Adult learning online education:
Adult learning online education:
Adult learning online education:
About the example: Boolean searches were conducted on November 4, 2019; result numbers may vary at a later date. No additional database limiters were set to further narrow search returns.
Database strategies for targeted search results.
Most databases include limiters, or additional parameters, you may use to strategically focus search results. EBSCO databases, such as Education Research Complete & Academic Search Complete provide options to:
Keep in mind that these tools are defined as limiters for a reason; adding them to a search will limit the number of results returned. This can be a double-edged sword. How?
Use limiters with care. When starting a search, consider opting out of limiters until the initial literature screening is complete. The second or third time through your research may be the ideal time to focus on specific time periods or material (scholarly vs newspaper).
Expanding your search term at the root.
Truncating is often referred to as 'wildcard' searching. Databases may have their own specific wildcard elements however, the most commonly used are the asterisk (*) or question mark (?). When used within your search. they will expand returned results.
Using the asterisk wildcard will return varied spellings of the truncated word. In the following example, the search term education was truncated after the letter "t."
Original Search | |
adult education | adult educat* |
Results included: educate, education, educator, educators'/educators, educating, & educational |
Explore these database help pages for additional information on crafting search terms.
Tips for saving research directly to Google drive.
It is possible to save articles (PDF and HTML) and abstracts in EBSCOhost databases directly to Google drive. Select the Google Drive icon, authenticate using a Google account, and an EBSCO folder will be created in your account. This is a great option for managing your research. If documenting your research in a Google Doc, consider linking the information to actual articles saved in drive.
EBSCOHost Databases & Google Drive: Managing your Research
This video features an overview of how to use Google Drive with EBSCO databases to help manage your research. It presents information for connecting an active Google account to EBSCO and steps needed to provide permission for EBSCO to manage a folder in Drive.
About the Video: Closed captioning is available, select CC from the video menu. If you need to review a specific area on the video, view on YouTube and expand the video description for access to topic time stamps. A video transcript is provided below.
What is a literature review.
A definition from the Online Dictionary for Library and Information Sciences .
A literature review is "a comprehensive survey of the works published in a particular field of study or line of research, usually over a specific period of time, in the form of an in-depth, critical bibliographic essay or annotated list in which attention is drawn to the most significant works" (Reitz, 2014).
A systemic review is "a literature review focused on a specific research question, which uses explicit methods to minimize bias in the identification, appraisal, selection, and synthesis of all the high-quality evidence pertinent to the question" (Reitz, 2014).
EBSCO Connect [Discovery and Search]. (2022). Searching with boolean operators. Retrieved May, 3, 2022 from https://connect.ebsco.com/s/?language=en_US
EBSCO Connect [Discover and Search]. (2022). Searching with wildcards and truncation symbols. Retrieved May 3, 2022; https://connect.ebsco.com/s/?language=en_US
Machi, L.A. & McEvoy, B.T. (2009). The literature review . Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press:
Reitz, J.M. (2014). Online dictionary for library and information science. ABC-CLIO, Libraries Unlimited . Retrieved from https://www.abc-clio.com/ODLIS/odlis_A.aspx
Ridley, D. (2008). The literature review: A step-by-step guide for students . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
Schedule an appointment.
Contact a librarian directly (email), or submit a request form. If you have worked with someone before, you can request them on the form.
Patricia Leavy Independent Scholar Kennebunk, ME, USA
The Oxford Handbook of Qualitative Research, second edition, presents a comprehensive retrospective and prospective review of the field of qualitative research. Original, accessible chapters written by interdisciplinary leaders in the field make this a critical reference work. Filled with robust examples from real-world research; ample discussion of the historical, theoretical, and methodological foundations of the field; and coverage of key issues including data collection, interpretation, representation, assessment, and teaching, this handbook aims to be a valuable text for students, professors, and researchers. This newly revised and expanded edition features up-to-date examples and topics, including seven new chapters on duoethnography, team research, writing ethnographically, creative approaches to writing, writing for performance, writing for the public, and teaching qualitative research.
Sign in with a library card.
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Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account.
Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Shibboleth/Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institution’s website and Oxford Academic.
If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institution’s website, please contact your librarian or administrator.
Enter your library card number to sign in. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian.
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Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. If you see ‘Sign in through society site’ in the sign in pane within a journal:
If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society.
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A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions.
Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members.
Click the account icon in the top right to:
Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian.
