argumentative essay topics on mental health

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100+ argumentative essay topics on mental health | example & outline, bob cardens.

• September 2, 2022
• Essay Topics and Ideas

Argumentative Essay Topics on Mental Health. Mental health is an important and often overlooked topic. In this article, we’ll explore some argumentative essay topics related to mental health .

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Argumentative Essay Topics about Mental Health

1. Is there a connection between mental health and physical health? 2. How does mental illness affect a person’s ability to function in society? 3. What are the most effective treatments for mental illness? 4. Are there any effective prevention strategies for mental illness? 5. What is the relationship between mental health and substance abuse? 6. How does poverty affect mental health? 7. What are the most common mental disorders? 8. What are the consequences of untreated mental illness? 9. What are the risk factors for developing mental illness? 10. How can mental illness be effectively diagnosed?

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Argumentative essay topics about depression

1. Depression is a real mental health condition.

2. Depression is more than just feeling sad.

3. Depression can lead to serious physical health problems.

4. Depression is treatable with medication and therapy.

5. People with depression can lead happy, fulfilling lives.

6. Untreated depression can be deadly.

7. Depression is often misunderstood and stigmatized.

8. Depression is not a sign of weakness or a character flaw.

9. Anyone can develop depression, even people who seem to have it all together.

10. There is no single cause of depression, but there are risk factors that can make someone more likely to develop the condition.

Argumentative Essay Topics on Mental Health. Mental health is an important and often overlooked topic. In this article, we’ll explore some argumentative essay topics related to mental health.

Argumentative essay about mental health in schools

1. Mental health should be taught in schools. 2. There should be more support for mental health in schools. 3. Mental health should be taken more seriously in schools. 4. Schools should do more to prevent mental health problems. 5. Schools should do more to help students with mental health problems. 6. Mental health problems are increasing in schools. 7. school counselors are not trained to deal with mental health issues 8. most school don’t have a mental health policy 9. lack of awareness about mental health among school staff 10. stigma and discrimination against mental health patients

Argumentative essay on mental health stigma

Argumentative essay topics about mental health can be very controversial and sensitive. However, there are many people who are open to discussing these topics and raising awareness about mental health. Here are twenty argumentative essay topics about mental health that you can use for your next essay.

1. How does society view mental health? 2. Do we need to break the stigma around mental health? 3. How can we better support those with mental health conditions? 4. What is the link between mental health and addiction? 5. How does trauma affect mental health? 6. What are the most effective treatments for mental health conditions? 7. Are there any natural remedies for mental health conditions? 8. How does diet affect mental health? 9. How does exercise affect mental health? 10. What is the link between sleep and mental health? 11. What are the warning signs of a mental health condition? 12. When should someone seek professional help for a mental health condition? 13. How can family and friends support someone with a mental health condition? 14. What are the most common myths about mental health? 15. How does stigma impact those with mental health conditions?

16. How can we destigmatize mental health? 17. What is the link between mental health and violence? 18. How does mental health affect overall health? 19. What are the most common mental health disorders? 20. What are the most effective treatments for mental health disorders?

Mental health debate topics for students

1. The definition of mental health 2. The different types of mental illness 3. The causes of mental illness 4. The treatments for mental illness 5. The side effects of mental illness 6. The impact of mental illness on society 7. The cost of mental health care 8. Mental health in the workplace 9. Mental health in the media 10. Stigma and discrimination against those with mental illness 11. The impact of trauma on mental health 12. Mental health during pregnancy and postpartum 13. Children’s mental health 14. Geriatric mental health 15. Global perspectives on mental health 16. Religion and mental health 17. Cultural competence in mental health care 18. Social media and mental health 19.Nutrition and mental health

20. Exercise and mental health

Expository essay topics about mental illness

1. How does mental illness affect one’s ability to work? 2. What are the most common types of mental illness? 3. How can mental illness be prevented? 4. What are the most effective treatments for mental illness? 5. How does mental illness impact relationships? 6. What are the financial costs of mental illness? 7. How does stigma affect those with mental illness? 8. What are the most common myths about mental illness? 9. How does mental illness differ from addiction? 10. What are the early warning signs of mental illness?

Debates about mental health

1. The definition of mental health is contested and argued by professionals in the field. 2. Some people argue that mental health is a social construction, while others believe that it is a real and valid medical condition. 3. Mental health is often stigmatized in society, and those who suffer from mental illness are often seen as weak or crazy. 4. Mental health is often viewed as something that can be cured, when in reality it is a lifelong battle for many people. 5. Mental illness is often seen as an individual responsibility to deal with, when in reality it affects not just the individual but also their families and loved ones. 6. It is often said that people with mental illness are not able to function in society, when in fact many people with mental illness are high-functioning individuals. 7. Mental health is often viewed as an all-or-nothing proposition, when in reality there is a spectrum of mental health conditions that range from mild to severe. 8. People with mental illness are often treated differently than other people, and they are often discriminated against. 9. There is a lot of misinformation about mental health, and this leads tomisunderstanding and fear. 10. Mental health is a complex issue, and there is no one-size-fits-all solution to addressing it.

Persuasive topics related to mental health

1. The link between mental health and physical health. 2. The benefits of therapy and counseling. 3. The importance of early intervention for mental health issues. 4. The impact of trauma on mental health. 5. The correlation between mental health and substance abuse. 6. The connection between mental health and chronic illness. 7. The relationship between mental health and chronic pain. 8. Mental health in the workplace. 9. Mental health in the military. 10. Mental health in schools. 11. Children’s mental health issues. 12. Teens and mental health issues. 13. Elderly mental health issues. 14. Cultural issues and mental health. 15. Religion and mental health. 16. The stigma of mental illness. 17. Mental health awareness and education. 18. Mental health advocacy. 19. Funding for mental health services. 20. Access to mental health care.

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Mental health essay topics

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Introduction

Mental health, a subject once cloaked in stigma, has become a prominent topic of discussion in recent years. The growing awareness around it offers a fertile ground for delving deep into various facets through argumentative essays. Such essays not only enhance the understanding of the subject but also provide a platform to present differing viewpoints.

Argumentative Essay Topics about Mental Health

When considering mental health, there are numerous areas ripe for exploration and debate. From discussing the efficacy of therapy methods to the societal implications of mental health stigma, the breadth of potential subjects is vast.

What Is an Argumentative Essay?

An argumentative essay is designed to present a particular point of view on a topic, backed by evidence and research. It aims to persuade the reader to consider this viewpoint or at least acknowledge its validity. The hallmark of a compelling argumentative essay is the balanced presentation of opposing sides, with a clear stance taken on the matter.

Top 30 Mental Illness Essay Topics

• Societal Stigma: How society perceives and reacts to mental health.
• Modern Lifestyles: Are our current ways of living exacerbating mental health issues?
• Therapy vs. Medication: The ongoing debate on which is more effective and in what scenarios.
• Genetic Influences: The hereditary aspects of mental health disorders.
• Mental Health Education: Is our current educational system doing enough to educate students?
• Workplace Stress: The growing concerns of professional pressures and their mental impacts.
• Physical and Mental Connection: How intertwined are our physical health and mental well-being?
• Social Media Impact: The psychological implications of the digital age.
• Isolation Effects: The long-term mental repercussions of being isolated.
• Childhood Influences: How upbringing shapes our mental health.
• Alternative Therapies: The efficacy of non-traditional treatments.
• Global Mental Health: How different cultures perceive and address mental health.
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health: The dual-edged sword of addiction and mental disorders.
• Trauma and Its Aftermath: The long shadow cast by traumatic events.
• Economic Strain: The mental toll of financial hardships.
• Body Image Issues: The societal pressures and their psychological impacts.
• Mental Health in the Elderly: Often overlooked but vital topic.
• Neurodiversity: Understanding conditions like autism and ADHD beyond stigmas.
• LGBTQ+ Community and Mental Health: The unique challenges faced.
• Role of Art and Music: Therapeutic effects of creative expressions.
• Mental Health Policies: Are governments doing enough?
• Prevention vs. Treatment: The debate on which is more crucial.
• Mental Health in Athletes: The pressures of professional sports and its mental toll.
• Postpartum Depression: Shining light on this critical maternal issue.
• Child and Adolescent Mental Health: Early interventions and importance.
• Role of Communities: Building supportive spaces for mental well-being.
• War and Mental Health: The overlooked victims of global conflicts.
• Urbanization and Mental Strains: The hidden costs of city living.
• Self-care and Mindfulness: Modern tools for mental tranquility.
• Mental Health Misinformation: The dangers of myths and misunderstandings.

Each of these topics offers a rich vein of information and perspectives, making them ideal for deep-diving into the vast and complex realm of mental health in an argumentative essay.

Tips on Writing an Argumentative Essay on Mental Health

• Research Thoroughly: Ensure you understand the topic and have sufficient evidence to support your arguments.
• Acknowledge Counterarguments: A balanced essay considers opposing viewpoints, refuting them with solid evidence.
• Maintain Clarity: Each paragraph should have a clear point and contribute to your argument.
• Stay Objective: While you take a stance, avoid overly emotional language. Stick to facts and logical reasoning.
• Conclude Strongly: Summarize your main points and reaffirm your stance in the conclusion.

Mental health, with its multifaceted implications and vast scope, is an excellent subject for argumentative essays. Crafting such an essay requires a blend of research, understanding, and the ability to present arguments compellingly. By choosing relevant topics and following structured writing tips, one can contribute meaningful discourse to the ever-evolving conversation around mental health.

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50+ Mental Health Argumentative Essay Topics

If you were assigned to compose an argumentative essay about mental health, you should know that this task might be challenging. Researching and writing about this delicate topic is not easy for an inexperienced author. Writers of our paper writing service can handle all of mental health argumentative essay topics so you can appeal to them in case you have difficulties.

Mental health has been a taboo subject for a very long time. In the twentieth century, it wasn’t okay to visit a psychologist unless you had some kind of severe problem. People (especially men) were taught to hide their feelings and bottle up anger, anxiety, or grief.

The consequences were harsh: domestic violence, addictions, and even suicide. Of course, these problems haven’t totally disappeared, but nowadays a person can visit a psychologist regularly and have a skilled assistant in a battle with inner demons. Finally, it’s okay to talk about how you feel openly without fear of being ashamed.

We’ve gathered an impressive list of mental health argumentative essay topics for 2022 that you’re welcome to dwell on:

11 mental disorder argumentative essay topics

Mental disorders have been studied for many years, and we still know so little about them. The human brain is so complex that scientists can’t figure it out completely. Our physical bodies are quite fragile in comparison to the ones of wild animals, but our minds can be broken even by one person or one tragic event. If you’re interested in the topic of mental disorders, the following list will be of use for you:

• Can a mental disorder justify any crime?
• Should hiding of mental disorder be considered a crime?
• Can depression be a reason for dismissal?
• Should mental disorders be studied within the school program?
• Should social media addiction be considered a mental disorder?
• Are artists more likely to have a mental disorder than people from non-creative domains?
• Is there a connection between creativity and mental disorders?
• Should individuals with PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) work with people?
• Are mental disorders romanticized in modern culture?
• Should treatment of mental disorders with psychotropic drugs be legal?
• Should people with mental disorders get help from the government?

14 argumentative essay topics about mental healthcare

Taking care of our inner state is no less important than taking care of our skin, hair, and body. Unfortunately, we often forget about the mental element of our health and treat ourselves like our mind is made of titanium. To learn more about mental healthcare, take a look at the topics below:

• Is meditation an effective way to improve mental health?
• Can bad nutrition be a cause of the mental disorder?
• Is mental health more important than physical health?
• Does social media help or hurt our mental health?
• Can getting a pet improve one’s mental health?
• What is the most efficient technique to support your mental health?
• Is having a hobby good for mental health?
• Does yoga help with mental health problems?
• Is living in a big city bad for your mental health?
• Should children study self-care practices at school?
• Does obesity have any impact on mental health?
• Can sports activity help with mental health issues?
• Is art therapy an efficient treatment for mental disorders?
• Is there a direct connection between physical and mental health?

10 children’s mental health argumentative essay topics

Adults often don’t take the mental problems that children may face seriously. Their anxiety, mood swings, and nervousness are frequently explained by puberty and hormones, and no one tries to discover the real reason behind these alarming symptoms.

The mind and feelings of a child are as complex as those of an adult person. Their mental health should be monitored constantly along with their physical state. Check out the list of the essay topics about children’s mental health, and one of them may become the subject of your research:

• Can divorce have a positive effect on a child’s mental health?
• Can kindergartners suffer from mental disorders?
• Can bullying be a reason for a mental disorder in children and young people?
• Is the school educational system bad or good for children's mental health?
• Should women with severe mental disorders be allowed to give birth?
• Can the root of all mental problems really be found in the person’s childhood?
• Are adopted children more likely to have problems with mental health than children who are raised by their birth parents?
• Do video games have a harmful effect on children's mental health?
• Should children's mental health issues be treated the same way as those of adults?
• Can peer pressure become a reason for mental disorders in children?

16 argumentative essay topics on psychology

If the topics about mental health are too complex or delicate for you, check more general topics on psychology that we’ve prepared.

• Do psychologists have to consult their own psychologists?
• Can loneliness be a cause of psychological issues?
• Can social media be a source of stress and anxiety?
• Is a healthy relationship possible between two psychologically unstable people?
• Can addiction to a person be confused with love?
• Can people solve their psychological issues without help or should we always ask professionals for assistance?
• Is working as a psychologist easier than working as a surgeon?
• Do children raised by parents who work as psychologists have fewer psychological problems?
• Are teenagers more likely to have depression than adults?
• Does a lack of sleep have a negative effect on our mental state?
• Can people with different psychological temperaments be friends?
• Should psychology be studied in the lower grades?
• Does eating food affect our mood?
• What is the best parenting style?
• Do our dreams represent our mental state?
• Does a routine job have a bad effect on our brain?

That’s all for now! We hope that at least one of our mental health argumentative essay topics has caught your eye, and you’ll do thorough research. In case our topics are good enough to interest you, but not good enough to make you write an essay on your own - you’re always welcome to place an order for an essay sample at SuperiorPapers. Any of our writers will be glad to assist you!

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311 Powerful Mental Health Topics to Write about & Essay Examples

Research studies show that nearly 25% of American adults may have a mental illness in any given year. That is why it is crucial for all of us to become aware of such issues.

We gathered 225 brilliant essay topics about mental health, paper examples and ideas that would fit for any kind of essay: argumentative, persuasive, discursive, and so on. So…

Let’s dive in!

🏆 Best Mental Health Topic Ideas & Paper Examples

👍 good essay topics about mental health, 💡 simple & easy mental health essay topics, 🎓 most interesting mental health topics to write about, 🔎 interesting topics to write about mental health, ✍️ mental health essay topics for college, ❓ research questions about mental health.

