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The Ultimate Guide to Studying in United Kingdom in 2024

Browse all phd programmes in united kingdom.

• Sep-May Academic Year
• 136 Listed Institutes
• 131 Ranked Universities
• 551,000 Int. Students
• 2,734,000 Students
• 67,330,000 Population

Why study in United Kingdom

Universities in the UK are well known in the world for their top-quality education. Critical thinking, creative methods of teaching, and quality-control merge successfully in British higher education.

Here are the top reasons why the uk is the best place to study:

• The highest number of ranked universities. The UK has the highest number of ranked universities in relation to the size of the country: 111 ranked universities . University of Oxford, University of Cambridge, and Imperial College London constantly feature in the world's Top10.
• Quality of teaching regulated by the government. The UK is home to some of the world's oldest and most prestigious universities. This doesn’t happen by chance. Bodies such as the Office for Students (OfS) and the Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education (QAA) make sure that universities meet national standards for academic quality.
• Big focus on independent learning and creative thinking . As a student in the UK you will be expected to take responsibility for your learning and develop critical thinking skills. This is different from other countries where lecture-based learning is considered more important. This approach encourages you to take an active role in your learning, rather than simply listening to lectures and memorizing information, which can help you develop a deeper understanding of your subject matter.
• Nightlife for many tastes and interests. Big cities like London, Manchester, and Glasgow have a well-established nightlife scene with many clubs, bars, and music venues that cater to different tastes and interests. However, smaller cities and towns may have a more limited nightlife scene, but will still offer a range of student-friendly places like museums, cinemas, and live music venues.

The country offers some of the best and most comprehensive support systems for international students, both as part of the university and through government or independent bodies and organisations. It’s no wonder why so many international students choose to study in the UK.

At the same time, while they do have high tuition fees and living costs which won’t be easy to meet, the UK also provides students with a lot of scholarships and funding opportunities.

What’s more, British universities excel in all fields of study (Arts and Humanities, Engineering and Technology, Life Sciences & Medicine, and Natural Sciences) but what matters most is that here you can find study areas that are unique in Europe, like Creative Writing or innovative interdisciplinary courses that may sound like this: “Are We Alone? The Search for Extraterrestrial Life.” or “From Sherlock Holmes to CSI : a History of Forensic Science and Medicine.”

Culture in United Kingdom

People in the UK are generally friendly and polite, with a strong sense of humour and an appreciation for social etiquette. They usually think that it's important for people to have their own freedom, be able to do things on their own, and keep some things private. They also have a deep respect for tradition and history. Some of the most iconic aspects of British culture and traditions include the monarchy, teatime, pub culture, the London Underground, and the Beatles.

With a population of almost 68 million, the UK is not one of the world’s biggest countries. In fact, having a size just 60% of California, it only ranks 80th in the world. UK culture and traditions are "a melting pot of cultures", with a long history of immigration and diversity. The Kingdom itself is actually made up of four different countries: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, and each of these four has its own cultural identity and unique traditions.

Cultural diversity in the UK

The UK is a diverse and multicultural society, with people from many different cultural backgrounds living and working in the country. Approximately 14% of the population of 68 million people belongs to an ethnic minority. Some of the largest cultural groups are from India, Poland, and Pakistan. This diversity is reflected in everything from food and music to arts and literature. Of all the cities in the UK , the highest diversity is in London, where 40% of the population comes from an ethnic minority background. Apart from the capital, Birmingham, Manchester, and Leicester are also great examples of high cultural diversity.

Languages spoken in the UK

English is the official language and by far the most commonly spoken, but there are also several other languages spoken throughout the country, like Welsh, Scottish Gaelic, and Irish Gaelic. At the same time, according to the London Museum, in the capital city, there are over 300 languages spoken today.

UK food culture

British food culture has influences from all over the world, and expat communities can often enjoy the taste of their home food in restaurants and shops across the UK. At the same time, some of the most iconic British dishes include fish and chips, bangers and mash, shepherd's pie and roast beef and Yorkshire puddings. Fun fact: there are around 10,500 fish and chip shops in the UK today. But the British are also known for their love of tea, ale, and other alcoholic beverages.

Weather in the UK

You probably know the UK has a reputation for being rainy because of its geography. Throughout the year, temperatures in the UK tend to vary between 10 and 20 degrees Celsius. You'll enjoy the warmest and driet summers in the south-east of the country.

How to choose a university in United Kingdom?

Deciding where you want to study is a deeply personal choice, but there are a few general ideas you should consider . To make things simpler for you, we put together the following Choosing a university checklist:

• A big-city life and cultural diversity in large university hubs like London , Birmingham , or Manchester
• A more relaxed lifestyle where you could experience the more traditional aspects of British culture specific to smaller cities like Bath , York , or Southampton
• A high-ranking university, like the ones belonging to the Russell Group , will look more impressive on your CV because these are universities that have a reputation across the world for being very good and teaching the smartest and most talented people. Attenting one of them will give you more opportunities, but it will be harder to get in, more expensive, competitive, and more focused on academic results.
• A university that doesn’t rank as high will probably offer you a more inclusive and relaxed environment. These universities are often top quality as well, but less famous. You will face easier admission and enjoy a more flexible schedule
• Read student reviews to learn how other students feel at that university. If you access a programme of study on our portal , you can read tens of student reviews for each study programme. And if you're still in doubt, try chatting with students who are currently studying at universities you are interested in.
• Research how well a university performs in your particular field of study by checking Meta-rankings in the UK , which combines the latest data from the most prestigious university ranking systems in the world.  

What are the best universities in the UK

Its centuries-old tradition, high standards of teaching and commitment to providing students with a world-class education, lead to the UK having over 100 world-ranking universities. Here are the top 5 universities in the UK:

• The University of Oxford is the oldest university in the UK, benefiting from a distinctive collegiate structure. Both students and academics belong to a college or hall, a self-governing organisation within the university.
• The University of Cambridge is, alongside Oxford, one of the ancient English universities consistently ranking among the top 5 in the world, with a rich tradition of over 800 years and world-leading research.
• Imperial College London started from a vision of Prince Albert (the consort of Queen Victoria) who wanted to create a cultural area to include museums and colleges. The college focuses only on business, science, technology, and medicine.
• University College London (UCL) the very first university in London, is a rule-breaking institution: the first university in England to accept students of any religion and one of the first to admit women as students.
• The University of Edinburgh is the best Scottish university and the fifth ranking in the UK. With an entrepreneurial and cross-disciplinary culture, it attracts students and staff from across the globe.

> C Check Meta-rankings for the full list of university rankings in the UK .

What are the top student hubs in the UK

The biggest student hub in the UK is of course London . The city was declared Best Student city by QS, and it has no less than 18 ranked universities. It’s huge – the third biggest city in Europe with a population of over 9,3 million people, multicultural, and very diverse.

But big-city life is only for some, and the UK offers many other excellent student hubs . In the North of England, you have Manchester with five big universities, BBC and ITV studios and many thriving businesses. Even further to the North, another thriving city full of charm and history is Edinburgh , Scotland's capital, home to one of the best five universities in the UK.

If you want your experience of studying in the UK to be even more relaxed, so you can enjoy that orderly and calm British life, consider the famous cities of Oxford and Cambridge , as well as Bath or Liverpool with their highly ranked universities.

Tuition Fees in United Kingdom

British students pay different tuition fees from international students ( including EU students ). Fees are also different depending on the university or study programme you choose.

Tuition fees for international undergraduate students range between £9,000 and £33,500 per year, while tuition fees for international students at postgraduate level cost between  £7,000 - £36,400 per year, the average programme being £20,000. For UK nationals, tuition fees at undergraduate level range between £1,820 and £9,250 , while postgraduate courses cost between £3,350 and £22,300 .

If cost is a big factor for you when choosing a university, the cheapest tuition fees for international students according to QS TopUniversities are Coventry University , Royal Agricultural University , and University of Suffolk . Also, keep in mind that online programmes are usually cheaper than campus-based ones. We have over 700 online Bachelor’s programmes in the UK, the cheapest only £1,784 per year and over 2,500 online Master’s programmes , starting at £540 per year.

Sometimes, students can benefit from a tuition fee waiver, meaning a discount applied to your overall tuition fee. However, this is usually available only for UK and sometimes EU students. Check on your university’s page to be sure. Also, remember that there are plenty of scholarships available for both national and international students.

Use the ‘Tuition fee’ filter on the left menu of our Bachelor’s , Master’s or PhD search pages to find the programme best suited for your budget. You can also sort the list of available programmes by Lowest tuition fee, by clicking the top right Sort button.

Can I study in United Kingdom for free?

Unfortunately, there is no free education in the UK for international students or for home students, but there are ways to go around it and minimise or completely reduce your costs during the years of study.

Home students have the option to apply for a Student Loan which will cover their undergraduate tuition fees in full, and they only have to pay it back once they start earning enough money to classify for repayments. To apply for the loan for your undergraduate studies, you have to access Student Finance on Gov.UK once you have an offer from university. In addition, home students can also apply for a loan for their Master’s degree of up to £11,836 , but this may not fully cover the cost of the programme.

As an international student , if you’re wondering how to study in the UK for free, the only option is to win a scholarship that fully covers your tuition fees and potentially living costs as well. While these are very competitive, there are plenty available, so go on and check Mastersportal for all scholarships available to study in the UK .

Finally, if you want to do a doctorate in the UK, whether you are a national or international student, the only way to do it tuition free is through a scholarship for PhD studies , but you can also get a job as an assistant within your university and earn some money while researching as well.

Financial Aid and Scholarships in United Kingdom

Many universities, private organisations, NGOs, and governmental institutions offer scholarships and grants to international students.

Each scholarship or grant has different criteria; some are awarded for academic success, others for financial needs, and some for students coming from developing or underdeveloped nations.

You can apply for financial aid after acceptance, meaning soon as you have an offer from your university. There are many scholarships allow you to apply even after you’ve started your programme. Learn about the best practices when applying for a scholarship. You’ve got nothing to lose.

Head over here to see our full list of cholarships on offer in the UK.

Types of scholarships on offer

There are several types of financial aid for international students in the UK. The most common are scholarships, but you can also find bursaries (typically awarded based on financial need), grants and loans.

Scholarships can be awarded based on merit, financial need or other criteria. For example scholarships for excellent academic results or scholarships for students with low incomes, and see what fits best with your situation. Learn all about the different types and how to start applying for scholarships , in this article.

There is no limit to how many scholarships you should apply for, just go for as many as you can. Ensure you meet the criteria before searching for the best scholarships to apply for. Begin with the ones where you feel you have the highest chances of success.

Where you can find scholarships

Our database, which lists hundreds of scholarship opportunities in the UK , is an excellent starting point when you’re trying to figure out where to apply for scholarships.

Other credible sources with up-to-date information about scholarships and financial aid you can access:

• Studyportals Scholarship – International Distinction Award , open to all international students – see FAQ about the award
• Your preferred university's official website. They will likely award scholarships themselves or recommend partner organizations where to apply for financial aid.
• Government Scholarships (British Council Scholarships):
• The Chevening Scholarships for Master’s
• The Commonwealth Scholarships for PhD and Master’s
• GREAT scholarships
• Scholarships offered by universities:
• Gates Cambridge Scholarship
• Oxford Pershing Square Scholarship
• University of Bristol Think Big
• Imperial College London Scholarship
• GEMS International Undergraduate Scholarship
• Undergraduate Global Excellence Scholarships

You can learn more about Scholarships offered by UK universities in this article.

• Euraxess UK Portal for PhD and Postdoc Euraxess UK is a portal for PhD students and postdoctoral researchers looking to work or continue their research in the United Kingdom. It provides information on funding opportunities, research networks, job vacancies, and other resources to help these professionals succeed in their careers.

You can also find some of the best options of scholarships in the UK for international students in this article.

How to apply

Once you’ve done your research on how to apply for a scholarship in the UK and shortlisted the scholarships you want to apply to, it’s time to get going with the actual application. Applying for a foreign university scholarship may be intimidating, but if you follow these steps, it won’t be that hard:

• Check the eligibility criteria: make sure you meet all the requirements, which may include academic achievements, nationality, age, field of study, and more. Applying for a bursary or a university grant may have different rules from applying for a scholarship.
• Gather the required documents: Financial aid providers all have a how-to-apply for university funding or scholarship page. This is the place to find and check what documents you need, things like transcripts, a motivation letter for applying to the scholarship , and recommendation letters.
• Complete the application: pay attention as you fill out the scholarship application form to ensure you include all required information.
• Submit the application: very important step, take a deep breath and click submit!
• Wait for a response: this may be harder than it sounds. But if you are shortlisted, you will probably be called for an interview or asked to provide additional information. See our advice on how to do well in a scholarship interview.
• Accept the scholarship: the best part! If you are selected, read through the terms and conditions and accept the scholarship offer if you are happy with the terms.

What to include in your application

The specific requirements for a scholarship application will vary depending on the type of financial aid or scholarship, and the program you are applying to. However, a scholarship application will always ask you to explain why you are applying for financial aid and how it will help you achieve your academic and career goals. This is usually done in a motivation for applying, or a request letter for your scholarship application and it might just be the most important element of your application. That’s why it’s essential to Learn how to write a motivation letter for your scholarship .

Other information to include in your application will likely be:

• Personal information
• Academic background, such as your academic transcripts, degrees, and certificates
• Letters of recommendation, typically by teachers, professors, or employers who can vouch for your academic abilities and potential
• Financial Information: the scholarship you’re applying for might not cover the total costs of your studies, in which case they can ask about how you will cover the rest of the money.
• Essays or writing samples that demonstrate your writing skills and ability to think critically.

Other supporting materials, such as a portfolio of work or a list of awards and honours.

Interested in scholarships for United Kingdom? Check out our scholarship search page.

Apply to university in United Kingdom

All UK applications are made through the UCAS website . You can submit only one application for each study cycle and within this application you can select up to 5 different study programmes. Unlike in many other countries where you must tailor your application to each individual university, here you need a general application.

What’s the structure of the UK academic year

The UK academic year typically starts in late September or early October and ends in June. The exact dates may vary depending on the institution and the course, but most universities follow a similar timeline.

During the academic year, there are three main terms:

• Autumn term (September to December),
• Spring term (January to April),
• Summer term (from May until late June).

These terms are broken up into several weeks of teaching and a few weeks of holidays or exams:

• Christmas Break: (mid-December to early January)
• Easter Break: (two weeks, during spring)
• Summer Break: (the longest break of the year, from June to late September)
• Half-Term Breaks: (roughly every six to eight weeks throughout the academic year)
• Bank Holidays ( public holidays in the UK )

Some institutions may have slight variations on this structure, but the three-term system is the standard for most UK universities.

When to apply for British universities

Most universities and courses in the UK have the application deadline in January for courses starting September the same year. But Cambridge and Oxford as well as programmes in Medicine will likely have an earlier deadline. Make sure to check UCAS for the exact dates each year.

You can still apply to university after the deadline through Clearing , from July until October, but you must keep in mind that this round of applications is only for the places left unfilled in the regular application process, so you should only use it if you didn't manage to secure a place beforehand.

Documents needed to apply for university

Each UCAS application contains this list of documents you need to apply for university:

• Personal details
• Education history
• Employment history
• Programmes selection
• Personal Statement (a very important part of you application)
• Reference (from a current teacher or employer, depending on your situation, written in English)
• Payment of the application fee

Next step is to await an answer. If you are accepted, you can receive a conditional offer or an unconditional offer .

A conditional offer means that your acceptance depends on meeting some conditions in the future, like obtaining certain results at exams or language tests. An unconditional offer means you already meet all requirements and are definitely accepted.

Language requirements

If you want to study in the UK, your programme will be taught in English, so you must have a certain level of proficiency in order to perform your academic work. That’s why you will definitely need to meet certain English language requirements for UK universities. To do that, you have to take one of the approved tests and obtain the minimum score required by your university.

Commonly accepted UK language tests :

You’ll get a score of 0 to 9 for each category (Listening, Reading, Writing, and Speaking), as well as an overall band score. Generally, UK universities ask for a minimum score of 6.0 or 6.5, with some more reputed universities requiring 7.0 or 7.5.

The four sections (Reading, Listening, Speaking, and Writing) have a score of 0 to 30 points each. You can get a maximum of 120 points. Many universities ask for a score of 70-80 to be admitted, while the more famous ones like Oxford and Cambridge ask for a score over 100 points.

You can obtain a score between 10 and 90 points in the three sections Speaking & Writing, Reading, and Listening. To study for a degree level course, UK universities usually ask for a minimum of 59 points.

The Cambridge exams range from pre A1 - Starters to C2 Proficiency which means scores starting at 80 points and going up to 230 points. For UK universities, you need to obtain the C1 Advanced certificate with a score range of 180-200 points.

The test is gaining more and more popularity and is already accepted by thousands of institutions worldwide. You’ll get a score between 10 and 160 points, where 95-100 points is the equivalent of the 6.0 IELTS score.

To learn more about the different tests you can take, read this comprehensive guide on English language certifications that we’ve put together.