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October 2022 | 27 |
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October 2022 | 22 |
October 2022 | 38 |
October 2022 | 5 |
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October 2022 | 65 |
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January 2023 | 8 |
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January 2023 | 4 |
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January 2023 | 35 |
January 2023 | 36 |
January 2023 | 26 |
January 2023 | 17 |
January 2023 | 65 |
January 2023 | 9 |
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January 2023 | 26 |
January 2023 | 35 |
January 2023 | 213 |
January 2023 | 25 |
January 2023 | 31 |
January 2023 | 12 |
January 2023 | 27 |
January 2023 | 112 |
January 2023 | 150 |
January 2023 | 48 |
January 2023 | 192 |
February 2023 | 99 |
February 2023 | 27 |
February 2023 | 66 |
February 2023 | 126 |
February 2023 | 40 |
February 2023 | 51 |
February 2023 | 83 |
February 2023 | 293 |
February 2023 | 175 |
February 2023 | 9 |
February 2023 | 48 |
February 2023 | 105 |
February 2023 | 11 |
February 2023 | 35 |
February 2023 | 44 |
February 2023 | 35 |
February 2023 | 129 |
February 2023 | 9 |
February 2023 | 106 |
February 2023 | 87 |
February 2023 | 59 |
February 2023 | 93 |
February 2023 | 97 |
February 2023 | 45 |
February 2023 | 27 |
February 2023 | 60 |
February 2023 | 27 |
February 2023 | 42 |
February 2023 | 84 |
February 2023 | 87 |
February 2023 | 31 |
February 2023 | 56 |
February 2023 | 152 |
February 2023 | 28 |
February 2023 | 157 |
February 2023 | 45 |
February 2023 | 39 |
February 2023 | 11 |
February 2023 | 40 |
February 2023 | 7 |
February 2023 | 91 |
February 2023 | 239 |
February 2023 | 64 |
February 2023 | 103 |
February 2023 | 10 |
February 2023 | 35 |
February 2023 | 141 |
March 2023 | 85 |
March 2023 | 63 |
March 2023 | 36 |
March 2023 | 80 |
March 2023 | 21 |
March 2023 | 60 |
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March 2023 | 74 |
March 2023 | 84 |
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March 2023 | 111 |
March 2023 | 383 |
March 2023 | 51 |
March 2023 | 6 |
March 2023 | 19 |
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March 2023 | 46 |
March 2023 | 21 |
March 2023 | 80 |
March 2023 | 82 |
March 2023 | 9 |
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March 2023 | 108 |
March 2023 | 106 |
March 2023 | 28 |
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March 2023 | 51 |
March 2023 | 15 |
March 2023 | 40 |
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March 2023 | 12 |
March 2023 | 20 |
March 2023 | 81 |
March 2023 | 39 |
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March 2023 | 101 |
March 2023 | 43 |
March 2023 | 20 |
March 2023 | 214 |
March 2023 | 101 |
March 2023 | 26 |
March 2023 | 27 |
April 2023 | 65 |
April 2023 | 110 |
April 2023 | 18 |
April 2023 | 58 |
April 2023 | 173 |
April 2023 | 74 |
April 2023 | 126 |
April 2023 | 43 |
April 2023 | 393 |
April 2023 | 41 |
April 2023 | 82 |
April 2023 | 12 |
April 2023 | 53 |
April 2023 | 39 |
April 2023 | 30 |
April 2023 | 53 |
April 2023 | 2 |
April 2023 | 24 |
April 2023 | 22 |
April 2023 | 33 |
April 2023 | 8 |
April 2023 | 11 |
April 2023 | 33 |
April 2023 | 15 |
April 2023 | 37 |
April 2023 | 95 |
April 2023 | 29 |
April 2023 | 254 |
April 2023 | 124 |
April 2023 | 46 |
April 2023 | 18 |
April 2023 | 152 |
April 2023 | 101 |
April 2023 | 45 |
April 2023 | 24 |
April 2023 | 166 |
April 2023 | 94 |
April 2023 | 40 |
April 2023 | 7 |
April 2023 | 32 |
April 2023 | 29 |
April 2023 | 69 |
April 2023 | 31 |
April 2023 | 6 |
April 2023 | 16 |
April 2023 | 58 |
April 2023 | 93 |
May 2023 | 75 |
May 2023 | 93 |
May 2023 | 66 |
May 2023 | 14 |
May 2023 | 25 |
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May 2023 | 270 |
May 2023 | 9 |
May 2023 | 39 |
May 2023 | 18 |
May 2023 | 36 |
May 2023 | 32 |
May 2023 | 13 |
May 2023 | 68 |
May 2023 | 36 |
May 2023 | 180 |
May 2023 | 112 |
May 2023 | 58 |
May 2023 | 30 |
May 2023 | 60 |
May 2023 | 73 |
May 2023 | 34 |
May 2023 | 45 |
May 2023 | 38 |
May 2023 | 141 |
May 2023 | 13 |
May 2023 | 28 |
May 2023 | 26 |
May 2023 | 42 |
May 2023 | 7 |
May 2023 | 113 |
May 2023 | 109 |
May 2023 | 129 |
May 2023 | 22 |
May 2023 | 90 |
May 2023 | 27 |
May 2023 | 59 |
May 2023 | 139 |
May 2023 | 202 |
May 2023 | 51 |
May 2023 | 100 |
May 2023 | 68 |
May 2023 | 90 |
May 2023 | 324 |
May 2023 | 36 |
May 2023 | 8 |
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June 2023 | 42 |
June 2023 | 25 |
June 2023 | 87 |
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June 2023 | 108 |
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June 2023 | 42 |
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June 2023 | 27 |
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July 2023 | 17 |
July 2023 | 35 |
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July 2023 | 49 |
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July 2023 | 27 |
July 2023 | 5 |
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July 2023 | 9 |
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July 2023 | 80 |
July 2023 | 159 |
July 2023 | 18 |
July 2023 | 63 |
July 2023 | 14 |
August 2023 | 49 |
August 2023 | 27 |
August 2023 | 99 |
August 2023 | 52 |
August 2023 | 181 |
August 2023 | 49 |