• A Mental Health Project This project will use a strength-based model, and as such, will focus on how the guidance and counseling practitioners can assist the target young people to collaborate with their peers, families, and the community with […]
• Mental Health Counseling Admission Essay The decision to apply for the clinical counseling in mental health program was mainly influenced by an internship that I had at the Carter Center of Mental Health.
• The Impact of Mental Health on Society It is not to say that mental health patients lack the skills or expertise to fulfill the assigned tasks. Indeed, it is not only the individuals but also society on the whole that suffers from […]
• Mental Health Practice Placement However, many people believe that the theory does not offer or is not a reflection of the prevalent actions and complexity of the mental health problems in a population.
• Importance of Mental Health Promotion in Society Mental health is an integral part of health which serves as the foundation for the well-being and effective functioning for a person and society.
• Therapy and Mental Health Counseling: Speech The scholars emphasize that, unlike medications, therapy is a journey that requires awareness and acceptance of the change to heal from stress and trauma.
• Mental Health Counseling Licensure and Certification in Florida The purpose of this paper is to analyze and compare the requirements and provisions for mental health counseling licensure and certification in Florida and discuss their impact on the public.
• Social Media and Teenagers’ Mental Health This book highlights the impact of social media on adolescent mental health and offers several solutions to this problem. 1, 2020, pp.
• Interview With a Licensed Mental Health Counselor The interviewee acknowledged that burnout is a normal part of practice and anybody planning to become a licensed mental health counselor should be prepared to face burnout and deal with it in a manner that […]
• Mental Health Issues in the Wednesday Series The main essence of the plot is that the eldest child of the Addams family, a girl named Wednesday, is gloomy and gloomy.
• How Social Class Influences Mental Health After a thorough evaluation of class differences in mental health, it becomes clearer that people from the working classes face more problems with mental health in comparison to people from the middle class: downward drift, […]
• Institutional vs. Community Care in Mental Health A review article by Wysocki et al.”Long-term services and supports for older adults: A review of home and community-based services versus institutional care is focused on the analysis of institutional care as opposed to home […]
• Mental Health and Spirituality How religion helps to define life purpose and provides a sense of meaning among people who are susceptible to depression Many religious people affirm that their lives have a sense of purpose and meaning.
• Debunking the Myths on Homelessness: Misconceptions About the Social Status and Mental Health The point of concern is that the housing market, particularly in the United States, does not have enough low-cost living space that is affordable to the economical marginals and people with low income.
• A Mental Health Nurse Practitioner Specialty Since the goal of obtaining a degree and moving toward the role of APRN prompted me to study in the MSN program, the primary choice was the specialty.
• Phones and Teenagers’ Mental Health Connection This essay aims to discuss the connection between phones and teenagers’ mental health and explain why the use of smartphones is merely a reflection of problems that children would face either way.
• Psychological Imbalance: Mental Health Issues According to Moulden and Marshall, psychological imbalances are the major cause of the increased number of inmates with sexual offenses within Canadian prisons.
• The Impact of Mindset on Mental Health A positive stress mindset is about resilience to stress, and it is an attribute linked to the levels of desire that defines the focus of one’s enthusiasm and will. The knowledge of a self-awareness mindset […]
• School-Based Yoga Program for Adolescents’ Mental Health The central aim of the research was to find the effectiveness of the therapeutic intervention. The central focus of the research was to validate the effectiveness of a yoga-based program.
• Wellness: An Analysis of Mental Health The complex nature of mental health calls for a humanities approach to enable conceptualization of the mind and brain for improved mental health care and human well-being.
• Mental Health Nursing Practice and Ethical Issues The purpose of the presented case and analysis is to evaluate the ethical aspects of providing care to a patient in a psychiatric ward.
• Mental Health in Sex Workers There are financial needs that make the sex work industry one of the “to-go” choices for young adults in need of money.
• Self-Care: Physical and Mental Health Also, there is a variety of approaches that can be used to improve self-care, and it is essential to introduce the client to all of them.
• Nursing Care Plan for Mental Health Unilateral neglect Impaired environmental interpretation syndrome Acute confusion Chronic confusion Ineffective impulse control Impaired memory Impaired verbal communication Hopelessness Risk for compromised human dignity
• Prisons as Mental Health Institutions The following list contains the group’s goals: Identification of the cause of unfavorable circumstances; Resolution of legal disputes regarding the perpetrators; Help the victim to improve their living conditions; Achieving the payment of a fine […]
• Marijuana and Its Effects on Mental Health The effects of the use of marijuana can be comparable to those exhibited by the removal of this important part of the brain.
• Mental Health Care in Cannabis Addiction Case Based on the experience of studying the stories of juvenile delinquents, Bowlby revealed the influence of early separation from the mother and the experiences of loss and separation associated with it on the violation of […]
• Social Media and Mental Health The connection between the positivity of a message and its reception in social media is a crucial piece of information that needs to be incorporated into the current approach toward increasing the levels of public […]
• Mental Health Community Nursing Mental health in the community is the pattern of mental health care in a particular community. The beginning of the twentieth century was favorable for the development of mental health centers as this was the […]
• Mental Health of Healthcare Workers After COVID-19 Concerning the objectives of Healthy People 2020, the examined topic is related to the category of Mental Health and Mental Disorders.
• Mental Health Administration With the increased number of cases, the government opted to have a policy that would see the proper administration of the condition; this lead to the formation of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services […]
• Recent Studies on Covid-19 and Mental Health The participants of the studies that pursue the understanding of how COVID-19 leads to the emergence of mental stress reported their concerns about the potential infection that has not yet happened.
• Mental Health and Wellness in Aging Population This research proposal will examine the aspects of wellness with regards to the dimensions of mental health and among the aged.
• Mental Health Nursing Skills in Practice I found the nurse’s skills to be effective, as she maintained the conversation clearly and did not emphasize the fact that it was an experiment, which allowed the client to remain calm. A patient had […]
• Mental Health: Research Methodologies Issues The study used soldiers as the focus of a study with the stressors of military life and the use of the Master Resilience Training course as the conditions considered.
• Mental Health Issues Among LGBTQ (Queer) Youth Studies point to multiple factors that play a role in the risk of suicide among LGBTQ youth, such as gender, socioeconomic status, bullying, and school experience. There is a need for further research and interventions […]
• Strategies for Maintaining Good Mental Health Today, I want to inform you about mental health, including its definition, importance during different stages of development, and strategies for maintaining good mental health.
• The Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Health Workers’ Mental Health The article “The mental health impact of the covid-19 pandemic on healthcare workers, and interventions to help them: A rapid systematic review” gives examples of specific means to overcome the occupation problem.
• Meditation’s Impact on Physical and Mental Health It is a dependent variable, as it has been assessed before the assignments for the groups, after said assignment, and four months later to define the outcome of the study.
• Mental Health and Illness Stigmatization Manifestations She was unable to contain her sobbing and trembling as a direct result of the symptoms of her mental illness, which included her anxiety about being judged and rejected. The diagnosis was unexpected and challenging […]
• Empowering the Care for Mental Health: Strategic Suggestions In addition, there is the issue of correctness and completeness of information about available resources, which is essential because of the sparse and heterogeneous nature of the industry.
• Narrative Family Therapy: Adolescent Mental Health In the Video, the primary contributors are the couple and the narrative therapist. The narrative therapist tries first to comprehend the viewpoint of a patient on their lives and the dominant plot and changes that […]
• Aspects of the Mental Health Essentials Reg maintains a cordial relationship with his ex-wife, who is consistently concerned about his state of health and well-being, which is one of the protective factors relevant to Reg.
• Mental Health Diseases in the Middle Ages and Today In the Middle Ages, the manner in which the conditions were addressed varied depending on the philosophical and religious beliefs of the patient as well as the caregiver.
• Mental Health Nurse’s Communication With Patients and Families To conclude, communicating with patients, carers, and families as a mental health nurse demands considering the needs of each individual. On the one hand, MHNs must be active, empathetic listeners with patients and their loved […]
• Mindfulness’ Role in Mental Health Promotion With the incorporation of mindfulness into therapy, one will be able to reduce stress by promoting active health education and learning to a patient.
• Social Distancing, Financial Crisis and Mental Health The lockdown leads to the inability of people to go to the hospital for mental health consultation and treatment due to the anti-COVID measures. It is possible to talk about the spread of mental health […]
• Mental Health Interventions for Police Officers The expected outcome of this study is a generalized classification of existing mental health interventions available for the police workforce and their assessment in terms of efficiency.
• Multicultural Community Mental Health Center In addition, acculturation enhances daily organization activities favourable to clients and the workplace, which promotes the achievement of the center’s goals. A trusted relationship leads to satisfaction for both the employee and the clients, which […]
• Head Injuries and Related Mental Health Issues A mental health professional examining a patient with a head injury may encounter a wide range of symptoms that are difficult to pin down.
• Effect of Job Satisfaction on Early Childhood Educators’ Mental Health in Canada The rationale for this research is that early childhood educators are frequent targets of violence and abuse in the workplace, which can impact their mental health.
• Advocacy Programs to Address Disparities in Mental Health and Addiction Management Due to the absence of coverage offered by state Medicaid programs, the problem with the community’s overall health likely resides in a population segment that is unable to receive care, especially individuals with mental health […]
• How a Mental Health Nurse Role Supports Interprofessional Practice A collaboration between medical doctors, therapists, nurses, and pharmacists to implement a personalized plan of care to improve the health outcomes of a patient is an example of interprofessional practice, Within the interprofessional practice, mental […]
• Mental Health Issues in the COVID-19 Pandemic The governments focused their response on the physical health of their citizens and containing the spread of the virus. In other words, the first step of the action plan is to find or establish the […]
• Mental Health Management in Indigenous People For this reason, the concept of tribal mental health must be actively introduced into the relevant healthcare practices and the associated health policies.
• Addressing Mental Health Inequities: A Focus on LGBTQ Communities The main bioethical principles of organ transplantation that should be considered are beneficence – to act for the benefit of a patient, non-maleficence – not to harm, autonomy respect for a person’s choice, justice fairness, […]
• Mental Health and Well-Being of Canadian Police Officers As found in the study by Tehrani, most police officers that worked during the pandemic have been emotionally affected by it, with the lowest indicators of mental health being strongly related to anxiety and depression […]
• Understanding Mental Health: A Personal Journey and Its Impact The main impact of mental health is that, when it is not well taken care of, it could lead to depression.
• Field Practicum in Mental Health Social Work The case is a mental illness diagnosis and treatment procedure for a client with a history of mental illness who is currently showing more clinical symptoms diagnosable using reliable diagnostic manuals as described in the […]
• COVID-19 Impact on Uber Drivers’ Mental Health Although a lot of research has focused on the working conditions of Uber drivers and other individuals characterised as working in the gig economy, and further studies still have considered the financial impact of the […]
• Nursing Burnout in the Mental Health Field Therefore, burnout in the mental health field is a major problem because it has a high prevalence and affects the service delivery of employees in the mental health field.
• Subjective Well-Being (SWB): Mental Health and Life Satisfaction Also recognized as self-reported Well-being Introduced by Ed Diener, a psychologist in 1984 Components entails: Positive Affect Life Satisfaction Negative Affect Physical health is influenced by the satisfaction of life and enjoyment of life
• Abortion and Mental Health as Controversial Issues There have been issues related to the use of face masks and the number of cases of infected people. The topic of autism is a huge controversy due to denial or a lack of awareness.
• Factors That Impact Mental Health The purpose of this paper is to identify factors that impact the individual’s mental health and well-being, possible approaches that could be used to address the issues and provide a strategy involving all resources available […]
• Code of Ethics in Clinical Mental Health Counseling For instance, the ACA’s ethical values involve upholding human development by using the multicultural method to support the potential, worth, and dignity of people in their cultural and social settings.
• The Impacts of Mental Health Among Nurses Therefore, it is essential to research the impacts of the mental health of nurses on their practice to ensure what methods can effectively improve the well-being of healthcare professionals.
• Mental Health Improvement Applications A vision problem in and of itself causes anxiety for many people, and the lack of adapted apps continues to be a problem.
• Refugee Mental Health & Transcultural Psychiatry Because of this, many refugees have resorted to seeking refugee camp mental health services to cope with their situation in a new country and feel less stress.
• Mental Health of Crime Offenders The research was created with the idea that women have a significant role in promoting global health because of the importance of their health. According to the findings, life skills training programs improved women’s mental […]
• Mental Health Equity for Queer (LGBTQ) People My support for mental health equity in the LGBTQ community as a clinical mental health counselor will require my understanding of cultural competency and how to can use it in practice.
• Mental Health in School-Age Children In contrast to the response to drug or placebo, a large group of patients is difficult to treat or do not respond to treatment.
• Erectile Disorder and Mental Health The sexual dysfunction from the DSM-5 is an erectile disorder is 302.72. I entirely agree that lifestyle change, exceptionally tailored physical activity, is an essential aspect of the therapy of erectile dysfunction and should be […]
• HIV-Positive Women’s Mental Health Problems Peer review implies the submission of the article describing the details of the research process and the design to a journal that then sends this article to the professionals working in the same field, who […]
• Children’s Mental Health During COVID-19 Pandemic The following questions can shed light on this topic: What creative interventions can schools implement to avoid harming their students’ mental well-being over prolonged periods of external pressure, such as during a pandemic?
• United Nations Policy Brief on Mental Health Recovery After COVID-19 Therefore, the lack of mental health support centers and poor financing are not the only reasons for the problem, as the brief’s authors suggest.
• Nursing Profession: Mental Health Issues, Shortages, and Lack of Diversity It is necessary to determine whether the limitations in access to nursing education and training, as well as discriminatory environments, result in the absence of diversity in the nursing workforce.
• Considerations and Benefits of Herbal Medicine in Mental Health Treatment However, when prescribing herbal medicine, regardless of its type, it is imperative that the patient is assessed for the risk factors of its use and the potential interactions with other medication.
• Hospital Staff Mental Health During the Pandemic The second theme that was discussed in many of the studies reviewed is the variety of factors that were involved in this issue, worsening the conditions of the health workers.
• Mental Health Services Access for Veterans Given the extreme intensity of the job that veterans have performed as well as the variety of adverse effects that follow from it, ensuring improved outcomes in the area of mental health for them is […]
• Cats and Their Role in Mental Health Support Using this research design, it would be possible to determine whether cats or dogs are better as therapy animals, in addition to identifying the role of felines in mental health support.
• Mental Health of Physicians During the Pandemic It is obvious that the situation of constant tension in which the doctors were during the period of COVID-19 is extreme and actually a crisis.
• Ethics of Access to Sensitive Mental Health Data Not all clients wish to share the details of their mental issues and treatments with families or inmates, but their password storage practices might run counter to this need for security.
• Access to Mental Health Treatment in Peru The researcher looked through the lens of those within the community, those living in more rural areas, and the suburbs of the Capital of Lima.
• Tests in Mental Health Nursing Research This paper seeks to discuss the uses of non-parametric tests in the assigned articles and explore the issue of test selection with reference to mental health nursing research.
• Consumer Information on Mental Health Considering the specifics of the inpatient facility, online health information-seeking is more common in patients’ relatives that visit them and communicate with the staff.
• The Principles of Education in Mental Health Thus, the image of leaner may be represented as a sophisticated combination of mental and cognitive processes that are to be recognized and accounted for in the process of learning.
• Cooper Mental Health Counseling Advertising The goal of the campaign will be to attract the maximum number of clients to the psychological counseling clinic. The call to action in the case of this advertising campaign will be a call to […]
• Neuroscience on Mental Health Issues Over the years, a significant source of concerns regarding neurogenesis touches on scientists’ inability to quantify the number of neurons generated by the adult’s brain in a day. However, investigations on neurogenesis in the hippocampus […]
• Managing Mental Health Medications for Depression and its Ethical Contradiction The second objective is to discover ethical contradictions in such treatment for people of various cultures and how different people perceive the disorder and react to the medication.
• Mental Health Conditions: Manifestations and Biases On my side, I hold to the bias that mental health conditions can only receive medication for it to be restored to normal.
• Preliminary Care Coordination Plan for Mental Health As the shift from hospital care to community-based one has occurred, it is first important to engage the patients in these communities and breach the gap of the lack of information.
• Benefits of Mindfulness Meditation for Mental Health At the age of 10, Maria was raped, and after that, the patient began to engage in prostitution to help her family financially since her mother and grandmother could not support everyone.
• Nurses’ Mental Health and Stress at Workplace This is the first research to present the viewpoints of mental health nurses on a resilience program. Theoretical ideas of resilience and understanding of mental health nurses’ resilience emerged through constant comparative study and integration […]
• The Impact of Coronavirus Pandemic on Teens’ Mental Health The study of the impact of the global pandemic on the mental state of adolescents and ways to combat them is of particular interest for this research paper.
• Cultural and Ethical Perspectives of Nurse Mental Health As a result, the given subject involves specific cultural and ethical perspectives and analysis of these perspectives is vital to analyze and implement policies as well as see the overall trend of the issue.
• Mental Health Treatment Analysis For the pharmacological treatment to control PTSD, the recent symptomatology experienced, comorbid conditions, and evidence of the efficiency of treatments before medication initiation are the factors that a clinician has to consider.
• The Problem of Mental Health in Florida The health of children is one of the major concerns of the healthcare sector as they are the future of the nation.
• Administration Errors in a Mental Health Hospital The selection of a representative group from the population of interest is among the prerequisites for the production of reliable and generalizable results.
• Mental Health and Its Social Determinants The article chosen for the analysis strives to explore the correlation between the social determinants and the development of mental illnesses in people in different stages of their lives.
• Discussion of Nurses’ Mental Health Issues This is explained by the high complexity and demands of work, which is exacerbated by the increase in responsibility and the number of patients due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
• “Parental Characteristics and Offspring Mental Health” by Jami The title of the article is “Parental characteristics and offspring mental health and related outcomes: A systematic review of genetically informative literature”.
• Effects of Tension in the Workplace Environment on the Mental Health of Nurses Due to the sharp increase in the need to focus, as well as the probability of workplace conflicts and the resulting emotional strain, workplace tensions in the nursing setting, specifically in nurses providing individual care, […]
• Gender Expectations: Impact on Mental Health Such feelings may be overwhelming, resulting in emotional distress and causing the individuals to attempt suicide to end the anguish. Alcohol and substance abuse may be the leading causes of suicide in Australia.
• Mental Health Issues Among Immigrants The prevalence of issues associated with CBT and the treatment of frequently occurring issues among first-generation immigrants, which include anxiety, conduct, and ADHD disorders, is currently uncertain due to the lack of experimental and academic […]
• Improving the Mental Health System The problem has brought attention to the WHO as well as the nursing arena to implement strategies to address the unmet needs in mental care, especially in the United States metropolitan areas.
• Social Media Damages Teenagers’ Mental Health Thus, the selected social group that could help improve teenagers’ mental health is sports coaches and organizers of sports activities in schools.
• Super Bowl LVI From Mental Health Perspective While individuals may never grasp entirely why they feel compelled to yell and shout from the stands, sports like the Super Bowl can be helpful for mental health in the context of leisure and the […]
• Therapeutic Techniques: Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing The technique involves focusing on one idea or word produced by the client; Aimed to help in a more detailed consideration of significant thoughts; Particularly relevant when working with patients who shift from subject […]
• The Problem of Mental Health Disparities Challenges and opportunities to meet the mental health needs of underserved and disenfranchised populations in the United States. The authors of this article explore ways to address psychological problems in adults arising from the gap […]
• Lifestyle Choices and Mental Health However, in this context, it is essential to clarify more information about the client’s lifestyle and verify the authenticity of the indicated factors.
• Mount Carmel Mental Health Hospital’s Framework It remains the only hospital with in-patient psychiatric and mental health care in Malta after the closing of the psychiatric unit at Mater Dei Hospital in 2020, and the construction of a new mental health […]
• Peplau’s Middle-Range Theory in Mental Health Nursing This paper addresses the topic of nursing theory by reviewing current research pertaining to hypothetico-deductive reasoning, suggesting the model’s potential value in the research of nurse education techniques and barriers to decision-making, and discussing the […]
• Mental Health Services for Healthcare Providers of Critical Patients For the examination of the specified problem, the suitable setting is one of the local hospitals willing to participate in the project, and the contact there will be an administrator with access to the essential […]
• Holes in Financial Plan of Mental Health Services In the case of the current project, first of all, it is hard to predict the real demand for mental health services among doctors.
• Community Outreach Program for Veterans’ Mental Health Outcomes The issue at the center of this document is the high level of suicide risk in the veteran population and the urgent need to address this problem through therapy to prevent suicide in veterans.
• Psychopharmacology and Mental Health Practice It is becoming increasingly necessary for a mental health practitioner to be familiar and knowledgeable about pharmacological aspects of the treatment of mental issues.
• Mental Health Needs of the New York Community That is why there is a clear need to study the physical and psychological state of the health of the population.
• Mental Health Disorder: Case Conceptualization Due to her developmental delays, she held back in kindergarten and is currently at risk of being held back again, and her attendance record is very poor.
• Negative Impacts of COVID-19 Lockdown on Mental Health Service Access The sampling of the selected study is relatively narrow, yet it allowed the researchers to conduct a detailed data analysis and was sufficient to identify the tendencies for follow-up visits.
• Social Interaction for Mental Health and Wellbeing Although, these features enable inmates to shape their social and health relationships, the likely hood of retreating the positive relationship between health and social incorporation found in several social backgrounds.
• Social Media and Women’s Mental Health From this point of view, the examination of the presented challenge is critical in order to ensure the mental health of the female population by timely addressing the mentioned obstacles and dispelling the illusions.
• Social Justice and Mental Health However, it is difficult to imagine the U.S.taking nationwide action on mental health due to the absence of healthcare for physical health, which is widely accepted as a serious issue.
• Discussion of Students’ Mental Health This fact is revealed in the low number of students who decided to seek help from a mental health specialist in the past year.
• Mental Health Counseling Settings One advantage of a private practice is that decision-making is free from the influence of government agencies, charities, and other groups. However, a government agency setting is likely to have countless bureaucracies that would hinder […]
• Are Nurses Within the Aged Care Sector Equipped and Trained to Care for Mental Health Patients? Access to psychological care, the role and responsibilities of service providers, and the management of mental health care are among the gaps and challenges in the field.
• Psychological Wellness and Mental Health It is impossible to imagine the development of the sciences and civilization as a whole without focusing on mental health and areas of wellness.
• Burden of Stigma in Mental Health Help Seeking Afterward, he understood the concept and opted to recommend the need for the suffering people to share their traumatic events and experiences with their peers and qualified mental health professionals.
• Residential Programs for Teens With Mental Health Issues So, in addition to various activities, it is necessary to introduce mandatory work with specialists in psychology into the plan. The first thing organizations need to include in the program is bringing the spine into […]
• Post-Modern Perspective on Mental Health Nursing This is due to the replacement of traditional cultural structures by the commoditization of social living, consumption, and failure to support the mental health needs that result in psychopathology.
• Emotional Abuse and Role of Clinical Mental Health Counselor The main rationale for selecting the specified type of trauma is the fact that it is most likely to be unreported, both due to the fear stemming from the emotional violence and the lack of […]
• Mental Health and Exposure of Genes to the Environment Although the range of influence of a gene is determined by the size and functionality of the cell in which it is located, the formation of proteins, including those that form homeostasis, plays a key […]
• Motivational Interviewing for Mental Health Patients This is why it is imperative for the counsellor to be patient and honest with the client about their condition. Only when a patient is aware of their mental damage, can they amass the strength […]
• Building Provincial Mental Health Capacity in Primary Care Subsequently, to monitor the effectiveness of the project, evaluators scrutinized a mental health and addiction-oriented ECHO program in Ontario, Canada, at the end of the program.
• Mental Health Problems in Bisexuals Thus, the study appears to be insightful in the context of exploring the mental health of bisexuals. This article is informative, as it describes that the aforementioned factors appear to be influential considerably in the […]
• Mental Health in Bisexuals: Mental Health Issues The current research views the mental health of bisexuals from several different perspectives in order to evaluate all the possible mechanisms that could have contributed to mental health issues in bisexual individuals over the course […]
• Mental Health Counseling and Ethical Standards Relevant codes contribute to following the necessary rules to communicate and interact with clients and meeting the standards of professional collaboration.
• Mental Health of Community The Worcester Country Health Department has mental health services developed for both adults and youngsters. There are no eligibility criteria for using the materials and services of the department.
• Mental Health Project: Binge-Eating Disorder The result was the start of the Binge-Eating Disorder Association, a non-profit organization. The main role of the organization was to advocate, support, and help the binge-eating disorder society.
• Poverty, Partner Abuse, and Women’s Mental Health In general, the study aimed at investigating the interaction between poverty and the severity of abuse in women. The research question being studied in this article is how income intersects with partner violence and impacts […]
• Clinical Supervision in the Mental Health Practice Moreover, McNeill and Stoltenberg delved deeply into appreciating IDM’s refinement and evolution over time and the limitations it had at the time of the study. In this section of the book, McNeill and Stoltenberg explore […]
• Mental Health Crisis in Australian Young Men In particular, he organizes meetings of young people and tells them his story of beating depression and suicide survival in order to inspire them as the help from the side of the country’s health care […]
• Exploring Mental Health and Drug Use in West Africa The specific research objectives are the following: To explore the prevalence and occurrence of major mental health challenges in West African countries.
• Mental Health: T-Test and ANOVA in Clinical Practice The purpose of the study was to identify the causes of the first psychiatry consult and investigate patients’ perspectives on conditions that influence the reluctance in seeking mental health services and access in general.
• Community Risk Assessment: Mental Health Disorders: New York The identified area of focus in the community is the prevalence of mental health disorders. These resources will ensure an adequate and comprehensive assessment of the mental health conditions within the community.
• Mental Health and Struggles of African American Women This paper seeks to explore the origins of the strong black woman stereotype and its cultural portrayal and discuss the tolls of mental health and struggles that affect highly marginalized African American women in the […]
• Mental Health Issues: The Public Perception In order to address the issue, it is necessary to assess the current perception of people with mental health issues by the general public.
• The Intersection of COVID-19 and Mental Health However, using the statement of the study’s purpose, the research question appears to be the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental, neurological, and substance use services in 130 WHO Member States.
• Mental Health Issues of Disabled People in Prison There is a need to enforce the rights of disabled people in prisons by understanding the causes of mental health issues and developing the necessary support systems.
• Mental Health in the US: Roles of Stakeholders The mental health courts also play vital roles in the management of challenges posed by individuals experiencing mental disturbances.
• Counseling on Mental Health & Disorders in Children Victims of bullying are helpless to an assortment of negative results. Tormented teenagers are bound to encounter long-haul harm to confidence and feeling of depression.
• Adolescent Mental Health: Why It Is a Problem Adolescent mental health constitutes a considerable public health issue recognized, among other things, as one of the 2020 Topics and Objectives on the Healthy People.
• Mental Health Information Disclosure and Moral Panic Therefore, to facilitate the wellbeing of the citizens and at the same time make sure that the rights of the mentally disadvantaged should not be infringed, one must consider the connection between the development of […]
• Mental Health Patients and Moral Panic The goal of the study is to reveal the inappropriateness of a mental health-centered approach to gun control public policy and emphasize the need for information dissemination and education in the sphere of mental health.
• Perinatal, Infant and Child Mental Health Thus, such a shift in the emotional, physiological, and social status of women in transition to motherhood may result in the development or worsening of mental health issues.
• Mental Health Self-Support Group The reason for choosing the identified group was based on the convenience principle the meetings were held in the vicinity of my house.
• The Mental Health Within Virginia During COVID-19 This applies to both the organization of time and the organization of space. This way, by the end of the pandemic, people will remain as healthy as they were at the beginning and will return […]
• The Impact of the ACA on Mental Health Practice This paper seeks to evaluate the efficacy of one of these policies, particularly the Affordable Care Act, in promoting mental health practice. Through a sequence of amendments and extensions, the ACA represents the healthcare system’s […]
• Stanford Health Care: The Impact of Culture on Mental Health The need to study the cultural aspect of the provision of healthcare services to African American patients is defined by their beliefs towards health, aging, and medicine.
• Mental Health Nursing Analysis In addition, the authors suspected that the length of stay in a mental hospital and the probability of readmission within one month are determined by the patient conditions during admission and the dangers they pose […]
• Question of Youngsters With Mental Health Problems It is projected that there will be a steady increase in the number of juvenile cases from 2011 up to 2025.
• Mental Health Patterns and Outcomes
• Current Mental Health Care Need
• Mental Health Nursing: A Treatment Plan for Mr. Pall
• Inter-Household Caregiving and Adult Children’s Mental Health
• Analysis of Mental Health in Crime
• The Psychiatric-Mental Health Assessment
• Maternal Mental Health and Prenatal Smoking
• Mental Health Paper: Depression
• Mental Health & Incidences of Homelessness in Australia
• Mental Health: Happiness and Social Interaction
• Mental Health Care: Various Issues
• Mental Health: Analysis of Schizophrenia
• Mental Health in Asian Culture
• Critique to Website the Internet Mental Health
• ABC Mental Health Clinic Case Analysis
• Drug Use and Mental Health Problems Among Adolescents
• The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration’s Center
• Improving Mental Health Care System in British Columbia
• Relationship Among Mental Health, Hypertension and Telomere Length
• Epidemiology Applied to Mental Health
• Mental Health Parity Act Analysis
• Insurance Barriers in Mental Health Population
• Mental Health in the United States
• Mental Health Service Provision in Australia
• Mental Health Condition Indicators
• Medication for Mental Health Conditions
• The Problem of Mental Health Recovery
• Mental Health Nursing of Cocaine Addiction
• Mental Health Nursing: Dementia
• A Comparative Study of Mental Health Between Players and Non Players
• The Role of the Multidisciplinary Teams in Mental Health Nursing
• Coronavirus Pandemic: Improvement of the Mental Health of the Patients
• Acceptability and Feasibility of Using Non-Specialist Health Workers to Deliver Mental Health Care
• Critique of Scottish Mental Health Strategy
• Mental Health and Suicidality in the United Kingdom
• Sedatives or Depressants in Individuals With a Mental Health Problem
• Ethical Dilemmas in Mental Health Treatment
• Crisis Intervention in Veteran’s Mental Health
• Levinson’s “Rain Man”: Reaction to a Movie From a Mental Health Perspective
• Current Market Strategies for Mental Health Services
• Vincent van Gogh’s Mental Health Problems
• Mental Health Care Analysis
• Effects of Drugs and Alcohol Use on Mental Health
• Confidentiality in Mental Health
• Mental Health Stigma From American Perspective
• Psychopathology. The United States National Mental Health
• Mental Health of Canadians Overview
• Unconscious Mind and Mental Health Treatment
• Ethical Dilemma in Mental Health Patient Care
• Burnout as a Mental Health Issue in the Workplace
• Mental Health and Grief Counseling Issues
• Teaching and Learning in Mental Health Nursing
• Mental Health Care Disparities in America
• Physical Healthcare Among Mental Health Patients
• Psychiatry. Promoting Recovery in Mental Health
• Cannabis Effects on Mental Health
• Social Media Users’ Personality and Mental Health
• Consumer-Centered Mental Health Education
• Mental Health Problems: Patient Care
• The Benefits of Fitness for Physical and Mental Health
• Optimal Mental Health Approaches: Depression & Anxiety
• Female Mental Health in Gilman’s “The Yellow Wallpaper”
• Mental Health Issues Identification in Schools
• Prisoners’ Physical and Mental Health Care Needs
• Protective Factors Promoting Mental Health
• Medi-Cal Expansion of Mental Health Services
• Mental Health Patients in the Post-Anaesthesia Care Unit
• Mental Health Promotion and Effective Interventions
• Psychiatric and Mental Health Nurses’ Roles
• Explaining Mental Health Inequalities in Northern Sweden
• The Role of Nurses in Managing Mental Health Issues
• Mental Health Care, Its Politics and Ethics
• Mental Health Issues and Substance Abuse: Dual Diagnosis
• Pre-Mental Health Counseling Assessment for Child
• Stigma Effects on Mental Health Treatment in Minorities
• Substance Abuser’s Mental Health Risks in 3D Model
• Understanding Student Perceptions of Mental Health
• Mental Health Practice in the UK
• Sociology of Mental Health and Gender
• Ethics in Psychology and the Mental Health Professions
• Mental Health Illness Problems Corrections
• Mental Health: Challenge of the Juvenile Justice System
• Mental Health as the Juvenile Justice System Challenge
• Psychological Assessment of Mental Health Issues
• Mental Health Among Latin American Adolescents
• Mental Health Care Services for Veterans
• Information Technology Company’s Employee Mental Health
• Soldiers’ Therapy in Military Mental Health Clinic
• Buddhist Traditional Healing in Mental Health
• Mental Health Strategies at the Workplace
• Mental Health Practice Model for Public Institutions
• Mental Health Disparities’ Data Collection
• Schizophrenia – Mental Health Disorder
• Female Mental Health in Sociocultural Conditions
• Mental Health: Screening and Assessment
• Mental Health Specialist Job and Career
• Mental Health Nursing: Health and Illness
• Human Resources for the Alcohol, Drug and Mental Health
• Transitions in Late Life – Mental Health Concerns
• Child’s Mental Health and Depression in Adulthood
• Medical Ethics in Mental Health Care
• Refugees and Mental Health
• Mental Health Issues in the Criminal Justice System
• Effective Mental Health Counseling
• Community Interventions for Improving Mental Health
• NYS Office of Mental Health
• Eliminating Stigmatization in Mental Health Diagnoses
• Mental Health Benefits in the Employee Benefits Package
• Security at the New York State Office of Mental Health
• Mental Health Counselor: Ethics and Professionalism
• Code of Ethics for Mental Health Professions
• The Critical Role of School Psychology in the School Mental Health Movement
• The Connection Between Poverty and Mental Health Problems
• Ambulance Personnel and Critical Incidents: Impact of Accident and Emergency Work on Mental Health and Emotional Well-Being
• Mental Health & Culture on Weight and Eating Disorders
• Mental Health: Bipolar Disorder Problem
• Child’s Mental Health: Factors and Impacts
• Supporting Children’s Mental Health
• A Beautiful Mind: A Mental Health Portrayal
• Mental Health and American Society
• Problems Related to Physical and Mental Health Issues
• What Are the Five Signs of Good Mental Health?
• What Impact Does Lack of Sleep Have on Our Physical Emotional and Mental Health?
• Who Suffers From Mental Health?
• How Can Technology Help Mental Health Professionals?
• How Does Mental Health Affect Poverty Rates?
• How Does Mental Health Effects Persons, Families, and Carers?
• Why Might the Experience of Child Sexual Abuse Lead to Mental Health Problems in Adulthood?
• What Causes Mental Health Problems?
• How Does Friendship Help With Your Mental Health?
• Why Should We Care About Mental Health?
• How Do Mental Health Problems Affect People With Anxiety Disorder?
• How Have COVID-19 Isolation Policies Affected Young Peoples’ Mental Health?
• How Does Technology Affect Mental Health?
• What Are the 4 Types of Mental Health?
• How Can Understand the Mental Health Benefits of Physical?
• What Is Another Word for Mental Health?
• How Might Developing Cultural Competence Improve Mental Health Services?
• How Does Music Therapy Promote Positive Mental Health?
• How Does Junk Food Affect Teenagers’ Mental Health?
• How Does Climate Weather Affect Mood Mental Health?
• How the Media Changes People’s Attitudes Towards Mental Health?
• How Does Occupational Stress Affect Mental Health?
• How Does Mental Health Affect Us Everday?
• How Does Physical Health Affect Mental Health Communications?
• How Do Society and Environment Affect People ‘S Mental Health?
• How Can Exercise Improve Your Mental Health?
• How Can I Help My Mental Health?
• How Can Injuries Cause Mental Health Issues?
• How Would Childhood Experiences Affect the Development of Their Mental Health?
• How Does Depression Affect Our Mental Health System?
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332 Mental Health Essay Topics & Mental Illness Ideas

18 January 2024

last updated

Mental health essay topics include a crucial aspect of human well-being with diverse facets, offering many subjects to study about. Some themes may range from the psychology of happiness, exploring how positive thinking influences people’s well-being, to the neurobiology of mental illnesses, detailing how brain chemistry contributes to disorders, like depression, stress, or anxiety. Students can analyze the societal stigmas associated with mental health and its causes and how they impact those suffering. Alternatively, they may delve Into the efficacy and ethical considerations of various therapeutic techniques, such as cognitive behavioral therapy or the use of psychedelic drugs in treatment. The intersectionality of mental health with race, gender, and socioeconomic status also provides good ideas. In turn, one can explore the role of resilience and coping strategies in maintaining mental health, offering hopeful insights amidst the challenges.

