding your own comfort zone. It is a matter of style, not right and wrong.
To cap off I want to highlight a couple of books that I personally, being a non-native English speaker, have found very useful:
Glasman-Deal, H., 2012. Science research writing for non-native speakers of English. Imperial College Press, London
Day, R.A. & Sakaduski, N., 2011. Scientific English. A guide for scientists and other professionals. Greenwood, Santa Barbara CA
I'm not sure about the conventions in social science, but the problem seems to be very close to what natural scientists face when writing a methods section, i.e., how an experiment was performed. If you look into the publications, you will see that these sections are almost exclusively written in the passive voice. The idea behind it is to take away the focus from the subject performing the experiment, putting more emphasis on tthe process instead. So you examples would become:
"Our previous study" is still fine, when the previous study has several authors.
I am in cognitive psychology and frequently use, "In the present investigation." There are sometimes workarounds you can use to avoid passive voice such as, "56 adults participated in this study."
I want to add two thoughts based on APA style . While the passive voice may help in some circumstances (as demonstrated in other answers), overuse of the passive is sometimes considered bad style. The Publication Manual of the APA (6th) even says on page 77:
Prefer the active voice.
Furthermore, the APA manual contains something about attribution on page 69.
Inappropriately or illogically attributing action in an effort to be objective can be misleading.
Thus, if you did something, it may even be misleading if this information is hidden using some stilted writing. And APA explicitly mentions the usage of I for single-author pieces on page 69:
For clarity, restrict your use of we to refer only to yourself and your coauthors (use I if you are the sole author of the paper).
In summary, I think a good balance of passive and active is considered good style, and the usage of I (where appropriate) is slowly becoming acceptable.
If any co-authors, you need to use we since the readers don't know who the I is.
Use I, as needed for sole author pubs. I like I because it is a strong statement--there is a definite person to hold responsible. Don't use "we" if there are no co-authors (what you got a mouse in your pocket?) If you feel too hesitant about a bold I (or get static) than go to passive voice. But a "we" for a sole article is distracting.
Do not use I when it makes more sense to make the objects of the research, the subject of the sentences. For example NOT "I observed pitching as the stall angle was approached", but "the model started pitching near the listed stall angle, about 35 degrees". The reason is not for modesty but because (a) it is tighter writing and (b) the proper attention is on the model in the wind tunnel--your observation is not the point, here.
I recommend to avoid the passive voice, but some people will recommend it or expect it. Certainly if an editor requires it, just do it, don't argue. "The reactants were combined in a boiling flask..." Note, it does have the benefit of putting the attention on the science, not on you as an actor.
Some math writing uses we because the reader is included as an observer in a derivation, "after completing the square, we see...blabla".
I asked my supervisor directly. She said that she is OK with using "I" in the dissertation, but that it is "uncommon" to use it in articles. As she is always a co-author on our papers, I guess none of her students had to deal with the problem in the context of an article anyway :) And because she did not mention internal reports even though I specifically asked about them, I think that she doesn't care what I use in them.
This is just the opinion of one professor, and the answers here show me that there doesn't seem to be a good convention. So, my take-home message from the whole problem would be: ask your professor, he will probably have a position on it and it is wise for you as a student to follow it.
I'm facing the same problem, though in German language/natural science (conventions may vary somewhat).
The main problem with the passive construction is that it doesn't say at all who did it. Consider:
The algorithm was implemented.
How can the reader be sure it was you as opposed to your colleague giving you his code (particulary, if the corresponding paper is authored by multiple coauthors)? I'm told I cannot expect the reader to look up the source where the author is explicitly stated.
So for some (ver key points where I need to make really sure everyone gets the fact that I actually did work myself that is fairly common (e.g. in other groups in my field) to be done by colleagues, collaboration partners, students or technicians I use "I" even though is so uncommon that I get comments about the use of "I".
Assuming that commonly studies like the one with 56 participants have someone planning it, someone (else) doing the experiments/collecting the data, and someone (yet else) analyzing the data: make sure you properly acknowledge the contributions of your collaborators in the acknowledgements.
You can also use constructions like:
A study with 56 participants was conducted [ref]. This thesis focuses on [whichever part you did]
Otherwise, "This thesis shows that..." or
Throughout this thesis, Cramer's V is used as the association measure, because ...
get you a long way.
We in PhD thesis typically mean: I am as an author and you as the reader . It is used in the sense that we together explore the topic . And it is just a kind of writing style to incorporate the reader.
Writing "We conducted a study with 56 participants" or "our previous study" can be considered as a bad writing style. Since it has not the same meaning and could be easily transferred in passive voice.
Not the answer you're looking for browse other questions tagged publications writing thesis grammar ..
Writing an Abstract for Your Research Paper
An abstract is a short summary of your (published or unpublished) research paper, usually about a paragraph (c. 6-7 sentences, 150-250 words) long. A well-written abstract serves multiple purposes:
It’s also worth remembering that search engines and bibliographic databases use abstracts, as well as the title, to identify key terms for indexing your published paper. So what you include in your abstract and in your title are crucial for helping other researchers find your paper or article.
If you are writing an abstract for a course paper, your professor may give you specific guidelines for what to include and how to organize your abstract. Similarly, academic journals often have specific requirements for abstracts. So in addition to following the advice on this page, you should be sure to look for and follow any guidelines from the course or journal you’re writing for.
Abstracts contain most of the following kinds of information in brief form. The body of your paper will, of course, develop and explain these ideas much more fully. As you will see in the samples below, the proportion of your abstract that you devote to each kind of information—and the sequence of that information—will vary, depending on the nature and genre of the paper that you are summarizing in your abstract. And in some cases, some of this information is implied, rather than stated explicitly. The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , which is widely used in the social sciences, gives specific guidelines for what to include in the abstract for different kinds of papers—for empirical studies, literature reviews or meta-analyses, theoretical papers, methodological papers, and case studies.