August 2023 | 68 |
August 2023 | 127 |
August 2023 | 90 |
August 2023 | 223 |
August 2023 | 43 |
August 2023 | 7 |
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August 2023 | 26 |
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August 2023 | 39 |
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August 2023 | 45 |
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August 2023 | 148 |
August 2023 | 32 |
August 2023 | 10 |
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August 2023 | 36 |
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August 2023 | 65 |
August 2023 | 23 |
August 2023 | 77 |
August 2023 | 28 |
August 2023 | 79 |
August 2023 | 43 |
August 2023 | 22 |
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August 2023 | 80 |
August 2023 | 182 |
August 2023 | 59 |
August 2023 | 28 |
August 2023 | 41 |
August 2023 | 12 |
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October 2023 | 18 |
October 2023 | 12 |
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October 2023 | 102 |
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March 2024 | 9 |
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March 2024 | 8 |
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Methodology
Published on January 2, 2023 by Shona McCombes . Revised on September 11, 2023.
What is a literature review? A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources on a specific topic. It provides an overview of current knowledge, allowing you to identify relevant theories, methods, and gaps in the existing research that you can later apply to your paper, thesis, or dissertation topic .
There are five key steps to writing a literature review:
A good literature review doesn’t just summarize sources—it analyzes, synthesizes , and critically evaluates to give a clear picture of the state of knowledge on the subject.
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What is the purpose of a literature review, examples of literature reviews, step 1 – search for relevant literature, step 2 – evaluate and select sources, step 3 – identify themes, debates, and gaps, step 4 – outline your literature review’s structure, step 5 – write your literature review, free lecture slides, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions, introduction.
When you write a thesis , dissertation , or research paper , you will likely have to conduct a literature review to situate your research within existing knowledge. The literature review gives you a chance to:
Writing literature reviews is a particularly important skill if you want to apply for graduate school or pursue a career in research. We’ve written a step-by-step guide that you can follow below.
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Writing literature reviews can be quite challenging! A good starting point could be to look at some examples, depending on what kind of literature review you’d like to write.
You can also check out our templates with literature review examples and sample outlines at the links below.
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Before you begin searching for literature, you need a clearly defined topic .
If you are writing the literature review section of a dissertation or research paper, you will search for literature related to your research problem and questions .
Start by creating a list of keywords related to your research question. Include each of the key concepts or variables you’re interested in, and list any synonyms and related terms. You can add to this list as you discover new keywords in the process of your literature search.
Use your keywords to begin searching for sources. Some useful databases to search for journals and articles include:
You can also use boolean operators to help narrow down your search.
Make sure to read the abstract to find out whether an article is relevant to your question. When you find a useful book or article, you can check the bibliography to find other relevant sources.
You likely won’t be able to read absolutely everything that has been written on your topic, so it will be necessary to evaluate which sources are most relevant to your research question.
For each publication, ask yourself:
Make sure the sources you use are credible , and make sure you read any landmark studies and major theories in your field of research.
You can use our template to summarize and evaluate sources you’re thinking about using. Click on either button below to download.
As you read, you should also begin the writing process. Take notes that you can later incorporate into the text of your literature review.
It is important to keep track of your sources with citations to avoid plagiarism . It can be helpful to make an annotated bibliography , where you compile full citation information and write a paragraph of summary and analysis for each source. This helps you remember what you read and saves time later in the process.
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To begin organizing your literature review’s argument and structure, be sure you understand the connections and relationships between the sources you’ve read. Based on your reading and notes, you can look for:
This step will help you work out the structure of your literature review and (if applicable) show how your own research will contribute to existing knowledge.