Student housing in United Kingdom

When you’re looking for student housing in the UK, you have two options:

On-campus accommodation : these are halls of residence managed by your university; they are basically blocks of flats where hundreds of other students live. Additional costs such as water, heating and electricity fees are included most of the time, and as much as possible, first-year and international students have a guaranteed place if they apply on time.

This type of student accommodation in the UK generally offers small, clean rooms, with a bed, wardrobe, and desk. The kitchen and common room are shared, and sometimes the bathroom is as well. You can have a lot of fun living in a hall of residence and fully immerse yourself in student life, but will also need to learn how to share and live with people you’ve just met.

Off-campus student housing: this option can mean private student housing apartments or halls, where you will have more privacy, less sharing, and probably a more modern environment. Of course, this can come at a higher monthly cost. At the same time, another option to live off-campus is to share a house with a couple of other friends. The cost will be more affordable, and you won’t share the place with people you don’t know. However, you need to find the place yourself, sometimes pay rent in advance, and handle your own additional costs like heating, water, internet or electricity payments.

When to apply for student accommodation

In order to know when to apply for university accommodation on campus, you should check the university’s website for specific deadlines. The rule of thumb is to start applying once you have an unconditional offer from the university and before you arrive in the UK.

On the other hand, if you prefer off-campus student housing, start applying as soon as you know you will start studying at that university to have a better chance of getting the accommodation you want.

Extra resources for finding student housing apartments

• Amber , a portal listing verified private student accommodation in over 250 cities worldwide.
• Student , options for private student housing in over 400 cities across the world, with 24-hour support from the booking team.
• Unite Students , private accommodation in the UK, with all utilities included, as well as the option to book a shared accommodation with one or more of your friends.
• Right Move , a portal where you can search for private student housing in the UK, on-campus halls of residence, and private halls close to your university.

Cost of living in United Kingdom

The average cost of living in the UK with rent, food, transport, and entertainment included is around £12,000-£15,000 per year .

London, the country’s capital, has by far the highest cost of living in the UK. Here, you might end up paying almost double the amount you would pay in the rest of the country. The average monthly rent in London is over £1,000 for a small apartment where you pay the bills or a room in a private student hall with bills included, while in other cities, the average cost is around £700 per month.

For students in the UK, the cost of living varies according to each region. Belfast in Northern Ireland, Cardiff in Wales, and Glasgow in Scotland are more affordable locations with an average monthly cost of living around £1,000 - £1,300, while Manchester in England and Edinburgh in Scotland are more expensive, the average being £1,400 - £1,700 respectively. London remains the most expensive location in the UK with a monthly average cost of £2,500. This data is based on Numbeo and refers to the living expenses of a single person, however as a student you will be able to get different discounts and promotions, so your actual expenditure will probably be smaller if you budget your money well.

Cost of food in the UK

On average, a meal in a mid-range restaurant costs around £15-£20, while a week's worth of groceries for one person can cost anywhere from £40 to £60. However, international students can save money by cooking at home, shopping at local supermarkets and taking advantage of student discounts. The average monthly cost of food for a student in the UK is around £250 ($338).

Work and study in United Kingdom

Are international students allowed to work in the UK?

Generally yes, but there are some restrictions. The maximum number of working hours for international students in the UK depends on your exact Visa conditions. Usually, the limit is 20 hours during term time and full-time during holidays, but sometimes, international students can be restricted to only 10 hours during term times. To be sure, you must check what conditions are set on your Visa. Furthermore, your university may also impose further restrictions.

If you are eligible, the first place to search for a job is your university’s career page where they post jobs, specifically for students. The following are some popular student job sites that offer part-time, full-time, temporary, and seasonal work opportunities, as well as internships and graduate schemes. Many of them share useful information on job hunting, CV writing, and interview preparation:

• SaveTheStudent

Read this article for Tips on Finding Part-Time Jobs for International Students , including ideas of how to get an internship or a work from home job for students.

Is United Kingdom safe?

The UK is generally considered a safe country: according to the latest data available from the Global Peace Index 2021, which ranks countries based on their level of safety and security, the UK is ranked as the 42nd safest country out of 163 countries worldwide.

Additionally, a survey conducted by the UK Council for International Student Affairs (UKCISA) in 2018 showed that 87% of international students in the UK felt safe living in the country. This was based on responses from over 2,000 international students.

Universities in the UK take the safety and security of their students very seriously, and many have dedicated support services and advice available to help students stay safe. However, like in any country, there are still some risks that students should be aware of, such as pickpocketing, petty theft, and online fraud. It’s good to remember some of these common-sense personal safety measures that you would use anywhere else in the world:

• Make sure you know the emergency numbers : 999 or 112
• Avoid dark corners or streets at night
• Pay extra attention when you take money out from ATMs
• Try not to walk around alone at night
• Be mindful of pickpocketing

Healthcare options

The healthcare system in the UK is called National Health Service (NHS) , and to be able to access its services as an international student, you need to pay a £470 Healthcare surcharge along with your Visa application. This is enough to cover your healthcare needs.

Although more expensive, private providers are an alternative to the NHS and offer faster access to specialists and shorter waiting times. There are various private healthcare providers in the UK, including BUPA, AXA PPP, and VitalityHealth, among others.

You may also get healthcare through your university, which may have its own healthcare facilities or partnerships with private providers.

Student insurance in United Kingdom

Your student Visa will cover your basic healthcare needs, however, you may prefer private insurance which will give you extra benefits like emergency assistance and money to support you in case of a long illness. 

>>> Request an Aon Student Insurance online . For international students, researchers, Erasmus students and educational staff - we have the right insurance for your situation.

Support services available for international students

Your university is the most important place where you can find quality student support services during your university years. Examples of student support services include disability support, counselling and mental health, academic support, language support, orientation programmes, sexual harassment support, conflicts and violence support, and support services for special needs students.

Your university will have an International Office where you can access some of the above-mentioned services, like information about immigration, visas, funding your studies, employment regulations and opportunities.

Here are a couple of organisations providing support to international students:

• Student Minds , a charity meant to support students in the UK with all mental health issues.
• The British Council , where you can also find a lot of information about everything to do with your international study experience.

Student organisations

There are several popular student organisations for international students in the UK, including:

• The Student Union is the most important student organisation in the UK and will likely be part of the National Union of Students (NUS) . The union is meant to protect students’ rights without being affiliated with the university where it operates. The Student Union at your university is run by students and forms a great student community where you can easily get involved.
• UK Council for International Student Affairs (UKCISA) , a charity created to support international students with advice and information in many areas, including Visas and Immigration, Fees and Money, Working, Preparation and Arrival, and more.
• The Erasmus Student Network (ESN) provides support for international students studying in Europe, including the UK. They offer a range of activities and events, including language exchanges, cultural trips, and social events.
• The International Students House (ISH) : provides accommodation and support services for international students studying in London. They offer a range of services, including housing, social events, and academic support.

Things to do for students on a budget

One of the free things to do in the UK for students is go to the museum. There is a rich selection of awesome museums, and most of them have free entry. Museums in the UK are lively places, where kids are allowed to play and often enjoy interactive experiences. Head over here for a full list of museums in the UK .

You will also find many cheap things to do in the UK if you visit different cities or outdoor locations. The UK is not very big, which makes travelling easy and as an international student, you won’t want to miss the most famous and epic tourist destinations in the country.

Top 5 urban attractions:

Read this article about Cheap Things You Can Do in London on a Student Budget to discover plenty of ideas.

• Roman heritage in Bath. Home to beautiful 2000 years-old Roman baths, Bath also showcases some great examples of Georgian architecture, a style dating from the 18th century, named after four British kings named George.
• Scottish medieval sights in Edinburgh . You shouldn’t miss this awesome Scottish city, even if you can only visit it for one day. Edinburgh Castle sits in the middle of the city built atop an extinct volcano. You can also visit The Royal Botanic Gardens as well as the Camera Obscura and World of Illusions, where you’ll definitely have a lot of fun.
• See the famous location of The Canterbury Tales. Here you can visit the famous Canterbury Cathedral, the very first cathedral of England, the Roman Museum hosted inside an original Roman Villa, or the Franciscan Gardens, belonging to the first Franciscan Settlement in Britain.
• See where Titanic took off in Southampton . You can see the Titanic Exhibition because Southampton was the home port of the Titanic, and the city has a fascinating exhibition about the ill-fated ship and its passengers. And keep the mood, you can continue by exploring the SeaCity Museum which features interactive exhibits, artefacts, and stories about the city's relationship with the sea.

Top 5 outdoor attractions

Keep these in mind for great adventures in nature after you’re done with those busy exams and assignments and need a taste of fresh air and wild beauty.

• The Lake District . Situated in the North of England, this is the largest national park in England where you can climb its highest mountain, Scafell Pike. The park is famous for its beautiful lakes, mountains, soft valleys, and sandy coastlines. It’s the perfect place for a late spring or summer adventure in nature. Don’t miss it.
• Scilly Island . If you visit the gorgeous Isles of Scilly in summer, you might wonder if you’re still in Britain. Well, you are, although it looks like a tropical paradise.
• The Scottish Highlands . Snow covered mountaintops and old castles amid crystal clear lakes and an atmosphere of perfect peace. This is what you’ll find in the Scottish Highlands whether you go hiking in summer, skiing in winter, or horse-riding any time of the year.
• Stonehenge . A famous prehistoric site in Salisbury, believed to have been built over a 1000 year period from 3000 BCE to 2000 BCE, which is still a big mystery for archaeologists. Stonehenge is an engineering masterpiece, a spiritual place, and still an inspiration for people today.
• Cotswolds . Here you can get lost into the charming British countryside, walk on the streets of pretty villages made of limestone and traditional market towns. The place is so beautiful, it was declared an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AOBN).

Travelling in the UK

To get to your destinations, you can take a train or coach. The National Railway tends to be a bit more expensive, but you can travel on a budget with coach rides from National Express .

You can also buy a number of student cards which offer student travel discounts:

• 16-25 Railcard which gives discounts for rail tickets if you are 16 to 25 years of age.
• 18+ Student Oyster photocard for students living in London to get a 30% discount of Travelcards, as well as Bus&Tram season tickets.
• Young Persons Coachcard for discounts when travelling with National Express coaches if you’re aged 16 to 26.
• International Student Identity Card which gives discounts to international students for a bunch of things, not only travelling, but also food, entertainment, clothes, and more. The card is valid in 125 countries, not just the UK.

Learning English

As a foreign student in the UK, there are several ways you can improve your English language skills:

• practice with native speakers;
• watch English TV shows and movies;
• read English books and newspapers,
• attend an English language course
• use language learning apps, such as Duolingo

There are many language schools and colleges in the UK that offer English language courses for international students. These courses are designed to improve your reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills.

Living as an expat in United Kingdom

Once you graduate, the main thing that changes is that you will no longer have a study Visa so you’ll need to find a different type of Visa (such as a work visa or residency permit) in order to be able to stay in the country.

To be eligible for such a visa you will need a job offer from a UK employer. Once you’ve secured a job, the next step should be finding your expat apartment. As an expat in the UK you can use the National Health Service (NHS), but many choose to take out private health insurance as well.

Expat communities in the UK

The most represented countries in the expat communities in the UK are Poland, Republic of Ireland, India, Romania, and Italy. Followed by Portugal, Spain, Pakistan, Nigeria, and the USA.

Expats living in the UK can benefit from a supportive and vibrant expat community. UK expat forums and online communities can be a great place to connect with others like you, and to find advice on everything from finding housing to navigating the healthcare system.

Here are some useful resources:

• Expatica website where you can find a lot of useful information about living and working in the United Kingdom as an expat.
• InterNations website where you can connect with other expats in your city or country.
• HSBC guide and resources for expats (HSBC is a major bank in the UK)
• Expat website with a lot of information for expats around the world.

There is no one best place to live in the UK for expats. True, larger cities like London offer many social or cultural activities and job opportunities. But you may also consider a smaller city with a quieter pace of life.

United Kingdom Immigration rules

How your immigration status changes after graduation.

Once you graduate, your immigration status changes and you can no longer stay in the UK on a student Visa. To continue living there, you need to apply for a different kind of Visa or apply for citizenship if you already meet the requirements.

Types of Citizenship

• Apply for a new Visa depending on your circumstances after graduation:

Graduate Visa . This is the most common route for international students, which allows international students who completed a higher education course in the UK to stay in the in the country for up to 2 years.

Skilled Worker Visa . You can apply for this Visa if you have a work offer from a UK employer approved by the Home Office who can give you a “certificate of sponsorship” detailing your role which must fit in this list of occupations . The Visa is valid for up to 5 years and can be extended any number of times.

Global Talent Visa . This is for you if you can prove to be a leader in one of these fields: Arts and Culture, Academia and Research, Digital Technology. This Visa is valid for 5 years with the possibility to extend it if you still meet the conditions.

Start Up Visa . This isn’t the easiest Visa to get, but if you have an innovative idea for a business that doesn’t exist in the UK, you should try it. This Visa is valid for 2 years and cannot be extended.

• Apply for Indefinite Leave to Remain (ILR)

Usually, you can get Indefinite Leave to Remain after you lived in the UK for 5 years continuously, but sometimes it can be even 3 or 2 years, depending on the type of Visa you had previously. You should apply for ILR as soon as you meet the required time period if you plan on gaining British citizenship.

• Apply for British Citizenship

Once you had Indefinite Leave to Remain or Settled Status for a minimum of 12 months, you are eligible to apply for British Citizenship. You will also need to prove you English skills and pass the Life in the UK test where you will have to answer 24 questions about traditional practices and ways of life that have been passed down through generations in the UK.

To stay up-to-date on the latest UK immigration news for student visa, check the updates from UK immigration authorities . It's also important to budget your immigrant visa application processing fee, which can be different based on your country of origin.

Immigration processing times

The processing time for immigration applications in the UK can vary depending on several factors such as the type of visa or permit being applied for, the volume of applications being received by the UK Home Office, and the complexity of the application itself.

Generally, the UK Home Office aims to process most visa applications within 3 weeks or less, but some applications may take longer. For example, applications that require additional documentation or information may take longer to process.

Job opportunities in United Kingdom

Most of the job opportunities in the UK for international students after graduation are in the larger cities like Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool, Edinburgh, Leeds, Cardiff, Belfast, and so on. Of course, you’ll find the biggest pool of work opportunities in London.

But if you hope to get a job when you graduate, you should consider getting some part-time work or volunteering during your studies as well because experience is very important.

The following websites for UK jobs after graduation are a valuable resource for international students looking to start their careers. You will likely find opportunities across different industries and sectors:

• Jobs in the UK on the Government's platform
• The Prospects jobs platform
• Jobs Section on The Guardian
• Addeco jobs platform

Additionally, many universities in the UK have their own job boards and career services, which may be helpful if you are a recent graduate.

Continue your studies in United Kingdom

If you are an international student who will graduate from a UK university and would like to continue your studies in the UK, there are several options available to you:

• Pursue a Master’s degree: You can apply for a Master's degree if you already have a Bachelor's degree. Apply through UCAS, the Universities and Colleges Admissions Service, or through individual university websites. Head over here to see over 1900 Master’s in the UK .
• Apply for a PhD: If you are interested in pursuing a research-based degree, and  you already have a Master’s degree, you can apply for a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) programme in the UK. Here’s a list of over 2000 PhDs in the UK . 
• Apply for a postgraduate diploma or certificate: These shorter courses are designed to provide additional training or education in a specific field and can be completed in a shorter amount of time than a full degree program.
• Apply for a professional qualification: Professions such as law, medicine, or teaching require additional qualifications beyond a degree. You can apply for these professional qualifications through professional organisations or regulatory institutions.

Frequently asked questions

Yes, international students need a visa to study in the UK. The type of visa required depends on the length and level of study, as well as the student's nationality and individual circumstances.

The UK offers high quality education, an extensive portfolio of courses taught in English, the option to have a part time job while studying, many scholarships and other types of funding opportunities, as well as a dynamic and multicultural environment. All these make for very good reasons for studying in the UK.

Tuition fees for international students at undergraduate level cost between £11,400 - £38,000 per year while tuition fees for international students at postgraduate level cost between £9,000 - £30,000 per year.

If you apply to a university in the UK as an international student, you will need to show proof of English Language skills. You can take the IELTS, but also other tests like TOEFL, PTE Academic, or Cambridge English Advanced.

To study in the UK, you have to send all the required documents in your application, including education history, proof of English language test, personal statement, and references. On top of that, you will need to get a Student Visa and be able to prove that you can support yourself financially during your studies.

To start studying in the UK, you need to take the A Levels in subjects required for your particular degree. If you are from a country where you don’t take A Levels, you will need the equivalent of that. You will find the approved exam qualifications for each country on your university’s website.

To get permanent residency in the UK, you can apply for the Indefinite Leave to Remain (ILR) visa after five years of working a graduate job. You also need to take the Knowledge of Life in the UK test and one of the approved English language tests.

Interesting programmes for you

Find phds degrees in united kingdom, what subject to study in united kingdom.