Here are the typical kinds of information found in most abstracts:
Your abstract should be intelligible on its own, without a reader’s having to read your entire paper. And in an abstract, you usually do not cite references—most of your abstract will describe what you have studied in your research and what you have found and what you argue in your paper. In the body of your paper, you will cite the specific literature that informs your research.
Although you might be tempted to write your abstract first because it will appear as the very first part of your paper, it’s a good idea to wait to write your abstract until after you’ve drafted your full paper, so that you know what you’re summarizing.
What follows are some sample abstracts in published papers or articles, all written by faculty at UW-Madison who come from a variety of disciplines. We have annotated these samples to help you see the work that these authors are doing within their abstracts.
The social science sample (Sample 1) below uses the present tense to describe general facts and interpretations that have been and are currently true, including the prevailing explanation for the social phenomenon under study. That abstract also uses the present tense to describe the methods, the findings, the arguments, and the implications of the findings from their new research study. The authors use the past tense to describe previous research.
The humanities sample (Sample 2) below uses the past tense to describe completed events in the past (the texts created in the pulp fiction industry in the 1970s and 80s) and uses the present tense to describe what is happening in those texts, to explain the significance or meaning of those texts, and to describe the arguments presented in the article.
The science samples (Samples 3 and 4) below use the past tense to describe what previous research studies have done and the research the authors have conducted, the methods they have followed, and what they have found. In their rationale or justification for their research (what remains to be done), they use the present tense. They also use the present tense to introduce their study (in Sample 3, “Here we report . . .”) and to explain the significance of their study (In Sample 3, This reprogramming . . . “provides a scalable cell source for. . .”).
From the social sciences.
Reporting new findings about the reasons for increasing economic homogamy among spouses
Gonalons-Pons, Pilar, and Christine R. Schwartz. “Trends in Economic Homogamy: Changes in Assortative Mating or the Division of Labor in Marriage?” Demography , vol. 54, no. 3, 2017, pp. 985-1005.
From the humanities.
Analyzing underground pulp fiction publications in Tanzania, this article makes an argument about the cultural significance of those publications
Emily Callaci. “Street Textuality: Socialism, Masculinity, and Urban Belonging in Tanzania’s Pulp Fiction Publishing Industry, 1975-1985.” Comparative Studies in Society and History , vol. 59, no. 1, 2017, pp. 183-210.
From the sciences.
Reporting a new method for reprogramming adult mouse fibroblasts into induced cardiac progenitor cells
Lalit, Pratik A., Max R. Salick, Daryl O. Nelson, Jayne M. Squirrell, Christina M. Shafer, Neel G. Patel, Imaan Saeed, Eric G. Schmuck, Yogananda S. Markandeya, Rachel Wong, Martin R. Lea, Kevin W. Eliceiri, Timothy A. Hacker, Wendy C. Crone, Michael Kyba, Daniel J. Garry, Ron Stewart, James A. Thomson, Karen M. Downs, Gary E. Lyons, and Timothy J. Kamp. “Lineage Reprogramming of Fibroblasts into Proliferative Induced Cardiac Progenitor Cells by Defined Factors.” Cell Stem Cell , vol. 18, 2016, pp. 354-367.
Reporting results about the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy in managing acute bacterial sinusitis, from a rigorously controlled study
Note: This journal requires authors to organize their abstract into four specific sections, with strict word limits. Because the headings for this structured abstract are self-explanatory, we have chosen not to add annotations to this sample abstract.
Wald, Ellen R., David Nash, and Jens Eickhoff. “Effectiveness of Amoxicillin/Clavulanate Potassium in the Treatment of Acute Bacterial Sinusitis in Children.” Pediatrics , vol. 124, no. 1, 2009, pp. 9-15.
“OBJECTIVE: The role of antibiotic therapy in managing acute bacterial sinusitis (ABS) in children is controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of high-dose amoxicillin/potassium clavulanate in the treatment of children diagnosed with ABS.
METHODS : This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Children 1 to 10 years of age with a clinical presentation compatible with ABS were eligible for participation. Patients were stratified according to age (<6 or ≥6 years) and clinical severity and randomly assigned to receive either amoxicillin (90 mg/kg) with potassium clavulanate (6.4 mg/kg) or placebo. A symptom survey was performed on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 20, and 30. Patients were examined on day 14. Children’s conditions were rated as cured, improved, or failed according to scoring rules.
RESULTS: Two thousand one hundred thirty-five children with respiratory complaints were screened for enrollment; 139 (6.5%) had ABS. Fifty-eight patients were enrolled, and 56 were randomly assigned. The mean age was 6630 months. Fifty (89%) patients presented with persistent symptoms, and 6 (11%) presented with nonpersistent symptoms. In 24 (43%) children, the illness was classified as mild, whereas in the remaining 32 (57%) children it was severe. Of the 28 children who received the antibiotic, 14 (50%) were cured, 4 (14%) were improved, 4(14%) experienced treatment failure, and 6 (21%) withdrew. Of the 28children who received placebo, 4 (14%) were cured, 5 (18%) improved, and 19 (68%) experienced treatment failure. Children receiving the antibiotic were more likely to be cured (50% vs 14%) and less likely to have treatment failure (14% vs 68%) than children receiving the placebo.
CONCLUSIONS : ABS is a common complication of viral upper respiratory infections. Amoxicillin/potassium clavulanate results in significantly more cures and fewer failures than placebo, according to parental report of time to resolution.” (9)
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Different style guides have different rules regarding the formatting of headings and subheadings in a paper, but what information you should actually put into your subheadings is a different question and often up to personal taste. Here we quickly summarize general guidelines, different approaches, and what not to do when choosing headings for a research paper.