Best Mental Health Topics

• Stigma and Self-Perception in Bipolar Disorder Patients
• Social Media Influence on Adolescent Anxiety Disorders
• Holistic Approaches to Depression Treatment
• Psychotherapy Efficacy in Managing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Sleep Disorders
• Mindfulness Practices in Reducing Burnout among Healthcare Professionals
• Effects of Pandemics on Population-Wide Mental Health
• Comorbidity of Substance Use Disorders and Depression
• Early Childhood Trauma and Adult Mental Health Disorders
• Eating Disorders in Athletes: Underexplored Realities
• Art Therapy Applications in Alzheimer’s Disease Management
• Resilience Training in School Systems to Cope With Stress
• Cultural Nuances in Mental Health Diagnoses and Treatment
• Pharmacological Interventions in Managing Schizophrenia
• Internet Gaming Disorder: Contemporary Challenges
• Stress Management Techniques for Police Officers
• Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adult Populations
• Investigating Efficacy of Group Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder
• Neurofeedback Therapy in Treating Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Simple Mental Health Topics

• Understanding Anxiety Disorders: Causes and Coping Mechanisms
• Mind-Body Connection in Stress Management
• Art Therapy and Its Therapeutic Effects
• Exploring the Dynamics of Eating Disorders
• Link Between Physical Exercise and Mental Well-Being
• Dementia Care: Therapeutic Approaches
• Tackling Depression With Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
• Neurobiology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
• Social Media Usage and Adolescent Mental Health
• Techniques for Managing Workplace Burnout
• Psychoeducation in Bipolar Disorder Treatment
• Autism Spectrum Disorders: Diagnostic Challenges
• Influence of Lifestyle Choices on Mental Health
• Understanding Psychosis: Symptoms and Treatment
• Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Techniques
• Pharmacological Treatment of Schizophrenia
• Managing Chronic Pain: Psychological Aspects
• Effectiveness of Family Therapy in Substance Abuse Treatment
• Examining Mental Health Issues in the LGBTQ+ Community

Interesting Mental Health Essay Topics

• Post-Traumatic Growth: Harnessing Resilience After Trauma
• Exploration of Therapeutic Effects of Music
• Emotional Intelligence and Mental Well-Being
• Psychotherapy Advancements in Treating Phobias
• Maternal Mental Health and Infant Development
• Complementary and Alternative Treatments for Depression
• Sleep Disorders: Effect on Mental Health
• Influence of Virtual Reality Therapy on PTSD
• Behavioral Addictions: Gaming and Gambling
• Therapeutic Benefits of Nature on Mental Health
• Animal-Assisted Therapy for Mental Disorders
• Emotional Regulation Techniques in Borderline Personality Disorder
• Cyberbullying and Its Psychological Consequences
• Mindfulness Meditation and Its Influence on Anxiety
• Mental Health Stigma in Different Cultures
• Genetic Markers in Major Depressive Disorder
• Perception of Reality in Individuals With Schizophrenia
• Innovative Telepsychiatry Practices for Remote Areas
• Dealing With Grief and Loss: Therapeutic Strategies
• Understanding the Psychological Impact of Chronic Illness

Mental Health Essay Topics

• Suicide Prevention Strategies in Mental Health Care
• Art Therapy and Its Healing Potential in Mental Disorders
• Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Clinical and Diagnostic Perspectives
• Depression in the Elderly: Causes and Treatment
• Influence of Social Media on Teenagers’ Mental Health
• Mental Health Consequences of Long-Term Unemployment
• Relationship Between Nutrition and Mental Health
• Mental Health Challenges in LGBTQ+ Communities
• Exploration of Psychosocial Interventions in Bipolar Disorder
• Workplace Mental Health: Policies and Practices
• Understanding Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Neurodevelopmental Approach
• Integration of Yoga in Mental Health Treatment
• Cyberpsychology: Exploring Online Behavior and Mental Health
• Mental Health Literacy among College Students
• Mental Health Implications of Climate Change
• Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adult Mental Health
• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
• Cultural Competence in Mental Health Counseling
• Postpartum Depression: Recognition and Intervention
• Emotional Trauma in First Responders: A Study of Coping Mechanisms

Mental Health Argumentative Essay Topics

• Parental Influence on Childhood Mental Health Disorders
• Digital Technology’s Potential for Exacerbating Mental Health Issues
• Stigma and Discrimination: Barriers to Mental Health Care Access
• Assessing the Efficacy of Mandatory Mental Health Screenings in Schools
• Psychotherapy Versus Pharmacology in Depression Treatment
• Societal Contribution to Anxiety Disorders in Young Adults
• Isolation of Quarantine and Its Implications on Mental Well-Being
• Debate on Legitimacy of Internet Addiction as a Mental Health Disorder
• Correlation Between Violent Video Games and Youth Mental Health
• Benefits and Dangers of Self-Diagnosis in Mental Health
• Animal Assisted Therapy in Mental Health: Valid Approach or Not?
• Mindfulness Practices: Effective Coping Mechanism or Passing Trend?
• The Reality of Body Positivity Movement: Empowerment or Ignoring Health Issues?
• Acceptance of Mental Health Disorders as Genuine Health Conditions
• Validity of Including Mental Health Education in School Curriculum
• Involuntary Commitment in Mental Health: Protection or Violation?
• Efficacy of Art and Music Therapy in Treating Mental Disorders
• Holistic Health Approaches: Superior to Traditional Mental Health Treatments?
• Debate on the Criminal Justice System’s Treatment of Mental Health

Mental Health Persuasive Essay Topics

• Dedicated Mental Health Classes in Schools: Essential Curriculum Addition
• Prioritizing Mental Health Over Productivity in Corporate Environments
• Mandatory Psychological Evaluation for Firearm Purchasers
• Psychotherapy Should Be More Accessible than Psychotropic Medication
• Inclusion of Mental Health Discussions in Public Discourse
• Fitness and Its Integral Connection to Mental Well-Being
• Mental Health Parity in Health Insurance Coverage
• Elderly Mental Health: Ignored Aspect of Geriatric Care
• Psychological Consequences of Climate Change: Unrecognized Public Health Crisis
• Artificial Intelligence as a Tool for Mental Health Diagnosis
• Reducing Veteran Suicide Rates: Improved Mental Health Services
• Influence of Media in Misrepresentation of Mental Illness
• Universal Mental Health Screening: A Public Health Necessity
• Investing in Mental Health: Solution to Homelessness
• Teacher Training on Student Mental Health: A Requirement, not a Choice
• Influence of Cyberbullying on Adolescent Mental Health
• Psychological Effects of Long-Term Unemployment: Unseen Consequences
• Self-Care Practices as Part of Mental Health Prevention Strategy
• Psychological Impact of Body Shaming on Social Media

Mental Health Controversial Topics for Essays

• Compulsory Mental Health Assessments for School Children
• Mental Health Disorders as Grounds for Employment Discrimination
• Antidepressants Overuse and the Rise of Suicidal Thoughts
• Legalization of Psychedelics for Mental Health Treatments
• Digital Devices Addiction as a Recognized Mental Health Disorder
• Overdiagnosis of ADHD in American Children
• Psychological Effects of Single Parenting: Neglected Aspect or Stereotype
• Debate on Mental Illness as a Legal Defense
• Social Media’s Contribution to Anxiety Disorders
• Genetic Engineering for Mental Health Disorders: Ethical Conundrum
• Forced Hospitalization of Patients With Severe Mental Illness
• Hormone Replacement Therapy: Lifesaver or Mental Health Hazard
• Link Between Veganism and Mental Health
• Placebo Effect in Mental Health Treatments: Ethical or Deceptive
• Psychological Impact of Transracial Adoption
• Artificial Intelligence in Psychotherapy: Revolution or Threat
• Spirituality and Religion’s Influence on Mental Health
• Mental Health Stigma in the LGBTQ+ Community
• Gambling Addiction: A Financial or Mental Health Issue
• Right to Die Legislation: Mental Health Consequences for Survivors

Mental Health Debate Topics

• Psychiatric Medication Versus Holistic Approaches
• Government Surveillance: A Threat to Mental Health
• Mandatory Therapy for Law Enforcement Officers
• Safeguarding Mental Health in the Digital Age
• Psychedelic Therapy: Unconventional Innovation or Risky Practice
• Perils and Promises of Teletherapy
• Mental Health Curriculum in Schools: Need or Excess
• Involuntary Admission of Mental Health Patients
• Normalization of Eating Disorders in Media
• Prison System’s Approach to Mental Health
• Assisted Suicide for the Mentally Ill
• Mental Health Treatment: Right or Privilege
• Screen Time: A Major Contributor to Childhood Mental Disorders
• Emotional Support Animals: Therapeutic or Placebo
• Postpartum Depression: Underestimated Condition or Overdiagnosis
• Use of Hypnosis in Mental Health Therapy
• Influence of Body Shaming on Mental Health
• Stress Management: Personal Responsibility or Employer’s Duty
• Microdosing Psychedelics for Mental Health Treatment

Mental Illness Essay Topics

• Cultural Differences in Mental Illness Interpretation
• Media Portrayal of Mental Illness: Stigma Perpetuation
• Psychiatric Service Dogs: Validity and Usefulness
• Living With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Personal Narratives
• Psychotherapy vs. Medication in Treating Depression
• Mental Illness Among Prison Population: A Neglected Crisis
• Navigating Eating Disorders: Understanding Anorexia and Bulimia
• Mental Illness Representation in the Film Industry
• Biological Basis of Schizophrenia: Unraveling the Enigma
• History of Mental Illness Treatments: From Asylums to Modern Care
• Childhood Trauma as a Root of Adult Mental Illness
• Complexities of Diagnosing Borderline Personality Disorder
• Depression among College Students: Underlying Causes
• Misconceptions Surrounding Dissociative Identity Disorder
• Social Anxiety Disorder: Unveiling the Hidden Epidemic
• Mental Illness among Indigenous Populations: Forgotten Issues
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Veterans: Untold Stories
• Exploring the Intricacies of Autism Spectrum Disorders
• Understanding Addiction: Substance Use Disorders as Mental Illnesses

Mental Illness Argumentative Essay Topics

• Medicalization of Grief: Appropriate Response or Overreaction
• Pharmaceutical Industry’s Influence on Mental Illness Diagnosis
• Police Intervention in Mental Health Crises: Effective or Harmful
• Public Perception of Schizophrenia: Misunderstanding or Stigma
• Internet Addiction: True Disorder or Social Construct
• Workplace Burnout as a Serious Mental Illness
• Patient Autonomy in Psychiatric Treatment
• Stigmatization of Antidepressant Use in Society
• Criminal Responsibility of Individuals With Mental Illness
• Genetic Testing for Predicting Mental Illness: Ethical or Not
• Artificial Intelligence in Mental Health Care: Innovation or Threat
• Isolation and Loneliness: Causes or Consequences of Mental Illness
• Gender Dysphoria: Mental Illness or Identity Issue
• Internet’s Role in Increasing Body Dysmorphia
• Overdiagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
• Bipolar Disorder: Underestimated Condition or Misdiagnosed
• Integration of Traditional Healing in Mental Health Care
• Cyberbullying and Its Relationship to Mental Illness
• Childhood Vaccinations and Autism: Fact or Fiction
• Mental Illness in Homeless Populations: Cause or Effect

Mental Illness Persuasive Essay Topics

• Normalization of Mental Illness Conversations in Schools
• Advocating for Better Mental Health Policies at Workplaces
• De-Stigmatization of Mental Illness in the Media
• Promotion of Comprehensive Mental Health Education
• Improving Accessibility of Mental Health Services for Rural Areas
• Elevating Mental Health Awareness in Professional Sports
• Securing Comprehensive Mental Health Coverage in Insurance Policies
• Mandatory Mental Health Screenings for High-Risk Professions
• Psychiatric Service Dogs: A Case for Widespread Adoption
• Emphasizing Trauma-Informed Care in Mental Health Practices
• Highlighting the Need for Postpartum Depression Support
• Integration of Mental Health Into General Healthcare Services
• Development of Specialized Mental Health Services for the Elderly
• Increasing Funding for Mental Illness Research
• Advocating for Improved Suicide Prevention Programs
• Campaigning for Improved Mental Health Services in Prisons
• Promotion of Culturally Sensitive Mental Health Care
• Advancement of Personalized Medicine in Psychiatry
• Emphasizing the Importance of Early Mental Illness Detection
• Reformation of Mental Health Policies in Educational Institutions

Mental Illness Informative Essay Topics

• Understanding Schizophrenia: Symptoms, Causes and Treatments
• Depression across Lifespan: A Detailed Examination
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Closer Look
• Dissecting Autism Spectrum Disorder in Adults
• Children and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
• Bipolar Disorder: Unraveling the Complexities
• Eating Disorders: A Comprehensive Overview
• Exploring Anxiety Disorders and Their Manifestations
• Insights Into Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
• Dementia in the Aging Population: A Comprehensive Analysis
• Demystifying Dissociative Identity Disorder
• Postpartum Depression: Its Causes and Consequences
• Diving Into the World of Personality Disorders
• Panic Disorder: Understanding Its Triggers and Effects
• Tourette Syndrome and Its Challenges
• Borderline Personality Disorder: Symptoms and Coping Mechanisms
• Exploring the Realm of Somatoform Disorders
• Insights Into Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
• Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders: A Deep Dive
• Unpacking the Intricacies of Psychotic Disorders

Mental Illness Essay Topics for Health Exams

• Perception of Mental Illness in Society: Stigma and Stereotypes
• Psychosis as a Feature in Various Mental Disorders
• Comorbidity in Mental Health: Why It Occurs
• Diagnostic Controversies in Mental Illness Classification
• Effects of Long-Term Medication on Mental Health Patients
• Interventions in Adolescent Mental Health: Current Practices
• Coping Mechanisms for Living With a Mental Illness
• The Interplay of Culture and Mental Health Disorders
• Psychotherapy Techniques for Depression: An Evaluation
• Attachment Disorders in Children: Causes and Implications
• Suicide Risk among Individuals With Bipolar Disorder
• Mindfulness-Based Therapies in Treating Anxiety Disorders
• Ethical Dilemmas in Psychiatric Care: A Discussion
• Integration of Physical and Mental Healthcare Services
• Telepsychiatry in the Digital Age: Benefits and Drawbacks
• Personality Disorders: The Challenge of Diagnosis
• Exploring the Psychodynamics of Eating Disorders
• Treatment Resistant Depression: Innovative Approaches
• Neurobiology of Schizophrenia: Latest Research Insights

The Impact of Mental Illness on Families and Relationships Topics

• Family Dynamics Altered by Parental Depression
• The Strain on Marital Bonds: Spouse’s Schizophrenia Experience
• Adolescent Anxiety Disorders: Family System Changes
• Sibling Relationships in the Context of Mental Illness
• Familial Coping Strategies for Autism Spectrum Disorders
• Challenges Faced by Caregivers of Patients With Bipolar Disorder
• Navigating Childhood when a Parent Has a Mental Disorder
• Socioeconomic Consequences for Families With Mentally Ill Members
• Marital Satisfaction in the Face of Spousal Mental Illness
• Children’s Adjustment to Parental Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
• Mental Illness Stigma: An Intrusion on Family Relationships
• Divorce Rates and Mental Health Disorders: An Examination
• Parenting Styles Altered by a Parent’s Mental Illness
• Effects of a Family Member’s Eating Disorder on Household Dynamics
• Impact of Mental Illness on Intergenerational Family Relationships
• Resilience in Families Dealing With Schizophrenia: A Study
• The Function of Support Groups for Families With Mental Illness
• Addressing Mental Illness in Family Therapy Sessions
• Impact on Sibling Dynamics When a Child Has ADHD
• Maintaining Healthy Relationships Amidst Chronic Depression

The Role of Genetics and Environment in Mental Illness Topics

• Gene-Environment Interactions in Depression: A Detailed Review
• Epigenetics and Mental Health: Exploring the Connection
• Environmental Stressors and the Onset of Anxiety Disorders
• Influence of Childhood Trauma on Genetic Expression in Mental Health
• Nature Versus Nurture: Twin Studies in Psychiatry
• Prenatal Exposure to Stress and the Risk of Developing Schizophrenia
• Genomic Imprinting and Its Implications for Autism Spectrum Disorders
• Adverse Childhood Experiences: Their Effects on Mental Health Genetics
• Differential Susceptibility Hypothesis in the Context of Mental Health
• Bipolar Disorder: Genetic Predisposition and Environmental Triggers
• Genetic Mutations and Environmental Factors in the Onset of ADHD
• Epigenetic Mechanisms in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
• Decoding the Genetic Basis of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
• Early Life Stress and Vulnerability to Mental Illness: A Genetic Perspective
• Nature and Nurture: The Interplay in Eating Disorders
• Understanding the Genetic and Environmental Contributors to Autism
• Genomic Medicine and Its Potential in Treating Mental Illnesses
• Environmental Influences on Genes Linked to Major Depressive Disorder
• Exploring Genetic Variants and Their Environmental Modifiers in Schizophrenia
• Neurodevelopmental Perspective on Genetic and Environmental Factors in Mental Health

Emerging Trends in Mental Health Research and Treatment Topics for Essays

• Digital Mental Health Interventions: A New Frontier
• Precision Psychiatry: Personalizing Mental Health Treatment
• Advances in Telepsychiatry: Overcoming Distance and Stigma
• Artificial Intelligence Applications in Mental Health
• Virtual Reality Therapy for Phobia Treatment
• Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy: Implications and Ethical Considerations
• Microbiome Research and Its Implications for Mental Health
• Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Depression Treatment
• Novel Pharmacological Approaches for Treating Anxiety Disorders
• Social Media and Mental Health: Opportunities for Intervention
• Deep Brain Stimulation for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
• Mobile Health (mHealth) Applications for Mental Health Care
• Adopting a Lifespan Approach to Mental Health Care
• Cognitive Remediation Therapy in Schizophrenia Treatment
• Psychotherapy in the Era of Neuroimaging
• Use of Biomarkers in Psychiatry: Possibilities and Challenges
• Nutraceuticals and Mental Health: A Review of the Evidence
• Cannabis and Mental Health: New Perspectives
• Psychoeducational Interventions in Bipolar Disorder Management

Co-Occurring Health Disorders: Mental Illness and Substance Abuse Topics

• Treatment Models for Dual Diagnosis: An Interdisciplinary Approach
• Polypharmacy in Psychiatry: Managing Co-Occurring Disorders
• Comorbidity of Anxiety Disorders and Substance Use: A Complex Challenge
• Trauma-Informed Care in Dual Diagnosis: Ensuring Safety and Trust
• Self-Medication Hypothesis: Substance Abuse and Mental Illness Interplay
• Integrating Harm Reduction in Dual Diagnosis Treatment
• Methamphetamine Use and Psychotic Disorders: Unraveling the Connection
• Efficacy of Contingency Management in Co-Occurring Disorders
• Impact of Alcohol Use Disorder on Major Depressive Disorder
• Complexities in Treating Bipolar Disorder and Substance Abuse Concurrently
• Innovations in Group Therapy for Co-Occurring Disorders
• Cannabis Use and Its Effect on Schizophrenia Treatment
• Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Dual Diagnosis Patients
• Link Between Opioid Use Disorder and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
• Adolescent Substance Use and Concurrent Mental Health Issues
• Co-Occurring Eating Disorders and Substance Abuse: A Dangerous Synergy
• Pharmacological Approaches to Treating Co-Occurring ADHD and Substance Use Disorders
• Understanding the Intersection of Personality Disorders and Substance Abuse
• Addressing Co-Occurring Disorders in a Correctional Setting
• Dual Diagnosis: The Overlap of Dissociative Disorders and Substance Use

To Learn More, Read Relevant Articles

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Argumentative Essay Topics about Mental Health

Friday Aug. 6th, 2021

Writing an argumentative essay is an academic project commonly assigned to students. While crafting the essay is already challenging in itself, choosing the right topic can also be tricky. Some topics have been written about so many times before they have become stale. Among such, one area you can look at is mental health. In this post, we explain what an argumentative essay is and offer a list of mental illness argumentative essay topics that double as persuasive speech topics about mental health.