• Agriculture & Forestry 40 Masters
• Applied Sciences & Professions 127 Masters
• Arts, Design & Architecture 350 Masters
• Business & Management 348 Masters
• Computer Science & IT 202 Masters
• Education & Training 189 Masters
• Engineering & Technology 408 Masters
• Environmental Studies & Earth Sciences 192 Masters
• Hospitality, Leisure & Sports 74 Masters
• Humanities 656 Masters
• Journalism & Media 95 Masters
• Law 98 Masters
• Medicine & Health 713 Masters
• Natural Sciences & Mathematics 643 Masters
• Social Sciences 974 Masters

PhD Degrees in United Kingdom

• Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) 3699 programmes
• Doctor of Business Administration (D.B.A.) 44 programmes
• Doctorate (Doctorate) 72 programmes

Recent international policies promote international university cooperation and student exchange between countries worldwide. High-quality study and PhD degrees are made more available to students in order to create a global educational network, achievable through student and staff mobility. Career and research oriented programmes support international student development.

University cooperation enables students study worldwide, for instance in Australia, Asia, Europe and the United States and provides ways of recognizing previous degrees. Different study options offer appropriate alternatives to students, depending on their preferred mode of study.

Many study programmes in Australia, Asia, Europe and North America are English-taught. The most popular international student destinations include the following countries: Australia, Belgium, China, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, the United States, and more. However, these are not the only countries offering English-taught education. The rest of the world is full of endless study choices, from highly ranked to smaller, more specialized, universities.

PhD (postgraduate) Degrees

If you want further education beyond the undergraduate level or if you want more personal development or a career in academia, you could obtain a PhD degree. PhD degrees are postgraduate programmes that usually follow a Master's, MPhil or MRes, but there might be additional requirements depending on the university. Students are required to do their own research in a chosen topic. With the help of a supervisor, you develop knowledge and analytical skills in a specific or multidisciplinary field and you carry out independent research. The duration of a PhD degree differs per country and institution. Sometimes your own research is accompanied by work for the department such as giving seminars or small group teaching.

PhD students are required to study on campus under close supervision, but there are universities that accept students enrolled into a part-time distance education PhD degree. Studying on campus can also be full-time as well as part-time, in which case the part-time variant is normally twice as long as the full-time study.

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• PhD and Research Degrees

PhD Study in the UK

What is a phd.

A PhD is a research degree and is the highest award available at universities in the UK. The study is based on a substantial research project on an area of academic interest, typically up to 100,000 words in length, written as a thesis, which then must be defended in an oral examination in front of a panel of experts. Students are assigned a supervisor, and a PhD duration is typically three years full-time and six years part-time.

Very few research degrees feature taught modules, so students are expected to take more responsibility for their work and schedule.

PhD Eligibility

UK universities are free to admit anyone, with PhD admission generally conditional on the prospective student having completed an undergraduate degree with at least upper second-class honours and a master's degree . English language ability must be proved; a minimum IELTS score of 7.0 is generally required.

PhD Research Proposal

All students who apply for a PhD must submit a research proposal ( example ). The proposal should address the research you wish to undertake, how you will do it, and why it is important. A panel of experts must accept the proposal before your programme can begin.

Other types of Research Degree

Mphil (master of philosophy).

If you wish to study for a PhD, you may first need to begin an MPhil and then transfer to a PhD programme after 12-18 months. An MPhil is also a qualification in its own right and is generally thesis-only, lasting one year full-time and two years part-time. The thesis must present the results of a study and research and be a maximum of 60,000 words.

Students choose to study an MPhil if the proposed research has insufficient scope for a full PhD.

MRes (Master of Research)

An MRes is an advanced postgraduate research degree in the areas of art, humanities, and social sciences. Some Ph.D. Programs require an MRes qualification before beginning a PhD. The programme proper, and the student is required to complete a 40,000-word dissertation.

An MRes is a good way to see if you enjoy conducting research without fully committing to and funding a full PhD.

Professional Doctorate

Professional doctorates are similar to PhDs but are intended to advance professional practice rather than improve academic ability. Joint professional doctorates include law, education, business, engineering, and medicine.

How long does a PhD last?

A PhD in the UK usually takes three to four years if you study full-time. However, it can vary depending on the subject and how quickly you make progress. If you study part-time, it may take longer, typically five to seven years.

How much does a PhD cost?

Funding and researching a PhD can be expensive, with EU students paying up to £6,000 per year, and international students more.

It is rare for a PhD student to not be supported by some form of bursary, grant or scholarship  though, and many universities and research councils provide monetary support for part or all of a PhD programme.

PhD admission - how do I apply?

Once you have decided on an area of research and have looked into how you will fund your study, you will need to fill out several documents required when submitting your application. They can include:

• Academic transcripts
• Academic references
• Personal statement
• Research proposal ( example )

Students will also need to identify a supervisor who will oversee their PhD.

Top PhD Programmes in the UK

- university of oxford.

The DPhil in Computer Science at Oxford University offers students the chance to do advanced research in a beautiful setting. You can study topics like linguistics, biology, medicine, and quantum computation alongside computer science, get one-on-one guidance from experienced supervisors, attend lectures, and gain transferable skills.

• Popular PhD course: DPhil in Computer Science
• Entry requirements: A first-class or strong upper second-class undergraduate degree with honours in a four-year undergraduate degree (equivalent to a master's degree) in a relevant subject, or a first-class or strong upper second-class undergraduate degree with honours in a three-year BSc/BA degree and a master's degree with merit or distinction in a relevant subject.
• International fee: £29,700

- University of Cambridge

The PhD in Computer Science at Cambridge University is research-focused. Students work on their research projects under the guidance of a supervisor for three to four years. When admitted, students undergo a probationary period and are registered for the Certificate of Postgraduate Study (CPGS).

• Popular PhD courses: PhD in Computer Science
• Entry requirements: A UK First class Honours Degree or international equivalent. Additionally, having a master's-level degree or equivalent postgraduate work is highly desirable. 
• International fee: £35,673

- Imperial College London

The Imperial College Business School offers a Master's in Research (MRes) that introduces students to theory and research methods in Finance, Economics, and Management, providing a solid foundation for future doctoral studies. Depending on the chosen research area, the MRes programme can be completed in one or two years.

• Popular PhD course: One year Master’s in Research
• Entry requirements: A high academic standing (such as a distinction or merit), or a first-class or upper second-class honours undergraduate degree.
• International fee: £17,500

- University College London

The Management MRes + MPhil/PhD programme at UCL School of Management offers a prestigious research experience for students seeking scholarly careers in management studies. With a strong reputation for world-leading research, the programme provides rigorous academic training and personalised research mentorship.

• Popular PhD course: Management MRes + MPhil/PhD
• Entry requirements: A first-class Bachelor's degree from a UK university or an equivalent overseas qualification. UCL encourages applicants from various disciplines to apply and requires them to have taken the GMAT or GRE General Test.
• International fee: £29,000

- University of Edinburgh

The University of Edinburgh’s PhD in Informatics focuses on training researchers with comprehensive knowledge in their discipline and a specialised area. During the first year, you will attend relevant lectures, submit a thesis proposal, and receive annual progress reviews. Successful completion of a thesis and oral examination leads to the award of a doctorate. Regular talks and seminars provide additional learning opportunities.

• Popular PhD course: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Informatics
• Entry requirements: A degree in an Informatics-related field like Artificial Intelligence, Cognitive Science, or Computer Science. Proficiency in computer programming is required. 

Study a PhD in the UK

If you are interested in studying for a research degree in the UK, arrange a free consultation today. The PhD Service  can also help you apply with expert application advice, interview practice and research proposal editing.

PhD Admission FAQ

Is a phd fully funded in the uk for international students.

PhD funding for international students in the UK varies. Some universities offer full funding, while others require students to find funding. Scholarships, grants, and assistantships are available, but not all PhD programmes are fully funded.

What are the requirements for studying for a PhD in the UK?

To study for a PhD in the UK, you generally need a master's degree or an equivalent qualification in a related field. You'll also need to write a detailed research proposal explaining your research objectives and academic references that assess your research abilities. Additionally, you must secure funding to cover your tuition fees and living expenses, which can come from scholarships, grants, personal funds, or sponsorship. Requirements may vary, so it's best to check with individual universities.

Can international students apply for a PhD in the UK?

international students can apply for a PhD in the UK. UK universities accept applications from students worldwide. 

How much does a PhD cost for international students in the UK?

PhD tuition fees for international students in the UK depend on factors such as the university, field of study, and location. On average, fees range from £15,000 to £35,000 per year. However, it's important to note that actual fees can vary significantly .

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What is a PhD and Why Should YOU do one?

In the UK, a PhD stands for ‘Doctor of Philosophy’, sometimes referred to as a ‘doctorate’. It is the highest level of degree that a student can achieve. At some institutions, including Oxford University, a Doctor of Philosophy is known as a DPhil. It is distinct from professional doctorates such as an Engineering Doctorate (EngD).

Entry requirements

An undergraduate degree is a minimum requirement and many will also require a master’s degree (such as an MA, MSc or MRes). Some scholarships will be on a 1+3 basis, which is one year of a master’s plus three years of PhD funding.

How to apply for a PhD

Prospective students are usually expected to submit a research proposal to the department they wish to undertake their study in. Some departments will encourage students to discuss their ideas with an academic working in that field first. The proposal will outline what they intend their research to investigate, how it relates to other research in their field and what methods they intend to use to carry out their research. Some PhD’s however, particularly in the sciences, are advertised as studentships where the research aims are more prescriptive.

How long is the course?

A PhD usually lasts three years (four for a New Route PhD – see below), or rather, any available funding usually lasts for that time. Students may be able to take extra time in order to complete their thesis but this will usually be at their own expense. For part-time, self-funded students, it can take up to seven years.

What’s involved

A PhD usually culminates in a dissertation of around 80,000-100,000 words , based on research carried out over the course of their study. The research must be original and aim to create new knowledge or theories in their specialist area, or build on existing knowledge or theories. Many departments initially accept students on an MPhil basis and then upgrade them to PhD status after the first year or two, subject to satisfactory progress. Students who are not considered to be doing work appropriate for the level can instead submit a shorter thesis and gain an MPhil.

There is little taught element, students are expected to work independently, supported by their department and a supervisor. There may be seminars to attend and/or lab work to complete, depending on the subject. During their study, students will try and get academic papers published and present their work at conferences, which will allow them to get feedback on their ideas for their dissertation.

New Route PhD

Introduced in 2001, the New Route PhD is a four-year programme that combines taught elements, including professional and transferable skills, with the student’s research. There are now hundreds of doctoral students studying a variety of subjects at a consortium of universities across the UK.

Career prospects for PhD Students

PhD graduates who go on to work in academia usually start off by undertaking postdoctoral research and then a fellowship or lectureship. Other career options will depend on what the PhD was in – commercial research is an option for some, and many are able to use their specialist knowledge and research skills in areas of business and finance.   

For a real insight into what it’s like to study at PhD level, see our vlog series ,  where we have invited students at various stages of their PhD and locations to film themselves over a month and share their videos with you.

Why do a PhD?

If you are considering doing one make sure that you do it with a purpose. Do one because you want to and know why you want to do it and have a clear idea of what  it could lead to .  How is doing a PhD going to help you achieve what you want to in your future?

Reasons to do a PhD.

• It’ll be good for your career. No one expects you to have your whole career plan mapped out when you start a PhD, but having some ideas of where you want to get to can be useful. Be aware though that you may not get the career benefits of a PhD straight away.
• You want to be an expert in a particular area of your subject. If you complete a PhD you will be. No-one, not your supervisor, not your external examiner at the end of your PhD, no-one, will know more about the subject you researched than you do.
• You want to achieve something. You want to work hard and demonstrate a passion for your subject and show how much time and effort you put in and how motivated you are.
• Showing your ability to motivate yourself is one of many skills you’ll be able to demonstrate to employers after doing a PhD, which is  handy for entering a competitive job market .

Reasons not to do a PhD.

• Don’t do it just because your degree research project supervisor asked you if you wanted to do one with them. If you wanted to do one and it’s in an area that interests you then great, go for it. If you hadn’t thought about doing one before they asked, and you’re not sure why you want to do one, make sure you work that out before saying yes to them.
• Don’t do it because you don’t know what else to do. Many people do a PhD because they don’t know what else to do and think it will give them time to work that out. Doing a PhD is a huge commitment, at least 3-4 years of your life, and hard work, so before you take one on, make sure you understand why.
• And do it because YOU want to, not because your family, or others expect it of you, or because your family or friends are doing one, or have done one. Make it your decision, not someone else’s.

Why Should YOU Do A PhD?

It is your decision to commit to a significant period of time and work and it needs to be something you approach positively and with enthusiasm but also with realism about the pros and cons of undertaking original research.

Who does a PhD?

The idea of the “perpetual student”, i.e. someone who stays on after an undergraduate and/or masters degree, to do a PhD, is perhaps a traditional view of PhDs. Some of you reading this will fall into the category of those who work through the tiers of higher education in this sequential fashion (it does not necessarily make you a “perpetual student” though!). The PhD population today is very diverse and not made up entirely of 21 to 25-year-olds who have stayed in educational settings for the majority of their lives. Others may be considering a return to education in order to change your career or as part of your professional development within an existing career. Some of you may be considering coming to study in the UK independently or with support from an organisation in your home country. Whatever your situation it is very important that you take time to recognise and understand why you are making this commitment and what it entails.

Let us move to the positives of why YOU should do a Ph.D. Broadly, the positive reasons can be classified into:

You WANT to or You NEED to

Some academic colleagues were asked to give reasons why someone should do a PhD and all came back with statements that had the word “passion” in them. This is having a real passion for your subject and an area of it that you want to investigate further. My colleagues also offered some interesting comments on the reality of making a decision to do a PhD even when you have this passion. Some commented on the need to consider doing the right PhD for you and not just any PhD, and I think it is important that you take this seriously as it can be dangerous to compromise too far and embark on research that you are not interested in just because it will lead to a PhD.

Academic colleagues also wanted you to look ahead and consider where your PhD may take you. Do you want to continue in an academic career or apply for jobs in industry or other organisations where a PhD is a requirement or will help you to work at a different level? Interestingly, research on the career intentions of students, undertaken by Vitae revealed that less than one-third had firm career ideas even in the latter stages of their Ph.D. This statistic is concerning as it may mean that PhD students miss opportunities to add to their range of experience. You don’t need to have an exact career plan in place at the start of your Ph.D., but doing research on where it may take you is valuable. For those already in a career and undertaking a PhD as part of their professional development, or those who are viewing a PhD as part of a career change into academia, they should also look ahead and ensure that plans for the future are realistic and achievable.

A decision to undertake a PhD involves the same steps as any other career decision, you need to find out as much as possible about what a Ph.D. really involves. Alongside considering where your passions lie and where they might lead to, you need to research such things as:

• The working environment and how you will adapt to any differences with your current situation
• Working with a supervisor
• What funding is available and what it covers, i.e. fees only or fees and living costs?
• Most importantly what behaviours, skills and experiences YOU have that will make you a successful and productive researcher

These points and others are covered in more detail in 7 Ph.D Application Tips .

Find your PhD here

For further PhD tips see:

What Can You Do With a PhD?

What did you think of our article? - please rate

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Reader Interactions

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20th August 2020 at 12:31 am

Excellent article. I am know more motivate to get a scholorship for my PHD program. I have to enhance my all effort because it’s not easy to get a fully funded, require more effort and time taken.

10th March 2022 at 9:58 am

Good morning,

Hope are well? I am thinking of gong for PHD. In any UK universities. Hope to hear from you soonest.

10th March 2022 at 1:08 pm

Cool, thanks for your advice. It’s an inspiration to let my “passion” be abroad. Best for you.

9th November 2022 at 8:33 pm

This article is timely and so educative. I’m now better informed on how to make a decision on going for my PhD. Thanks a lot.

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Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

What is a phd.

A PhD is a Doctorate of Philosophy, a prestigious qualification which is the highest level of degree that a student can achieve, demonstrating talent, academic excellence and a thirst for knowledge. In a modern knowledge-based economy, highly educated and skilled people such as doctoral graduates, are in great demand. They form the most highly educated and skilled group in the UK and internationally. Many will go on to use their skills within academia or in research-intensive occupations in industry. However, there will be others who will draw on their research background and the skills gained through a doctoral degree in a wide variety of other occupations. Examples of the type of employment opportunities taken up by PhD holders can be found at Vitae: researcher careers .

What will I get from a PhD?

You will get a huge sense of personal achievement. Our doctoral training programme will help you develop transferable skills that will be invaluable in your subsequent career. The research techniques and methodologies you master will enable you to make a direct contribution to the advancement of knowledge in your particular subject area.

Successful candidates are awarded the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and are permitted to use the title ‘Dr’.

How does it work?

The maximum registration for a PhD programme is four years with full-time study, or eight years with part-time study.

All PhD students are initially registered for a Master of Philosophy (MPhil), and the PhD registration is confirmed after the successful completion of an upgrade assessment (at the end of year 1 for full-time students and year 2 for part-time study). You will be registered for a PhD when you pass this upgrade. Your academic progress will be monitored throughout your degree studies, via formal progress reports and regular meetings with your supervisors.