The main sections of a research paper have general headers and are often journal-specific, but some (e.g., the methods and discussion section) can really benefit from subsections with clear and informative headers. The things to keep in mind are thus the general style your paper is supposed to follow (e.g., APA, MLA), the specific guidelines the journal you want to submit to lists in their author instructions , and your personal style (e.g., how much information you want the reader to get from just reading your subsection headers).
Headers identify the content within the different sections of your paper and should be as descriptive and concise as possible. That is why the main sections of research articles always have the same or very similar headers ( Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion ), with no or only small differences between journals. However, you also need to divide the content of some of these sections (e.g., the method section) into smaller subsections (e.g., Participants, Experimental Design, and Statistical Analysis ), and make sure you follow specific journal formatting styles when doing so.
If the journal you submit to follows APA style , for example, you are allowed to use up to five levels of headings, depending on the length of your paper, the complexity of your work, and your personal preference. To clearly indicate how each subsection fits into the rest of the text, every header level has a different format – but note that headers are usually not numbered because the different formatting already reflects the text hierarchy.
Level 1 Centered, Bold, Title Case
Text begins as a new paragraph.
Level 2 Left-aligned, Bold, Title Case
Level 3 Left-aligned, Bold Italic, Title Case
Level 4 Indented, Bold, Title Case, Period . Text begins on the same
line and continues as a regular paragraph.
Level 5 Indented, Bold Italic, Title Case, Period. Text begins on the
same line and continues as a regular paragraph.
If you only need one section header (e.g. Methods ) and one level of subsection headers (e.g., Participants, Experimental Design, and Statistical Analysis ), use Level 1 and Level 2 headers. If you need three levels of headings, use Levels 1, 2, and 3 (and so on). Do not skip levels or combine them in a different way.
If you write a paper in Chicago style or MLA style , then you don’t need to follow such exact rules for headings and subheadings. Your structure just has to be consistent with the general formatting guidelines of both styles (12-pts Times New Roman font, double-spaced text, 0.5-inch indentation for every new paragraph) and consistent throughout your paper. Make sure the different formatting levels indicate a hierarchy (e.g., boldface for level 1 and italics for level 2, or a larger font size for level 1 and smaller font size for level 2). The main specifics regarding Chicago and MLA headings and subheadings are that they should be written in title case (major words capitalized, most minor words lowercase) and not end in a period. Both styles allow you, however, to number your sections and subsections, for example with an Arabic number and a period, followed by a space and then the section name.
1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1 Subject Recruitment
2.2 Experimental Procedure
2.3 Statistical Analysis
3.1 Experiment 1
3.2 Experiment 2
4. Discussion
5. Conclusion
Your paper obviously needs to contain the main sections ( Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, and maybe Conclusion ) and you need to make sure that you name them according to the target journal style (have a look at the author guidelines if you are unsure what the journal style is). The differences between journals are subtle, but some want you to combine the results and discussion sections, for example, while others don’t want you to have a separate conclusion section. You also need to check whether the target journal has specific rules on subsections (or no subsections) within these main sections. The introduction section should usually not be subdivided (but some journals do not mind), while the method section, for example, always needs to have clear subsections.
The method section subheadings should be short and descriptive, but how you subdivide this section depends on the structure you choose to present your work – which can be chronological (e.g., Experiment 1, Experiment 2 ) or follow your main topics (e.g., Visual Experiment, Behavioral Experiment, Questionnaire ). Have a look at this article on how to write the methods for a research paper if you need input on what the best structure for your work is. The method subheadings should only be keywords that tell the reader what information is following, not summaries or conclusions. That means that “ Subject Recruitment ” is a good methods section subheading, but “ Subjects Were Screened Using Questionnaires ” is not.
The subheadings for the result section should then follow the general structure of your method section, but here you can choose what information you want to put in every subheading. Some authors keep it simple and just subdivide their result section into experiments or measures like the method section, but others use the headings to summarize their findings so that the reader is prepared for the details that follow. You could, for example, simply name your subsections “ Anxiety Levels ” and “ Social Behavior ,” if those are the measures you studied and explained in the method section.
Or, you could provide the reader with a glimpse into the results of the analyses you are going to describe, and instead name these subsections “ Anxiety-Like Behaviors in Mutant Mice ” and “ Normal Social Behaviors in Mutant Mice .” While keeping headings short and simple is always a good idea, such mini-summaries can make your result section much clearer and easier to follow. Just make sure that the target journal you want to submit to does not have a rule against that.
Subheadings are not sentences.
If your heading reads like a full sentence, then you can most probably omit the verb or generally rephrase to shorten it. That also means a heading should not contain punctuation except maybe colons or question marks – definitely don’t put a period at the end, except when you have reached heading level 4 in the APA formatting style (see above) and the rules say so.
Always check your numbering, for example for spaces and periods before and after numbers (e.g., 3.2. vs 3.2 ), because readability depends on such features. But also make sure that your headings are consistent in structure and content: Switching between short keyword headings (e.g., “ Experiment 2 ”) and summary headings (e.g., “ Mice Do not Recognize People ”) is confusing and never a good idea. Ideally, subheadings within a section all have a similar structure. If your first subsection is called “ Mice Do not Recognize People ,” then “ People Do not Recognize Mice” is a better subheader for the next subsection than “Do People Recognize Mice? ”, because consistency is more important in a research paper than creativity.
Not every paragraph or every argument needs a subheading. Only use subheadings within a bigger section if you have more than one point to make per heading level, and if subdividing the section really makes the structure clearer overall.
Before submitting your journal manuscript to academic publishers, be sure to get English editing services , including manuscript editing or paper editing from a trusted source. And receive instant proofreading and paraphrasing with Wordvice AI, our AI online text editor , which provides unlimited editing while drafting your research work.
A title page is required for all APA Style papers. There are both student and professional versions of the title page. Students should use the student version of the title page unless their instructor or institution has requested they use the professional version. APA provides a student title page guide (PDF, 199KB) to assist students in creating their title pages.