What Is an Argumentative Essay

Tips on Writing an Argumentative Essay on Mental Health

Completing an argumentative essay about mental health can be a little daunting. After all, this topic can get complex and, in some instances, even controversial. That does not mean you should not write about it. In fact, writing about mental health can be a very educational experience. Whatever topic you choose, keep in mind the tips below to make the writing process faster and easier. 1. Choose a fresh topic. There are many topics to choose from. But a lot of these have been selected before, thus making them somewhat boring to professors. When writing your argumentative essay on mental illness, try coming up with a fresh topic. Consider an angle no one else has written about before. Make the paper surprising to keep your reader hooked. 2. Keep it fact-based. Psychology and psychiatry fall squarely within the realm of the sciences. Therefore, mental health essay topics should be based on sound scientific information. Be sure to conduct adequate research and choose only reputable sources. Avoid skewing details just so you can embellish your arguments. Twisting facts or distorting the truth to strengthen a point is never an option. 3. Observe sensitivity and empathy. There’s a lot of stigmas affecting mental illness essay topics. People diagnosed with mental health conditions are already gravely misrepresented on various platforms. So make sure you write with sensitivity and empathy. Avoid using offensive or derogatory words, use accepted or standard terminology, and do not include myths or misconceptions. 4. Know your reader. Not all readers are the same. Some readers may have more knowledge of mental health than others. Create a profile of your reader, including their possible level of knowledge regarding the topic, their attitudes, and any assumptions they may have. This will help you write a paper that they can comprehend and connect with. 5. Advocate for progress and social change. Unless you have no choice about the position or specific subject, try to write in a way that advocates for positive transformation. Mental health is an important subject, as issues affect millions of people around the world. Who knows, your essay might not just get you a good grade but also inspire your reader to take action. Issues related to mental health are ideal topics for argumentative essays. But because of the nature of this subject, doing the essay can be hard. These tips are designed to smoothen the process. So make sure you follow them as you complete your essay. 

Argumentative Essay Topics About Mental Health

The important thing to remember when writing your essay is that the topic should be debatable. There is no use in advancing an established fact as your argument. The topics listed below are written as questions since they can be answered in different ways. The answer will serve as your thesis. Should the DSM V be reviewed and revised? Are Americans overdiagnosed with mental health conditions? Are Americans overmedicated? Are American children overdiagnosed with mental health conditions? Is there a link between the number of working hours and the risk of developing mental illness? Is the importance of mental health downplayed in popular culture? Is social media bad for mental health? Should mental health treatment be free? Should reparations be paid to people diagnosed with disorders removed from the DSM? Are current depictions of mental illness in film and television beneficial or harmful? Is there a link between artistic talent and mental illness? Is the American mental health system lagging behind compared to other countries? How strong is the evidence linking COVID-19 to mental health illness? Should mental health illness caused by COVID-19 be covered by health insurance? Is working from home better or worse for mental health? Should health insurance coverage for mental health be expanded? Is there a hidden epidemic of mental health illness in the United States? What is the best way to address drug dependence? Which diagnosis in the DSM V should be removed? Does social media contribute to the development of narcissistic personality disorder? Because of the similarities between argumentative and persuasive essays, mental health argumentative essay topics may also be considered as persuasive essay topics on mental illness. In fact, the similarities in these types of essays and their speech counterparts make them also appropriate as mental health persuasive speech topics.

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Mental Health Argumentative Essay Topics: 20+ Ideas for You

by  Antony W

May 27, 2023

So your teacher has asked you to write an argumentative essay on mental health but you have no idea what topics to consider for the assignment?

You’ve come to the right place.

We understand that mental health is a challenging and sometimes a controversial issue. However, it’s also a good area to explore, and you can argue for or against just about anything on mental health.

To make argumentative essay writing easier for you, we’ve put together 20+ metal health topics to get you started.

Key Takeaways

• Choose an interesting topic with a unique perspective. It shouldn’t be an area already explored exhaustively, and ensure it’s interesting enough to investigate.
• Ensure you can base the topic on facts. Do some preliminary research to identify reputable scientific sources that can fit into your essay.
• If the topic allows you to write with empathy and observe sensitivity, don’t hesitate to explore it. You must follow accepted writing standards, use the right terminologies, and base your work on facts rather than on myths and misconceptions.

If you already have a topic to explore but you need help to write the essay, get 15% discount here and one of our writers will help you to construct solid arguments on the topic. We invest in custom writing, so you get high quality papers written for you. 

20+ Mental Health Argumentative Essay Topics

The following is a list of 20+ mental health topics that you might want to explore in your next argumentative essay:

Mental Illness Topics

• Sure, here are the revised arguable questions without unnecessary capitalization:
• Should elementary schools be required to provide cognitive health services to students?
• Does it require more attention to address the most prevalent psychological illnesses among the elderly population?
• Should more resources be devoted to addressing the most common psychological problems among students?
• How serious is the prevalence of brain disorders in modern society, and what can we do about it?
• Does communal economy affect mental health, and, if so, what can we do to improve it?

Abnormality Argumentative Essay Topics

• Is there a relationship between childhood trauma and the development of mental illness in adulthood?
• Should certain behaviors or conditions fall in the category of mental disorders or simply a part of normal human variation?
• Is the diagnostic labeling of mental disorders helpful or harmful to individuals seeking treatment?
• Is there a link between mental disorders and creativity?
• Should we view mental disorders primarily as biological or environmental in nature?
• Is there an overreliance on medication in the treatment of mental disorders?
• Do medical professionals require training to view mental disorders from a strengths-based perspective?
• Can we rightfully conclude that current diagnostic system for mental disorders focuses on individual pathology? 

Do you feel like you’ve ran out of time and can’t get your arguments written in the very last minute? Hire our argumentative essay writing and one of our top writers will help you get the work done on time. We focus on custom writing, so you never have to worry about copied work or AI-generated content.

Development Psychology Essay Topics

• What are the long-term effects of early childhood experiences on adult mental health?
• Is adolescence a period of turmoil, or is this a myth perpetuated by cultural stereotypes?
• How much do genetics and environmental factors contribute to the development of mental health disorders in children and adolescents?
• Is there a relationship between the development of self-esteem and the risk of developing mental health disorders?
• What are the effects of cultural factors on the development of mental health in children and adolescents?
• Should children and adolescents go for routine screening for mental health disorders?
• Is there a relationship between technology use and mental health in children and adolescents?
• What are the effects of poverty and economic disadvantage on child and adolescent mental health?
• Should we focus on preventing mental health disorders in children and adolescents or on early intervention and treatment?

Neuropsychology Argumentative Essay Topics

• Can neuroimaging techniques help to improve the accuracy of mental health diagnoses?
• How do genetics and environmental factors interact to affect brain development and mental health?
• Can neurofeedback be an effective treatment for mental health disorders, and if so, what are the implications for traditional psychotherapy?
• What is the role of brain chemistry in the development and treatment of mental health disorders?
• Should neuroimaging evidence be admissible in court cases involving mental health disorders?
• What are the long-term effects of psychotropic medications on brain function and mental health?
• Can brain-based interventions improve the lives of people with treatment-resistant mental health disorders?

Psychopharmacology Argumentative Essay Topics

• Should psychotropic medications be the first line of treatment for mental health disorders, or should they be reserved for severe cases?
• What are the long-term effects of psychotropic medications on mental health, and are they well understood?
• Is there an overreliance on psychotropic medications in the treatment of mental health disorders, and if so, what are the alternatives?
• How can we ensure that psychotropic medications are prescribed appropriately and effectively, and what are the ethical implications of over- or under-prescribing?
• Is there a place for natural or herbal remedies in the treatment of mental health disorders?
• Should there be more research on the use of psychedelic drugs such as LSD and psilocybin for the treatment of mental health disorders?
• What is the relationship between mental health disorders and addiction?
• What are the potential side effects of psychotropic medications and how can we minimize them while still providing effective treatment?
• Can personalized medicine approaches improve the effectiveness of psychopharmacology in treating mental health disorders?
• Is there a need for greater regulation of the pharmaceutical industry with regard to the development and marketing of psychotropic medications?

Final Thought

Now that we’ve given you over 20 ideas to consider, it should be easy for you to single out which topic would be suitable for your mental health argumentative essay.

About the author 

Antony W is a professional writer and coach at Help for Assessment. He spends countless hours every day researching and writing great content filled with expert advice on how to write engaging essays, research papers, and assignments.

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Mental health is an essential part of our lives, and yet it has been largely overlooked in many academic circles.

Argumentative essays about mental health can be incredibly powerful pieces of writing. They enable students to dig deep into the complexities and nuances of the topic.

Crafting such an essay can seem daunting at first. However, with careful planning, it can be a piece of cake.

We’ll provide you with some tips for successfully researching your mental health argumentative essay. From developing your research question to synthesizing evidence effectively – you can find everything here.

Without further ado, let's begin!

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Argumentative Essay- Defined

An argumentative essay is a type of writing in which the writer takes a stand on an issue or topic while providing evidence to support their opinion. 

Argumentative essays are typically research-based and involve an analysis of the data that is used to support the writer’s argument. 

The goal of writing an argumentative essay about mental health is to present a persuasive case for your position while taking into consideration the facts, evidence, and different points of view regarding the topic.

Why Do We Write an Argumentative Essay About Mental Health?

The purpose of an argumentative essay about mental health is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the issue at hand.

It should evaluate different perspectives and explore the implications of potential solutions.

Ultimately, the writer should be able to present an argument for a particular solution based on the evidence and data that has been gathered.

All About Writing an Argumentative Essay About Mental Health

Writing an argumentative essay about mental health can be tricky. 

It is a broad and multi-faceted topic with different angles depending on your audience. 

Here are some tips on how to write an effective argumentative essay about mental health. 

Do Your Research 

Before you start writing your essay, it’s important to do your research. Read articles, watch videos, and look up information from reliable sources such as books or journals. 

Make sure you’re familiar with both sides of the argument so that you can present your point effectively. 

It will also help you craft a well-rounded argument that takes into account different perspectives.

Paper Due? Why Suffer? That's our Job!

Pick an Engaging Title 

Choosing a title for your essay is important because it sets the tone for the rest of your paper. 

The title should be clear and capture what your paper is about without being too long.

If possible, try to make it catchy so it grabs people’s attention right away. It is also necessary as it gives them an idea of what they can expect when they read your essay. 

Form an Outline

Once you’ve done your research and chosen a title, it’s time to create an outline for your paper. 

This will help you stay organized while writing and ensure that all of your paper's points flow logically. 

Start by brainstorming ideas and jotting down key points in each section before crafting full sentences around those points. 

Check out this amazing blog on argumentative essay outline to craft perfect outlines.

Write a Brief Introduction 

The introduction paragraph should set the stage for the rest of the paper by introducing readers to both sides of the debate.

You should also include a thesis statement at the end of this paragraph so readers know exactly where you stand on the issue.  

Write Body Paragraphs 

The body paragraphs are where you will present evidence to support your thesis statement.

Each paragraph should focus on one main point/argument. This should also include relevant evidence/examples to back up any claims made within them.

An essay about mental illness should include evidence in the body paragraphs. These paragraphs should be highlighting the mental health concerns with supporting material.

Try to keep things concise yet informative – there’s no need to ramble on unnecessarily! 

Check out this interesting video!

Conclude Your Essay

Finally, wrap up everything in a conclusion paragraph by summarizing all major points made throughout your paper. 

Offer some insight into why these points matter (e.g., why understanding both sides of this debate is important). 

End with something inspiring or thought-provoking that encourages readers to consider their own stance on this issue even further!

Interesting Examples of Argumentative Essays About Mental Health

Mental health is a very important part of overall health and well-being, yet it can be difficult to discuss. 

Argumentative essays on mental health allow for more education surrounding the topic, helping others understand the importance of this subject. 

CollegeEssay.org provides some examples to help you get started on writing your own argumentative essay on mental health.

argumentative essay about mental health awareness

argumentative essay about mental health in schools

Check out this essay sample about the mental health situation in the Philippines written by our expert writer.

argumentative essay about the mental health situation in the Philippines

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argumentative essay about mental health care

argumentative essay about mental health issues

Check our extensive blog on argumentative essay examples to ace your next essay!

Good Argumentative Essay Topics About Mental Health

Here are some interesting argumentative essay topics on mental health that you could discuss in your paper:

• How can mental health be improved in the workplace? 
• What are some of the barriers to addressing mental health issues in schools? 
• Is there enough support for those with mental illness and their families? 
• What is the best way to address the stigma surrounding mental health? 
• Should mental health be a required part of school curriculums? 
• How can we better support young adults with mental illness? 
• What is the impact of social media on mental health? 
• What are some of the challenges faced by those living in rural areas when accessing mental health services? 
• Are mental health treatments accessible to all? 
• How can we better understand the physical and emotional impacts of mental illness?

Check our comprehensive blog on argumentative essay topics to get more topic ideas!

3 Tips to Write a Compelling Argumentative Essay About Mental Health

Mental health is an issue that affects people of all ages, backgrounds, and walks of life. It's important to create an informed discussion around it.

Whether you're writing for school or just want to explore the subject further, here are some tips to help you.

1. Choose Your Topic Carefully 

When writing an essay on this topic, it's important to choose a topic that has enough research available.

2. Formulate Your Argument 

Once you've chosen your topic, it's time to start formulating your argument.

It may help to create a thesis statement that summarizes your main point in one sentence.

This statement should make clear what side of the debate you're taking. It should explain why you believe it's correct over any other stance someone might take on the issue.

3. Find Credible Sources 

Once you know what position you want to take on your chosen topic, it's time to find credible sources that support your argument. 

Look for sources such as peer-reviewed articles, research studies, and authoritative information when gathering information for your essay.

Writing an argumentative essay about mental health can be both challenging and rewarding.

By doing your research and by following our tips, you can craft an essay that effectively argues your position while educating the reader on this important topic.

If you need help with choosing an argumentative essay topic or writing the essay itself, discover the unparalleled excellence of our best online essay writing service , where quality meets precision in every sentence.

Our team of expert writers is dedicated to delivering top-tier essays tailored to your specific needs, ensuring that your academic journey is as smooth and successful as possible. With a focus on originality, timely delivery, and personalized attention, our service stands out as a beacon of academic assistance.

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100 Mental Health Essay Topics

Essay topics on the subject of mental health are many and varied. If you are charged with writing an essay on mental health, you could choose to focus on any number of subtopics related to the field.

But to craft a well-written essay on mental health, there are a few basics you should keep in mind to ensure your writing is informative, authoritative, and most importantly, accurate.

To help you create a mental health essay that hits all the right marks, we’ve put together this guide covering everything from outlining to research to writing your conclusion. We’ve also created a list of 100 mental health essay topics to help get you started.

Getting Started: How to Write a Mental Health Essay

Before you start writing your mental health essay, it’s essential to understand the assignment’s requirements. Pay close attention to the prompt or question you’ve been given, as this will help you determine the focus and direction of your essay.

Once you understand what’s required, you can start brainstorming ideas and developing a thesis statement. This will be the foundation of your mental health essay, so it’s important to take the time to get it right.

Your thesis statement should be clear and concise, and it should state the main argument or point you will be making in your essay. For example, if you are writing an essay on the importance of early intervention programs for mental health, your thesis statement might look something like this:

“Early intervention programs are essential for improving mental health outcomes and preventing serious mental illness.”

Once you have your thesis statement, you can develop an outline for your essay. This will help you organize your thoughts and ensure that your argument flows smoothly.

Your outline should include an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. In your introduction, you will want to grab the reader’s attention and give them an overview of what you will be discussing in your essay.

Your body paragraphs will be where you make your argument and support it with evidence. And in your conclusion, you will want to sum up your main points and leave the reader with a strong impression.

If you’re struggling to get started, try looking at some mental health essay examples. This can give you a better understanding of how to structure your own essay and the different elements you should include.

Doing the Research

Once you have a thesis statement and outline, it’s time to start doing research for your mental health essay. This is an important step, as it will help to ensure that your essay is accurate and well-informed.

When researching your mental health essay, you will want to look for reputable sources that are relevant to your topic. For example, try to find scholarly journal articles, government reports, or other reliable sources of information.

If you’re not sure where to start, try looking in the mental health section of your local library or searching for mental health essay examples online.

When taking notes from your research, be sure to record the author’s name, the title of the article, and the publication date. This will make it easier to create citations for your essay later on.

Writing the Essay

Now that you’ve done your research, it’s time to start writing your mental health essay. Begin with an introduction that grabs the reader’s attention and gives them an overview of your argument.

Your body paragraphs should each focus on one central point, and they should be supported with evidence from your research. Be sure to include in-text citations whenever you use information from a source.

And finally, conclude your mental health essay with a strong conclusion that sums up your main points and leaves the reader with a positive impression.

If you’re struggling to write your essay, try looking at some mental health essay examples for inspiration. Just be sure to use your own words and ideas, and don’t plagiarize.

Editing and Proofreading

Once you’ve finished writing your mental health essay, it’s important to edit and proofread it before you submit it. This will help to ensure that your essay is well-written and free of any errors.

Start by reading your essay aloud, as this can help you spot any errors or awkward phrases. Then, revise your essay for clarity and conciseness. And finally, proofread your essay carefully to catch any typos or grammatical errors.

If you’re struggling to edit and proofread your work, try reading your essay backwards. This will help you focus on each word and catch any errors you might otherwise miss.

You can also try using a grammar checker or having someone else read your essay. Just be sure to give yourself enough time to make revisions, as rushing this process can result in mistakes being missed.

With the detailed guide above, you should have no trouble writing a mental health essay on your own. But if you’re struggling to choose a topic, here are 100 mental health essay topics to consider:

Mental Health Essay Topics About Mental Illness

• What are the most common mental illnesses?
• How can mental illness be diagnosed?
• What are the causes of mental illness?
• How does mental illness impact a person’s life?
• What are the treatments for mental illness?
• Are there any effective preventative measures for mental illness?
• How does society view mental illness?
• Are there any stigma surrounding mental illness?
• What are the challenges of living with mental illness?
• How does mental illness affect relationships?

Mental Health Essay Topics About Mental Health Treatment

• What are the different types of mental health treatment?
• How effective is mental health treatment?
• What are the side effects of mental health treatment?
• How can mental health treatment be accessed?
• Who provides mental health treatment?
• What are the challenges of mental health treatment?
• Can mental health treatment be forced?
• What are the rights of mental health patients?
• How does mental health treatment impact a person’s life?
• Are there any alternatives to mental health treatment?

Mental Health Essay Topics About Mental Health in the Workplace

• What are the impacts of poor mental health in the workplace?
• How can poor mental health in the workplace be prevented?
• What are the challenges of addressing mental health in the workplace?
• How can employers support employees with mental health issues?
• How does mental health affect productivity in the workplace?
• What are the legal implications of poor mental health in the workplace?
• How does mental health discrimination impact the workplace?
• What are some successful workplace mental health initiatives?
• How can employers create a mentally healthy workplace?
• What role does management play in supporting employees with mental health issues?

Mental Health Essay Topics About Mental Health in Schools

• How does poor mental health affect academic performance?
• What are the impacts of bullying on mental health?
• How can schools create a positive and supportive environment for students with mental health issues?
• What is the role of teachers in supporting students with mental health issues?
• What are some effective intervention strategies for mental health issues in schools?
• How can school counselors support students with mental health issues?
• Are there any legal implications for schools regarding mental health?
• What are the challenges of implementing mental health programs in schools?
• What are some successful examples of mental health initiatives in schools?
• How can the stigmatization of mental health be addressed in schools?

Mental Health Essay Topics About the Mental Health of Children

• What are the most common mental health disorders in children?
• How can mental health disorders in children be diagnosed?
• What are the causes of mental health disorders in children?
• How do mental health disorders impact a child’s life?
• What are the treatments for mental health disorders in children?
• Are there any effective preventative measures for mental health disorders in children?
• How does society view mental health disorders in children?
• Are there any stigma surrounding mental health disorders in children?
• What are the challenges of living with a mental health disorder as a child?
• How do mental health disorders affect relationships?

Mental Health Essay Topics About Mental Health Disorders

• What’s the difference between paranoia and anxiety disorders?
• How do depression and eating disorders differ?
• What is PTSD, and how does it differ from other anxiety disorders?
• What are the causes of schizophrenia?
• Is there a difference between mental illness and insanity?
• How do experts diagnose clinical vs. environmental mental illnesses?
• Is there a genetic component to mental illness?
• How do different cultures deal with mental illness?
• What is the difference between a nervous breakdown and a mental breakdown?
• What are some of the most common alternative therapies for mental illness?

Mental Health Essay Topics About The Mental Health Of Veterans

• What are the most common mental health disorders among veterans?
• How does military service impact mental health?
• What are the risk factors for mental health disorders among veterans?
• What are the treatments for mental health disorders among veterans?
• Are there any effective preventative measures for mental health disorders among veterans?
• What mental health issues are specific to veterans and not the civilian population?
• How does the Veterans Affairs system deal with mental health disorders?
• What are the challenges of diagnosing and treating mental health disorders among veterans?
• What are some successful examples of mental health initiatives for veterans?
• How can the stigma surrounding mental health be addressed among veterans?

Mental Health Essay Topics About Alternative Mental Health Therapies

• What is art therapy, and how does it work?
• What is music therapy, and how does it work?
• What is drama therapy, and how does it work?
• What are the benefits of using alternative mental health therapies?
• Are there any risks associated with using alternative mental health therapies?
• How do alternative mental health therapies compare to traditional therapies?
• What are the challenges of using alternative mental health therapies?
• Are there any successful examples of using alternative mental health therapies?
• How can the stigma surrounding mental health be addressed through alternative therapies?
• What role do alternative mental health therapies play in treating mental health disorders?

Mental Health Essay Topics About Outdated Mental Health Therapies

• What are the differences in how mental health was treated 100 years ago and how it is treated today?
• What are some outdated mental health therapies that are no longer used?
• Why were mental health therapies from the ’50s considered effective at the time?
• How have mental health therapies evolved over the past decade?
• Are there any risks associated with using these outdated therapies?
• What can we learn from these outdated therapies?

Mental Health Essay Topics About the Impact of Technology on Mental Health

• How has social media impacted mental health?
• Are there any benefits to using technology in treating mental health disorders?
• Are there any risks associated with using technology to treat mental health disorders?
• How does cyberbullying impact mental health?
• What is the impact of social media on body image and eating disorders?
• How does technology addiction impact mental health?
• What are the challenges of treating mental health disorders exacerbated by technology?
• What are some successful examples of using technology to treat mental health disorders?
• How can the stigma surrounding mental health be addressed through technology?
• What role does technology play in treating mental health disorders?

Mental Health Essay Topics About Trauma and Mental Health

• What is trauma?
• How does trauma impact mental health?
• What are the risk factors for developing mental health disorders after trauma?
• What are the treatments for mental health disorders caused by trauma?

With these 100 mental health essay topics combined with a list of helpful writing tips, you should be well on your way to writing a great mental health essay. Just remember to choose a topic you are passionate about and do some research to find reliable sources.

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Argumentative Essay

Argumentative Essay About Mental Health

Last updated on: Mar 25, 2024

Writing an Argumentative Essay About Mental Health: Get Examples and Topics

By: Betty P.

10 min read

Reviewed By: Chris H.

Published on: Mar 8, 2023

Crafting a persuasive argumentative essay on mental health topics can seem intimidating.

Perfecting an argument that is both persuasive and backed by evidence can be a difficult balance to strike. 

However, by using the right tips and strategies, crafting an argumentative essay on mental health can be made easier.

Our guide will help you create a winning argument by providing instructions and examples. With our guidance, you'll have all the tools you need to craft a compelling piece of writing. This will make your point clear and leave your reader convinced!

Without further ado, let us begin!

On this Page

What is an Argumentative Essay?

An argumentative essay presents arguments on a particular topic, backed by solid evidence and logical reasoning. 

But why should you write one about mental health?

Firstly, argumentative essays provide a platform for expressing your opinions and beliefs while supporting them with credible facts. By writing about mental health, you can shed light on this important topic and contribute to a larger conversation.

Secondly, argumentative essays encourage critical thinking . They require you to analyze different perspectives, evaluate evidence, and form well-reasoned arguments. Writing about mental health allows you to explore complex issues and challenge misconceptions.

Moreover, they have the power to influence and inspire change . By presenting compelling arguments and persuasive evidence, you can raise awareness about mental health, combat stigma, and advocate for better support and resources.

Learn how to perfect your arguments with our comprehensive argumentative essay guide. 

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How to Write an Argumentative Essay About Mental Health

Writing an essay on mental health is great to explore the different dynamics of the topic.

Here’s a step-by-step guide on how you go about writing this essay:   Step 1: Select a Compelling Topic

Choose a topic related to mental health that interests you and is relevant to society. 