You complete a body of primary, novel research and submit a doctoral thesis of up to 100,000 words, which you then defend via an oral examination (the viva) to the satisfaction of the examiners. Your thesis must meet the expectations specified in the Quality Code .

Entry requirements

Entry requirements vary according to the research topic and/or specific studentships. The normal minimum entrance requirement is an upper second class honours degree or masters degree, relevant to the proposed area of study, from a recognised higher education institution in the UK or other recognised degree-awarding body. The comparability of qualifications from outside the UK with The Open University requirements will be determined through reference to UK ENIC .

The research topic pages (within research areas ) give details of specific entry requirements, and provide contact details to discuss your suitability for the PhD.

English language proficiency

To study with us, you will need to have a good command of English. If your first language is not English, you will need to demonstrate your competence in the English Language in all four elements (reading, writing, listening and speaking). The University requires a minimum IELTS score of 6.5 with no less than 6.0 in any of the four categories (or approved equivalent). If you are an overseas student, you must have your level of proficiency certified through a provider approved by UK Visas and Immigration and provide your certificate and grade with your application.

Application closing dates

Entry may be permitted for direct registration with The Open University at the following points of year: October and February. This ensures that students benefit from development and training in peer groups. For further information on how to apply, see our Application process section. Application deadlines may differ between research topics and studentships; full details of topic application period is detailed in the topic page (within research areas ).

PhD student, Hannah Sargeant. Her research is focussed on water production from Moon rocks as part of the ProSPA instrument that will be flown to the Moon in 2025.

My PhD journey so far has been a wonderful learning experience that made me reflect upon my beliefs and stretch my thinking.

The sweetest thing about the PhD is that you’ve worked hard for it. It is an opportunity to make an original contribution to an academic area I have always found fascinating.

Your questions

For advice about applying for a research degree, or sponsoring a research student, email the Graduate School or call +44 (0)1908 653806.

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How to apply for a PhD in the UK

Applying for a phd is not quite as daunting as you might think. a postgraduate student recruitment officer from the university of sussex shares his tips for putting together a phd application.

Ben Osborne

There are many different reasons for wanting to pursue a PhD – to move into an academic role at a university, to continue studying a subject you are passionate about or to further your career. 

Whatever your motivation, many students are now choosing to pursue a PhD abroad. This guide will help you understand how to apply for a PhD at a UK university and answer any questions you might have around doing PhDs.

How to apply for a PhD

Application rules and methods vary for each university. The number of courses that you can apply for in a year will vary. For example, at the University of Sussex , you can apply for up to three postgraduate courses per year using the postgraduate application system.

If you are applying for more than one degree, you must submit a research proposal/statement specific to each area of study you apply for.

You can also apply to different universities to improve your chances of being accepted to a PhD course of your choosing. 

What qualifications do I need?

Each PhD will have specific entry requirements and you will also need to meet a university’s general entry requirements.  This may be an upper second-class undergraduate honours degree (2:1) or an equivalent international qualification. For some PhDs you may need a master’s qualification, and you may be asked to attend an interview.

International students may also be required to prove language proficiency. This will vary across institutions so do check what level universities expect before starting your application. 

Applicants should always check the specific entry requirements in a university’s online prospectus before making an application.

When should I start applying?

This will depend on when your term start date is. Most research degrees will start in September but some courses offer additional entry points in January or May.

You can apply all year round for research degrees starting in September, January and May, and the deadlines for applying are usually one month before the course start date for UK applicants, and three months before for international applicants.

If you’re applying for funding from an external organisation you’ll need to be aware that they may have different deadlines for the funding application. So give yourself plenty of time to research your funding options, and ensure you know how long the application process takes. 

Many universities offer a number of funded PhD opportunities and PhD scholarships for UK and international students, and it’s always worth investigating funding routes such as research councils and other organisations, both in the UK and overseas.

In some cases, it may be possible to study a PhD by distance which means you’ll be able to learn online and have virtual meetings with your supervisor.

If this is something you would be interested in doing you should check before applying whether your university can accommodate this option. 

Nine things to know before doing a PhD Starting a PhD during the pandemic Studying for a part-time PhD: the challenges and the benefits Is it possible to do a three-year PhD as an international student?

How should I look for a supervisor?

Usually if you are applying for a funded project, or to a research centre or group, you will normally be asked to provide a statement explaining your suitability for working in that area, and if successful you will be allocated a supervisor.

If you wish to propose your own area of research, you need to decide on a research topic, and you will be expected to write a research proposal. In some cases you may only be required to provide a summary of academic interests and this can be used to match you to a researcher that suits you.

If you are proposing your own research topic, there may be a research database at your university that you can search, or your university will match you with a supervisor during the assessment of your application. It may be possible to request supervision by a particular member of faculty – this will be considered but not all requests can be accommodated.

If you do find a potential supervisor who matches your research area, check their online profile for indications of their doctoral supervision capacity. If they are open to doctoral applications, you can contact them directly to check their availability for supervising you.

It is a good idea to draw up a shortlist of two to three potential supervisors, and take an in-depth look into their research history. You can also find out more about your potential supervisors by looking in the reference sections of academic textbooks and searching for articles in research databases and academic blogs.

When you contact your potential supervisor, it is important to tell them something interesting about yourself, and explain your research interests and how you feel your research proposal matches their expertise.

How do I write a research proposal?

If you are proposing your own research you will need to write a strong proposal that formulates a precise, interesting research question, and establishes the relevance and value of the proposed research question in the context of current academic thinking.

You’ll need to make sure your proposal describes the data or source material your research requires, and outlines a clear and practical methodology that enables you to answer the research question and that states clearly what you hope to discover at the end of your research, and what new areas it might open up.

The precise content and structure of your research proposal will depend on your subject area, and the University of Sussex has some helpful resources on our website to guide you through the process.

How long does the application process take?

Completing an application and writing a research proposal may take some time and should not be left until just before the application deadline.

It’s not easy to give a definite idea of how long it takes to hear if your application has been successful, as it will depend on when the application is made and the nature of the specific PhD, and you would need to meet any conditions contained within the offer before you can start the PhD.

What are the associated costs?

There won’t typically be an application fee for PhDs but there are tuition fees. If a university does charge application fees they will usually be between £50-£100.

The tuition fees for students studying in the UK are set by UK Research and Innovation . Fees for international students are £18,975 for non-lab-based subjects, and £22,975 for lab-based subjects per year.

You’ll also need to factor in living costs, but there are a number of funding routes you can apply for to help with this. As well as PhD scholarships and funded research projects there are research council awards, PhD loans for those eligible, and various organisations to which international students can apply for funding, such as The Gen Foundation and Open Society Foundations.

It’s important to be aware of the costs involved, but it’s also worth remembering that the educational, career and personal benefits of PhD study can be worth it.

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What is a PhD?

A PhD is a postgraduate degree. It stands for ‘Doctor of Philosophy’ and is one of the highest academic qualifications you can achieve.

Courses involve both research and academic learning where you take on a significant amount of independent work.

For most PhDs, you’ll research for, write and publish an extensive thesis on a specialist subject area.

How long is a PhD? 

PhDs courses usually last between three to four years if you study full-time. Students often extend their thesis deadlines and finish the work in their fourth year. If you study part-time, courses can last six or seven years. 

Courses can begin anytime throughout the year, though most studentships (doctorate scholarships) start in September or October.

What qualifications do you need for a PhD?

You usually need a good second-class (2.1) undergraduate honours degree in a relevant subject area, or equivalent. Many courses also ask for a master’s degree. 

When applying, you may need to demonstrate an ability to conduct research. This could be by showing your experience of independently working on a research project. You’ll probably also have to submit a research proposal that outlines what you’ll be studying.

How is a PhD taught?

There’s very little teaching involved in a PhD degree. Your course may begin with five or six hours per week of classes where you learn about research methods and techniques. Aside from this, you’re in control of your studies, though you’ll receive some guidance from an academic tutor.

How is a PhD assessed?

PhD students are assessed mainly by a thesis, and a closed oral examination where examiners ask questions about the thesis. 

Degrees are usually graded as pass or fail.

What skills do you learn during a PhD?

As well as subject-specific skills, you develop transferable skills such as: 

• Organisation 
• Research 
• Work habits 
• Project management 
• Critical thinking 
• Written communication 
• Presentation

How much does a PhD cost? 

Fees vary widely between courses and institutions, but are commonly between £3,000 and £6,000 per year for UK students. International students often pay more. 

Many degrees are partly or fully funded, and lots of students receive scholarships and bursaries. UK Research Councils provide universities with grants of around £4,000 per year for each funded PhD student.

PhD degree facts

Some new PhDs are more vocational and offer practical experiences as well as research. These are designed for those looking to advance their careers. 

When applying for a PhD, you show the university that you’re the right person for an advertised position, or that you’d be suitable to complete your research proposal. 

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What to expect from a PhD/ MA by Research

A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) is the highest level of qualification awarded by universities in the UK, typically aimed at students who have successfully completed a Masters programme.

A  PhD  is awarded for the outcomes of intensive, independent study that demonstrates an original and significant contribution to knowledge in your chosen subject. You will be assessed at the end of the programme by a thesis of 80,000 words which will need to be deemed suitable for publication, in whole or in part in a learned journal or equivalent by your examiners. You will need to defend your thesis and demonstrate an in-depth knowledge of your subject at a  viva voce  (oral examination) before a panel of expert examiners.

By comparison, an  MA by Research  is a research-based Masters programme assessed by a thesis of 40,000 words. An oral examination may be held at the discretion of the examiners.

Unlike our postgraduate taught programmes, there are no formal lectures or seminars in a PhD or MA by Research, and your work is not formally examined until after your thesis has been submitted. Instead, our postgraduate research programmes provide you with the opportunity to undertake research under the expert guidance of a primary supervisor, co-supervisor and mentor, supported by complementary research training.

PhD and MA by Research programmes may start at any time of the year, though we strongly encourage students to begin their studies at the start of the UK academic year (September). We also offer flexibility in our programmes so that you can choose the mode of study that works for you - full-time, part-time, or distance learning . It usually takes three years (full-time) or six years (part-time) to complete a PhD, while the standard duration for an MA by Research is either one year (full-time) or two years (part-time).

Distance learning students will receive the same level of support and supervision as on-campus students, the only difference being that supervisory sessions will take place via audio and visual communication services such as Microsoft Teams or Zoom, rather than in person. You will be funded to make one compulsory visit to the University per year of study (or every other year for part-time students), enabling you to meet your supervisory team, undertake intensive research skills training and make a start on your doctoral studies. You may also be invited to attend the University for annual meetings which give you the opportunity to interact with other research students both socially and academically, undertake important progress-review meetings and carry out any necessary training. For those studying a PhD, you will also generally be required to be present on campus for your viva voce (funded for travel and accommodation).

What is involved in a PhD/MA by Research?

Before you start.

One of your main sources of support, inspiration and encouragement throughout your PhD/MA by Research programme will be your supervisory team. Establishing an effective working relationship is important for staying on top of your work and making the most of your research.

If you are planning to apply for a PhD/MA by Research programme, you should first make sure that the relevant department within the College of Arts and Law offers the necessary expertise. We ask that you identify an appropriate supervisor before you submit your application and contact them in the first instance to discuss your research proposal. If you experience any difficulties with the application process and contacting potential supervisors, please email: [email protected]

Your research proposal should be a short written document (approximately 1,000-1,500 words) which sets out the central issues or questions that you intend to address. It should outline the general area of study within which your research falls, referring to the current state of knowledge and any recent debates on the topic, as well as demonstrate the originality of your proposed research. For further advice, please refer to our research proposal guidance pages .

During your studies

Your supervisory team will meet with you at regular intervals throughout your PhD/MA by Research programme in order to offer guidance on how best to approach, implement and report on your research. Supervisory sessions for distance learning students will take place via audio and visual communication services such as Skype or Facetime, rather than on campus.

Although your supervisory team are there to help you to complete your research, postgraduate research students are expected to take full responsibility for their work. Therefore, you will need to develop your own timetable for academic study, planning and managing your research so that you can successfully complete your thesis on time.

The first year (or part-time equivalent) of a PhD usually consists of a literature review specific to your thesis and topic, along with any other relevant work or training that will prepare you for undertaking the bulk of your research in the second year, which is normally then written up in the third year. For an MA by Research, these timescales are condensed into one year (or two years if studying part time).

During the course of your studies your supervisory team may also encourage you to present your research to the wider academic community and to the general public at seminars and conferences, or even submit work for publication in specialist journals. You will also have opportunities for teaching, networking, and playing an active role in the College's vibrant  postgraduate research community .

If you wish to proceed and submit an application, please refer to our six-step process for applying for PhD and MA by Research opportunities in Arts subject areas.

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• What’s the difference between a PhD and a doctorate?

25 Aug 2022

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In this post, we’ll explore the definitions, differences and similarities of PhDs and doctorates, as well as what a Doctorate in Business Administration (DBA) entails.  

After completing a master’s degree and spending time building a career, many professionals consider continuing their education and pursuing a higher level of academic achievement.

Two of the most common options are a PhD or a doctorate, but what is the difference between the two?

Defining a PhD and a doctorate 

A PhD, or Doctor of Philosophy, is a specific type of doctorate degree that focuses on research in a particular field. It is highly theoretical and involves extensive research to generate new knowledge.

On the other hand, a doctorate degree is an umbrella term for any doctoral-level degree. It can be further categorised into two types: academic and professional.

Academic doctorates, such as a PhD, are focused on research, while professional doctorates, like the Doctorate in Business Administration (DBA) , focus on practical application in professional settings.  

Want to know more about the benefits of a DBA? Explore our guide:

Differences between a PhD and a doctorate 

While both a PhD and a doctorate are doctoral-level degrees, there are some key differences between the two. One of the main differences is that a PhD is typically an academic degree, while a doctorate can be either academic or professional. Additionally, a PhD is highly theoretical and research-focused, while a professional doctorate is practical and geared toward applying research to specific professional settings.  

Similarities between a PhD and a doctorate 

Despite their differences, there are also some similarities between a PhD and a doctorate. Both degrees require significant research, critical thinking, and independent study. They are both highly respected and recognised as top-level degrees in their respective fields, and both confer the title of “Doctor” upon completion.  

Weighing up your options? Read our guide to the benefits and drawbacks:

Examples of professional doctorates 

Examples of professional doctorates include the Doctorate in Business Administration (DBA), Doctorate of Education (EdD), Doctorate of Nursing Practice (DNP), and Doctorate of Psychology (PsyD), among others. These degrees are typically designed for individuals who want to apply research to specific professional settings.  

What is a Doctorate in Business Administration (DBA)? 

A DBA is a professional doctorate degree that is focused on applying research to real-world business problems. It is typically designed for individuals who are in senior-level or executive positions in private or public sector organisations. A DBA is often seen as a practical alternative to a PhD in business, as it allows professionals to apply research directly to their work .  

Benefits of pursuing a Global DBA 

Portsmouth Online offers a Global DBA that is online and part-time, making it accessible from anywhere in the world. This course  is specifically designed for senior-level professionals who want to become more qualified in the field of business.

The structured modules will help you develop your ability to challenge current thinking and provide authoritative solutions to practical and research problems. Additionally, the applied research in the DBA thesis will allow you to conduct research on a topic that is directly relevant to your organisation.  

Choosing between a PhD and a doctorate 

Choosing between a PhD and a doctorate depends on your goals and aspirations. If you are interested in academic research and generating new knowledge, a PhD may be the right path for you.

However, if you want to apply research to specific professional settings, a professional doctorate like a DBA may be a better fit. Ultimately, it is important to choose the degree that aligns with your career goals and interests.  

Get more guidance on whether a PhD or a doctorate is right for you:

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School of Engineering

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SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

Study for a PhD

A PhD degree from Edinburgh is your chance to connect with internationally renowned researchers and innovators, with a unique opportunity to experience one of Europe's leading universities in one of the world's most iconic cities.

We carry out world class research and provide high quality training in research for both students and postdoctoral researchers.

Our world-leading research is conducted through our seven Research Institutes . These span across and connect between our core disciplines of Chemical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil & Environmental Engineering, and Electronics & Electrical Engineering.

You will carry out independent research resulting in an original contribution to knowledge in your chosen area, guided by your supervisor. You will submit a thesis and defend it in an assessed oral exam.

Alongside this research, all our researchers follow a comprehensive training programme that is an integral part of our research degrees. You will gain skills that will equip you for a wide range of future careers beyond your specialist research project. These will serve you for the rest of life, making you a more confident and knowledgeable person, and equipping you in both technical and soft skills. Additional information on our training and support for postgraduate research students .

The School of Engineering has an active research community. PhD students present at research seminars in their research institutes, and attend talks by visiting speakers. Our Engineering Graduate Society organises networking, training, and social events across the School.

We have a very wide range of high-quality engineering facilities, including specialised test laboratories, fabrication workshops, and computing resources. Learn more about Research in the School of Engineering .