The student title page includes the paper title, author names (the byline), author affiliation, course number and name for which the paper is being submitted, instructor name, assignment due date, and page number, as shown in this example.
Title page setup is covered in the seventh edition APA Style manuals in the Publication Manual Section 2.3 and the Concise Guide Section 1.6
Student papers do not include a running head unless requested by the instructor or institution.
Follow the guidelines described next to format each element of the student title page.
|
|
|
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Paper title | Place the title three to four lines down from the top of the title page. Center it and type it in bold font. Capitalize of the title. Place the main title and any subtitle on separate double-spaced lines if desired. There is no maximum length for titles; however, keep titles focused and include key terms. |
|
Author names | Place one double-spaced blank line between the paper title and the author names. Center author names on their own line. If there are two authors, use the word “and” between authors; if there are three or more authors, place a comma between author names and use the word “and” before the final author name. | Cecily J. Sinclair and Adam Gonzaga |
Author affiliation | For a student paper, the affiliation is the institution where the student attends school. Include both the name of any department and the name of the college, university, or other institution, separated by a comma. Center the affiliation on the next double-spaced line after the author name(s). | Department of Psychology, University of Georgia |
Course number and name | Provide the course number as shown on instructional materials, followed by a colon and the course name. Center the course number and name on the next double-spaced line after the author affiliation. | PSY 201: Introduction to Psychology |
Instructor name | Provide the name of the instructor for the course using the format shown on instructional materials. Center the instructor name on the next double-spaced line after the course number and name. | Dr. Rowan J. Estes |
Assignment due date | Provide the due date for the assignment. Center the due date on the next double-spaced line after the instructor name. Use the date format commonly used in your country. | October 18, 2020 |
| Use the page number 1 on the title page. Use the automatic page-numbering function of your word processing program to insert page numbers in the top right corner of the page header. | 1 |
The professional title page includes the paper title, author names (the byline), author affiliation(s), author note, running head, and page number, as shown in the following example.
Follow the guidelines described next to format each element of the professional title page.
|
|
|
---|---|---|
Paper title | Place the title three to four lines down from the top of the title page. Center it and type it in bold font. Capitalize of the title. Place the main title and any subtitle on separate double-spaced lines if desired. There is no maximum length for titles; however, keep titles focused and include key terms. |
|
Author names
| Place one double-spaced blank line between the paper title and the author names. Center author names on their own line. If there are two authors, use the word “and” between authors; if there are three or more authors, place a comma between author names and use the word “and” before the final author name. | Francesca Humboldt |
When different authors have different affiliations, use superscript numerals after author names to connect the names to the appropriate affiliation(s). If all authors have the same affiliation, superscript numerals are not used (see Section 2.3 of the for more on how to set up bylines and affiliations). | Tracy Reuter , Arielle Borovsky , and Casey Lew-Williams | |
Author affiliation
| For a professional paper, the affiliation is the institution at which the research was conducted. Include both the name of any department and the name of the college, university, or other institution, separated by a comma. Center the affiliation on the next double-spaced line after the author names; when there are multiple affiliations, center each affiliation on its own line.
| Department of Nursing, Morrigan University |
When different authors have different affiliations, use superscript numerals before affiliations to connect the affiliations to the appropriate author(s). Do not use superscript numerals if all authors share the same affiliations (see Section 2.3 of the for more). | Department of Psychology, Princeton University | |
Author note | Place the author note in the bottom half of the title page. Center and bold the label “Author Note.” Align the paragraphs of the author note to the left. For further information on the contents of the author note, see Section 2.7 of the . | n/a |
| The running head appears in all-capital letters in the page header of all pages, including the title page. Align the running head to the left margin. Do not use the label “Running head:” before the running head. | Prediction errors support children’s word learning |
| Use the page number 1 on the title page. Use the automatic page-numbering function of your word processing program to insert page numbers in the top right corner of the page header. | 1 |
In a rapidly evolving education landscape, colleges and higher education authorities are emphasizing some academic activities to enhance the skills and knowledge of students. Research paper writing is an academic activity that has been given enormous importance, irrespective of your subject domain. Although it is significant and helps students boost their grades, writing a research paper is undoubtedly challenging. Different studies conducted by educational experts offer TutorBin a comprehensive idea of why students face these hurdles. Considering these struggles to write an impressive, information-rich, well-structured, and analyzed research topics, TutorBin professionals come up with the best 50 topics. Using these research paper topics eases writing to a great extent without making you feel exhausted.
Science research is a systematic and methodical investigation conducted to expand knowledge, discover new insights, and develop a deeper understanding of natural phenomena. It formulates hypotheses and conducts experiments or observations other than collecting and analyzing data before drawing conclusions based on empirical evidence.
Science research aims to advance scientific theories, inform practical applications, and contribute to the body of scientific knowledge. It drives progress by improving our daily lives. For example, medical research has developed vaccines and disease treatment procedures, while technology research brings innovative gadgets and tools.
Researchers use various methodologies to gather data and test hypotheses. Some key methods include:
Experimental Research: Experimental research manipulates one variable to determine if it causes a change in another variable, often conducted in controlled environments. It is used in psychology, medicine, and the natural sciences to establish cause-and-effect relationships. By controlling extraneous variables, researchers can isolate the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
Survey Research collects data from a predefined group of respondents to gain information and insights on various topics. Experts use this methodology in social sciences, marketing, and health research to gather large amounts of data. Surveys can be administered through questionnaires, interviews, or online platforms, allowing researchers to analyze trends, attitudes, and behaviors.
Case Study Research: In this type of research, an in-depth review of a single subject or a small group is conducted over an extended period. It explores complex issues in real-life contexts, providing detailed insights that might not be achievable through other research methods. Experts use it in psychology, sociology, and business. It develops a deep understanding of phenomena, generates hypotheses, and informs practice.