Consider issues like the impact of social media on mental health or the importance of mental health education in schools. Do your research to come up with a topic that hasn’t been explored in-depth before. This way you can create a unique case in your essay.

Step 2: Conduct In-Depth Research

Gather credible information from reputable sources such as academic journals, government reports, and expert opinions. Collect statistics, case studies, and examples that support your arguments.

Step 3: Structure Your Essay Effectively

Organize your essay into an introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. In the introduction, provide background information on the topic and present a clear thesis statement that states your main argument. 

In the body paragraphs, present your arguments, supporting evidence, and counterarguments. 

Finally, to end your essay , summarize your key points and restate your thesis while leaving a lasting impression on the reader.

Step 4: Use Persuasive Techniques

Use persuasive writing techniques to make your arguments more compelling. Appeal to logic by presenting facts and logical reasoning. 

Appeal to emotions by sharing personal stories of people with mental disorders. Use strong and concise language to convey your message effectively.

Gain all the insight you need to construct a convincing argumentative essay by watching this video!

Examples of Argumentative Essay about Mental Health

Example essays can help you a great deal when getting started with writing an essay about mental health problems. Here are a few examples of argumentative essays on mental health:

Here are some example essays that can help you get started

Argumentative Essay About Mental Health Awareness

Argumentative Essay About Mental Health In Schools

Argumentative Essay About Mental Health Situation In The Philippines

Argumentative Essay About Mental Health Of Students

Argumentative Essay About Mental Health Care

Argumentative Essay About Mental Health Issues

Argumentative Essay About Mental Health Introduction

Argumentative Essay About Mental Health And Physical Health

Struggling to find the inspiration you need to craft your essay? Explore our argumentative essay examples blog!

Argumentative Essay Topics About Mental Health

When it comes to writing an argumentative essay about mental health, choosing a thought-provoking topic is crucial. Here are some compelling topics that provide opportunities for strong arguments:

• The Role of Social Media in Shaping Perceptions of Mental Health
• The Impact of Childhood Trauma on Mental Health in Adulthood
• Exploring the Stigma Surrounding Mental Illness in Society
• The Importance of Mental Health Education in Schools
• The Effects of Exercise and Physical Activity on Mental Well-being
• Analyzing the Link Between Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders
• Addressing the Mental Health Needs of LGBTQ+ Individuals
• Examining the Overprescription of Psychotropic Medications for Mental Health
• The Role of Cultural Factors in Understanding and Treating Mental Health Issues
• Promoting Mental Health Support and Resources in Underserved Communities

Don’t see a topic you like? Check out our extensive list of argumentative essay topics and choose one that interests you!

Still, think you need more help? 

Hire our essay writing service to get the work done for you. 

With the help of MyPerfectPaper.net, you can craft a well-written argumentative paper about mental health without any effort.

Our argumentative essay writing service offers quality, experienced essay writers who specialize in mental health topics. 

Our argumentative essay writer will be sure to provide you with an essay that meets your expectations. With our guidance, you can be confident that it will be of the highest quality.

So if you're looking for help with an argumentative essay, just place your ‘ write my paper ’ request at our website!

Betty is a freelance writer and researcher. She has a Masters in literature and enjoys providing writing services to her clients. Betty is an avid reader and loves learning new things. She has provided writing services to clients from all academic levels and related academic fields.

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100+ Argumentative Essay Topics on Mental Health | Example & Outline

• September 2, 2022
• Essay Topics and Ideas

Argumentative Essay Topics on Mental Health. Mental health is an important and often overlooked topic. In this article, we’ll explore some argumentative essay topics related to mental health .

Here's What You'll Learn

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Argumentative Essay Topics about Mental Health

1. Is there a connection between mental health and physical health? 2. How does mental illness affect a person’s ability to function in society? 3. What are the most effective treatments for mental illness? 4. Are there any effective prevention strategies for mental illness? 5. What is the relationship between mental health and substance abuse? 6. How does poverty affect mental health? 7. What are the most common mental disorders? 8. What are the consequences of untreated mental illness? 9. What are the risk factors for developing mental illness? 10. How can mental illness be effectively diagnosed?

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Argumentative essay topics about depression

1. Depression is a real mental health condition.

2. Depression is more than just feeling sad.

3. Depression can lead to serious physical health problems.

4. Depression is treatable with medication and therapy.

5. People with depression can lead happy, fulfilling lives.

6. Untreated depression can be deadly.

7. Depression is often misunderstood and stigmatized.

8. Depression is not a sign of weakness or a character flaw.

9. Anyone can develop depression, even people who seem to have it all together.

10. There is no single cause of depression, but there are risk factors that can make someone more likely to develop the condition.

Argumentative Essay Topics on Mental Health. Mental health is an important and often overlooked topic. In this article, we’ll explore some argumentative essay topics related to mental health.

Argumentative essay about mental health in schools

1. Mental health should be taught in schools. 2. There should be more support for mental health in schools. 3. Mental health should be taken more seriously in schools. 4. Schools should do more to prevent mental health problems. 5. Schools should do more to help students with mental health problems. 6. Mental health problems are increasing in schools. 7. school counselors are not trained to deal with mental health issues 8. most school don’t have a mental health policy 9. lack of awareness about mental health among school staff 10. stigma and discrimination against mental health patients

Argumentative essay on mental health stigma

Argumentative essay topics about mental health can be very controversial and sensitive. However, there are many people who are open to discussing these topics and raising awareness about mental health. Here are twenty argumentative essay topics about mental health that you can use for your next essay.

1. How does society view mental health? 2. Do we need to break the stigma around mental health? 3. How can we better support those with mental health conditions? 4. What is the link between mental health and addiction? 5. How does trauma affect mental health? 6. What are the most effective treatments for mental health conditions? 7. Are there any natural remedies for mental health conditions? 8. How does diet affect mental health? 9. How does exercise affect mental health? 10. What is the link between sleep and mental health? 11. What are the warning signs of a mental health condition? 12. When should someone seek professional help for a mental health condition? 13. How can family and friends support someone with a mental health condition? 14. What are the most common myths about mental health? 15. How does stigma impact those with mental health conditions?

16. How can we destigmatize mental health? 17. What is the link between mental health and violence? 18. How does mental health affect overall health? 19. What are the most common mental health disorders? 20. What are the most effective treatments for mental health disorders?

Mental health debate topics for students

1. The definition of mental health 2. The different types of mental illness 3. The causes of mental illness 4. The treatments for mental illness 5. The side effects of mental illness 6. The impact of mental illness on society 7. The cost of mental health care 8. Mental health in the workplace 9. Mental health in the media 10. Stigma and discrimination against those with mental illness 11. The impact of trauma on mental health 12. Mental health during pregnancy and postpartum 13. Children’s mental health 14. Geriatric mental health 15. Global perspectives on mental health 16. Religion and mental health 17. Cultural competence in mental health care 18. Social media and mental health 19.Nutrition and mental health

20. Exercise and mental health

Expository essay topics about mental illness

1. How does mental illness affect one’s ability to work? 2. What are the most common types of mental illness? 3. How can mental illness be prevented? 4. What are the most effective treatments for mental illness? 5. How does mental illness impact relationships? 6. What are the financial costs of mental illness? 7. How does stigma affect those with mental illness? 8. What are the most common myths about mental illness? 9. How does mental illness differ from addiction? 10. What are the early warning signs of mental illness?

Debates about mental health

1. The definition of mental health is contested and argued by professionals in the field. 2. Some people argue that mental health is a social construction, while others believe that it is a real and valid medical condition. 3. Mental health is often stigmatized in society, and those who suffer from mental illness are often seen as weak or crazy. 4. Mental health is often viewed as something that can be cured, when in reality it is a lifelong battle for many people. 5. Mental illness is often seen as an individual responsibility to deal with, when in reality it affects not just the individual but also their families and loved ones. 6. It is often said that people with mental illness are not able to function in society, when in fact many people with mental illness are high-functioning individuals. 7. Mental health is often viewed as an all-or-nothing proposition, when in reality there is a spectrum of mental health conditions that range from mild to severe. 8. People with mental illness are often treated differently than other people, and they are often discriminated against. 9. There is a lot of misinformation about mental health, and this leads tomisunderstanding and fear. 10. Mental health is a complex issue, and there is no one-size-fits-all solution to addressing it.

Persuasive topics related to mental health

1. The link between mental health and physical health. 2. The benefits of therapy and counseling. 3. The importance of early intervention for mental health issues. 4. The impact of trauma on mental health. 5. The correlation between mental health and substance abuse. 6. The connection between mental health and chronic illness. 7. The relationship between mental health and chronic pain. 8. Mental health in the workplace. 9. Mental health in the military. 10. Mental health in schools. 11. Children’s mental health issues. 12. Teens and mental health issues. 13. Elderly mental health issues. 14. Cultural issues and mental health. 15. Religion and mental health. 16. The stigma of mental illness. 17. Mental health awareness and education. 18. Mental health advocacy. 19. Funding for mental health services. 20. Access to mental health care.

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Mental Health Essay Topics with Outline & Examples

Published by Ellie Cross at April 5th, 2022 , Revised On January 3, 2024

Mental health studies are a discipline that looks into various mental illnesses to see how they affect people, their causes, and what we can do about them. On the other hand, selecting the right topic for an argumentative essay is crucial to addressing a specific mental health issue. In other words, mental health essay topics have equal importance as the idea of mental health itself. 

Students who have a real passion for any particular area of mental health should spend considerable time searching and finding the right topic for their essays. 

This article presents many good mental health essay topics for your argumentative essay that you can use right away. These unique ideas will make it easier for students to address unique mental health issues through their arguments. 

Mental Health Essay Topics to Write About

Everyone is affected by a mental illness at some stage in their lives. So how do you explain what other people in the world are going through without feeling their pain, emotions and anxiety? The success of your argumentative essay largely depends on the quality and uniqueness of the topic. Here are some exciting and intriguing mental health essay topics you can consider:

• The relationship between obesity and mental health
• The relationship between teenagers and self-harm
• How does a returning soldier deal with his mental health problems?
• The causes of post-traumatic stress disorder in soldiers and its treatment
• What does anorexia nervosa mean?
• It is recognising and addressing indicators of a loved one’s mental health.
• What do you think about people who have “dark” thoughts?
• What does ADHD mean, and what factors may play a role in its development?
• An analysis of gender with most of the mental health problems
• The possible treatment options for obsessive-compulsive disorder
• The most common mental disorders in geriatric people
• The treatments that are used most frequently in depressed patients
• Identifying the main influences on brain screening
• The impact of depression on overall mental wellbeing
• Differences between anxiety disorders and key protective factors for mental health
• Do video games have an impact on a person’s mental health?
• How does music affect mental health?
• How do graphic images affect mental health?
• The effects of obsessive-compulsive disorder on human activity
• How to identify mental illness
• What makes you feel anxious?
• How can stress cause depression?
• What are anxieties, and why do people fear everyday objects?
• Examine the mental health of Holocaust survivors.
• Postpartum depression is a real problem. 
• What are the benefits of a cognitive health crisis? 
• How does poverty affect mental health? 
• The importance of improving psychological and emotional health 
• Common mental health problems of women and men
• What role do school programs play in addressing mental health?

Grave Mental Health Essay Topics

You may also write about some more serious mental health topics. However, acing a mental health essay on a grave mental health issue will require you to relate your content to people’s real-life experiences and start accumulating arguments to support your claims. Here are some interesting but super specific mental health essay topics. 

• Identify and discuss the role of physiotherapy in maintaining mental health.
• Sigmund Freud’s contributions to mental health
• What role does parenting stress play in depression?
• The influence of nightmares on depression
• The contribution of insomnia to depression
• Is it possible to keep the brain healthy to protect its health?
• Is it possible to forget painful memories?
• What educational credentials are required to practice psychiatry?
• What role do horror films play in anxiety?
• Why do people watch scary films?
• Discuss the relationship between mental health and therapy
• What measures are taken to treat mental health problems in the UK?
• Why are so many artists mentally ill?
• Do you think that living in the limelight causes mental illness?
• Discuss COVID-19 and mental health.
• How can you tell if someone is suffering from anxiety?
• An unintended consequence of online learning
• The impact of divorce on children’s mental health
• Why dropping out can harm a student’s mental health
• There is a link between physical violence and mental illness. Discuss

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Topics on Mental Illness Argumentative Essay

• Writing about a mental illness in your essay will require you to have an in-depth understanding of the illness you will investigate. If you pursue one of those in-depth mental health topics, you can surely impress your professor. TV shows that can benefit people with mental illnesses
• In the LGBTQ community, mental illness is common.
• Why are the people of the black community facing more mental illness?
• How can child abuse lead to mental illness?
• How is substance abuse related to mental illness?
• What are coping mechanisms most prevalent in mental illness?
• What is the impact of trauma on mental health?
• School-based programs to support students with mental health problems will be considered.
• What is the most common mental illness faced by raped victims? Discuss each of them.
• How lack of confidence can affect mental health
• Discuss the most recent developments in the field of clinical depression
• Anxiety caused by sexual assault in the metaverse
• How does anxiety affect the ability to cope with your daily life activities?
• Does women’s mental health matter in the nation?
• What are the most common mental illnesses faced by children?
• How can mental health be promoted at colleges and universities?
• How did music come to be associated with mental health?
• Mental health and its connection with peer groups
• How images of homeless people can affect a person’s mental health
• How can people on low incomes receive mental health care?
• The value of forgiveness for mental health
• Name and explain why one of the countries in the world has the highest rate of mental illness.
• The role of society in mental health problems
• Can a change of environment improve mental wellbeing?
• How can love help people who have a mental illness, and how can it not?

Good Essay Topics on Mental Health

• The role of extremists in the deterioration of mental health care in their holy places
• What happens when parents ignore their children, and how does it affect their mental health?
• The difference between religious counselling and professional counselling
• What does it mean to be anti-social, and how can you change or support someone who is?
• Recognise and explain the role of chronic stress and anxiety disorders in long-term loneliness. Discuss the impact of remote working on mental health and how to manage it.
• Talk about ways to deal with unhappy feelings to avoid slipping into chronic mental health problems.
• How can you tell if a person’s mental health is okay?
• How can you empower a handicapped person to pursue their goals without becoming depressed because of physical limitations?
• How can the general public best respond to someone suffering from a mental illness?

Cause-Effect Essay Topics on Mental Health

• What role does physical health play in maintaining mental health?
• The effects of post-traumatic stress disorder are severe. Explain why?
• Does emotional stress affect the immune system?
• How can break-ups help or hurt your mental health?
• How does early retirement affect or worsen mental health?
• What can a child do if they are diagnosed with schizophrenia, and how can they be helped?
• What are some of the potentially harmful behaviours that can exacerbate mental illness?

Argumentative Essay Topics on Mental Health

• People who are mentally ill are not religious. Argue on this perception
• Religion has both negative and positive influences on an individual’s mental health
• Anxiety is influenced by discrimination
• Depression can also be caused by self-awareness
• There are five reasons why mental illness is so prevalent
• Depression is a common problem among young people and is never taken seriously
• Suicide is a result of ignoring mental illness at its early stages. Argue

So now, when you have an opportunity to dazzle your teachers by working on these unique mental health essay topics, you must also know about the basic structure of a mental health essay. We have created a brief outline for you guys to understand the structure before delving into the topics. 

Outline of the Essay

It would be best to write down what you want to cover in your essay after conducting your research on a topic. Do not forget to find and review different academic sources when writing a mental health essay. 

Mental Health Essay Introduction

Your essay must have a hook that attracts the reader. Next, you need to establish a thesis statement to show you understand the significance of the topic you are exploring. You can also use your introduction to tell a story or share an experience.

Use proverbs, statistics, or anything that you feel is relevant to your topic in an introduction. Before concluding your introduction, give background information about your essay so that the reader knows what it is about.

The body is divided into paragraphs that support your thesis with evidence and arguments. In general, the body should consist of five paragraphs . However, each sentence must contain a topic sentence linked to independent thought on the topic of mental health. You can also write each sentence with a definite purpose, convincing arguments, supporting details, and examples.

The conclusion sums up the content that you have presented in your essay. You can include a statement of your thesis at the end of your conclusion, and you can even ask a rhetorical question about the future of mental health. However, it would help if you did not make any new arguments in conclusion.

Important Tips when Writing Mental Health Essay

• Present sufficient knowledge of the actual topic
• Know the difference between mental health/illness and emotions
• A generalisation of the term “Mentally Ill” should be avoided
• Use neutral terms, be precise in your arguments/claims
• Emphasis on the treatment and positive vibes through your content
• Get professional assistance if you struggle with your medical or nursing essay.

Frequently Asked Questions

How to write an excellent essay on mental health.

To write an excellent essay on mental health, research the topic thoroughly, provide personal insights, use a clear structure, support your arguments with evidence, and offer practical solutions. Prioritize empathy and awareness throughout.

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Persuasive on Mental Health

• Categories: Mental Health

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Words: 591 |

Published: Mar 19, 2024

Words: 591 | Page: 1 | 3 min read

Table of contents

Introduction, the stigma surrounding mental health, the economic cost of ignoring mental health, the connection between mental health and physical health, prevention and early intervention.

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90+ Strong Health Essay Topics And How To Handle Them

Table of Contents

You can write about healthy lifestyle, rehabilitation after traumas, childcare, common or rare diseases, global advances in health and medicine, environmental health issues, and more.

How to deal with essay on health?

Your essay will be the most impressive if you choose a topic that is familiar to you or you can write about something you have experience with. It will be easier for you to do a health essay paper and build a convincing argument. Another approach is choosing a topic which is not familiar to you but in which you are interested in. It would be a great opportunity for you to educate yourself.

If you pick an interesting essay topic idea which is too broad to cover in your essay, you should do additional keyword research and look for some specific aspects of this topic to narrow it.

Keep in mind that you should look for a narrow topic which has enough available resources that you can use for researching it.

Before you start writing, make sure you have found enough evidence and examples to support your argument. A good idea is to create a working outline or a mind map for your essay that will guide your writing and help you stay focused on your key points.

First, create a strong thesis statement and think about several main points to support it.

If you are looking for health topics to write about and are not sure what to write about, here we have gathered a lot of exciting ideas that you won’t find on any other essay writing services.

Feel free to use them as inspiration own topic ideas or for writing your essays.

Health topics to write about

• How Can We Help Children Maintain a Healthy Body Weight?
• Ethical and Legal Issues of Surrogate Pregnancy.
• How Dangerous are Long-term Consequences of Anorexia?
• Principles of Preventing Medical Errors in Hospitals.
• How Can Doctors Promote Healthy Lifestyle?
• Why is Homeopathy a Pseudo-Science?
• What Are Side Effects of Blood Transfusion?
• Types of Eating Disorders.
• Can a Vegan Diet Be Healthy?
• The Best Strategies to Maintain Healthy Body Weight.
• Psychological Issues of Breast Cancer.
• Importance of Organ Donation after Death.
• Can Cloning Help Save Lives?
• Ethics in Human Experimentation.
• Symptoms of Heart Attacks in Women.
• Is It Possible to Cure Diabetes in the Future?

Interesting health topics to write about

• What is the Difference Between Western Medicine and Alternative Medicine?
• Health Consequences of Eating Disorders.
• Bioprinting as the Future of Organ Transplants.
• Use of Stem Cell Technologies for Cancer Treatment.
• Ethical and Social Issues of Cosmetic Surgery.
• How Does Advertising Influence Healthy Food Choices?
• Role of Nutrition Education in Promoting Healthy Diets.
• Fast Food Consumption and Obesity.
• How Can Exercise Help Senior Improve Strength and Balance?
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Weight Loss Surgery.
• Obesity as a Medical and Social Problem.
• Strategies for Heart Disease Prevention.
• How Long Can Humans Actually Live?
• Pros and Cons of Clinical Trials.
• Alternative Ways to Treat Depression.
• Is There a Cure for HIV or AIDS?

Controversial health essay topics

• Is There a Link Between Sugary Drinks and Cancer?
• Health Consequences of Caffeine.
• Can Little Kid Food Habits Signal Autism?
• Should Euthanasia Be Legalized?
• Pros and Cons of Medical Marijuana.
• Is Alternative Medicine Dangerous?
• Is Doing Sports always Healthy?
• Which Diet Is Better: Low-Fat or Low-Carb?
• Discuss Measures for Prevention of Communicable Diseases.
• Social Determinants That Influence People’s Well-being.
• Are Doctors Responsible for the Opioid Epidemic?
• Is Religion a Mental Disorder?
• Is Nuclear Waste Really Dangerous for People?
• Is a No-Carb Diet Safe?
• Are We Too Dependent on Antibiotics?
• Are Natural Medicines a Good Alternative to Pharmaceutical?
• Can Blockchain Help Improve the Trust in the Accuracy of Clinical Trials Data?

Mental health argumentative essay topics

• Influence of Environmental Factors on Mental Health.
• Drug Misuse and Mental Disorders.
• Social Effects of Mental Disorders.
• Alcohol Addiction and Psychiatric Disorders.
• Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment of Teen Depression.
• How to Protect Your Mental Health from Social Media Dangers.
• Effects of Social Isolation and Loneliness on Severe Mental Disorders.
• Negative Effects of Total Isolation on Physical and Mental Health.
• Mental Health Benefits Associated with Physical Activity.
• Association between Exercise and Mood.
• Mental Health Problems of Homeless People.
• Stress as a Risk Factor for Mental Disorders.
• Effect of Disposer to Violence on Mental Disorders.
• Common Mental Disorders in the USA.
• Depression and Anxiety Disorders among Adults.
• Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety Disorders.
• Economic Burden of Depression and Anxiety Disorders.
• Influence of Anxiety Disorders on the Quality of Life.

Health care essay topics

• Advantages and Challenges of E-health Technology.
• Application of Big Data to the Medical Care System.
• Risk Connected with Untested Methods of Alternative Medicine.
• Controversial Issues in the US Medical Care System.
• Telemedicine and Other Disruptive Innovations in Health Care System.
• How Can We Achieve Health Equity?
• Impact of Racism on the Well-Being of the Nation.
• School-based Health Care and Educational Success of Children.
• Role of School-based Health Care in Preventing Dropout.
• What Can Be Done to Curb Rising Suicide Rates?
• Do Adults and Senior Still Need Vaccines?
• What Human Rights Issues Have an Impact on Public Health?
• What Measures Should Be Taken to Prevent Heat-related Deaths?
• Discuss Healthy Housing Standards.
• What Are Common Strategies for Prevention of Chronic Diseases?

Health essay topics for high school students

• Can Computers Displace Doctors?
• Can People Become Immortal?
• Can Happiness Cure Diseases?
• How to Prevent Teen Pregnancy?
• The Biggest Health Challenges Facing Youth.
• Importance of Balanced Diet for Teenagers.
• Does Being Healthy Make You Happy?
• Why Is Exercise Important to Teenagers?
• Why Is Obesity Becoming an Epidemic?
• How to Become a Healthy Person.
• Importance of Healthy Lifestyle for Teens.
• Negative Impact of Smoking Teenagers.
• How Does Stress Affect Teenagers?
• Why Do Teenagers Experiment with Drugs?
• How to Develop Healthy Eating Habits.

Need a health essay overnight? Here’s a deal! Buy argumentative essay help by choosing any topic from our list and handing it to our writers. Complete confidentiality and the brilliant result are guaranteed.

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Persuasive Speech Topics About Mental Health

Persuasive Speech Topics About Mental Health : Mental health is an important issue that affects us in one way or another. Currently, there are many factors that affect our mental health. If you are carrying out a study on mental health or you are looking for a speech topic, we have compiled Persuasive Speech Topics About Mental Health that can help you develop a good speech to provide more information about mental health .