Our graduates are amongst the most highly sought-after candidates for academic, commercial or consulting positions, entering careers around the world. The majority of our research graduates enter the engineering profession in a wide range of fields, including automotive, bioengineering, communications, medical imaging, engineering consultancy, fire safety, renewable energy, chemical processing, oil and gas, fast moving consumable goods, high-technology and the semiconductor industry.  Other graduates from our programmes continue to further research including post-doctoral fellowships, lecturing roles and research contracts in universities and research institutes.

Funding Required

• Tuition fees: All students pay tuition fees. Further information on the fee rates for Home, EU, and International students can be found here: Full time fees and Part time fees
• Research costs: "Additional programme costs" are in addition to the tuition fees, and include the costs of carrying out research project, such as the costs of laboratory and experimental work, software licenses, or travel costs. The costs of research depend upon the nature of the research project. Further information .
• Living Expenses / Stipend: The University gives information on living costs in Edinburgh, which will be a substantial commitment: Latest estimates of living expenses .

Scholarships Available

The School of Engineering offers several scholarships for excellent students. The deadlines for scholarships applications are early in each year. Please view our scholarship options .

Academic Grades

You will need a UK 2:1 honours degree or its international equivalent in your first degree, which must be in a relevant subject.

A good MSc result, relevant work experience, or some other exceptional achievement will be considered for applicants who do not meet this requirement.

English language requirements

• Information on our English language requirements
• Please note that our English language requirement cannot be waived

Before applying for a PhD, you should look at our research pages to help identify the field of research that you would be interested in studying.

Our list of Current PhD Opportunites gives several possible research projects, but it is not exhaustive, and you should contact a member of our academic staff to see whether they would be able to supervise your research.

Before you Apply

Before applying for a PhD in Engineering you should:

• Identify a possible academic supervisor working in the area that you would like to carry out research. You can find information on our academic staff , or view our list of PhD Opportunities .
• Check that you meet the entry requirements and that you have degree certificates and transcripts for your application.
• Established how you will fund your PhD: Funding and Scholarships

To apply for a PhD you will need the following documents:

• Degree certificates, transcripts, and evidence of meeting our English language requirements (as appropriate).
• Two references on official letterheads, with signatures.
• Research Proposal , which should be in your words even if your are applying an advertised project. This helps evaluate your writing skills and research ideas. It can help with both assessing your suitability for a research degree and whether we can offer supervision. It should be no more than 2 A4 pages.

​Potential students in all of our engineering disciplines and all of our research institutes should apply for our PhD in Engineering programme. Apply here using the University's online application system .

Additional information for PhD applicants (and for our EngD, MPhil, MScR or visiting student programmes) can be found in these two documents:

• Additional information for postgraduate research students
• Postgraduate Research Student Handbook (School of Engineering)

Part-time Study

A small number of our students study part-time. This must, however, be discussed with your potential supervisor, as whether this is possible will depend upon the nature of the research project. As a part-time student you would be required to spend 50% of your time on your PhD and you are expected to be in the University 50% of your time. It is consequently not possible to pursue a part-time PhD in addition to full-time employment.

Distance Learning

Our PhD students usually study here in the University of Edinburgh, where they benefit from the research community, expert networks, training and activities that are an integral part of a PhD. It is occasionally appropriate to study remotely, for example, to make use of research facilities that are uniquely available at a different location. Distance learning requires careful planning and the arrangements need to be agreed in advance, to ensure adequate supervision, training, and opportunities to engage with our research community. Please discuss a possible distance learning proposal with an academic supervisor before applying.

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5 routes to getting a Doctorate

While most of those studying for a PhD take the PhD by thesis pathway, there are five viable routes to achieving a Doctorate, with both full-time and part-time options available

PhD by thesis

This is the most common means of getting a Doctorate. Over the three or four years of research at university, your PhD supervisor will support you as you aim to produce a thesis based on your research proposal .

A thesis is typically 60,000-90,000 words in length - although this can vary between institutions. For instance, the University of Glasgow's College of Social Sciences expects a thesis to be 70,000 to 100,000 words including references, bibliography and appendices, while the University of Cambridge has set an upper limit of 80,000 words.

Once completed, you'll need to defend your PhD thesis in front of a panel of examiners during your viva voce .

Doctorate by publication

This route involves submitting previously published work - such as books, book chapters and journal articles, which together form a coherent body of work and show evidence of an original contribution to a particular field of study.

The PhD by publication route is often taken by mid-career academics that haven't had the opportunity to undertake a standard Doctorate degree.

Generally, a minimum of five to eight published pieces are required, but this varies between institutions and depends on their length. The published work will be assessed to the same rigorous standards as a traditional PhD by thesis.

You must also provide a written supporting statement, which typically ranges from 5,000 to 15,000 words.

For instance, the University of Westminster asks for a commentary of 5,000 words (science and technology subjects) or 10,000 words (arts, social sciences and humanities). On the other hand, Queen Margaret University Edinburgh requires 12,000 to 15,000 words on the rationale and theoretical context for the portfolio of published work.

The work will then be presented to an academic committee. A supervisor will assist you with selecting which publications to submit, as well as guidance on the supporting statement.

Some universities accept only their own graduates for a PhD by publication, while others restrict this route to their academic staff. In general, you should have graduated from your first degree at least seven years ago to be eligible.

For example, The University of Manchester has published its own Guidance for the PhD By Published Work , with eligibility only extending to current members of staff.

Professional Doctorate

This type of Doctorate includes a significant taught component and a smaller research project, and is geared primarily towards current professionals in vocational sectors such as:

• engineering and manufacturing
• teaching and education .

Professional Doctorates are often taken on a part-time basis and can last between two and eight years. Like their standard PhD counterparts, they usually begin in October or January.

While you won't typically be looking to get an academic job , your research is expected to contribute to theory as well as professional practice. Projects often revolve around a real-life issue that affects your employer.

Several professional Doctorates, such as the Doctorate in Clinical Psychology (DClinPsy), are accredited by a professional body - for instance, the Health & Care Professions Council (HCPC) and The British Psychological Society (BPS) - and may also lead to a professional qualification .

Common titles for graduates of professional Doctorate degrees include:

• Doctor of Business Administration (DBA)
• Doctor of Education (EdD)
• Doctor of Engineering (EngD)
• Doctor of Medicine (MD).

Unlike many professional Doctorates, the EngD is typically offered as a full-time course and is aimed at young engineering graduates with little or no professional experience.

Integrated PhD

This four-year qualification, also known as the New Route PhD, involves studying a one-year research Masters degree (MRes) before progressing onto a three-year PhD.

Offered by a select number of universities across the UK, integrated PhDs are supported by the government and the British Council through UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) .

Visit Research Council funding for further information on research and funding for different types of PhD.

The integrated PhD involves a combination of taught materials, practical experience and advanced research. This allows you to learn subject-specific methodologies, while building the transferable skills that will enable you to become a leader in your chosen profession.

Institutions can also develop personalised integrated PhD programmes to meet each student's needs. For example, universities may offer you the opportunity to gain a postgraduate certificate (PGCert) in Learning and Teaching in Higher Education - perfect if you're considering a career as a higher education lecturer .

Online/distance learning PhD

As PhDs are based primarily on independent research rather than time spent in lectures and seminars, distance learning has always been a viable route for many Doctoral students.

PhDs by distance learning offered by course providers such as The Open University are therefore a good option to consider if you've got family or work commitments or are an international student - as this gives you the chance to undertake Doctoral research without having to live close to your chosen institution. It's also a suitable mode of study if your subject requires you to be based in a specific location away from the university.

For the most part, you'll be in touch with your supervisor by phone, email or Skype/Zoom. You'll need to bear in mind that even if you opt for this form of research, you'll generally still need to attend university for one or two weeks of each academic year for meetings and to receive research skills training. Your final exam may be undertaken either face-to-face or virtually.

With online PhDs, you can usually register as a full or part-time student. The level of fees you pay varies between institutions - some charge the same as for a standard PhD while others offer a reduced rate.

Check that any funding you plan to apply for is available to distance learning students, as this isn't always the case.

Search for online/distance learning PhDs .

Find out more

• Discover what is a PhD?
• Sort out funding for postgraduate study .
• Consider what to do after completing your PhD .

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• UK Universities – Academic Titles and Hierarchy Explained
• Doing a PhD

In UK universities, the academic titles and the order of their academic rank are: PhD student, postdoc research fellow, assistant lecturer, lecturer, senior lecturer, reader, professor, named professor and head of department.

Introduction

Understanding the academic titles and ranking hierarchy of UK universities is fundamental if you want a smooth start to your PhD. It’s a pity it’s also a topic which is commonly overlooked and not explained well nearly anywhere. With this in mind, we’ve outlined what the typical academic titles are, what they mean and where they sit in the overall hierarchy.

It’s important to note that not all UK universities follow the same terminology for academic titles. In fact, we’re increasingly seeing several universities adapt some of these titles to their own version. This is especially the case among Russell Group universities such as the London School of Economics (LSE) and University College London (UCL). Despite this, they still resemble their more traditional titles, so it’s still possible to distinguish the position and academic rank of a member of staff.

PhD Student

A PhD student is a postgraduate who is actively undertaking a research degree with a recognised institution.

The length of their studies depends on both their discipline and whether they are enrolled in a full or part-time programme. Usually, a PhD student will spend three to four years completing their degree.

During this time, they will undertake original research, produce a thesis and defend their work during an interview known as a ‘ viva ’. Besides this, they may also attend seminars and conferences, deliver presentations to their industry and collaborate with external institutions.

Upon successfully completing their doctorate, the individual will carry the title of Doctor (denoted by the initials ‘Dr’). This is true for all individuals regardless of which discipline their research relates to.

It’s worth noting that although a PhD is the most common doctoral degree, doctorate students could be anyone undertaking a DPhil, DBA, DProf, EdD, EngD, MD etc.

Finding a PhD has never been this easy – search for a PhD by keyword, location or academic area of interest.

PostDoc Research Fellow/Research Assistant

A PostDoc Research Fellow or Research Assistant is a postgraduate doctorate holder working in research.

Whilst both positions undertake similar work, a PostDoc Research Fellow typically has greater independence and responsibilities. This means they can influence the overall direction of the research, and whilst a Research Assistant can do so as well it will be to a lesser extent.

Assistant Lecturer

An Assistant Lecturer is the most junior teaching position regarding the overall ranking of academic titles. They are usually only temporary positions, such as an individual covering for another lecturer during a period of absence.

Some Assistant Lecturers will be PhD students on Graduate Teaching Assistantships (GTAs). GTAs are programmes which, alongside their studies, require a doctoral student to assist in the learning of undergraduate students. This will typically involve leading tutorials, marking coursework and hosting laboratory sessions. Besides this, they may also support lectures if their knowledge and relevant experience allow for it.

A Lecturer is also considered a junior academic staff member. Their primary responsibilities are on meeting the educational needs of students. As such, their most common duty is to teach but may also extend to undertaking research and minor administrative tasks.

Most lecturers will be PhD holders and so would be referred to as ‘Dr’. However, this isn’t always the case with some individuals who haven’t undertaken a doctorate but still possess extensive experience and knowledge to teach. Although these individuals are few, they are more common in non-STEM fields.

Senior Lecturer

The responsibilities of a Senior Lecturer extend further than that of a normal Lecturer, with the addition of leading and supervising research and greater administrative tasks.

A Reader is an academic individual with both senior-level experience and an international reputation for their academic or research contributions. In terms of hierarchy, they are more distinguished than Senior Lecturers, largely because of their international presence, but below Professors due to not having yet contributed as a substantial amount.

Interestingly, universities established after 1992 use the title ‘Principle Lecturer’ in place of Reader. Other than the terminology, the titles refer to the same position.

Note: Some universities adopt the academic title ‘Associate Professor’ instead of Senior Lecturer.

A professor is the highest academic title and denotes an individual at the top of their respective field. This individual would have made significant scholarly contributions to their field.

In EU countries such as Germany and France, a faculty member has to sit and pass a review before they can become a Professor. This review is undertaken by a panel of highly experienced academic professionals and requires the individual to produce a document outlining their contributions to their field before they can even be considered.

In the UK, a different approach is taken. Rather than being appointed by an independent review, it instead comes down to the university’s discretion whether they should be upgraded to a full professorship. However, nearly all UK universities mirror a very similar review process, with some universities also utilising independent panel members to ensure fair professoriate decisions are made.

According to the Higher Education Statistics Agency ( HESA ), approximately one in ten academic teaching staff members is a Professor.

Named Professor

A Named Professor is a Professor who has the honour of sitting in a ‘chair’. A ‘chair’ is a position named after an individual who made significant achievements in their field, and in some cases, dates back to individuals in the 16th century. Being a Named Professor is a prestigious professorship reserved for academics who have made achievements beyond that of a typical Professor role.

Note: Some universities, such as the University of Sheffield, adopt the academic title ‘Honorary Professor’ instead of Named Professor.

Head of Department

The Head of Department provides academic leadership to the department and is responsible for ensuring it upholds its high standards. The key activities of a Head of Department will differ depending on the breadth of its discipline and number of staff. However, their responsibilities will include ensuring the development of students, maintaining department-wide communication and overseeing research opportunities, financial management and overall quality assurance etc.

Faculty Dean

A Dean is in charge of the academic administration of a collection of related university departments known as a faculty.

There are many responsibilities to being a Dean, including:

• Representing all permanent staff members of the faculty.
• Undertaking strategic planning for the faculty’s direction and growth.
• Participating in internal review panels for staff title promotions.
• Lead research initiatives and facilitating faculty collaborations.

UK vs US Academic Titles

Other (not as common) Professor Positions

Although not as common, a few universities also make use of the following titles:

• Visiting Professor  – A Visiting Professor is a professor who teaches on a short-term basis at one university, but officially belongs to another university.
• Professor Emeritus – A Professor Emeritus is an academic title in the UK given to retired professors who have made distinguished contributions to their field. Professors who are given this title usually continue to work with their university voluntarily.
• Research Professor  – A Research Professor is a full professor who specialises in research. Although they may teach from time to time, they will usually have very little ‘formal’ teaching responsibilities.
• Adjunct Professor  – An Adjunct Professor is a professor who primarily focuses on teaching and has a non-permanent contract. They are typically  non-tenured faculty positions and form most of the academic positions in US Higher Education Institutions.

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Entry requirements for UK applicants

We are looking for bright, enthusiastic and dedicated students to join our research community. We accept research applications from across the world.

General entry requirements for UK students 

At Sussex, our usual entry requirements for UK and international students are: 

• at least an upper second-class (2:1) undergraduate honours degree 
• a Masters degree if you are applying for research degrees in the arts or social sciences.

We will also consider candidates who can demonstrate appropriate alternative learning such as experience gained in the workplace or professional qualifications.

If you are an international student see the international qualifications we accept .

Specific entry requirements for UK students

You must also meet our specific entry requirements for each research programme. These are listed with each PhD degree .

Check: 

• the grade required for your PhD
• if you need to have a Masters qualification. 

Interviews 

For some research degrees we may ask you to attend an interview. 

If you are an international student, you may be interviewed over the phone or via Skype.

You might also be interested in:

• student support
• tips for applying for a PhD
• applying for accommodation
• how to apply for a PhD

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PhD in UK: Fees 2024, Top Colleges, Placement and Salaries

The average annual tuition fee for pursuing PhD in UK at the top universities is 20,000 GBP- 50,000 GBP (20-50 Lakh INR) and the average cost of living in UK is around 14,000 GBP (14 lakh INR) per year. The opportunities after studying in UK universities are vast. Almost 87% of the Ph.D. students start working after graduation and earn an average pay of 40,000 GBP- 60,000 GBP (40-60 Lakh INR) per annum.

PhD in UK: Top Universities

International students are attracted to the high-quality education offered by the top universities in UK . According to the QS Ranking of 2024, 5 universities in the UK rank among the top 50 universities across the world. The following table lists some of the top universities offering PhD in UK:

Why Study PhD in UK?

• PhD graduates from UK universities have a high employability rate, with 82% of them in employment or further study within six months of graduation, Higher Education Statistics Agency.
• The UK has some of the world's best universities, and many of these institutions are highly ranked for their PhD programs. According to the QS World University Rankings 2024, the UK has 3 universities in the top ten for graduate employability, and five universities in the top 40 for graduate employability.
• The opportunities after studying in UK universities are vast. Almost 87% of the Ph.D. students start working after graduation and earn an average pay of 40,000 GBP- 60,000 GBP (40-60 Lakh INR) per annum.
• UK universities offer cutting-edge research facilities and opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration. Students have access to world-class resources and expertise, allowing them to undertake innovative research in their chosen fields.

PhD in UK: Admissions

Depending on the institution and the particular school, the admission requirements for PhD in UK may change, but they typically include academic credentials, English language proficiency, and work experience. In the section below the detailed admission requirements for top universities offering PhD in UK are given.