Ethnographic Research: It is an immersive study of people and cultures in their natural environments. Researchers observe and interact with participants to deeply understand their daily lives, behaviors, and social practices. This qualitative method is commonly utilized in anthropology and sociology. It provides detailed insights into the cultural and social dynamics of specific groups or communities.
Longitudinal Research: Involves studying the same subjects over an extended period, enabling researchers to track changes and developments over time. It helps to understand long-term effects, trends, and patterns in psychology, medicine, and social sciences. Tracking the same individuals or groups provides insights into how specific variables influence outcomes over months, years, or even decades.
Cross-Sectional Research: Experts gather data from a population at a specific time to analyze and compare various variables. This research identifies correlations and differences across various groups, like age, gender, or socioeconomic status, within a specific timeframe. Cross-sectional studies are often used in social sciences, epidemiology, and public health to provide a snapshot of a population’s current state.
Correlational Research: Correlational research explores the relationship between two or more variables without manipulating them. This method helps identify whether an association exists, as well as its direction and strength, but it does not establish causation. The correlation technique is frequently used in psychology, education, and other social sciences. It studies connections between variables such as study habits and academic performance.
Content Analysis: Systematically analyzes and interprets textual, visual, or audio content to identify patterns, themes, and meanings. This method involves coding and categorizing content. It uncovers trends and insights within large volumes of data, such as media articles, social media posts, or interview transcripts. Commonly used in media studies, communication research, and qualitative analysis to study how information is presented and perceived.
Meta-Analysis Research: Combines and synthesizes results from multiple studies on a particular topic to derive conclusions and identify patterns or trends. Aggregating data from various studies enhances statistical power and provides more robust estimates of effects or relationships. Experts use this method in medicine, psychology, and social sciences to consolidate evidence and guide evidence-based practice.
Mixed-Methods Research: It integrates qualitative and quantitative approaches to provide a comprehensive analysis of a research question. Combines numerical data with detailed contextual insights to understand complex issues. Mixed-methods research is often used in social sciences, health research, and education. It is valuable for exploring and validating findings from different perspectives.
1. The Theory of Relativity —Albert Einstein’s theory revolutionized our understanding of space, time, and gravity, leading to advancements in physics and cosmology.
2. DNA Structure —James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double helix structure of DNA, which paved the way for modern genetics and biotechnology.
3. Germ Theory of Disease —Louis Pasteur’s work established that microorganisms cause diseases, leading to advances in hygiene, vaccines, and antibiotics.
4. Penicillin —Alexander Fleming’s discovery of penicillin marked the beginning of modern antibiotics, drastically improving the treatment of bacterial infections.
5. Newton’s Laws of Motion —Sir Isaac Newton’s laws laid the foundation for classical mechanics, influencing everything from engineering to space exploration.
6. Higgs Boson —The discovery of the Higgs boson particle at CERN confirmed the existence of the Higgs field, which gives mass to other particles, enhancing our understanding of the universe.
7. Electricity and Electromagnetism —Michael Faraday’s and James Clerk Maxwell’s work on electromagnetism revolutionized technology and led to the development of modern electrical engineering.
8. Vaccination —Edward Jenner’s development of the smallpox vaccine initiated the field of immunology and led to the eradication of several deadly diseases.
9. Quantum Mechanics —The development of quantum mechanics by scientists like Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg transformed our understanding of atomic and subatomic processes.
10. Plate Tectonics —The theory of plate tectonics, developed by Alfred Wegener and later expanded by others, revolutionized our understanding of Earth’s geology, earthquakes, and volcanic activity.
These discoveries emerged from rigorous scientific research, demonstrating its ability to drive innovation and enhance our lives.
Science research topics are constantly evolving. Exploring current trends can make your research both relevant and exciting. Here are some trending topics:
1. COVID-19 and Pandemic Preparedness : This research paper on COVID-19 Pandemic preparations focuses on virus transmission, vaccine efficacy, and long-term health impacts, providing crucial insights for managing current and future pandemics. Studies also emphasize strategies for improving public health responses and preparedness to mitigate the effects of similar global health crises.
2. CRISPR and Gene Editing : CRISPR and gene editing research is revolutionizing genetics by enabling precise modifications to DNA, promising potential cures for genetic disorders. This groundbreaking technology also raises ethical questions and challenges, prompting discussions about the future of genetic engineering and its societal implications.
3. Blockchain and Cryptocurrencies : This research paper states how blockchain and cryptocurrencies transform the financial landscape by providing decentralized, secure, and transparent transaction methods. Their growing popularity and adoption raise important questions about regulation, security, and the future of traditional financial systems.
4. Quantum Computing : The research paper subjecting Quantum computing promises to discuss revolutionizing technology by solving complex problems far beyond the capabilities of classical computers. How potential applications in cryptography, materials science, and artificial intelligence could dramatically reshape industries and scientific research.
5. 5G Technology and Beyond : This topic discusses how 5G technology offers faster speeds, lower latency, and the ability to connect more devices simultaneously. Transformation of healthcare, transportation, and entertainment industries and how future networks are expected to enhance these capabilities further.
6. Renewable Energy Innovations : Research on renewable energy innovations explores the development of sustainable technologies like solar, wind, and bioenergy to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and combat climate change. This research is crucial for advancing energy efficiency, lowering costs, and ensuring a greener future.
7. Solar Energy Efficiency in Different Geographic Locations: Research on solar energy efficiency in different geographic locations explores how factors like sunlight intensity, weather patterns, and geographic latitude affect the performance of solar panels. This study is essential for optimizing solar energy systems and maximizing their output in various regions worldwide.
8. Impact of Ocean Acidification on Coral Reefs: Research on the impact of ocean acidification on coral reefs explores how increasing acidity in ocean waters, primarily due to CO2 absorption, affects the health and survival of coral ecosystems. This study is crucial for understanding the long-term consequences of climate change on marine biodiversity and the future of coral reefs.