1. How mental health can be improved through positive peer groups

2. Lack of mental health awareness is promoting poor mental issues for people living in low-income areas

3. Mental health treatment should be made less complex and more affordable.

4. Family history and its effects on mental health

5. Mental illness stigmatization as a barrier to mental health recovery

6. Financial constraints and how they lead to lower chances of someone seeking therapeutic treatment

Read: Research Topics on Mental Health

7. Why Socio-cultural influences are one of the barriers to mental health treatment in developing countries

8. Reasons why social media is one of the causes of anxiety disorder among the young people

9. Students should be taught how to develop good mental health habits

10. Bullying should be well addresses to lower anxiety among students

11. Increased mental health cases portray failure in social responsibility by governments

12. More government funding for healthy mental awareness can lower depression.

13. Drug addiction can lead to mental health issues

Read: Argumentative Essay Topics about Mental Health

14. Technology can be used to enhance mental health services

15. Importance for individuals and communities to prioritize self-care and build resilience to manage mental health issues

Mental Health Persuasive Speech Topics

1. Elementary schools should provide cognitive health services

2. Common mental illness among the elderly

3. Best way to develop good mental health

4. How to deal with mental health issues among students

5. Government should be involved in creating self-awareness of mental health

6. Brain injuries and how they affect mental health

7. The relation between mental health and economic well being

8. Compared to women, men have more psychological issues

9. Extreme high parental expectations can lead to anxiety in their children

10. Social media addiction can lead to mental instability

11. How psychiatric screening procedures can be used lower mental health issues

Read: Christian Persuasive Speech Topics

Persuasive Essay Topics About Mental Health

1. Divorce and how it can cause childhood depression

2. Lack of basic needs among the homeless and how it affects their psychological health

3. The relationship between metabolic disorder and psychiatrist disorder

4. How untreated trauma can cause cognitive problems

5. Stress management can prevent psychiatric conditions

6. Treatment of psychiatric disorders through dietary measures.

7. The link between child abuse and mental disorder

8. How Mental Health Affects Your Everyday Life.

Read: LGBT Persuasive Essay Topics

9. Mental Illness Essay Topics on Argumentative

10. Obesity affects mental health.

11. Role of genes in psychological health

12. Firefighters are prone to develop anxiety attacks

13. Why it is important to understand the subconscious mind and self-knowledge

14. Hormonal levels in women and how they affect their mental health

15. Sleep disorder is a factor that affects mental health

16. Negative sides effects of mental health medication and how they affect its treatment

Read: Persuasive Speech Topics about Music

Conclusion: Persuasive Speech Topics About Mental Health

As you develop your persuasive speech on mental health, remember that this kind of speech requires a clear presentation of logical facts to influence your audience’s point of view. To do this you need to select a topic that you are well conversant of and one that can allow you to carry out enough study. 

Betty is a qualified teacher with a Bachelor of Education (Arts). In addition, she is a registered Certified Public Accountant. She has been teaching and offering part-time accounting services for the last 10 years. She is passionate about education, accounting, writing, and traveling.

Transforming the understanding and treatment of mental illnesses.

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Celebrating 75 Years! Learn More >>

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Decoding the Mind: Basic Science Revolutionizes Treatment of Mental Illnesses

By Linda Brady, Margaret Grabb, Susan Koester, Yael Mandelblat-Cerf, David Panchision, Jonathan Pevsner, Ashlee Van’t-Veer, and Aleksandra Vicentic on behalf of the NIMH Division of Neuroscience and Basic Behavioral Science

March 21, 2024 • 75th Anniversary

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For 75 years, NIMH has transformed the understanding and treatment of mental illnesses through basic and clinical research—bringing hope to millions of people. This Director’s Message, guest written by NIMH’s Division of Neuroscience and Basic Behavioral Science , is part of an anniversary series celebrating this momentous milestone.

The Division of Neuroscience and Basic Behavioral Science (DNBBS) at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) supports research on basic neuroscience, genetics, and basic behavioral science. These are foundational pillars in the quest to decode the human mind and unravel the complexities of mental illnesses.

At NIMH, we are committed to supporting and conducting genomics research as a priority research area . As the institute celebrates its 75th Anniversary , we are spotlighting DNBBS-supported efforts connecting genes to cells to circuits to behavior that have led to a wealth of discoveries and knowledge that can improve the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental illnesses.

Making gene discoveries

Medical conditions often run in families. For instance, if someone in your immediate family has high blood pressure, you are more likely to have it too. It is the same with mental disorders—often they run in families. NIMH is supporting research into human genetics to better understand why this occurs. This research has already led to the discovery of hundreds of gene variants that make us more or less likely to develop a mental disorder.

There are two types of genetic variation: common and rare. Common variation refers to DNA changes often seen in the general population, whereas rare variation is DNA changes found in only a small proportion of the population. Individually, most common gene variants have only a minor impact on the risk for a mental disorder. Instead, most disorders result from many common gene variants that, together, contribute to the risk for and severity of that disorder.

NIMH is committed to uncovering the role of genes in mental disorders with the aim of improving the lives of people who experience them. One of the many ways NIMH contributes to the discovery of common gene variants is by supporting the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC)   . The consortium of almost 1,000 scientists across the globe, including ones in the NIMH Intramural Research Program and others conducting NIMH-supported research, is one of the largest and most innovative biological investigations in psychiatry.

Global collaborations such as the PGC are critical to amassing the immense sample sizes needed to identify common gene variants. Data from the consortium’s almost one million participants have already led to transformative insights about genetic contributors to mental illnesses and the genetic relationships of these illnesses to each other. To date, studies conducted as part of the consortium have uncovered common variation in over a dozen mental illnesses.

In contrast to common gene variants, rare gene variants are very uncommon in the general population. When they do occur, they often have a major impact on the occurrence of an illness, particularly when they disrupt gene function or regulation. Rare variants involving mutations in a single gene have been linked to several mental disorders, often through NIMH-supported research. For instance, a recent NIMH-funded study found that rare variation in 10 genes substantially increased the risk for schizophrenia. However, it is important to note that genetics is not destiny; even rare variants only raise the risk for mental disorders, but many other factors, including your environment and experiences, play important roles as well.

Because of the strong interest among researchers and the public in understanding how genes translate to changes in the brain and behavior, NIMH has developed a list of human genes associated with mental illnesses. These genes were identified through rare variation studies and are meant to serve as a resource for the research community. The list currently focuses on rare variants, but NIMH plans to continue expanding it as evidence accumulates for additional gene variants (rare or common).

Moreover, mental illnesses are a significant public health burden worldwide . For this reason, NIMH investments in genomics research extend across the globe. NIMH has established the Ancestral Populations Network (APN) to make genomics studies more diverse and shed light on how genetic variation contributes to mental disorders across populations. APN currently includes seven projects with more than 100 researchers across 25 sites worldwide.

Connecting biology to behavior

While hundreds of individual genes have been linked to mental illnesses, the function of most of these genes in the brain remains poorly understood. But high-tech advances and the increased availability of computational tools are enabling researchers to begin unraveling the intricate roles played by genes.

In addition to identifying genetic variation that raises the risk for mental illnesses, NIMH supports research that will help us understand how genes contribute to human behavior. This information is critical to discovering approaches to diagnose, treat, and ultimately prevent or cure mental illnesses.

An NIMH-funded project called the PsychENCODE consortium   focuses on understanding how genes impact brain function. PsychENCODE is furthering knowledge of how gene risk maps onto brain function and dysfunction by cataloging genomic elements in the human brain and studying the actions of different cell types. The PsychENCODE dataset currently includes multidimensional genetic data from the postmortem brains of thousands of people with and without mental disorders.

Findings from the first phase of PsychENCODE were published as a series of 11 papers   examining functional genomics in the developing and adult brains and in mental disorders. A second batch of PsychENCODE papers will be published later this year. These findings help clarify the complex relationships between gene variants and the biological processes they influence.

PsychENCODE and other NIMH-supported projects are committed to sharing biospecimens quickly and openly to help speed research and discovery.

Facilitating these efforts is the NIMH Repository and Genomics Resource (NRGR)   , where samples are stored and shared. NRGR includes hundreds of thousands of samples, such as DNA, RNA, and cell lines, from people with and without mental disorders, along with demographic and diagnostic information.

Another NIMH initiative to connect risk genes to brain function is Scalable and Systematic Neurobiology of Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Disorder Risk Genes (SSPsyGene) . This initiative uses cutting-edge techniques to characterize the biological functions of 250 mental health risk genes—within the cells where they are expressed—to better understand how those genes contribute to mental illnesses. By systematically characterizing the biological functions of risk genes in cells, SSPsyGene will empower researchers to learn about biological pathways that may serve as new targets for treatment.

Genes also affect behavior by providing the blueprint for neurons, the basic units of the nervous system. Neurons communicate with each other via circuits in the brain, which enables us to process, integrate, and convey information. NIMH supports many initiatives to study the foundational role of neural networks and brain circuits in shaping diverse mental health-related behaviors like mood, learning, memory, and motivation.

For instance, studies supported through a basic-to-translational science initiative at NIMH focus on modifying neural activity to improve cognitive, emotional, and social processing  . Similarly, another new funding opportunity encourages studies in humans and animals examining how emotional and social cues are represented across brain circuits  to help address a core deficit in many mental disorders. These studies will increase understanding of the biological mechanisms that support behavior throughout life and offer interventions to improve these functions in healthy and clinical populations.

Developing treatments and therapeutics

The gene discovery and biology-to-behavior programs described here will lay the foundation for delivering novel therapeutics. To be prepared to rapidly implement findings from this research, NIMH supports several initiatives to identify behavioral and biological markers for use in clinical studies and increase our ability to translate research into practice.

Through its therapeutics discovery research programs , NIMH advances early stage discovery and development studies in humans and early efficacy trials for mental disorders. Taking these efforts a step further, NIMH supports the National Cooperative Drug Discovery/Development Groups for the Treatment of Mental Disorders , which encourage public–private partnerships to accelerate the discovery and development of novel therapeutics and new biomarkers for use in human trials. Moreover, NIMH is one of several institutes and centers in the NIH Blueprint Neurotherapeutics Network  , launched to enable neuroscientists in academia and biotechnology companies to develop new drugs for nervous system disorders.

For the treatments of tomorrow, NIMH is building a new research program called Pre-Clinical Research on Gene Therapies for Rare Genetic Neurodevelopmental Disorders  , which encourages early stage research to optimize gene therapies to treat disorders with prominent cognitive, social, or affective impairment. In parallel, NIMH’s Planning Grants for Natural History Studies of Rare Genetic Neurodevelopmental Disorders  encourage the analysis of pre-existing data from people with rare disorders to learn about disease progression and enable future clinical trials with these populations.

NIMH's Division of Neuroscience and Basic Behavioral Science supports many different research projects that help us learn about genes and gene functions, how the brain develops and works, and impacts on behavior. By investing in basic neuroscience, genetics, and behavioral research, we're trying to find new targets for treatment and develop better therapies for mental disorders. We're hopeful these efforts will lead to new ways to treat and prevent mental illnesses in the near future and, ultimately, improve the lives of people in this country and across the globe.

Most Teens Think AI Won’t Hurt Their Mental Health. Teachers Disagree

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High school theater teacher Lisa Dyer has noticed in recent years that her students are more reluctant to take risks or make what she calls “big choices” on stage.

As artificial intelligence expands over the next decade—going beyond algorithms suggesting everything from what TV show to watch to what word to type next in a text—she fears her students will be even more hesitant to follow their own instincts.

“The idea of perfection is very pervasive,” Dyer, who teaches at J.R. Tucker High School near Richmond, Va., said of how her students often think in an age increasingly dominated by AI. To her students, the essays spit out in seconds by generative AI tools like ChatGPT “seem like perfection. If the computer makes it up, that must be the right answer.”

She worries that her students’ creativity and self-confidence could be stifled, ultimately hindering their mental well-being.

On the other hand, Nicolas Gertler, 19, the AI and education adviser at Encode Justice , a nonprofit organization that works to promote a values-centered approach to AI, sees the potential for AI to do everything from make school more accessible to students with special learning needs to helping diagnose and treat diseases—which could be beneficial to everyone’s mental health.

And the college freshman wouldn’t mind if robots spared him from his least favorite tasks—especially doing laundry—leaving time for more fulfilling and creative pursuits, or just relaxation.

Teens have a sunnier view of AI than educators

Which vision is closer to what will actually happen? Not even top engineers can say for certain what AI will be capable of in 10 years—much less how it will impact teenagers’ mental health and well-being.

But one thing is clear: High school students and educators have very different perspectives on what AI will mean for young people’s mental health over the next decade, according to a pair of recent EdWeek Research Center surveys.

Educators generally have a dark view. More than two-thirds of teachers and school and district leaders—69 percent—expect that AI will have a negative impact on teens’ mental health over the next decade. Nearly a quarter—24 percent—believe it will be “very negative.” Just 14 percent anticipate a positive impact, including only 1 percent who think it will be “very positive,” according to the survey of 595 educators conducted from Dec. 21, 2023 to Jan. 2, 2024.

Explore the Survey Results

Teens themselves are much more optimistic. Just a quarter who participated in a recent EdWeek Research Center survey expect AI will have a negative impact on their mental health over the next 10 years. A slightly higher percentage—30 percent—expect it will actually have a positive effect, including 10 percent who imagine it will be “very positive.” The survey of 1,056 teenagers was conducted Feb. 9 through March 4.

Those findings are in keeping with how different generations have reacted to the introduction of new technologies—from television to the internet to smartphones, said Lee Rainie, a scholar-in-residence and director of the Imagining the Digital Future Center at Elon University, who has spent decades studying the impact of technology on society.

“Young people throughout history are more interested in new technologies than older folks are,” he said. “Younger folks are just sort of more inclined to be early adopters, they’re more inclined to be enthusiastic, they’re more inclined to think that older ways of doing things have been upgraded by new technologies.”

‘For them, this is just the natural progression’

Today’s teens, in particular, likely have a bright perspective on AI’s impact on mental health given that “young people have never lived a life that didn’t involve some form of AI,” said Carly Ghantous, a humanities instructor at Davidson Academy Online, a private virtual school. “They’ve always had Siri and Alexa in their houses. They’ve always had turn-by-turn navigation [GPS] on their phones—that early AI that we don’t even think of as AI anymore. I’m sure, for them, this is just the natural progression.”

Ava Havidic, a senior at Millennium 6-12 Collegiate Academy in Tamarac, Fla., had a similar take.

“I think Generation Z and just youth in general, we are so used to just hearing about the next big like technological advancement,” said Havidic, who is a student facilitator for the National Association of Secondary School Principals’ Student Leadership Network on Mental Health. “It just becomes our day-to-day life.”

And while adults try to crack down on cheating with AI , some teenagers see outsourcing their schoolwork to AI as a way to relieve anxiety, said Makena, a high school student in Kansas who preferred to go by her first name so that she could speak candidly about the issue.

“Students at my school are completing assignments through AI. I think, honestly, it helps their mental health because they’re not as stressed,” said Makena, who added that she has never tried to pass off the work of generative AI as her own.

Enlisting armies of trolling bots

But educators who think AI will have a negative impact on teens’ mental health over the next decade point to deepfakes —AI-manipulated video, audio, or photos created using someone’s voice or likeness without their permission—as Exhibit A in their argument.

Already, students have gotten in trouble for making and sharing deepfake pornographic images of their classmates, including male students at a high school in New Jersey who manipulated images of female classmates last fall. And, more recently, four students were expelled from a Beverly Hills, Calif., middle school for creating and distributing deepfake photos of other students.

AI also has great potential to supercharge cyberbullying, said Jeremy Sell, a high school English teacher in California. “Cyberbullying, and all of the things that go with that, AI is going to make it worse and harder,” he said.

As generative AI develops over the next decade, creating those types of deepfakes is bound to get easier—making them even more ubiquitous, Sell added.

What’s more, AI could exacerbate “general troll behavior, mocking people, attacking them, just making their lives miserable,” Rainie said. “Not only will active human trolls go after people, but they’ll enlist their bot armies to the cause.” That could look like bots attacking a particular user every time they sign on to a social platform, for example.

Unable to ‘trust their own eyes’

The ability to use AI to fabricate information has implications beyond just cyberbullying, said Kaywin Cottle, who teaches an AI course at Burley Junior High in Burley, Idaho. Once her students realize how easily images can be manipulated, it’s harder for them to take anything they see on the internet at face value.

“They know they can build something fake that looks real. They’re not going to even be able to trust their own eyes, what they see, what they hear, or what they read,” which could be very unsettling, Cottle said.

AI’s further development may exacerbate another problem: Students’ inability to resist social media— or screens in general .

Some of Sell’s students seem to spend their lives glued to their devices because social media algorithms on sites like TikTok—which are powered by AI—are so effective, he said.

Over time, he expects those algorithms will only get smarter, more powerful—and all the more addictive, making the virtual world more tempting, and the non-virtual one harder to navigate.

Over the next decade, too, bots may become more humanlike, leading to a landscape like the one depicted in the 2013 movie “Her”, in which a lonely man falls in love with an AI-powered operating system.

Rainie predicts teens “might get sucked into a world where their relationships with their bots and the relationship with synthetic environments are going to be more enriching, more appealing, more immersive than the real-world relationships they have, which are messy and boring, and complicated.”

What the ‘modern moment is all about’

On the other hand, in anticipating AI will have a negative impact on teen mental health, educators may be projecting their own fears about its disruptive potential on their jobs , Ghantous suggested.

“Our education system was created to make factory workers,” Ghantous said. “And AI is like, ‘we don’t need factory workers anymore.’”

Teachers and their students may have to work through that kind of anxiety together—along with the rest of society, Rainie said.

“Now that we’ve got an upgrade in our intelligence and our smartness through this tool, how do we take advantage of that without becoming slaves to it, basically?” he said. “That’s what the modern moment is all about. It’s, how do we get the good and diminish the bad that might come out of this?”

Data analysis for this article was provided by the EdWeek Research Center. Learn more about the center’s work.

A version of this article appeared in the April 03, 2024 edition of Education Week as Most Teens Think AI Won’t Hurt Their Mental Health. Teachers Disagree

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Monday briefing: The truth about claims people ‘use’ their mental health to avoid work

In today’s newsletter: Work and pensions secretary Mel Stride claims 94% of those going to the doctors feeling ‘bluesy’ will be signed off work. What’s the evidence for this claim?

Sign up here for our daily newsletter, First Edition

Good morning, and happy Easter. Story after story in recent months – and years – has led to the same conclusion, from Conservatives and Labour alike: the British state simply cannot afford to do what it used to.

If the “ magic money tree ” is bare, that leaves two possibilities: either people who really need help won’t get it, or people are getting help who don’t really need it. The first of these is not an admission that the government is likely to make. And so they are forced to rely on the second.

Once you notice this theme, it’s everywhere. Jeremy Hunt says benefits must be restricted for those “who don’t even look for work”; Esther McVey says that councils facing a reduction in central government funding of 40% since 2010 are simply “wasteful”. And earlier this month, work and pensions secretary Mel Stride (above) came out with a particularly striking example – telling the Daily Telegraph that some of those being signed off work with mental health problems are “convincing themselves they have some kind of serious mental health condition as opposed to the normal anxieties of life”.

There is no dispute that more benefit claimants are reporting mental health problems . But the contention that this is because many are gaming the system is heavily contested. For today’s newsletter, I asked Tom Pollard, the head of social policy at the New Economics Foundation who spent 18 months seconded as a mental health policy adviser at the Department for Work and Pensions, to explain. Here are the headlines.

Five big stories

Israel-Gaza war | Israel has given the UN a proposal to dismantle Unrwa , its relief agency in the Palestinian territories, and transfer its staff to a replacement agency, according to UN sources. Israel has refused to deal with Unrwa since last Monday, on the basis of as-yet unproven claims of affiliations of some of the agency’s staff with Hamas or Islamic Jihad.

NHS | Almost 14,000 people died needlessly last year in England while waiting in A&E for up to 12 hours for a hospital bed, a new estimate suggests . Calculations by the Royal College of Emergency Medicine (RCEM) based on a large study of excess deaths and waiting times show that 268 people are likely to have died each week in 2023 because of excessive waits in emergency departments.

Turkey | Turkey’s main opposition party dealt an unexpected blow to Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s rule on Sunday with a sweeping victory in Turkey’s local elections. The results were viewed as symbolic of dissatisfaction with Erdoğan, who was at the forefront of his party’s campaign to retake the Istanbul mayoralty.

Culture | The Information Commissioner’s Office is investigating the British Museum over claims it has been overly secretive about a group of sacred Ethiopian altar tablets hidden from view for over 150 years. The museum acknowledges the artefacts were looted by British soldiers but has long resisted calls for them to returned to Ethiopia.

Monarchy | King Charles attended the annual Easter Sunday service at Windsor Castle, his first major public appearance since he was diagnosed with cancer. The king, 75, smiled and waved as he joined Queen Camilla at the Easter Mattins service at St George’s Chapel. The Princess of Wales and her family were absent as she continues her cancer treatment.

In depth: ‘People don’t drop out of work because they saw a TikTok about stress’

When Stride warned that “we are labelling the normal ups and downs of human life as medical conditions which then actually serve to hold people back and, ultimately, drive up the benefit bill”, he also noted that he was “grateful for today’s much more open approach to mental health”.

It was left to Telegraph columnist Judith Woods to put the argument more emphatically : “Increasingly, every day’s a Pity Party in UK plc,” she wrote. “We are all paying the price for Generation Feeble.”

The DWP says that its reforms will cut the number of people on the highest tier of incapacity benefits by more than 370,000, and notes that research shows that having a good job improves people’s mental health. Stride (above) also said he wanted “an honest, grownup debate”. In that spirit, here’s some of the evidence about the reality of those claims.

Why has the number of people reporting mental health problems increased?

There is little doubt that public attitudes to mental illness have changed markedly in recent years: surveys show that people are more willing to discuss mental health issues , and less likely to distance themselves from those in crisis . “In the time I’ve been working in mental health, certainly there is a bit less stigma,” Pollard says. “That means that some people are more willing to come forward.”

But there is also robust evidence that worsening economic circumstances tend to worsen people’s mental health. “There are really well-established links in peer-reviewed studies between poverty, or low-quality work, and poor mental health,” says Pollard.

Although it’s true that a “good job” can be good for mental heath, precarious minimum wage employment can have the opposite impact, as this study shows . This research shows how cold homes negatively affect mental health; this evidence review shows links between job loss and depression and rising suicide rates during periods of economic downturn.

Are people ‘convincing themselves they have some serious condition’?

The argument made by Stride and his allies that mental health awareness has “gone too far” evokes images of gen Z’ers posting videos claiming a mental health problem when in reality they are “a bit low”. The ONS reported that recent increases in economic inactivity have been driven primarily by younger adults . Meanwhile, the Time To Change mental health campaign found that more people considered stress or grief as mental illnesses in 2017 than in 2009.

But that effect is likely to be less powerful among those claiming benefits than those in more stable economic circumstances – and younger adults are often the most economically vulnerable. “People on low incomes are often also those who may not trust services or face stigma in their communities,” Pollard says. “So they may not come forward with a problem, and only seek help when they’re at crisis point.”

Meanwhile, other factors push in the opposite direction: whatever advances have been made, there are still significant taboos around discussing mental health, with more than half of those living with mental illness in the UK saying they feel shamed because of it .

“My experience is that it is not common for people to go to the length of dropping out of work because they saw a video on TikTok talking about stress,” Pollard says. “It doesn’t chime with reality. I’m sure there are examples of people using the system nefariously, but on the whole most people associate working with being well, and most people want to be well.”

Are people being signed off work too easily?

Stride claimed that if people “go to the doctor and say ‘I’m feeling rather down and bluesy’”, they will be given an average of seven minutes for an appointment – “and then, on 94% of occasions, they will be signed off as not fit to carry out any work whatsoever”.

But that 94% figure may not be right. It comes from NHS data between April 2021 and September 2023 that covers all fit notes, not just those given for mental health reasons: I asked the DWP for a figure for mental health issues specifically, and they couldn’t provide one. They said that 37% of fit notes issued from October 2022 to September 2023 with a known diagnosis were for mental and behavioural disorders.

GPs, meanwhile, complain that the brevity of appointments is the result of a vastly unmanageable workload, not because they aren’t trying to assess claims properly. Dr Victoria Tzortziou Brown, vice chair of the Royal College of GPs, says that “today’s GPs and their teams are incredibly and increasingly thinly stretched”, delivering 4.7m more appointments this January than in January 2019, with 3% fewer GPs.