PhD in UK: Eligibility Criteria

Admission requirements for a PhD in UK can vary depending on the university and the area of research. However, there are some general admission requirements that most universities will require from applicants:

• Academic Degree- A first-class or strong upper second-class undergraduate degree with honours in a related field of study.
• Minimum GPA- The minimum GPA requirement is 3.7 on a scale of 4.0
• English Proficiency Test Score- IELTS: 7.0 or above, TOEFL: 100+.
• Statement of Purpose (SOP) - Submit a 5000 word personal statement outlining their academic and professional background, their reasons for applying to the program, and their career aspirations.
• Letters of Recommendation (LOR) - Applicants are usually required to provide at least 2-3 academic or professional references.
• Research Proposal- A 3000 word research proposal needs to be submitted in the area of research you are applying for.

PhD in UK: Admission Requirements

Following table shows the general admission requirements for getting into a Phd program in the UK universities along with their respective academic requirements and additional document requirements:

PhD in UK: Cost of study

United Kingdom is one of the most pursued and sought out countries in the world for international students. The cost of study in UK will include the cost of living and the tuition fees a student is paying for PhD in UK. The cost of study in UK can differ from person to person depending on the university of their choice. The average cost of study in UK ranges from 30,000 GBP to 37,000 GBP (30-37 lakh INR).

PhD in UK: Tuition Fees

A PhD in UK lasts for 3-5 years on a full-time basis depending on the University and the area of research. The following table highlights the annual fees for pursuing PhD in UK universities:

Cost of Living in UK

The cost of living in UK includes accommodation, food, transportation, healthcare, personal expenses etc. The average cost of living in UK is around 14,000 GBP- 24,000 GBP (14-25 lakh INR) per year.

PhD in UK: Scholarships

If you are planning to study in UK for a PhD you should know that it can become heavy on your pocket. For that reason UK universities provide different scholarships in UK for international students to lighten their burden. Following are some of the scholarships offered to international students who are applying for PhD in UK.  

PhD in UK: Job Opportunities

A PhD graduate earns on an average of 40,000 GBP- 60,000 GBP (30-60 Lakh INR) per year in the UK. Most of them go for an academic job especially in the teaching and education sector. According to Prospects UK, over 50% of graduates having PhD in UK are either education or science professionals working in the science and pharmaceutical industry.

Here are some sectors in the where PhD graduates may find job opportunities in UK , along with the percentage of PhD graduates employed in each sector (source: Vitae Researcher Development International):

• Higher Education - 37%
• Business and Industry: 23%
• Government- 16%
• Non-profit Organizations- 10%
• Self Employed- 5%
• Health and Social Care- 5%
• Other Sectors- 4%

Here are some average salaries for various job titles in the UK for PhD holders:

Phd in UK: Visa

International students planning to pursue PhD in Uk will require a points-based Student Route visa (previously known as the Tier 4 student visa). To get this visa you must be able to show that you have sufficient money for living costs. The minimum requirements are:

• £1,023 per month if your PhD is based outside London
• £1,334 per month if your PhD is based in London

A student visa requires 70 points. These are awarded to you as follows:

• 50 points – for gaining your confirmation of acceptance for studies
• 10 points – for proving that you have sufficient funds to support yourself during your degree
• 10 points – for proving you meet the English language requirements

PhD in UK: Work Permit

Provided you are pursuing a full-time PhD in UK, you may work alongside your project or programme, provided you do not: work for more than 20 hours per week, except during any vacations or in the case of an agreed work placement or internship

PhD in UK: ROI

A UK PhD offers a strong ROI as graduates gain advanced skills leading to higher salaries and diverse career opportunities, offsetting initial costs. The prestige of a UK PhD can boost professional credibility, leading to leadership roles and consulting opportunities, further enhancing ROI.

PhD in UK: Degree Comparison

The following table draws a comparison between PhD in UK vs PhD in USA on the basis of program duration, tuition fees, cost of living, visa, average salary among other parameters.

Pursuing a PhD in the UK can be a great opportunity for students who are looking for world-renowned universities, a multicultural environment, generous funding opportunities, and a shorter duration of the program. UK offers excellent research opportunities, and PhD graduates from UK universities have a high employability rate. After completing your PhD in UK one can work at higher posts in different fields and earn an average annual salary of 40,000 GBP- 60,000 GBP (30-60 Lakh INR).

Ques. How much does a PhD cost in UK?

Ans . The average annual tuition fee for pursuing PhD in UK at the top universities is 20,000 GBP- 50,000 GBP (20-50 Lakh INR) and the average cost of living in UK is around 14,000 GBP (14 lakh INR) per year.

Ques. How long is the PhD in UK?

Ans . PhD in UK, also referred to as a doctorate, is a 3-5 years full-time and 5-6 years part-time degree depending on the University of choice and the area of research.

Ques. Do PhD students get paid in UK?

Ans A stipend is awarded to students planning to pursue Ph.D in the UK. The cost of the stipend varies from university to university. PhD stipends in the UK were set at £16,062 for students outside of London and £18,062 for those within London, reflecting the higher cost of living in the capital.

Ques. What are some of the top universities offering PhD in UK?

Ans . University of Oxford, University of Cambridge, Imperial College London, University College London, and University of Edinburgh are some of the top universities offering PhD in UK.

Ques. What are the admission requirements for applying to a PhD in UK?

Ans . The minimum admission requirement for PhD in UK is to have a first-class or strong upper second-class undergraduate degree with honours in a related field of study or a masters degree with a minimum of 70%, IELTS score of 7.0 or above or a TOEFL score of 100+ and while applying for a PhD in UK you will need to submit a research proposal in the field you of research you are applying for.

Ques. What are the career prospects after completing a PhD in the UK?

Ans . Graduates with a PhD from a UK university have diverse career opportunities. While some pursue academic careers as researchers or professors, others find employment in industry, government, or non-profit organizations. The skills acquired during a PhD, such as critical thinking and problem-solving, are highly valued in many sectors.

Ques. Are there funding opportunities available for international students pursuing a PhD in the UK?

Ans . Yes, many UK universities offer scholarships, grants, and funding opportunities for international PhD students. These may cover tuition fees, living expenses, or research costs. Prospective students should research and apply for relevant funding opportunities early in the application process.

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Types of degrees in the UK

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Learn about the different types of degrees at undergraduate and postgraduate level that you can choose from when applying to university.

What’s the difference between undergraduate and postgraduate?

Undergraduate degrees, postgraduate degrees, other qualifications and degree courses.

While both undergraduate and postgraduate degrees are higher education qualifications, only undergraduate degrees are available to students once they finish school. You’re typically only eligible for a postgraduate degree once you’ve completed an undergraduate degree.

Undergraduate degrees are either level 4, 5 or 6 qualifications, with postgraduate degrees sitting at level 7 or 8. In Scotland, awards are at level 9 or 10 for an undergraduate degree, and level 11 and 12 for master's and doctorates.

Studying for an undergraduate degree usually involves broadly covering different areas of a subject, whereas postgraduate degrees are about specialising within a particular area of that subject. Postgraduate degrees are also more self-driven and research-intensive, with fewer lectures, tutorials and labs in most cases. Unless you’re doing a PhD, postgraduate courses generally take less time to complete.

What is an undergraduate degree?

An undergraduate degree is typically the next level of academic qualification that follows high school. They’re usually a student’s first degree, studied at university or another higher education provider. Students either move into employment or further study once they’ve completed an undergraduate degree.

There are different undergraduate courses you can study:

Bachelor’s degree

A bachelor’s degree involves studying one, or sometimes two, subjects in detail. It’s the most common undergraduate degree in the UK and is a level 6 qualification (level 9 or 10 in Scotland). Typical classifications include:

• Bachelor of Arts (BA)
• Bachelor of Science (BSc)
• Bachelor of Education (BEd)
• Bachelor of Engineering (BEng)
• Bachelor of Laws (LLB)
• Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MB ChB)

If you study in Scotland, you may sometimes be awarded an MA for your undergraduate degree; however the qualification is equivalent to a bachelor’s degree.

Choosing a course in one subject is known as a single honours degree. You may also be able to study a minor subject alongside the major subject for a portion of your degree, known as a major/minor honours degree. The degree title names the major subject with the minor subject afterwards, for example Psychology with Criminology, or Law with International Relations.

Studying two or three major subjects as part of a bachelor’s degree is called a combined or joint honours degree. You’ll pick several modules per subject, rather than doing every module for each subject. Each subject you take will hold equal weight towards your final degree grade. Examples of joint honours degrees include Law and Spanish, or Accounting and Business.

How long it takes to study

It’ll typically take three years if you’re studying full-time. Some courses, such as those with a year abroad or with a placement year, can take four years. Some subjects – like Medicine, Dentistry or Vet Science – can take up to five or six years. Your degree will take longer if you study part-time.

Honours degrees in Scotland take four years to complete.

Intercalated or integrated degrees

Some courses may give the option to take a break in the main undergraduate programme to study a separate qualification – an intercalated degree. This may be an option if you are studying medicine or dentistry. It means you could finish your studies having graduated with two degrees.

An integrated master’s course incorporates a master’s-level qualification into an undergraduate programme. Courses are usually four years long, with the final year of study at postgraduate level.

Entry qualifications required

Most universities and higher education institutions will ask for A Levels or equivalent (such as BTECs, International Baccalaureate or Scottish Highers), along with minimum GCSE grades. Grades needed will vary depending on the course and uni.

UK students studying at a UK university will pay no more than £9,250 per year. Tuition fees for international students range between £12,500 and £37,293 per year. Clinical courses such as Medicine may have annual fees as high as £64,000.

You can find specific details on entry requirements, fees and assessments for any bachelor’s degree by using our course search . Make sure you are viewing the details as a student from the correct nation for where you live.

Foundation year/foundation diploma

A foundation diploma, or a foundation year, is an introductory course designed to bridge the gap between finishing school and starting a bachelor’s degree. This one-year qualification is for students who don’t meet the entry requirements for a bachelor’s degree and is offered by most universities or further education (FE) colleges.

A foundation diploma or a foundation year will only take one year studying full-time.

Entry requirements are much lower than a bachelor’s degree. Many courses will also accept non-traditional qualifications. Specific qualifications will vary by course and institution.

Expect to pay the same price per year as a bachelor’s degree. This will be up to £9,250 for UK students, and more for international students.

• What's an Art & Design Foundation Diploma?

Foundation degree

A foundation degree (FdA, FdSc) is different from a foundation year or a foundation diploma. It’s a level 5 qualification that has an emphasis on practice-based learning. They’re equivalent to the first two years of a bachelor’s degree and usually involve a mix of academic study and workplace experience. Students either go straight into work after a foundation degree or move into the final year of a bachelor’s.

Two years if you’re studying full-time. Part-time will be three to four years.

Entry requirements vary by course and institution. Some will require certain GCSEs and A Levels (or equivalent), while others prioritise workplace learning.  

Foundation degrees cost between £ 6,000 to £9,250 per year, depending on the course and institution. Your employer may help cover the cost of fees if you’re already employed. International students will pay a higher rate.

Find the specific entry requirements, fees and assessment details for any foundation degree through our course search . Remember to view the details as a student from where you live in order to see the correct fee.

Top-up degree

Students who’ve completed a level 5 qualification such as a foundation degree can choose this path to upgrade their qualification to a full bachelor’s degree.

You’ll complete a top-up degree in one year if studying full-time. Part-time students usually take 18 months.

You’ll need to have finished a two-year qualification, which could be a foundation degree, a Higher National Diploma or a level 5 Business and Technology Education Council (BTEC) course. Most universities will want this qualification to be in the same subject as the top-up degree.

A top-up degree will cost about the same as one year of a bachelor’s degree. This will be no more than £9,250 for UK students but international students will pay more.

Use our course search to find the specific entry requirements, fees and assessment details for any top-up degree. View the details based on where you live to see the correct tuition fee.

Higher National Certificate

A Higher National Certificate (HNC) is a one-year undergraduate equivalent to the first year of university. It’s a level 4 practice-based qualification taken by those wanting to either train for a specific career or move into the second year of a bachelor’s degree.

HNCs take one year to complete when studying full-time, and two years if studying part-time.

The entry requirements tend to be lower than a bachelor’s degree. You’ll need one or two A Levels, or equivalent qualification.

An HNC course will cost between £5,000 and £9,250 a year for UK students, depending on where and what you study. Tuition fees may be lower for an HNC taught by a further education college rather than a university. Fees can be more expensive for international students.

You can use our course search to find the specific fees for any HNC course, along with entry requirements and assessment details.

Higher National Diploma

A Higher National Diploma (HND) is similar to an HNC, but it’s a two-year level 5 qualification equivalent to the first two years of a bachelor’s degree. This vocational qualification is designed for those wishing to learn skills in a practical area or to enter the third year of a bachelor’s degree upon completion.

HNDs take two years for full-time students, and anywhere between three and four years for part-time students.

Like an HNC, entry requirements are often lower than a bachelor’s degree. Most courses will want you to have at least one or two A Levels, or an equivalent qualification.

Each year will cost between £6,500 to £9,250 if you’re a UK student. Fees in Scotland can be as low as £1,285 for students from Scotland. International students are charged more than domestic students.

Our course search will take you to the course pages, where you can find specific details on fees, as well as required qualifications and how you’ll be assessed during the course.

Certificate of Higher Education

This level 4 vocational qualification is ideal for those unable to commit to a full three-year degree. It’s equivalent to both an HNC and the first year of a bachelor’s degree, often used by students to progress into further study. A Certificate of Higher Education (CertHE) tends to be more academic than practice-based.

Studying full-time is likely to take one year, with part-time courses taking two.

Although some courses will require A Levels or equivalent, others have no prerequisite entry requirements. You may need at least a C in GCSE English, and some subjects such as Design or Photography will want a portfolio of your work.

A CertHE should cost the same as one year of a bachelor’s degree. This will be up to £9,250 for UK students and more for international students.

Visit our course search to find specific course fees, along with the qualifications you’ll need and the assessment details for each course.

Diploma of Higher Education

A Diploma of Higher Education (DipHE) is a level 5 qualification holding the same weight as an HND or two years of a bachelor’s degree. The focus will be on academic study and completing a DipHE will allow you to move onto the final year of a bachelor’s degree.

Studying a DipHE full-time will take two years. Part-time study will take longer.

These are the same as for a CertHE. Remember that they can vary based on what you study and where.

Each year will cost up to £9,250 for UK students and more for international students – the same as a bachelor’s degree.

For full details on course entry requirements, fees and assessments, use our course search and find the specific page of the course you’re interested in.

Certificate of Continuing Education (CertCE)

A CertCE qualification is for those after a taste of higher education. It equates to 60 undergraduate degree credits at level 4 or 5, so about half a year of study, and can lead into a full undergraduate degree.

• Choosing a university course
• Course chooser

What is a postgraduate degree?

A postgraduate degree is the next level of study after an undergraduate degree. It can be a level 7 or level 8 qualification in England and Wales or level 11 or 12 in Scotland.

Postgraduate qualifications allow you to specialise in a specific area of the subject you studied as an undergraduate student. There are also conversion courses available if you wish to change your career path.

Postgraduate degrees are either ‘taught’ or ‘research’. Taught degrees often involve lectures, tutorials and labs like an undergraduate degree. Academic tutors mostly lead this teaching and types of taught postgraduate degrees include master’s degrees, postgraduate certificates and diplomas.

Research degrees are for those looking for more independent study. Guided by an academic tutor or professor, you’ll conduct your own academic research based on an original research question you’ve come up with. Types of research degrees include doctorates (PhD) and some master’s courses.

• Postgraduate students guide

Master’s degree

A master’s degree is the most widely studied degree at postgraduate level. It’s a level 7 qualification that you can take upon completing a bachelor’s degree or equivalent. Common master’s degrees include:

• Master of Arts (MA)
• Master of Science (MSc)
• Master of Education (MEd)
• Master of Research (MRes)
• Master of Philosophy (MPhil)
• Master of Business Administration (MBA)
• Master's Degree in Law (LLM)

Taught master’s degrees are most common, but some universities also offer research master’s. A research master’s is more self-driven and independent, focused on completing a research project.

Master’s degrees can also be integrated into an undergraduate or doctoral degree, as part of a single programme of study, such as Master of Engineering (MEng).

Those wishing to study a doctorate (PhD) must first complete a master’s.

A master’s degree will usually take one year if studying full-time, or two years part-time. Some undergraduate courses have a master’s degree included. These degrees take four years if studying full-time.

Most master’s degrees will ask for at least a 2:2 bachelor’s degree in a related subject. Some courses will want a 2:1 or higher. International students will need to have the academic equivalent, which will be listed on the course page of the university’s website.

Costs will vary based on what you choose to study and where. One year of a master’s degree could be anywhere between £4,950 and £41,500 for UK students, with higher prices for international students.

Full details on specific fees, qualifications needed and how you’ll be assessed for any master’s degree can be found using our course search . View the details based on where you live to see the correct tuition fee.

• Types of master’s degrees

Master of Business Administration

A Master of Business Administration (MBA) is a level 7 postgraduate qualification ideal for those looking to advance their knowledge of business. You’ll choose from several optional modules, alongside a dissertation or work-based project. Many courses also offer the chance to study abroad or get workplace experience.