9. Benefits of Probiotics on Digestive Health: A research paper on the benefits of probiotics on digestive health examines how these beneficial microorganisms support gut flora, improve digestion, and enhance overall gastrointestinal function. It highlights the potential of probiotics to prevent and treat digestive disorders, contributing to better overall health.
10. Efficiency of Natural vs. Synthetic Pesticides: This research paper topic compares the effectiveness of organic and chemical-based pest control methods in agriculture. It explores each approach’s environmental impact, cost-effectiveness, and long-term sustainability, providing insights into safer and more efficient farming practices.
These topics are both current and tackle major global challenges. Researching them can result in meaningful contributions to scientific advancement and societal welfare.
Which topic is best for research in science.
Choosing the right topic for your science research can be both thrilling and challenging. Here are some fascinating areas you might consider exploring:
Research on quantum particles in technology explores how quantum mechanics can revolutionize computing, communication, and encryption. This field holds the potential to advance technological capabilities, leading to faster processors and more secure data transmission.
Refers to the process by which bacteria develop mechanisms to evade the effects of antibiotics, leading to treatment failures. This growing challenge necessitates continuous research and development of new therapeutic strategies to combat resistant strains.
Renewable energy sources are crucial in mitigating climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and reliance on fossil fuels. Research in this area explores the effectiveness of various renewable technologies and their role in achieving global climate targets.
Explores how we experience and interpret the world around us, delving into the nature of awareness and sensory processing. It analyzes the relationship between subjective experiences and the cognitive processes underlying them, revealing insights into human cognition and perception.
These topics not only expand our knowledge but also have real-world applications in technology, healthcare, and environmental sustainability. Exploring these research areas can result in groundbreaking findings and innovative solutions.
Environmental science research topics address critical issues such as climate change, pollution, and conservation. These studies aim to understand the impact of human activities on ecosystems and develop strategies for sustainable environmental management.
Deforestation’s impact on biodiversity explores how forest loss disrupts ecosystems, leading to species extinction and decreased habitat diversity.
The topic of carbon emissions explores the sources and impacts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases on global climate change. It also assesses strategies for reducing emissions and their effectiveness in mitigating environmental harm.
Analyze how plastics accumulate in oceans, affecting marine life and ecosystems. It also explores the consequences of plastic debris on marine organisms and potential strategies for mitigation and cleanup.
Investigates the relationship between exposure to airborne contaminants and the incidence of respiratory diseases. It explores how pollutants like particulate matter and gases affect lung function and overall health outcomes.
1. The Role of Biodiversity in Ecosystem Resilience: This research explores how biodiversity contributes to the stability and resilience of ecosystems. It helps them withstand and recover from disturbances like climate change and habitat loss. By analyzing the interactions between species and their environments, the study could highlight the critical role that diverse ecosystems play in maintaining ecological balance.
2. The Role of Genetics in Personalized Medicine: Explores how genetic variations influence the effectiveness of medical treatments, leading to more tailored and effective healthcare solutions. By understanding an individual’s genetic makeup, personalized medicine aims to optimize treatment plans, reduce adverse effects, and enhance patient outcomes.
3. Nanotechnology Applications in Cancer Treatment: It examines how nanotechnology revolutionizes cancer treatment by enabling targeted drug delivery, reducing damage to healthy cells, and improving treatment efficacy. Through the use of nanoparticles, researchers are developing innovative therapies that offer more precise and less invasive options for cancer patients.
4. The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: Explores the transformative impact of AI in healthcare, focusing on its ability to enhance diagnostics, personalize treatment plans, and streamline administrative tasks. By integrating AI into healthcare systems, the paper highlights how AI can improve patient outcomes, reduce costs, and address challenges in medical decision-making.
5. The Neuroscience of Memory and Learning: Delves into the intricate processes of memory formation and learning in the brain, examining the neural circuits and mechanisms involved. It also explores how different factors, such as stress and aging, impact these cognitive functions, offering insights into potential therapeutic approaches for memory-related disorders.
6. Sustainable Agriculture Practices: Explores sustainable agriculture practices that aim to enhance food production while minimizing environmental impact. It examines techniques such as crop rotation, organic farming, and reduced pesticide use, highlighting their benefits for soil health, biodiversity, and long-term agricultural sustainability.
7. The Development of Electric Vehicles and Their Impact on The Environment: Investigates the development of electric vehicles (EV) and their environmental impact, focusing on reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. Analyzes the challenges and opportunities associated with EV adoption, including the role of renewable energy in powering these vehicles and the sustainability of battery production.
8. The Role of Epigenetics in Disease Development: This paper explores the role of epigenetics in disease development. It studies how changes in gene expression, without altering the DNA sequence, can lead to various health conditions. Discusses the potential for epigenetic therapies to treat or prevent diseases by targeting these modifications.
9. The Potential of Stem Cell Therapy in Regenerative Medicine: The research paper delves into the potential of stem cell therapy in regenerative medicine, highlighting its ability to repair or replace damaged tissues and organs. It also explores current advancements and challenges in the field, emphasizing the promise of stem cell treatments for various medical conditions.
10. The Impact of Space Exploration on Scientific Knowledge: This paper explores how space exploration has expanded our scientific understanding, including breakthroughs in astrophysics, planetary science, and technology. It also discusses the broader implications for innovation and international collaboration driven by space missions.
11. The Role of Microbiomes in Human Health: This research paper explores how microbiomes—communities of microorganisms living in and on the human body—affect various aspects of human health, from digestion to immune function. It also investigates potential therapeutic applications for managing health conditions through microbiome modulation.
12. The Future of Autonomous Vehicles: The research paper explores the advancements in autonomous vehicle technology, including innovations in artificial intelligence and sensor systems. It also discusses the potential impacts of self-driving cars on transportation safety, urban planning, and regulatory frameworks.