There are various approaches to organizing the body of a literature review. Depending on the length of your literature review, you can combine several of these strategies (for example, your overall structure might be thematic, but each theme is discussed chronologically).
The simplest approach is to trace the development of the topic over time. However, if you choose this strategy, be careful to avoid simply listing and summarizing sources in order.
Try to analyze patterns, turning points and key debates that have shaped the direction of the field. Give your interpretation of how and why certain developments occurred.
If you have found some recurring central themes, you can organize your literature review into subsections that address different aspects of the topic.
For example, if you are reviewing literature about inequalities in migrant health outcomes, key themes might include healthcare policy, language barriers, cultural attitudes, legal status, and economic access.
If you draw your sources from different disciplines or fields that use a variety of research methods , you might want to compare the results and conclusions that emerge from different approaches. For example:
A literature review is often the foundation for a theoretical framework . You can use it to discuss various theories, models, and definitions of key concepts.
You might argue for the relevance of a specific theoretical approach, or combine various theoretical concepts to create a framework for your research.
Like any other academic text , your literature review should have an introduction , a main body, and a conclusion . What you include in each depends on the objective of your literature review.
The introduction should clearly establish the focus and purpose of the literature review.
Depending on the length of your literature review, you might want to divide the body into subsections. You can use a subheading for each theme, time period, or methodological approach.
As you write, you can follow these tips:
In the conclusion, you should summarize the key findings you have taken from the literature and emphasize their significance.
When you’ve finished writing and revising your literature review, don’t forget to proofread thoroughly before submitting. Not a language expert? Check out Scribbr’s professional proofreading services !
This article has been adapted into lecture slides that you can use to teach your students about writing a literature review.
Scribbr slides are free to use, customize, and distribute for educational purposes.
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If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.
Statistics
Research bias
A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources (such as books, journal articles, and theses) related to a specific topic or research question .
It is often written as part of a thesis, dissertation , or research paper , in order to situate your work in relation to existing knowledge.
There are several reasons to conduct a literature review at the beginning of a research project:
Writing the literature review shows your reader how your work relates to existing research and what new insights it will contribute.
The literature review usually comes near the beginning of your thesis or dissertation . After the introduction , it grounds your research in a scholarly field and leads directly to your theoretical framework or methodology .
A literature review is a survey of credible sources on a topic, often used in dissertations , theses, and research papers . Literature reviews give an overview of knowledge on a subject, helping you identify relevant theories and methods, as well as gaps in existing research. Literature reviews are set up similarly to other academic texts , with an introduction , a main body, and a conclusion .
An annotated bibliography is a list of source references that has a short description (called an annotation ) for each of the sources. It is often assigned as part of the research process for a paper .
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
McCombes, S. (2023, September 11). How to Write a Literature Review | Guide, Examples, & Templates. Scribbr. Retrieved September 30, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/literature-review/
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This guide explains the focus, rigor, and relevance of qualitative research, highlighting its role in dissecting complex social phenomena and providing in-depth, human-centered insights. The guide also examines the rationale for employing qualitative methods, underscoring their critical importance.
By integrating findings and perspectives from many empirical findings, a literature review can address research questions with a power that no single study has. It can also help to provide an overview of areas in which the research is disparate and interdisciplinary.
Given the nuance and complexity of qualitative research, this paper provides an accessible starting point from which novice researchers can begin their journey of learning about, designing, and conducting qualitative research.
This review aims to synthesize a published set of evaluative criteria for good qualitative research. The aim is to shed light on existing standards for assessing the rigor of qualitative research encompassing a range of epistemological and ontological standpoints.
Qualitative research can be defined as the study of the nature of phenomena and is especially appropriate for answering questions of why something is (not) observed, assessing complex multi-component interventions, and focussing on intervention improvement.
In The Literature Review: A Step-by-Step Guide for Students, Ridley presents that literature reviews serve several purposes (2008, p. 16-17). Included are the following points: Provide "supporting evidence for a practical problem or issue" that your research addresses. At this point in your literature review, take time to meet with a librarian.
This newly revised and expanded edition features up-to-date examples and topics, including seven new chapters on duoethnography, team research, writing ethnographically, creative approaches to writing, writing for performance, writing for the public, and teaching qualitative research.
Further, we outline the role that the following five qualitative data analysis techniques can play in the research synthesis: constant comparison analysis, domain analysis, taxonomic analysis, componential analysis, and theme analysis.
Qualitative research involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. It can be used to gather in-depth insights into a problem or generate new ideas for research.
Literature reviews give an overview of knowledge on a subject, helping you identify relevant theories and methods, as well as gaps in existing research. Literature reviews are set up similarly to other academic texts, with an introduction, a main body, and a conclusion.