Most MBA courses will take between 12 and 15 months if studying full-time. Accelerated or online courses may take even less time. Studying an Executive MBA part-time can take up to two years, which is a common option as many students prefer to work while they study.

A 2:1 bachelor’s degree in any subject is a prerequisite for most MBA courses. You may also need two or three years of work experience in a business role. If you have significant work experience, but don’t have a 2:1, you may still be considered. Most MBA courses will ask you to sit the Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT) as part of your application. Some may also accept GRE scores (Graduate Record Examinations General Test).

MBAs typically fall within the range of £16,000 to £40,000 although costs for the most exclusive business schools can be more than £71,000. International students may be charged more – but some courses make no differentiation in fees for UK or overseas students.

To find out exact fees, qualifications needed and assessment details for any MBA course, head over to our course search and start exploring. Make sure to set the location for where you currently live to see the correct fee.

• What’s an MBA?
• Best MBA courses in the UK
• Cheapest MBAs in the UK

Master’s Degree in Law

A Master’s Degree in Law (LLM) is a level 7 postgraduate qualification.

Some courses may enable Law graduates to specialise in a particular area, such as criminal litigation or environmental law.  These courses are generally taught as opposed to research-based courses, meaning you’ll select the modules that interest you and have a dissertation or research project to complete.

Others may be Law conversion courses, offering the first step into a legal career for non-Law graduates. Conversion courses will include the core legal knowledge required to become a solicitor or barrister.

Studying full-time should take you one year to complete, but some courses can be slightly longer. Doing part-time or taking an online course can take up to two years.

For courses offering specialisation, you’ll need a Law degree, whether that’s an LLB or a postgraduate Law conversion course.

Most LLM courses will ask for a 2:1 bachelor’s degree, but some may accept a 2:2 with relevant work experience.

LLM courses will fall within the range of £10,000 to £20,000, depending on where you choose to study. Prices will be higher for international students.

Full details on specific course fees, qualifications needed and how you’ll be assessed for any LLM course can be found using our course search .

A doctorate is the top postgraduate-level qualification you can earn. This level 8 qualification consists of both research and academic learning but is predominantly research focused. You’ll spend the entire course working on an independent thesis, based on an original research proposal agreed with your supervisor.

There are two common types of doctorate degrees. The first of these are academic doctorate degrees which focus on conducting original research to expand knowledge within a particular subject area. These include PhD and DPhil (Doctor of Philosophy).

There are also professional doctorate degrees, which involve research and broadening knowledge but incorporate more practical learning. These include MD (Doctor of Medicine), DClinPsy (Doctor of Clinical Psychology) and PhD(Eng)/EngD (Doctor of Engineering).

Full-time students usually finish their PhD in three to four years. Those studying part-time can take up to six or seven years to complete their PhD.

A 2:1 bachelor’s degree in a relevant subject is essential. Most PhDs will also want you to have completed your master’s. You may be asked for evidence of research work and your knowledge of research procedures. You may need to submit a detailed research proposal of what you’d like to study for your thesis.

Doctorate fees sit between £4,500 and £9,400 per year for students qualifying for Home fee status. If you’re lucky enough to get a studentship, your fees will be paid direct to your university at the rate of £4,712.

As ever, overseas fees are higher, with STEM subjects charging as much as £42,000 per year. Overseas students can apply for UK research council funding. If you get this, your tuition fees will only be paid at the Home rate, so you’ll need to pay the difference in cost between that and the fee for overseas students. Many grants, bursaries and scholarships are also available.

Key information on specific fees and entry qualifications required for any PhD course can be found by using our course search and finding the relevant course page.

• What is a PhD?
• Postgraduate funding
• Cheapest universities for a postgraduate degree

Postgraduate Certificate/Postgraduate Diploma

A Postgraduate Certificate (PGCert) is a level 7 qualification for those looking to bolster their future career prospects without committing to a master’s degree. They’re studied at the master’s level but are shorter and don't require a dissertation or research project. A PGCert is worth 60 credits towards a master’s degree. You need 180 credits to graduate with a master’s.

A Postgraduate Diploma (PGDip) is like a PGCert but twice as long. This level 7 qualification is worth 120 credits towards a master’s and is an ideal stepping-stone towards future career prospects or even a master’s degree.

Both qualifications are usually offered within a master’s degree. A PGCert is seen as equivalent to one-third of a master’s degree, with a PGDip being equivalent to two-thirds. Some master’s programmes will let you upgrade your PGDip into a master’s by completing a dissertation or research project.

Depending on how the course is structured, PGCerts may take one term to complete (about 15 weeks) or be studied part-time for a year. PGDips can take two terms (30 weeks) to a year, or be studied part-time for two years.

A 2:1 bachelor’s degree will be required for most PGCerts and PGDips. Some may only ask for a 2:2 in a relevant subject. Entry requirements tend to be like the course's master’s equivalent.

Expect to pay less than the course’s master’s equivalent. PGCerts start from around £2,000, with PGDips ranging from £5,000 to upwards of £14,000 for UK-resident students. International students will have to pay more.

Postgraduate Certificate in Education/Postgraduate Diploma in Education

A Postgraduate Certificate in Education (PGCE) is a level 7 qualification for students in England, Wales and Northern Ireland interested in teaching. A PGCE course allows you to earn Qualified Teacher Status (QTS) and therefore teach around the world. There will be a mix of academic learning and practical experience through placements.

A Postgraduate Diploma in Education (PGDE) is the equivalent teaching qualification for students in Scotland.

Courses will take one year if you choose to study full-time, or up to two years if doing part-time.

At least a 2:2 bachelor’s degree or equivalent will be required for most courses. You’ll also need a grade C/4 or above in GCSE English, Maths and sometimes a science-related subject. Some courses will want you to have particular work experience, and you may have to fill out a Medical Fitness questionnaire and pass a Disclosure and Barring Service (DBS) check if in England or Wales.

All UK-resident students can expect the standard tuition fee of £9,250 per year. International students will pay more.

Specific details on course fees, qualifications needed, and assessments can be found using our course search and locating the course page . See also our pages on undergraduate teacher training and postgraduate teacher training .

Conversion courses

A conversion course is ideal for any student wanting to change careers. They’re a postgraduate qualification allowing you to study a subject that you didn’t study as part of your undergraduate degree. Most are taught degrees and are condensed versions of an undergraduate degree. Students also take conversion courses to go into further study at the master’s level.

Most courses will take one year to complete if studying full-time. An online conversion course can take even less time, while part-time study can take longer.

A 2:1 bachelor’s degree in any subject will be sufficient for most conversion courses. Having a 2:2, coupled with relevant work experience, could also be enough.

Fees will differ based on what course you choose. You should expect to pay around the same price as one year of a bachelor’s degree, which is £9,250 per year.

Any specific details on course fees, entry qualifications required or how you'll be assessed for any conversion course can be found using our course search .

• Top ten postgraduate subjects for employability
• Top ten postgraduate subjects for salaries
• Postgraduate courses with January starts

National Vocational Qualification

A National Vocational Qualification (NVQ) is a practice-based qualification focusing on workplace skills. They require students to be in part-time or full-time work in order to demonstrate their competence in these skills. In Scotland, the equivalent is the Scottish Vocational Qualification (SVQ).

NVQs are awarded up to 7 levels. Studying at level 4 and 5 is equivalent to one-third and two-thirds of a bachelor’s degree respectively, with level 7 being equivalent to a master’s degree.

The time it takes to complete an NVQ varies, as you complete the modules when you’re ready. You’re assessed through portfolio work or being observed while at work.

Access to Higher Education Diploma

Taught at further education (FE) colleges, this level 3 qualification is for students aged 19 or over who left school without any traditional qualifications but wish to enrol in university. It prepares students for degree-level study, with universities seeing this qualification as equivalent to A Levels, BTECs, International Baccalaureate and Advanced Highers.

• What’s an Access to Higher Education Diploma?

Degree apprenticeship

Degree apprenticeships allow you to study towards a bachelor’s or master’s degree part-time while also working. They can take between three and six years to complete and are offered by universities in partnership with companies and professional bodies. You won’t be required to fund your degree apprenticeship, as both your employer and the government will do so. In Scotland the equivalent is the graduate apprenticeship.

• Degree apprenticeships

Accelerated degree

An accelerated degree allows you to complete your bachelor’s degree in a shorter period. This will mean completing a three-year degree in two years, or a four-year degree in three. You’ll be taught the same content as you would in a normal bachelor’s degree, but you’ll have less holiday.

The fees can be more expensive than a bachelor’s degree, but remember, you’ll be saving on an extra year of accommodation and day-to-day living.

• What’s an accelerated degree?

Degree with placement year

Referred to as a ‘sandwich year’, this qualification is typically a four-year degree with the third year spent either studying abroad or working in a placement. This is a great opportunity to gain valuable experience learning in a new country or working in the sector you wish to be employed in.

The fees per year, and the qualifications needed to gain entry onto a degree with a placement year, will be the same as the bachelor’s equivalent.

• Study options

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• Schools & departments

Doctorate in Clinical Psychology

The Doctorate in Clinical and Health Psychology is an applied training programme which entitles graduates to apply for registration as a clinical psychologist with the Health Professions Council and as a chartered clinical psychologist with the British Psychological Society.

Have a question about the course?

Email the programme secretary

Why choose the Doctorate in Clinical Psychology?

First taught in Edinburgh in 1959, this advanced practitioner programme is one of the longest established of its kind in UK.

The core purpose of the Doctorate in Clinical Psychology training programme is to train clinical psychologists to doctorate level.

The Doctorate in Clinical Psychology programme is taught in blocks spaced throughout the years of training and interspersed with supervised NHS placements in linked areas.

Career prospects

Upon successful completion of the Doctorate in Clinical Psychology graduates are eligible to apply for registration as a Practitioner Psychologist and Clinical Psychologist with the HCPC and the British Psychological Society.

Entry requirements for 2024

Applicants must meet the minimum entry requirements to be considered for the programme.

Doctorate in Clinical Psychology students are funded through NHS Education for Scotland (NES), which pays fees, trainee salaries, and travel expenses.

How to apply

All applications for the Doctorate in Clinical Psychology are processed by the Clearing House for Postgraduate Courses in Clinical Psychology.

Privacy statement

Information about Doctorate in Clinical Psychology students will be shared with the National Health Service and the Health and Care Professions Council as part of their training and registration with accrediting bodies.

Anti-racism, Diversity and Inclusion

Programme statement, action plan and key external links concerning Anti-racism, Diversity and Inclusion.

Advisory Panel of Experts by Experience

Established in 2011, Advisory Panel of Experts by Experience (APEX) represents the perspective of those with lived experience of using health & social care services, including parents and carers. We are a small, friendly and welcoming group from a range of backgrounds. If you use or have used health or social care services, we would love you to consider joining our group. We particularly wish to encourage people who have experience of using clinical psychology services to join us. We welcome enquiries from people from a range of different backgrounds and with a diverse range of skills. We support the training of clinical psychologists on the Edinburgh training programme, ensuring that the voice of lived experience is recognised and valued as part of the training experience.

Related links

NHS Education for Scotland (NES)

British Psychological Society

Doctorate in Clinical Psychology study resources

Guide to video teaching on the Doctorate in Clinical Psychology programme

• PhD Loans for Doctoral Students – A Guide for 2023

Written by Mark Bennett

A UK PhD loan is worth up to £28,673 from Student Finance England or £28,395 from Student Finance Wales. The money only needs to be paid back when you earn over £21,000 a year.

You can borrow a PhD loan of up to £28,673 from Student Finance England for 2023-24 study or £28,395 from Student Finance Wales. All of the money is paid directly to your bank account . You can use it for PhD fees, research expenses, maintenance or other costs.

Doctoral loans aren't based on household income or means tested, so the amount you can borrow isn't affected by your income or savings.

It's up to you to decide how much you want to borrow (up to the maximum, of course). This amount will then be spread evenly across your PhD, in three instalments per academic year .

Frequently asked questions

Below we've answered a selection of commonly asked questions about PhD loan amounts.

Is the value of the doctoral loan linked to my fees?

No. You can borrow the same amount with a doctoral loan regardless of how much your PhD project or programme costs.

Can I change the amount I borrow?

Yes. You can change your PhD loan amount later by submitting a PhD loan request form (PDF). You can't do this online.

Can I borrow more than the cost of my PhD?

Yes. Any extra loan can be used to help with living costs or other expenses.

Do I have to borrow the full amount?

You can borrow anything between £1 and £28,673/£28,395 (for a 2023-24 PhD). Whatever you request will be divided equally across your PhD , but you can't receive more than £12,167 in any one year.

Are extra loans available for maintenance?

No. You can use some of your doctoral loan for living costs, but there isn't any separate PhD maintenance loan.

Will the loan value increase?

The value of a doctoral loan usually increases slightly with inflation each year. However, this change only applies to new students. The maximum you can borrow with your PhD loan will be capped at the amount available when you began your PhD.

Why can't I borrow more than £12,167 per year?

Capping the annual amount for a PhD loan at £12,167 is designed to match the Masters student loan system : it means that doctoral students and Masters students can borrow the same amount per year.

The timing of your loan payments will be based on your intended submission date . This means that your loan payments may already have finished if your PhD takes longer than you expect, or you spend extra time 'writing up' your thesis. You should bear this in mind as you plan your project and budget for it.

Student eligibility

You can apply for a PhD student loan if you're a UK national and:

• You've lived in the UK for at least three years (not including time abroad for short-term travel or study)
• You are ordinarily resident in England or Wales (you don't just live there to study)
• You will be aged under 60 (59 or under) on the first day of the first academic year of your PhD (usually 1 September for degrees beginning in the autumn)
• You don't already have a PhD or other doctorate
• You won't be receiving UKRI funding for your PhD (and haven't been funded by a Research Council in the past)
• You won't be receiving other UK public funding for your doctorate, such as a Social Work or Educational Psychology bursary
• Your doctorate isn't eligible for NHS funding (if it is, you should apply for this instead)

PhD loans for Scottish and Northern Irish students

UK doctoral loans are currently only offered by Student Finance England and Student Finance Wales. You won't normally be eligible to apply for their support if you are resident in Scotland or Northern Ireland.

Student Finance Northern Ireland and Student Awards Agency Scotland may offer doctoral loans in the future. We'll let you know as soon as that happens.

PhD loans for EU students

You can apply for a UK doctoral loan as an EU student if:

• You began your PhD in the 2020-21 academic year or earlier
• You applied to the EU Settlement Scheme before 30 June 2021

EU students who are coming to study in the UK from 2021-22 onwards will count as international students (see below).

PhD loans for Irish students

Irish students can still apply for a UK PhD loan to study in either England or Wales. This right is guaranteed by the Common Travel Area and isn't affected by Brexit.

PhD loans for international students

International (non-UK) students aren't normally eligible for UK doctoral loans, but an exception may apply if:

• You have settled status in the UK
• You are an EU national and have applied to the UK's EU Settlement Scheme (see above)
• You are an Irish national (see above)
• You or a family member have been granted refugee status or humanitarian protection in the UK
• You are 18 or over and have lived in the UK for at least 20 years and / or half of your life

If you aren't sure whether you qualify for UK student finance, check advice from the UK Council for International Student Affairs (UKCISA) .

We've answered several questions about student eligibility for doctoral loans, covering residency criteria and more.

Where can I study?

If you are ordinarily resident in England or Wales before your course, you can use your PhD loan to study any UK PhD .

If you are ordinarily resident outside the UK, you can only use your PhD loan to study in England or Wales.

What if I have moved from England or Wales to another part of the UK for previous study?

You will still count as an English- or Welsh-resident student if you have studied your undergraduate degree or Masters in Scotland or Northern Ireland and want to continue straight on to a PhD. This means you will be able to apply for a doctoral loan.

What counts as being ordinarily resident in England or Wales?

To be eligible for a doctoral loan as a UK student you must be ordinarily resident in England or Wales. This means that you normally live in England or Wales and you haven’t moved there just to go to university.

You will normally count as being ordinarily resident in England or Wales if any or all of the following are true:

• You lived in England or Wales before you went to university for your Bachelors degree
• You received an undergraduate student loan from Student Finance England or Student Finance Wales
• You have lived and worked in England or Wales after graduating from university

Can I combine a PhD loan with a Research Council studentship?

No. Unfortunately you can't apply for a PhD loan if you're also receiving any form of Research Council funding from UKRI – including a 'fees-only' award.

Can I get a PhD loan now and apply for Research Council funding later?

Potentially. Some Research Council awards allow students to apply again for the second year of their PhD. Having had a PhD loan may not stop you doing this, provided you cancel it before receiving your Research Council funding.

Note that this still doesn't work the other way around: you can't apply for a PhD loan once you've been awarded Research Council funding.

Can I combine a doctoral loan with other PhD funding?

You can't combine a PhD loan with other funding from the UK Government, including Research Council studentships or Social Work, Educational Psychology or NHS bursaries. However, you can potentially top up your PhD loan with other PhD funding , including:

• A scholarship or bursary from your university
• A grant from a charity or trust
• One of our own FindAPhD scholarships

Are EU students still eligible for doctoral loans?