In any case, says Pollard, “there is this idea that there’s an easy path to a life on benefits from that point, with a flick of a switch – but after you get signed off by a GP, then you have to be assessed by the benefits system. The work capability assessment (WCA) often leaves people in limbo for six months or more, and then a lot of people are put off by the long form they have to fill in, or get told that they have to work.”

DWP data shows that, on top of whatever number are rejected by GPs, more than 14% of those claiming a mental or behavioural disorder were found to have “no limited capability for work”. In the end, the rejection rate is significantly higher than Stride implied.

We should also note that while 69% of people who received WCA decisions in 2022 and 2023 had mental and behavioural disorders , that is often alongside another health problem: research by the IPPR thinktank found that three-quarters of those who are economically inactive because of their health have two or more conditions. And if you have a disability or illness that is stopping you from working, it stands to reason that it may affect your broader wellbeing.

What impact does this approach have on the way the system operates?

Stride’s comments were the observations of a single minister, on a single day – but the follow-up since is evidence of how even those who miss a story like this may find it affecting how they are viewed. “It’s hard to be precise about how this filters down to people’s day-to-day experience,” Pollard says. “But it does seem likely to add to the general atmosphere of suspicion.”

In 2019, Pollard wrote about his conclusions from his time at the DWP, and said that an approach predicated on motivating people to return to work through the threat of cutting off their benefits “creates fundamental barriers to engaging people from ‘harder-to-help’ groups”.

“There is already this adversarial tone to these relationships,” he says now. “People feel they’re under suspicion, and that doesn’t create a conducive environment for getting that person back to work. A lot of this narrative risks fuelling that stigma again.”

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What else we’ve been reading

Why won’t Liz Truss (above) go away? David Runciman’s superb piece for Saturday magazine makes a surprisingly apt comparison with Brian Clough, and notes: “She still carries such an aura of spectacular failure that any public appearance looks like a triumph of will.” Archie

A federal raid and multiple civil claims of sex trafficking and sexual abuse have put the spotlight on Sean “Diddy” Combs , formerly known as P Diddy. Edward Helmore tracks the career of the hip-hop mogul and the often ignored signs of troubling behaviour towards women. Nimo

Cissy Jones’s livelihood as a voice artist working primarily in video games was severely threatened by artificial intelligence. She knew there was no putting the genie back in the bottle, so Jones fought back by creating an AI company that coexists with actors. David Smith spoke with voice actors about their fears and hopes about this new frontier in the video game industry. Nimo

This is a wonderful essay by Andrew O’Hagan, author of the forthcoming novel Caledonian Road, about leaving home : how he dreamed of it, what it meant to his parents, and how the rite of passage has transformed in the 30 years since. Archie

A decade ago, Lee Tilghman was a queen bee of influencing , earning $15,000 per post through her wellness content and aesthetic. Her life has changed dramatically since those days – Deborah Linton asks what prompted the shift. Nimo

Premier League | Manchester City and Arsenal played out a 0-0 draw at the Emirates , the first time in 58 matches that City have been held goalless at home. This was “a game that wasn’t really a game, a decider that decided very little, beyond keeping the Premier League title race still tantalisingly open,” wrote Barney Ronay . The result was good news for Liverpool, who finished the day top of the league after beating Brighton 2-1 thanks to a second-half winner from Mohamed Salah (above).

Continental League Cup | Arsenal’s 1-0 victory over Chelsea in the final of the Continental League Cup was overshadowed by Frida Maanum’s off-the-ball collapse deep into injury time . Maanum, seemingly unresponsive and requiring oxygen, was later said to be conscious, stable and talking to medical staff.

Boating | Organisers of the Boat Race have contacted Oxford to get more information on the cause of the sickness bug that struck down several members of their men’s team. River Action UK found dangerously high levels of E coli bacteria on the River Thames course.

The front pages

On this Easter Monday the Guardian print edition leads with “Plan to scrap non-dom status ‘is full of loopholes’ for super-rich”. “Sunak’s small boats plan ‘at risk’ from Home Office indecision” says the i , while the Financial Times has “Companies launch wave of bonds to hedge against US election volatility”. “King’s show of strength” – that’s how the Daily Mirror covers Charles’s appearance at an Easter service in Windsor, “his first tentative steps back into public life” since his cancer diagnosis. “Get well soon! King jokes: ‘I’m doing my best!’” – that’s the Daily Express . We’ll give the Sun its due: “Return of the king”. His majesty is the main picture on other front pages as well. The Daily Telegraph places this story alongside him: “Council tax to double for 80pc of second homes”. In the Daily Mail it’s “250 needless deaths each week due to agonising waits in A&E” while the Times says “Long waits in A&E kill 250 people every week”.

Today in Focus

The birdwatcher fighting racism in public spaces

A Central Park birdwatching incident went viral after Christian Cooper filmed a white woman threatening him. Now he is using his platform to share his passion for nature

Cartoon of the day | Edith Pritchett

Sign up for Inside Saturday to see more of Edith Pritchett’s cartoons, the best Saturday magazine content and an exclusive look behind the scenes

A bit of good news to remind you that the world’s not all bad

Throughout his childhood, David Smith had an aptitude for history . He would turn bedsheets into togas so he could pretend to be a Roman and spent school holidays learning hieroglyphics.

He wanted to channel this passion into teaching but ended up dropping out of college and picking up odd-jobs. Smith’s life changed when he posted a picture of himself in a cheap Henry VIII costume (the Tudor era was always his favourite) on social media. Smith was inundated with messages from people suggesting he join a re-enactment group, so he did. One £2,000 historically accurate costume later, the jobs came rolling in.

Soon after Smith was travelling around the country most weekends, performing as Henry at special events. Now, he is doing his dream job, working in schools as Henry full-time.

Sign up here for a weekly roundup of The Upside, sent to you every Sunday

Bored at work?

And finally, the Guardian’s puzzles are here to keep you entertained throughout the day. Until tomorrow.

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Read the Florida Supreme Court’s Ruling on the Constitutional Amendment

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The Florida Supreme Court allowed voters to decide this fall whether to expand abortion access, ruling 4 to 3 that a proposed constitutional amendment that would guarantee the right to abortion “before viability,” usually around 24 weeks, could go on the November ballot.

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Supreme Court of Florida No. SC2023-1392 ADVISORY OPINION TO THE ATTORNEY GENERAL RE: LIMITING GOVERNMENT INTERFERENCE WITH ABORTION. April 1, 2024 PER CURIAM. The Attorney General of Florida has petitioned this Court for an advisory opinion concerning the validity of a proposed citizen initiative amendment to the Florida Constitution, circulated under article XI, section 3 of the Florida Constitution, and titled “Amendment to Limit Government Interference with Abortion." We have jurisdiction. See art. IV, § 10; art. V, § 3(b)(10), Fla. Const. We approve the proposed amendment for placement on the ballot. I. BACKGROUND On October 9, 2023, the Attorney General petitioned this Court for an opinion regarding the validity of this initiative petition sponsored by Floridians Protecting Freedom, Inc. (the Sponsor). We invited interested parties to file briefs regarding the validity of the

initiative petition. We received initial briefs from the Attorney General and four other opponents of the proposed amendment: Susan B. Anthony Pro Life America ("Susan B. Anthony"); the National Center for Life and Liberty ("Center for Life"); Florida Voters Against Extremism; and the Florida Conference of Catholic Bishops. We received answer briefs arguing in favor of placing the proposed amendment on the ballot from the Sponsor and four other proponents: certain Former Florida Republican Elected Officials ("Former Republican Officials"); the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; certain Florida Doctors; and certain Law Professors and Instructors. Oral argument was heard on February 7, 2024. The full text of the proposed amendment, which would create a new section in the Declaration of Rights in article I of the Florida Constitution, states: SECTION . Limiting government interference with abortion. Except as provided in Article X, Section 22, no law shall prohibit, penalize, delay, or restrict abortion before viability or when necessary to protect the patient's health, as determined by the patient's healthcare provider. ▬ - 2

The ballot title for the proposed amendment is "Amendment to Limit Government Interference with Abortion,” and the ballot summary states: No law shall prohibit, penalize, delay, or restrict abortion before viability or when necessary to protect the patient's health, as determined by the patient's healthcare provider. This amendment does not change the Legislature's constitutional authority to require notification to a parent or guardian before a minor has an abortion. II. ANALYSIS A. Standard of Review In reviewing the validity of an initiative petition for placement on the ballot, "[t]his Court has traditionally applied a deferential standard of review." Advisory Op. to Att'y Gen. re Use of Marijuana for Certain Med. Conditions (Medical Marijuana I), 132 So. 3d 786, 794 (Fla. 2014). Without regard to the merits or wisdom of the initiative, our review is limited to the following issues: (1) "the compliance of the text of the proposed amendment or revision with s. 3, Art. XI of the State Constitution"; (2) "the compliance of the proposed ballot title and substance with s. 101.161"; and (3) "whether the proposed amendment is facially invalid under the United States Constitution." § 16.061(1), Fla. Stat (2023). This - 3

Court will invalidate a proposed amendment "only if it is shown to be 'clearly and conclusively defective." "1 Advisory Op. to Att'y Gen. re Regulate Marijuana in a Manner Similar to Alcohol to Establish Age, Licensing, & Other Restrictions, 320 So. 3d 657, 667 (Fla. 2021) (quoting Advisory Op. to Att'y Gen. re Amend. to Bar Gov't from Treating People Differently Based on Race in Pub. Educ. (Treating People Differently), 778 So. 2d 888, 891 (Fla. 2000)). This Court's review of a proposal's compliance with article X, section 3 and section 101.161 is governed by the following principles: First, the Court will not address the merits or wisdom of the proposed amendment. Second, "[t]he Court must act with extreme care, caution, and restraint before it removes a constitutional amendment from the vote of the people." Specifically, where citizen initiatives are concerned, “[the] Court has no authority to inject itself in 1. In her briefing, the Attorney General invites this Court to reconsider its long-held requirement that to invalidate a ballot initiative, this Court must conclude that the initiative is clearly and conclusively defective. The Attorney General suggests that this Court need only consider whether the initiative violates the requirements of section 101.161(1), not whether it does so "clearly." Essentially, the Attorney General seeks to reduce the opponents' burden here, see Floridians Against Casino Takeover v. Let's Help Florida, 363 So. 2d 337, 339 (Fla. 1978) (stating that the burden upon the opponent of an initiative proposal is to establish that the proposal is "clearly and conclusively defective" (quoting Weber v. Smathers, 338 So. 2d 819 (Fla. 1976); Goldner v. Adams, 167 So. 2d 575 (Fla. 1964))), which we decline to do. - 4 -

the process, unless the laws governing the process have been 'clearly and conclusively' violated." Advisory Op. to Att'y Gen. re 1.35% Prop. Tax Cap, Unless Voter Approved, 2 So. 3d 968, 971 (Fla. 2009) (alterations in original) (citations omitted). With these principles in mind, we turn to the task at hand. B. Single-subject Requirement Article XI, section 3 of the Florida Constitution provides in pertinent part: The power to propose the revision or amendment of any portion or portions of this constitution by initiative is reserved to the people, provided that, any such revision or amendment, except for those limiting the power of government to raise revenue, shall embrace but one subject and matter directly connected therewith. (Emphasis added.) “[I]n determining whether a proposal addresses a single subject the test is whether it ‘may be logically viewed as having a natural relation and connection as component parts or aspects of a single dominant plan or scheme."" Fine v. Firestone, 448 So. 2d 984, 990 (Fla. 1984) (quoting City of Coral Gables v. Gray, 19 So. 2d 318, 320 (Fla. 1944)). In other words, a proposal must manifest "a logical and natural oneness of purpose" to -5

accomplish the purpose of article XI, section 3.2 Advisory Op. to Att'y Gen. re Fla. Marriage Prot. Amend. (Marriage Protection), 926 So. 2d 1229, 1233 (Fla. 2006) (quoting Fine, 448 So. 2d at 990). The single-subject requirement is intended to "prevent[] a proposal ‘from engaging in either of two practices: (a) logrolling; or (b) substantially altering or performing the functions of multiple branches of state government.'" Medical Marijuana I, 132 So. 3d at 795 (quoting Advisory Op. to Att’y Gen. re Water & Land Conservation-Dedicates Funds to Acquire & Restore Fla. Conservation & Recreation Lands (Water & Land Conservation), 123 2. Opponent Susan B. Anthony urges this Court to reconsider the "oneness of purpose" standard, asserting that it is too subjective and that the plain text of article XI, section 3, requiring “one subject," should instead be read more narrowly as requiring "one proposition." While Susan B. Anthony suggests that a narrower interpretation of the single-subject requirement would be more faithful to the supremacy-of-text principle, its interpretation bears little relationship to the actual constitutional text. There is a difference between a proposal addressing a particular “subject," and one that presents a single "proposition," and the constitutional text plainly states that an initiative "embrace but one subject." Further, Susan B. Anthony ignores the text that immediately follows the word "subject" in article XI, section 3, which plainly permits a proposed amendment to address "matter directly connected" to the single subject. Finally, our cases do not reflect a commitment to defining “subject” in such a narrow manner. We thus decline Susan B. Anthony's invitation to adopt a narrower interpretation of the single-subject requirement. -6

So. 3d 47, 50-51 (Fla. 2013)). It "is a rule of restraint designed to insulate Florida's organic law from precipitous and cataclysmic change." Advisory Op. to Att'y Gen.-Save Our Everglades (Save Our Everglades), 636 So. 2d 1336, 1339 (Fla. 1994). As explained below, the proposed amendment here does not violate the singlesubject requirement. This Court has defined logrolling as “a practice wherein several separate issues are rolled into a single initiative in order to aggregate votes or secure approval of an otherwise unpopular issue." Id. at 1339. "The purpose of the single-subject requirement is to allow the citizens to vote on singular changes in our government that are identified in the proposal and to avoid voters having to accept part of a proposal which they oppose in order to obtain a change which they support." Fine, 448 So. 2d at 993. Susan B. Anthony and Florida Voters Against Extremism assert that the proposed amendment engages in logrolling by reaching two separate categories of abortion-abortion before viability of the fetus and abortion based on a healthcare provider's authority which present distinct moral and policy issues. The "viability provision" would ban any law prohibiting, penalizing, -7

delaying, or restricting abortion before viability, regardless of the circumstances or the mother's reasons for seeking an abortion. This, according to these opponents, would be, in effect, a constitutional guarantee of abortion at any time and for any purpose before the fetus is viable. The “health provision” would bar any law that prohibits, penalizes, delays, or restricts abortion at any time—including after viability and until the moment of birth— so long as a "healthcare provider” says it is necessary to "protect" the mother’s “health”—not “life.” Opponents argue that these two provisions of the proposed amendment involve entirely different subjects. Susan B. Anthony points out that many voters would simultaneously oppose an amendment that prohibits government interference with all previability abortions but support an amendment prohibiting government interference with abortions sought to protect the health of the mother. Opponents argue that the proposed amendment forces those voters "to accept part of a proposal which they oppose," id.-a ban on laws prohibiting abortion before viability—“in order to obtain a change which they support," id.-a ban on laws prohibiting abortion when maternal health is in need of protection. The Sponsor and other proponents -8

contend that the proposed amendment addresses a single subject, namely, "limiting government interference with abortion." Under both Florida and federal law, the subject of abortion has historically involved two major interconnected matters: the viability of the fetus and the health of the mother. See generally Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Org., 597 U.S. 215, 301 (2022); Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 163-64 (1973), overruled by Dobbs, 597 U.S. 215, and holding modified by Planned Parenthood of Se. Pa. v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833 (1992); In re T. W., 551 So. 2d 1186, 1190 (Fla. 1989), receded from by Planned Parenthood of Sw. & Cent. Fla. v. State, No. SC2022-1050 (Apr. 1, 2024) (slip op. at 2). “Abortion"or, more specifically, “limits on government interference with abortion"—is the subject of the proposed amendment, and the viability of the fetus and the mother's health are “matter[s] directly connected” thereto. For this reason, the argument that the proposed amendment violates the single-subject requirement because voters may support some of the amendment's applications but not others also fails. Whether some voters may support only a portion of a proposed amendment and oppose another portion is not the inquiry that determines whether there is a violation of the - 9

single-subject requirement. Instead, the prohibition on "logrolling refers to a practice whereby an amendment is proposed which contains unrelated provisions, some of which electors might wish to support, in order to get an otherwise disfavored provision passed." Advisory Op. to Att'y Gen. re Rts. of Elec. Consumers Regarding Solar Energy Choice (Solar Energy Choice), 188 So. 3d 822, 828-29 (Fla. 2016) (emphasis added) (citing Advisory Op. to Att'y Gen. re Protect People, Especially Youth, from Addiction, Disease, & Other Health Hazards of Using Tobacco, 926 So. 2d 1186, 1191 (Fla. 2006)); see also Advisory Op. to Att'y Gen. Ltd. Marine Net Fishing, 620 So. 2d 997, 999 (Fla. 1993) (“The purpose of the single-subject restriction is to prevent the proposal of an amendment which contains two unrelated provisions, one which electors might wish to support and one which they might disfavor." (emphasis added)). Because viability and maternal health are interconnected matters related to the subject of abortion, the mere fact that electors might not agree with the entirety of the amendment does not render it violative of the single-subject requirement. The Former Republican Officials point out that this Court has repeatedly approved ballot measures that addressed multiple - 10 -

related facets of a subject. For example, in Marriage Protection, the proposed amendment both defined "marriage" as "the legal union of only one man and one woman” and prohibited “the substantial equivalent thereof,” i.e., civil unions or domestic partnerships. 926 So. 2d at 1232. Although the opponents of the proposed amendment in that case contended that the definition of "marriage" and the prohibition on substantial equivalents were separate subjects, this Court concluded that they were both facets of “the singular subject of whether the concept of marriage and the rights and obligations traditionally embodied therein should be limited to the union of one man and one woman." Id. at 1234. Similarly, within the context of the proposed amendment here, abortion "before viability" and "when necessary to protect the patient's health" are not separate subjects but facets of the singular subject of whether government "interference with abortion" should be "limit[ed]" when those circumstances are present. We have explained that "a proposed amendment may 'delineate a number of guidelines' consistent with the single-subject requirement as long as these components possess ‘a natural relation and connection as component parts or aspects of a single dominant plan or scheme.' - 11 - 99

Medical Marijuana I, 132 So. 3d at 796 (quoting Advisory Op. to Att'y Gen. re Standards for Establishing Legis. Dist. Boundaries, 2 So. 3d 175, 181-82 (Fla. 2009)). Banning laws that restrict previability abortion and abortion performed to protect maternal health are aspects of a single scheme: limiting government interference with abortion. Susan B. Anthony's reliance on In re Advisory Opinion to the Attorney General—Restricts Laws Related to Discrimination (Discrimination Laws), 632 So. 2d 1018 (Fla. 1994), in support of its position is misplaced. The proposed amendment in that case stated, in pertinent part, The state, political subdivisions of the state, municipalities or any other governmental entity shall not enact or adopt any law regarding discrimination against persons which creates, establishes or recognizes any right, privilege or protection for any person based upon any characteristic, trait, status, or condition other than race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, handicap, ethnic background, marital status, or familial status. Id. at 1020. This Court concluded that the proposed initiative violated the single-subject rule because “it enumerate[d] ten classifications of people that would be entitled to protection from discrimination if the amendment were passed.” Id. (“[A] voter may - 12 -

want to support protection from discrimination for people based on race and religion, but oppose protection based on marital status and familial status."). Here, unlike what we characterized as the “expansive generality” and “disparate" classifications present in Discrimination Laws, the proposed amendment concerns only a single item—abortion. Susan B. Anthony also relies on Advisory Opinion to the Attorney General re Fairness Initiative Requiring Legislative Determination that Sales Tax Exemptions and Exclusions Serve a Public Purpose (Fairness Initiative), 880 So. 2d 630 (Fla. 2004). In that case, we concluded that the proposed amendment contain[ed] three disparate subjects: (1) a scheme for the Legislature to review existing exemptions to the sales tax under chapter 212; (2) the creation of a sales tax on services that currently does not exist; and (3) limitations on the Legislature's ability to create or continue exemptions and exclusions from the sales tax. Id. at 634. This Court reasoned that [w]hile all of these three goals arguably relate to sales taxes, and any one of these three goals might be the permissible subject of a constitutional amendment under the initiative process, we conclude that together they constitute impermissible logrolling and violate the singlesubject requirement of article XI, section 3, of the Florida Constitution because of the substantial, yet disparate, impact they may have. - 13 -

Id. at 635. The elements of the proposed amendment in Fairness Initiative lacked the “natural relation and connection" present in the proposed amendment in this case. The singular goal of the proposed amendment here is to limit government interference with the termination of pregnancy. It involves one subject and addresses the related ability of State and local governments to “interfere[] with" that subject. The proposed amendment also will not substantially alter or perform the functions of multiple branches of government. "This Court has held that while most amendments will 'affect' multiple branches of government this fact alone is insufficient to invalidate an amendment on single-subject grounds . . . ." Advisory Op. to Att'y Gen. re Right to Treatment & Rehab., 818 So. 2d 491, 496 (Fla. 2002). Indeed “it [is] difficult to conceive of a constitutional amendment that would not affect other aspects of government to some extent." Solar Energy Choice, 188 So. 3d at 830 (alteration in original) (quoting Advisory Op. to Att'y Gen. re Ltd. Casinos, 644 So. 2d 71, 74 (Fla. 1994)). But it is only "when a proposal substantially alters or performs the functions of multiple branches that it violates the single-subject test.'" Medical Marijuana I, 132 So. 3d at 795 - 14 -

(emphasis added) (quoting Advisory Op. to Att'y Gen. re Fish & Wildlife Conservation Comm'n, 705 So. 2d 1351, 1353-54 (Fla. 1998)); see also Advisory Op. to Att'y Gen. re Prohibiting State Spending for Experimentation that Involves the Destruction of a Live Hum. Embryo (Prohibiting State Spending), 959 So. 2d 210, 213 (Fla. 2007) ("While we recognize that the proposed amendment, if enacted, appears to limit the authority of the legislative and executive branches of state government, we conclude that this proposed amendment does not substantially alter or perform the functions of multiple branches of government."). Here, the proposed amendment will affect the government "only in the general sense that any constitutional provision does" by requiring compliance with a new constitutional rule. Solar Energy Choice, 188 So. 3d at 830. It will not require any of the branches of government to perform any specific functions nor would it substantially alter their functions. Instead, it primarily restricts the authority of the legislative branch to pass legislation that would “interfere” with abortion under certain circumstances. This is not the type of “precipitous” or “cataclysmic” change to the government structure indicative of substantially altering or performing the - 15 -

functions of multiple branches of government that the singlesubject rule is intended to prevent. See, e.g., In re Advisory Op. to Att'y Gen. re Limits or Prevents Barriers to Local Solar Elec. Supply, 177 So. 3d 235, 244-45 (Fla. 2015) (concluding that although the proposed amendment would limit the authority of the Legislature and other governmental entities to regulate in certain areas, it did "not substantially alter or perform the functions of multiple branches of government producing ‘precipitous' or ‘cataclysmic' changes"). We conclude that the proposed amendment before us embraces but one subject-limiting government interference with abortion and matter directly connected therewith. It does not violate the single-subject provision of article XI, section 3. C. Ballot Title and Summary Section 101.161(1), Florida Statutes (2023), sets forth certain technical and clarity requirements for ballot titles and summaries. As to the technical requirements, the statute requires that the ballot title "consist of a caption, not exceeding 15 words in length, by which the measure is commonly referred to or spoken of" and that "[t]he ballot summary of the amendment or other public - 16

measure shall be an explanatory statement, not exceeding 75 words in length, of the chief purpose of the measure." § 101.161(1), Fla. Stat. Here, the ballot title is composed of seven words and the ballot summary is composed of thirty-four words, clearly meeting the word count limitations provided in section 101.161(1). Section 101.161(1) also requires that a ballot summary “be printed in clear and unambiguous language.” “This is to provide fair notice of the content of the proposed amendment so that the voter will not be misled as to its purpose, and can cast an intelligent and informed ballot." Advisory Op. to Att'y Gen.-Fee on Everglades Sugar Prod., 681 So. 2d 1124, 1127 (Fla. 1996). "Accordingly, in reviewing the ballot title and summary, this Court asks two questions: (1) whether the ballot title and summary fairly inform the voter of the chief purpose of the amendment; and (2) whether the language of the ballot title and summary misleads the public." Solar Energy Choice, 188 So. 3d at 831. "[I]t is not necessary to explain every ramification of a proposed amendment, only the chief purpose." Water & Land Conservation, 123 So. 3d at 50-51 (alteration in original) (quoting Advisory Op. to Att’y Gen. re - 17 -