13. The Impact of Diet on Mental Health: It investigates how various dietary patterns and nutrients influence mental health, focusing on their effects on mood disorders and cognitive function. It also evaluates the potential mechanisms through which diet can affect mental well-being, including inflammation and gut-brain interactions.
14. The Role of Fungi in Ecosystem Balance: The research paper analyzes how fungi contribute to ecosystem stability by participating in nutrient cycling, symbiotic relationships, and decomposing organic matter. It also investigates the impact of fungal diversity on ecosystem health and resilience.
15. The Role of Big Data in Scientific Research: In this research paper, you can explore how big data analytics enhances scientific research by enabling more comprehensive data collection, pattern recognition, and predictive modeling. It also evaluates big data’s challenges and opportunities in various scientific disciplines.
16. The Impact of Urbanization on Wildlife: This research paper analyzes how urbanization affects wildlife populations by altering habitats, food sources, and migration patterns. This topic also investigates the consequences for biodiversity and ecosystem health as cities expand.
17. The Potential of Wearable Technology in Health Monitoring: You can explore in this paper how wearable technology can enhance health monitoring by providing real-time data on vital signs and physical activity. It also evaluates these devices’ potential benefits and limitations in managing chronic conditions and improving overall health outcomes.
18. The Effects of Pesticides on Pollinators: The topic investigates how pesticide use impacts pollinator populations, including bees and butterflies, and the subsequent effects on ecosystem health and crop productivity. It also examines potential strategies for mitigating these adverse effects to support pollinator conservation.
19. The Role of Ocean Currents in Climate Regulation: The research paper explores how ocean currents influence global climate patterns by distributing heat and regulating atmospheric conditions. It also analyzes the impact of changes in these currents due to climate change on weather systems and marine ecosystems.
20. The Effects of Space Travel on Human Physiology: This paper discusses the physiological changes experienced by astronauts during extended space missions, including effects on muscle mass, bone density, and cardiovascular health. It also investigates potential countermeasures and interventions to mitigate these effects and ensure long-term health in space environments.
21. The Impact of Global Warming on Sea Level Rise: Explores how global warming contributes to rising sea levels through mechanisms such as ice melt and thermal expansion of seawater. It also assesses the potential impacts on coastal communities, ecosystems, and infrastructure, emphasizing the need for adaptive strategies and mitigation measures.
22. The Role of Genetic Diversity in Species Survival: This research paper discusses how genetic diversity within species enhances resilience to environmental changes and disease, contributing to long-term survival. It highlights the critical points or importance of preserving genetic variation to maintain ecosystem stability and adaptability.
23. The Development of Biodegradable Materials: In this paper, the author can explore the advancements in biodegradable materials designed to reduce environmental impact and waste. It assesses various materials’ effectiveness and potential applications, aiming to promote sustainable alternatives to traditional plastics.
24. The Role of Nanomaterials in Environmental Cleanup: It investigates how nanomaterials are utilized for environmental cleanup, focusing on their ability to remove pollutants and toxins from soil and water. It evaluates the effectiveness, challenges, and future prospects of these innovative materials in mitigating environmental contamination.
25. The Impact of Artificial Light on Sleep Patterns: This research paper explores how exposure to artificial light, especially at night, affects sleep patterns and overall sleep quality. It analyzes the mechanisms by which light influences circadian rhythms and the potential long-term health implications.
26. The Potential of Geothermal Energy in Sustainable Power: The paper evaluates the feasibility and benefits of geothermal energy as a sustainable power source. It explores the technological advancements, environmental impacts, and economic potential of harnessing geothermal resources for clean energy production.
27. Cultural Perspectives on Mental Health and Well-Being: It discusses how different cultural perspectives influence the understanding and treatment of mental health and well-being. The paper analyzes variations in mental health practices, stigma, and support systems across diverse cultural contexts. It highlights the impact on individuals’ experiences and outcomes.
28. The Role of Nutrition in Preventing Chronic Diseases: Explores how proper nutrition can play a crucial role in preventing chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and obesity. It evaluates the impact of various dietary patterns and nutrients on disease prevention and overall health outcomes.
29. Impact of Technological Advancements on Modern Education Methods: The topic discusses how technological advancements, such as digital tools and online platforms, have transformed modern education methods and teaching practices. It assesses the benefits and challenges of integrating technology into the classroom and its effects on student learning outcomes.
30. Content Analysis of Media Representations of Climate Change: The paper explores how climate change is portrayed in various media formats, including news articles, television, and social media. It analyzes the accuracy, framing, and impact of these representations on public perception and policy-making regarding climate change.
31. Longitudinal Studies on Aging and Cognitive Decline: The topic of this research paper discusses long-term data on aging to understand how cognitive functions decline over time. It tracks various factors such as lifestyle, genetics, and health conditions to identify patterns and potential interventions for preserving cognitive health in older adults.
32. The Intersection of Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence: It explores how advancements in neuroscience are being integrated with artificial intelligence to enhance cognitive models and computational systems. It examines how insights into brain function can improve AI algorithms and how AI can contribute to understanding complex neural processes.
Exploring these environmental science research topics allows you to address issues, safeguard ecosystems, enhance public health, and support sustainability. These subjects not only underscore the challenges we encounter but also encourage creative solutions for a more sustainable future. Our research experts jotted down all these unique and interesting topics from different fields. It is to ensure that you use these research topics for your papers, making your writing easier and less complicated than anticipated.
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Find 14 different ways to say RESEARCH PAPER, along with antonyms, related words, and example sentences at Thesaurus.com.
Another way to say Research Paper? Synonyms for Research Paper (other words and phrases for Research Paper). Synonyms for Research paper. 330 other terms for research paper- words and phrases with similar meaning. Lists. synonyms. antonyms. definitions. sentences. thesaurus. words. phrases. Parts of speech. nouns. Tags. answer.