EU eligibility for UK student finance has changed following Brexit :

• All EU nationals can still apply for a doctoral loan for a PhD that began in the 2020-21 academic year
• EU nationals who applied to the EU Settlement Scheme before 31 December 2020 can also apply for a loan for a PhD that begins in 2021-22 or later
• EU nationals who are arriving in the UK after 1 January 2021 and beginning a PhD in the 2021-22 academic year will not normally be eligible for a doctoral loan

These criteria also apply to students from the EEA (Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein) and Switzerland.

Are doctoral loans available for international students?

Non-UK students aren’t normally eligible for UK student loans, unless they are Irish nationals or have applied to the EU Settlement Scheme.

Exceptions may apply if you have lived in the UK legally for a very long time, have been granted humanitarian protection or have refugee status.

For more information on UK fees and finance as a postgraduate student we recommend you check the resources produced by the UK Council for International Student Affairs (UKCISA) .

And, if you can't get a loan, you might still be eligible for other international PhD funding in the UK .

Are Irish students eligible for PhD loans?

Yes, Irish students are able to apply for UK doctoral loans as part of the Common Travel Area. You will need to be doing your PhD in either England or Wales.

How will my residency be checked?

You’ll be asked to provide at least three years’ address history during your postgraduate loan application. Student Finance England may query any details that might affect your eligibility.

What if I have stayed in another part of the UK to work after university?

Living and working in a different part of the UK means you aren’t just there to go to university. This can change your residency status.

For example:

• You live in Scotland but go to university in England. After graduating you settle and work in England. If you eventually decide to study a PhD, you will now count as being ordinarily resident in England and can apply for a doctoral loan, even though you were once resident in Scotland.

The same would be true for an English student who had lived and worked elsewhere in the UK after graduating – it's possible that this could mean you are no longer classed as English-resident for student loan purposes.

If you aren’t sure about your residency status, check with Student Finance England .

What if I have moved to England or Wales from another part of the UK for previous study?

Because you only moved to England or Wales to study, your residency status won’t have changed. You will still count as being ordinarily resident elsewhere in the UK and, unfortunately, won't currently be able to apply for the PhD loan.

Are PhD loans means-tested?

No. You can borrow the same amount regardless of your income, savings or credit rating.

The only exceptions concern outstanding arrears to the Student Loans Company (for repayments you were eligible to make, but didn't). However, you may be able to apply for a loan if you clear these.

Can I get a doctoral loan if I’ve lived outside the UK in the last three years?

In order to apply for a student loan as a UK citizen you must have lived in the UK for three years prior to your course. You can travel abroad for holidays or other periods of ‘temporary absence’ during this period, but you shouldn’t have become ordinarily resident in another country.

Will a PhD loan affect my benefits?

Potentially, yes. Because the loan is paid directly to you it may be regarded as a form of income by the Department for Work and Pensions. You should check this if you are concerned about your benefit entitlement with a PhD loan.

Can I also apply for Disabled Students' Allowance?

Yes. You can have a PhD loan and receive Disabled Students' Allowance (DSA) during your PhD.

Can I have a PhD loan as well as a postgraduate Masters loan?

You can apply for a postgraduate doctoral loan if you've previously had a postgraduate Masters loan . However, you can't be receiving them both at the same time (you'll need to finish your Masters before you begin your PhD).

Course eligibility

The PhD loan is available for all types of research doctorate, in any subject . This includes academic doctorates such as a PhD and DPhil, as well as professional doctorates such as a DBA (Doctor of Business Administration) or EdD (Doctor of Education) .

However, you can't get a doctoral loan for a PhD by publication (you must be funding a programme of research and / or study).

UK students can study at any UK university . Eligible students who normally live outside the UK can use the doctoral loan to study at any English or Welsh university.

You can study full time or part time provided your PhD lasts between 3 and 8 years . You will be able to choose from different course lengths when you apply. These will be set by your university based on the intended submission date for your thesis.

Your course must have started on or after August 2018.

Below you can find the answers to a selection of questions about PhD loan course eligibility.

Can I study my PhD part time?

The loans don't actually distinguish between full-time and part-time students. Your PhD can last between 3 and 8 years, however you study.

In practice, most UK universities will regard a 3-4 year PhD as 'full time' and a 6-8 year PhD as 'part time'. You will agree the exact length of your programme with your university.

Can I get a loan for a PhD by publication?

No. You can't apply for a loan if you're submitting a PhD by published work (based on a portfolio of research you've already completed). In this case there would be no new project or programme for the loan to pay for!

Can I get a loan if my doctorate begins as an MPhil?

Yes. You can still apply for a doctoral loan for a programme that initially registers students at MPhil level before upgrading them to PhD candidacy.

However, if you are only enrolling for an MPhil, you should apply for a Masters loan instead.

Can I get a loan for a doctorate by distance learning?

Yes, provided you are living in England or Wales (depending on which loan you are applying for) on the first day of the first academic year of your PhD and living in the UK for the entire course.

You can't get a PhD loan to study by distance learning and live outside the UK.

Can I apply for a loan for a PhD that includes a Masters degree?

Yes. You can still get a loan for a PhD that also awards a Masters degree, including an integrated doctorate or a '1+3' programme. However, you must be registering to graduate with the doctorate, not the Masters.

Can I apply for a loan to 'top up' an existing qualification to PhD level?

No. To be eligible for a loan your project or programme must be a complete doctorate, begun after 1 August 2018. You can't get a loan to extend or 'top up' and existing MPhil or other qualification.

Can I get a loan for a joint doctorate?

Yes, provided the UK university is the lead institution for your PhD and you spend at least 50% of your course in the UK.

Can I study at a private university?

In order to receive a doctoral loan you must be doing your PhD at a university with Research Degree Awarding Powers (RDAPs). Most established UK universities have these powers, but your institution should be able to confirm if you aren't sure.

Can I get a loan if I've previously begun a PhD, but not completed it?

Yes, provided you haven't earned a doctoral qualification and you are starting a completely new doctorate (not continuing or resuming your previous programme or project).

However, you can't normally apply for a second doctoral loan, even if your first loan was for an incomplete qualification. Exceptions may apply if you can demonstrate compelling personal reasons for exiting your first doctorate - Student Finance England will consider your case if so.

Can I get a loan to study a doctorate abroad?

You can't get a PhD loan to study your entire doctorate abroad. However, you can spend part of your degree outside the UK, provided this does not exceed 50% of your programme and your UK university is the lead institution awarding your PhD.

Can I get a PhD loan for a professional doctorate?

Yes. All types of doctorate are eligible for PhD loans, provided the qualification is awarded for a programme of work at a UK university.

Applications

PhD loan applications are now open for doctorates beginning in 2023-24 (or earlier).

Make sure you apply to the correct student finance provider. This will be:

• Student Finance England for English-resident students or Irish students coming to study in England
• Student Finance Wales for Welsh-resident students or Irish students coming to study in Wales

If you have an existing student finance account and Customer Reference Number (CRN) you should use this to apply for your PhD loan. The application system will also ask for details about your PhD (or other doctoral degree), residency status and how much you want to borrow.

The application deadline is fairly relaxed – you have to apply within nine months of the first day of the final academic year of your doctorate. Depending on when you start your PhD during the year, there are four possible ‘first days’, which you can see in the table below.

As an example, if you start a three-year PhD on 22 October 2023, you should apply for a doctoral loan before 31 May 2026.

Remember though, that applying later in your PhD could limit the maximum amount you can borrow (you can't receive more than £12,167 in a single academic year).

If you have any further questions about applying for a PhD loan, hopefully the FAQs below will cover them.

When can I apply for a PhD loan?

Applications for 2023-24 PhD loans opened in April 2023. You can apply online or by post (PDF).

Will I receive a loan whilst I'm 'writing up' my PhD?

Only if you are still ahead of your submission date. Your university may allow you extra time to finish writing up your thesis, but you won't receive any extra payments if you've already had your full loan by that point.

When will I receive my first instalment?

You'll receive the first payment for your PhD loan once you start your PhD and your university confirms that you have registered on your project or programme.

When will I stop receiving my loan?

Your payment schedule will be based on the intended submission date for your doctoral thesis, agreed with your university at the start of your degree.

Should I apply at the beginning of my course, or wait?

This is up to you and depends on your funding circumstances.

The PhD loan is meant to be flexible though: you could apply for a loan to help support you throughout your doctorate, or use it to bridge gaps between funding or replace income from a part-time job as you focus on the later stages of your project.

Do I have to reapply in each year of my PhD?

No. You only have to apply for a doctoral loan once.

Can I use an existing student finance account?

Yes. If you have already have an account with Student Finance England you must use it to apply for your doctoral loan.

Do I need to be accepted for a PhD before I apply for a loan?

No. You will need to state which university you intend to research your doctorate at (and how long for) but you don't need to prove you've been accepted before you can apply for a PhD loan. However, you will need to register for your PhD before you receive any actual loan payments (your university should confirm this for you).

Can I apply for a loan for a PhD I've already started?

You can apply after the beginning of a PhD, but it must have started after 1 August 2018.

Doctoral loan repayments are income contingent . You only repay your PhD loan when you are earning over £21,000 a year (£1,750 a month or £404 a week) and you only repay 6% of what you earn over that threshold.

You'll begin repayments in the first April after you leave your course or in the April four years after your PhD starts (whichever is sooner). This means that you can be eligible to start repaying the doctoral loan during your PhD, but only if you're earning enough.

How you repay depends on your employment status:

• If you are employed in the UK HMRC will automatically deduct repayments from your salary on behalf of the Student Loans Company. This will usually happen monthly.
• If you are self-employed you will need to make repayments to HMRC as part of your annual tax return.
• If you are working outside the UK you will need to make repayment arrangements with the Student Loans Company. You should do this before you leave the UK.
• If you are unemployed you won't make repayments. The same applies if you are ever earning less than £21,000 a year.

You may also need to repay other student loans along wth your PhD loan:

• PhD and Masters loan repayments are combined – you will make one repayment of 6% of your income over £21,000 towards a single postgraduate loan debt
• All postgraduate loan repayments are concurrent with those for undergraduate loans – you will repay 6% of your income over £21,000 towards your Masters and / or PhD loan and 9% of your income over £26,575 towards your undergraduate loan

Interest is charged on a PhD loan at the same rate as Masters loans: RPI (the Retail Prices Index) +3%. As of August 2023, the rate is 7.1%, but this changes every year.

Any remaining PhD loan debt (including interest) is cancelled after 30 years from the point at which you begin repayments.

We've answered a few more FAQs about PhD loan repayments below.

When do repayments begin?

You will become eligible to start repaying your doctoral loan on one of the following dates:

• 6 April after your PhD ends
• 6 April four years after you begin your PhD

Note that this is slightly difference to repayments for other student loans, which only ever begin after graduation.

It means you could begin repaying your loan whilst you're still studying for your doctorate (and potentially still receiving loan payments). However, you will only ever make repayments when you're earning over £21,000 a year.

Do repayments still begin after 4 years if I study part time?

Yes, regardless of how you study, you will become eligible to repay a PhD loan (providing you're earning enough) four years after your course begins or in the April after you graduate (whichever is sooner).

Could I have to make PhD loan repayments on my pension?

Potentially, yes. If the money you receive from a pension counts as income you will need to make student loan repayments on it (alongside other potential deductions such as income tax). It's a good idea to check this with your pension plan provider.

Welsh PhD loans

Wales offers its own PhD loan for Welsh-resident UK students. You can borrow up to £28,395 for a degree that begins in 2023-24.

Welsh PhD loans work the same way as English PhD loans. The only difference is that you should apply to Student Finance Wales, not Student Finance England.

Scotland and Northern Ireland don't offer a doctoral loan yet.

Still looking for a PhD?

Head over to our PhD course listings to find the latest opportunities from around the world.

Like hearing about postgraduate funding changes?

So do we it really helps when we're putting together our free weekly newsletter., you may also like....

Our detailed guides and blogs cover everything you need to know about PhD loan eligibility, applications, repayments and much more.

It's time to start applying for postgraduate student finance. Read some tips and advice from the experts at the Student Loans Company.

Have your funding applications been unsuccessful? This blog discusses what it's like to self fund with a UK doctoral loan, and what it might mean for your studies.

PhD loan applications are open! Our handy checklist will help ensure yours is simple and successful.

You can now apply for a PhD loan for 2022! Here are a few things to bear in mind before you start your application.

Don't get lost looking for PhD funding. This simple guide will help you prioritise your search.

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News and features

New phd to investigate mental health benefits of surfing.

A new University of Bristol PhD will study the relationship between surfing and mental wellbeing The Wave

Press release issued: 17 June 2024

A new University of Bristol PhD will study the relationship between surfing and mental wellbeing, after a new report found the sport boosts physical and mental health.

Released on International Surfing Day (15 th June), the UK Surfing and Health Report carried out by the University of Bristol in partnership with The Wave saw more than 1,300 people respond to the survey.

The report examines people’s motivations and barriers to surfing, how people spend on surfing, and how surfing impacts people's emotional, physical and mental wellbeing. The findings show a relationship between the frequency of surfing, positive physical health and mental wellbeing.

The survey found that surfing makes a significant contribution to the UK economy, with the average surfer spending more than £2,000 per year and more than 90 per cent of surf-related purchases made within the UK.

Coinciding with the report’s release, student Ariane Gerami has secured funding for a 4-year PhD, supported by The Wave, to further research the link between surfing and mental health. Ariane carried out a Masters’ thesis in 2022 that found that surfing can support better mental health.

The research was published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health and her PhD will build on these findings. She will work with The Wave to capture data from a wide range of different demographic groups to explore how and why surfing impacts mental wellbeing.

Surfing is one of the most popular activities participated in blue spaces, with recent statistics estimating there are 6.27 million people in the UK engaged in activities such as surfing, body surfing and kite surfing at least once in the past year (British Marine, 2021).

Dr Joey Murphy, Lecturer in Physical Activity and Public Health at the University of Bristol, who carried out the research said: “Surfing is an increasingly popular activity in the UK, with over 160 clubs, surf schools and groups in existence. This report highlights the range of reasons why people in the UK engage in surfing, as well as also highlighting the challenges faced to participation. The data clearly indicates that making surfing accessible to more people has the potential to support both population health and the UK Economy.”

Nick Hounsfield, Founder of The Wave, said: “The power of water and waves to make us feel better is at the heart of why The Wave exists. It is so important to us to support and further academic research in to surfing and health – particularly mental health.  This report, and crucially the PhD commencing this autumn, will add to the growing body of research in the area of ‘blue health’ - evidence that being in or near water has huge health benefits.”

Ariane Gerami, MSc. student at the University of Bristol added: “I’m delighted to have been awarded a University of Bristol Postgraduate Research Scholarship to enable my PhD. Being able to further the research I started with my Masters’ thesis is a dream come true. I can’t wait to work alongside The Wave to really get to the heart of how and why surfing impacts health and wellbeing."

The Wave and the University of Bristol will also be hosting the second Blue Mind Symposium in the autumn. This is a forum that brings together academics working in blue health and surf therapy research, along with grassroots organisations running programmes based on blue health principles. The aim being to encourage knowledge sharing and further collaboration.

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Leicester PhD student to play Glastonbury Festival

Jessie Reid has had her music played on Love Island and released her debut album whilst studying for her PhD (Credit: Jessie Reid)

A PhD student at University of Leicester will take to the stage at this year’s Glastonbury festival . 

Jessie Reid is a rising folk star who has been compared to the likes of Ben Howard, Lucy Rose and Nick Mulvey. She will play on the Acoustic Stage on Saturday, 29 June at 1pm. 

Originally from Shropshire, Jessie started making music at the age of 11. Before coming to University of Leicester, Jessie studied music, specialising in guitar

Jessie is about to complete a PhD in English at University of Leicester , specialising on the works of F. Scott Fitzgerald and Virginia Woolf, which she started during lockdown. 

Alongside her PhD, Jessie has released her debut album , amassed millions of streams on Spotify and had her music played on TV shows, including Love Island.

Talking about her studies, Jessie said: “Even though my PhD is a bit of a passion project for me, it can be quite isolating at times. Music and performing is kind of cathartic in that way. I think I have found a good balance.”

She said: “I am so excited to play at Glastonbury this year. I've always tried to get tickets but never succeeded, so to be asked to play on one of the biggest stages of the festival is amazing.

“The festival starts just over a week after my viva so it will be quite surreal to go from the library to playing Glasto!”

Professor Martin Halliwell , Director of Research for the School of Arts, Media and Communication  at University of Leicester and Jessie’s PhD supervisor said: “ Jessie is an amazing musical talent. She has a distinctive percussive guitar style and a voice that lingers with you long after a song has ended.

“Jessie’s 2022 EP  Other Hand  and recent single ‘ Let Your Love Run Cold ’ are essential listening. We are all very proud that Jess has been invited to play Glastonbury this year and are delighted that she is gaining the recognition she absolutely deserves.”

Jessie will also appear on the Acoustic Stage at Glastonbury on Sunday, 30 June alongside Chris Difford, Beth Nielsen Chapman, Guy Chambers and Sid Griffin. 

• Student achievement

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