Synonyms for research paper include term paper, report, study, monograph, theme, discourse, paper, article, review and essay. Find more similar words at wordhippo.com!
Provides clarification, similar to "in other words.". Example The reaction is exothermic; that is to say, it releases heat. 13. To put it simply. Simplifies a complex idea, often for a more general readership. Example The universe is vast; to put it simply, it is larger than anything we can truly imagine. 14.
Most related words/phrases with sentence examples define Research paper meaning and usage. Thesaurus for Research paper. Related terms for research paper- synonyms, antonyms and sentences with research paper. Lists. synonyms. antonyms. definitions. sentences. thesaurus. Parts of speech. nouns. Synonyms Similar meaning. View all. term paper. study.
RESEARCH PAPER - Synonyms, related words and examples | Cambridge English Thesaurus
Another way to say Research Papers? Synonyms for Research Papers (other words and phrases for Research Papers). Synonyms for Research papers. 180 other terms for research papers- words and phrases with similar meaning. Lists. synonyms. antonyms.
Suggest synonym. Menu. 19 Research paper synonyms. What are another words for Research paper? Paper, study, manifesto, outline. Full list of synonyms for Research paper is here.
Create a research paper outline. Write a first draft of the research paper. Write the introduction. Write a compelling body of text. Write the conclusion. The second draft. The revision process. Research paper checklist.
Synonyms for research include investigation, examination, exploration, analysis, study, experimentation, fact-finding, inquiry, probe and probing. Find more similar ...
Definition: Research Paper is a written document that presents the author's original research, analysis, and interpretation of a specific topic or issue. It is typically based on Empirical Evidence, and may involve qualitative or quantitative research methods, or a combination of both. The purpose of a research paper is to contribute new ...
Grey Literature-- research produced by organizations outside of commercial and academic publishing that publish materials, such as, working papers, research reports, and briefing papers. Grounded Theory-- practice of developing other theories that emerge from observing a group. Theories are grounded in the group's observable experiences, but ...
Synonyms for RESEARCH: investigation, inquiry, study, exploration, examination, probing, probe, inspection, inquisition, delving
Wordvice provides high-quality English proofreading and editing services.We have helped thousands of researchers, students, writers, and businesses maximize the impact of their writing. Here are 100+ active verbs to make your research writing more engaging. Includes additional tops to improve word and phrase choices.
Table of contents. Step 1: Introduce your topic. Step 2: Describe the background. Step 3: Establish your research problem. Step 4: Specify your objective (s) Step 5: Map out your paper. Research paper introduction examples. Frequently asked questions about the research paper introduction.
Experimental research paper. This type of research paper basically describes a particular experiment in detail. It is common in fields like: biology. chemistry. physics. Experiments are aimed to explain a certain outcome or phenomenon with certain actions. You need to describe your experiment with supporting data and then analyze it sufficiently.
Moreover, research papers, across most journals and subject areas, are largely rigid in their vocabulary expectations. Authors, therefore, are limited when it comes to introducing a lot of word choice variations in their papers. Inevitably, this leads to the issue of redundancy and monotony in academic vocabulary and literature. A thought ...
1. Avoid Long Phrases and Ambiguity. For keywords in research papers, most journals request phrases that are one to four words in length, meaning no complete sentences. Try using nouns whenever possible, and avoid using conjunctions such as and. It's also worth mentioning that you should avoid using terms that are in your paper's title.
Synonyms for research papers include term papers, reports, study, monographs, themes, discourse, paper, commentaries, work and findings. Find more similar words at ...
What's the definition of Research papers in thesaurus? Most related words/phrases with sentence examples define Research papers meaning and usage. Log in. Thesaurus for Research papers. Related terms for research papers- synonyms, antonyms and sentences with research papers. Lists. synonyms. antonyms. definitions. sentences. thesaurus.
There are customs and habits that differ between disciplines, between research groups and between individuals. I would endeavour to claim that the trend is away from passive phrased (e.g. "was made" etc.) to active we and I but perhaps also from royal we's and expressions such as "this author" in favour for being to the point using "I".
Definition and Purpose of Abstracts An abstract is a short summary of your (published or unpublished) research paper, usually about a paragraph (c. 6-7 sentences, 150-250 words) long. A well-written abstract serves multiple purposes: an abstract lets readers get the gist or essence of your paper or article quickly, in order to decide whether to….
The main specifics regarding Chicago and MLA headings and subheadings are that they should be written in title case (major words capitalized, most minor words lowercase) and not end in a period. Both styles allow you, however, to number your sections and subsections, for example with an Arabic number and a period, followed by a space and then ...
sources for your research. Typically, these will not appear in your research paper. (Wikipedia should . never. appear in your paper!) Peer-Reviewed "scholars other than the author have read the work and, whether or not they share its perspective, have stated that the article is worth the paper it is printed on." 4 . Journal articles, Theses,
For a student paper, the affiliation is the institution where the student attends school. Include both the name of any department and the name of the college, university, or other institution, separated by a comma. Center the affiliation on the next double-spaced line after the author name(s). Department of Psychology, University of Georgia
Experimental Research: Experimental research manipulates one variable to determine if it causes a change in another variable, often conducted in controlled environments. It is used in psychology, medicine, and the natural sciences to establish cause-and-effect relationships. By controlling extraneous variables, researchers can isolate the effects of the independent variable on the dependent ...
Al-Qassam is the military wing of Hamas. Other Jewish students were told to "go back to Poland" at a protest, according to a video reviewed by Spectator, and another student reported having an object thrown at him while counterprotesting a pro-Palestinian demonstration outside the campus gates. April 22, 2024 Shafik announced a same-day ...
Russell Vought, another former Trump administration official, wrote a key chapter in the document and also serves as the Republican National Committee's 2024 platform policy director.