Additional Homestead Tax Exemption (Homestead Tax Exemption), 880 So. 2d 646, 651 (Fla. 2004)). Opponents contend that the ballot title and summary fail to fairly inform voters of the chief purpose of the amendment because, they argue, the chief purpose is not to limit government interference with abortion, as the title states, but to effectively provide for abortion on demand, up until the moment of birth, by requiring broad exceptions for maternal health. The opponents find it all but impossible to imagine a circumstance in which a woman who wants a postviability (including late-term or partial-birth) abortion will not be able to find a “healthcare provider” willing to say that an abortion is somehow necessary to protect her health-physical, mental, or otherwise. The opponents further argue that the ballot title and summary do not fully inform voters that the sweep of the proposed amendment is broad in its collateral effects on current Florida statutes regulating abortion; that the amendment may authorize late-term abortions for the sake of maternal health; or that “health” could encompass mental as well as physical health. While it may well be true that the proposed amendment would have broad effects flowing from its adoption that are not fully - 18 -

explained in the ballot summary, to fairly inform voters of its chief purpose, a ballot summary—as we have already said-“need not explain every detail or ramification of the proposed amendment." Treating People Differently, 778 So. 2d at 899 (quoting Advisory Op. to Att'y Gen. re Prohibiting Pub. Funding of Pol. Candidates, 693 So. 2d 972, 975 (Fla. 1997)). Nor must it provide “an exhaustive explanation of the interpretation and future possible effects of the amendment." Id. The ballot summary here tracks the language of the proposed amendment itself and provides that “no law shall prohibit, penalize, delay, or restrict abortion before viability or when necessary to protect the patient's health, as determined by the patient's healthcare provider.” That the proposed amendment’s principal goal and chief purpose is to limit government interference with abortion is plainly stated in terms that clearly and unambiguously reflect the text of the proposed amendment. And the broad sweep of this proposed amendment is obvious in the language of the summary. Denying this requires a flight from reality. We acknowledge that the text of the amendment—like any legal textpresents interpretive questions, but we neither endorse nor reject - 19 -

any litigant's assertions about how the proposed amendment might be interpreted in the future and our decision today takes no position on the scope of legislative discretion that would remain if the proposed amendment were to become law. The second question we must consider in reviewing the ballot title and summary is whether the language of the ballot title and summary will be misleading to voters. Medical Marijuana I, 132 So. 3d at 797. The ballot title—“Amendment to Limit Government Interference with Abortion"-clearly identifies the subject of the proposed amendment. Nonetheless, some opponents still contend that the ballot title is misleading because, they suggest, the proposed amendment does more than “limit” government interference with abortion and the phrase "government interference with abortion" is improper inflammatory political rhetoric. We disagree. The word "limit" is not misleading in the title or summary. The proposed amendment does not eliminate the government's ability to "interfere" with abortion in all circumstances; by its plain language, it limits government interference before viability or when necessary to protect the mother's health. Its reference to article X, section 22 of the Florida - 20 -

Constitution which grants the Legislature authority to require notification to a parent or guardian of a minor before termination of the minor's pregnancy-explicitly provides for an instance in which the legislative authority to "interfere[] with" abortion will be preserved in the event the proposed amendment is passed. And the proposed amendment would not prohibit the Legislature from passing laws "“interfering” with abortion after the point of viability and when the mother's health is not in jeopardy. The ballot title's inclusion of the word "limit" is therefore not misleading but accurately explains that the Legislature will retain authority to “interfere[] with” abortions under certain circumstances. Nor does the ballot title contain inflammatory political rhetoric. The "government interference" language in the ballot title is also found in both state and federal abortion precedent. See, e.g., N. Fla. Women's Health & Counseling Servs., Inc. v. State, 866 So. 2d 612, 615 (Fla. 2003) ("Under our decision, parent and minor are free to do as they wish in this regard, without government interference.”), receded from by Planned Parenthood of Sw. & Cent. Fla., No. SC2022-1050 (Apr. 1, 2024) (slip op. at 2-3, 50); Dobbs, 597 U.S. at 273 (reasoning that Roe conflated “the right to shield - 21

information from disclosure and the right to make and implement important personal decisions without governmental interference"). The "government interference" terminology is a fair description of the proposal. Thus, we cannot say that the phrase "government interference” is inflammatory political rhetoric. The opponents contend that the ballot summary is misleading because it fails to define “viability,” “health,” or “healthcare provider"; does not disclose that it might be left to a “healthcare provider” to determine when a fetus is viable; and does not disclose that despite its proclamation that no law will prohibit previability abortion, previability partial-birth abortions will remain prohibited under the federal partial-birth abortion ban, see 18 U.S.C. § 1531. But none of these things render the summary misleading or inadequate in any way. This Court has held that it will not strike a proposal from the ballot based upon an argument concerning "the ambiguous legal effect of the amendment's text rather than the clarity of the ballot title and summary." Advisory Op. to Att'y Gen. re Voter Control of Gambling (Voter Control of Gambling), 215 So. 3d 1209, 1216 (Fla. 2017). The question for our consideration here is not whether the - 22 -

proposed constitutional language itself is free of any ambiguity or whether there are uncertainties regarding the potential legal effect if the proposed amendment were to pass but whether the ballot summary misleads voters as to the new constitutional language voters are asked to adopt in the proposed amendment itself. In other words, it asks whether the ballot summary will give voters a false impression about what is contained in the actual text of the proposed amendment. The ballot summary essentially follows the language of the proposed amendment. It says nothing more and nothing less than what the operative language of the proposed amendment itself says. In light of this almost verbatim recitation of the text of the proposed amendment, it cannot be said that the ballot summary will mislead voters regarding the actual text of the proposed amendment. See Advisory Op. to Att'y Gen. re Voting Restoration Amend., 215 So. 3d 1202, 1208 (Fla. 2017) (“[T]he ballot title and summary also do not mislead voters with regard to the actual content of the proposed amendment. Rather, together they recite the language of the amendment almost in full."); Prohibiting State Spending, 959 So. 2d at 214 (upholding a summary that contained language identical to - 23 -

that in the proposed amendment); Marriage Protection, 926 So. 2d 1229 (upholding a summary that reiterated almost all of the language contained in the amendment); Advisory Op. to Att'y Gen. re Med. Liab. Claimant's Comp. Amend., 880 So. 2d 675 (Fla. 2004) (same). The fundamental problem with the main clarity arguments advanced by the opponents is that they effectively would impose requirements on the substance of a proposed amendment rather than require accuracy in the ballot summary. But an alleged ambiguity of a proposed amendment itself does not render a ballot summary misleading. And this Court "does not have the authority or responsibility to rule on the merits or the wisdom of these proposed initiative amendments." Treating People Differently, 778 So. 2d at 891 (quoting Advisory Op. to Att'y Gen. re Tax Limitation, 644 So. 2d 486, 489 (Fla. 1994)). There is simply no basis in the constitution for imposing a requirement for clarity on the substance of a proposed amendment. And section 101.161(1)'s requirement for a ballot summary to be in “clear and unambiguous language" cannot be reasonably understood as imposing an extraconstitutional requirement concerning the substance of proposed - 24 -

amendments. Nor should a summary be expected to resolve every interpretive question presented by a proposed amendment. Any summary that attempts to do so will no doubt be challenged for making the wrong interpretive choices. Indeed, the sponsor of an initiative does not have the authority-under the guise of clarification to use the ballot summary to narrow or broaden the meaning of the words used in the amendment text itself. In our legal system, the meaning of terms placed in the constitution is determined by the application of established interpretive conventions and separation of powers principles; legal meaning is not dictated by an amendment's sponsor. The opponents argue that the proposed amendment is misleading for failing to mention that it would not affect the federal ban on partial-birth abortion. "This Court has . . . never required that a ballot summary inform voters as to the current state of federal law and the impact of a proposed state constitutional amendment on federal statutory law as it exists at this moment in time." Medical Marijuana I, 132 So. 3d at 808. This case is thus distinguishable from Advisory Opinion to the Attorney General re Adult Use of Marijuana, 315 So. 3d 1176 (Fla. 2021), in which this - 25 -

Court concluded that a ballot summary was affirmatively misleading "regarding the interplay between the proposed amendment and federal law." Id. at 1180 (quoting Medical Marijuana I, 132 So. 3d at 808). There, we expressly rejected the idea that the ballot summary was defective for failing to "include language that [wa]s not in the proposed amendment itself,” and instead concluded that the ballot summary was defective for its omission of "important language that [wa]s found in the proposed amendment itself.'” Id. at 1183 (quoting Medical Marijuana I, 132 So. 3d at 808). In the end, the ballot title and summary fairly inform voters, in clear and unambiguous language, of the chief purpose of the amendment and they are not misleading. The ballot summary's nearly verbatim recitation of the proposed amendment language is an "accurate, objective, and neutral summary of the proposed amendment." See Homestead Tax Exemption, 880 So. 2d at 653-54 ("[A]n accurate, objective, and neutral summary of the proposed amendment is the sine qua non of the citizen-driven process of amending our constitution.”). Accordingly, there is no basis to - 26

reject the proposed summary and ballot title under section 101.161, Florida Statutes. In reaching this conclusion, we recognize that "the polestar of our analysis is the candor and accuracy with which the ballot language informs the voters of a proposed amendment's effects." Dep't of State v. Fla. Greyhound Ass'n, Inc., 253 So. 3d 513, 520 (Fla. 2018). Here, there is no lack of candor or accuracy: the ballot language plainly informs voters that the material legal effects of the proposed amendment will be that the government will be unable to enact laws that “prohibit, penalize, delay, or restrict" previability abortions or abortions necessary to protect the mother's health. It is undeniable that those are the main and material legal effects of the proposed amendment. "[W]e have also recognized that voters may be presumed to have the ability to reason and draw logical conclusions' from the information they are given." Id. at 520 (quoting Smith v. Am. Airlines, Inc., 606 So. 2d 618, 621 (Fla. 1992)). Because of this, ballot language—as we have previously mentioned—“is not required to explain every detail or ramification of the proposed amendment." Id. (quoting Smith, 606 So. 2d at 620). We thus presume that - 27 -

voters will have an understanding of the obviously broad sweep of this proposed amendment despite the fact that the ballot summary does not and cannot reveal its every possible ramification or collateral effect. Cf. Advisory Op. to Att'y Gen. re Ltd. Casinos, 644 So. 2d at 75 (noting that “[t]he seventy-five word limit placed on the ballot summary as required by statute does not lend itself to an explanation of all of a proposed amendment's details”). Even if elements of ambiguity in the text of a proposed amendment could result in the invalidity of a proposal—a proposition we reject-no such ambiguity has been shown here. Rather, the challenged concepts have been at the forefront of the abortion debate in this country for more than fifty years- -a debate that may be at its height today in the wake of Dobbs. And while some indeterminacy remains regarding these concepts, it is difficult to imagine a Florida voter in 2024 who would be befuddled in any material way by the ballot summary or proposed amendment due to the use of the terms "viability," "health," and "healthcare provider." Regarding whether ambiguity in the text of a proposed amendment can be the basis for a finding that the proposal is invalid, we acknowledge tension in our case law. But we have never - 28 -

given a reasoned explanation of any basis for applying the requirements designed to prevent misleading ballot summaries as a substantive limitation on the content of a proposed amendment. And our most recent pronouncement on the subject is in Department of State v. Hollander, 256 So. 3d 1300, 1311 (Fla. 2018), in which we unequivocally stated: “[T]his Court has held that it will not strike a proposal from the ballot based upon an argument concerning the ambiguous legal effect of the amendment's text rather than the clarity of the ballot title and summary.”” (quoting Voter Control of Gambling, 215 So. 3d at 1216). We see no reason to depart from our most recent ruling on this question. The opponents emphasize our decision in Askew v. Firestone, 421 So. 2d 151 (Fla. 1982). But Askew is entirely inapposite. In Askew, we determined that the chief purpose of the proposed amendment was "to remove the two-year ban on lobbying by former legislators and elected officers." Id. at 156. We found the ballot summary to be fatally defective because although it "indicate [d] that the amendment [wa]s a restriction on one's lobbying activities, the amendment actually g[ave] incumbent office holders, upon filing a financial disclosure statement, a right to immediately commence - 29 -

lobbying before their former agencies which [wa]s . . . precluded." Id. at 155-56. In other words, the ballot summary was fatally misleading because it operated to permit something when it said that it was "[p]rohibit[ing]" something. Id. at 153. No similar infirmity exists in this case. As previously stated, "[t]hat the proposed amendment's principal goal and chief purpose is to limit government interference with abortion is plainly stated in terms that clearly and unambiguously reflect the text of the proposed amendment." Supra at 19. The decision in Wadhams v. Board of County Commissioners of Sarasota County, 567 So. 2d 414 (Fla. 1990), is likewise distinguishable from the circumstances here. In Wadhams, the full text of a charter provision-with amendments engrossed-was placed on the ballot so that the voters were not informed of what was being changed in the text of the charter. Id. at 415. We held "that the chief purpose of the amendment was to curtail the Charter Review Board's right to meet," but nothing on the ballot gave the voter information necessary to understand that fact. Id. at 416. Nothing like that is occurring in this case. - 30

We are told by dissenting colleagues that "the vagueness of the proposed amendment itself leaves many key issues undetermined." Dissenting op. at 46 (Grosshans, J.). Indeed, we are advised that the “language and structure” of the proposed amendment are “overwhelmingly vague and ambiguous” and that the proposal in fact has “no readily discernible meaning.” Dissenting op. at 66 (Sasso, J.). We are further instructed that the summary-in tracking the text of the proposed amendment—“does not attempt to explain that the amendment itself is similarly vague and ambiguous." Id. at 76. Furthermore, the supposed ambiguity is not "self-evident from the vague and ambiguous nature of the summary." Id. We are also told that the language of the summary and proposed amendment “hides the ball” and “explains nothing" but then are instructed on a series of far-reaching "effects" gleaned from that very language. Dissenting op. at 53 (Francis, J.). Again, as we have explained, the suggestion that an amendment sponsor must use a ballot summary to “clarify” the text of an assertedly vague proposal ignores limits on the sponsor's own authority. And we see no basis in law or common sense to require a ballot summary to announce, as if in a warning label, “caution: this - 31

amendment contains terms with contestable meanings or applications." Voters can see and decide for themselves how the specificity of the proposal's terms relates to the proposal's merits. For reasons that are evident from what we have already said, none of this is convincing.3 Lawyers are adept at finding ambiguity. Show me the text and I'll show you the ambiguity. The predominant reasoning in the dissents would set this Court up as the master of the constitution with unfettered discretion to find a proposed amendment ambiguous and then to deprive the people of the right to be the judges of the merits of the proposal. It would open up a playground for motivated reasoning and judicial willfulness. This Court has an 3. It is also suggested that the voters should be informed that the proposed amendment "could, and likely would, impact how personhood is defined for purposes of article I, section 2 of our constitution." Dissenting op. at 49 (Grosshans, J.). The constitutional status of a preborn child under existing article I, section 2 presents complex and unsettled questions. Until our decision today to recede from T.W., this Court's jurisprudence for the past thirty-odd years had assumed that preborn human beings are not constitutional persons. See T.W., 551 So. 2d at 1193-94 (treating the fetus as only "potential life"), receded from on other grounds by Planned Parenthood of Sw. & Cent. Fla., No. SC20221050 (Apr. 1, 2024). Given the unsettled nature of this issue, any "disclosure" would be speculative and therefore unwarranted. - 32 -

important role in determining the validity of proposed amendments and ensuring that ballot summaries do not mislead the voters. But nothing in the law of this state gives the Court a stranglehold on the amendment process. We decline to adopt a standard that would effectively vest us with the power to bar an amendment from the ballot because of a supposed ambiguity in the text of the amendment. We decline to encroach on the prerogative to amend their constitution that the people have reserved to themselves. D. Facial Invalidity In 2020, section 16.061(1), Florida Statutes, was amended to direct the Attorney General that in addition to requesting an advisory opinion regarding the compliance of a proposed amendment and ballot language with article XI, section 3 and section 101.161, she also requests an opinion as to "whether the proposed amendment is facially invalid under the United States Constitution." See ch. 2020-15, § 2, Laws of Fla. Despite this directive, the Attorney General failed to request that we issue an opinion concerning the facial invalidity of the proposed amendment in this proceeding, and only one opponent contends that the proposed amendment is facially invalid. Opponent Center for Life - 33 -

argues that the proposed amendment is facially invalid under the Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution, because it is preempted by federal law, namely 18 U.S.C. § 1531, which prohibits partial-birth abortion.5 Specifically, the Center for Life argues that the "viability provision" of the proposed amendment-which purportedly would ban any law that “prohibit[s], penalize[s], delay[s], or restrict[s] abortion before viability”—sets up an inherent, irreconcilable conflict with federal law because the proposed amendment's efforts to prohibit any restriction on 4 4. See art. VI, cl. 2, U.S. Const. ("This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States . . . shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.”). 5. Under federal law, partial-birth abortion is defined as deliberately and intentionally vaginally deliver[ing] a living fetus until, in the case of a head-first presentation, the entire fetal head is outside the body of the mother, or, in the case of breech presentation, any part of the fetal trunk past the navel is outside the body of the mother, for the purpose of performing an overt act that the person knows will kill the partially delivered living fetus[,] 18 U.S.C. § 1531(b)(1)(A), and is prohibited unless “necessary to save the life of a mother whose life is endangered by a physical disorder, physical illness, or physical injury,” 18 U.S.C. § 1531(a). - 34 -

previability abortion cannot coexist with the federal ban on partialbirth abortion. Neither the Sponsor nor any of the proponents addressed the Center for Life's argument. Assuming congressional preemption is even an appropriate consideration for this Court in assessing facial validity,6 there is no basis for accepting the Center for Life's argument here. For a provision of state law, including a state constitutional amendment, “to be held facially unconstitutional, the challenger must demonstrate that no set of circumstances exists in which the [provision] can be constitutionally applied." Abdool v. Bondi, 141 So. 3d 529, 538 (Fla. 2014). The federal prohibition on partial-birth abortion would by no means invalidate the proposed amendment in all its applications. 6. As a threshold issue, no one has briefed whether section 16.061 uses the phrase "invalid under the United States Constitution" to include any proposed amendment that would be preempted by an act of Congress or if that phrase should instead be interpreted to apply only if a proposed amendment is in conflict with a substantive provision of the United States Constitution. See Advisory Op. to Att'y Gen. re: Adult Personal Use of Marijuana, SC2023-0682, at 16 note 7 (Apr. 1, 2024). - 35

III. CONCLUSION We conclude that the proposed amendment complies with the single-subject requirement of article XI, section 3 of the Florida Constitution, and that the ballot title and summary comply with section 101.161(1), Florida Statutes. And there is no basis for concluding that the proposed amendment is facially invalid under the United States Constitution. Accordingly, we approve the proposed amendment for placement on the ballot. No rehearing will be permitted. It is so ordered. CANADY, LABARGA, and COURIEL, JJ., concur. MUÑIZ, C.J., concurs with an opinion, in which CANADY and COURIEL, JJ., concur. GROSSHANS, J., dissents with an opinion, in which SASSO, J., concurs. FRANCIS, J., dissents with an opinion. SASSO, J., dissents with an opinion, in which GROSSHANS and FRANCIS, JJ., concur. MUÑIZ, C.J., concurring. Animating the majority's decision today is the constitutional principle that “[a]ll political power is inherent in the people.” Art. I, § 1, Fla. Const. A judge's obedience to that principle does not signal personal indifference to the objective justice of a proposed - 36

constitutional amendment. It also does not imply that our legal tradition views considerations of justice as irrelevant to legal interpretation. See, e.g., Bancroft Inv. Corp. v. City of Jacksonville, 27 So. 2d 162, 171 (Fla. 1946) (“If the positive law (constitution or statute) does not give a direct answer to the question, the court is at liberty on the factual basis to indulge the rule of reason to reach a result consonant with law and justice.”). Instead, our Court's constrained role in the amendment process is dictated by the limited authority and task the people have assigned us. By contrast, questions of justice are appropriately at the heart of the voters' assessment of a proposed amendment like the one under review. With its reference to the existence of “inalienable rights” in all persons, our constitution's Declaration of Rights assumes a pre-constitutional, objective moral reality that demands our respect-indeed, a moral order that government exists to protect. The proposed amendment would constitutionalize restrictions on the people's authority to use law to protect an entire class of human beings from private harm. It would cast into doubt the people's authority even to enact protections that are prudent, compassionate, and mindful of the complexities involved. Under - 37 -

our system of government, it is up to the voters—not this Court-to decide whether such a rule is consistent with the deepest commitments of our political community. With these considerations in mind, we fully concur in the Court's opinion. CANADY and COURIEL, JJ., concur. GROSSHANS, J., dissenting. In the decades after Roe v. Wade was decided, abortion was rarely an issue on which the public made decisions—either directly or through their elected representatives. See Roe, 410 U.S. 113 (1973). Instead, the courts acted as policymakers, and judges determined the boundaries and scope of abortion regulations. However, courts were unable to settle the complicated issues surrounding abortion, and even the U.S. Supreme Court struggled to justify the constitutional basis for such a right. See id. at 153 (holding that abortion is a constitutional right as part of the “right of privacy"); Planned Parenthood of Se. Pa. v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833, 846 (1992) (joint opinion) (“Constitutional protection of the woman's decision to terminate her pregnancy derives from the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment." (emphasis added)); cf. Dobbs - 38 -

v. Jackson Women's Health Org., 597 U.S. 215, 279 (2022) ("The Court [in Casey] abandoned any reliance on a privacy right and instead grounded the abortion right entirely on the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause."). Stressing these points and others, the Supreme Court relinquished the power that Roe claimed—returning the issue of abortion "to the people and their elected representatives." See Dobbs, 597 U.S. at 259. Now, in the post-Dobbs era, citizens must wrestle with how to balance the compelling interests of bodily autonomy and unborn life, while considering scientific advances, policy choices, and serious ethical implications. Cf. Casey, 505 U.S. at 979 (Scalia, J., concurring in the judgment in part and dissenting in part) (“The permissibility of abortion, and the limitations upon it, are to be resolved like most important questions in our democracy: by citizens trying to persuade one another and then voting."). These are difficult issues, and both sides of the debate have acted, at times rashly, in an attempt to resolve an issue on which there is little consensus. And we are reminded, yet again, what has been acknowledged by the Supreme Court many times— - 39 -

abortion is fundamentally different. See Dobbs, 597 U.S. at 257; Roe, 410 U.S. at 159; Casey, 505 U.S. at 852 (joint opinion). Today, we consider an initiative that proposes to amend our constitution by providing express protection for abortion procedures. The proposed amendment, with one exception, broadly forbids any “law” “prohibit[ing], penaliz[ing], delay[ing], or restrict[ing] abortion before viability or when necessary to protect the patient's health, as determined by the patient's healthcare provider." We have described our role in these advisory opinions as narrow. We determine if the proposed amendment meets our constitution's single-subject requirement and assess whether the ballot summary offers an explanatory statement of the amendment's chief purpose. See In re Advisory Op. to Att'y. Gen. re Use of Marijuana for Debilitating Med. Conditions, 181 So. 3d 471, 478 (Fla. 2015); cf. art. XI, § 3, Fla. Const. (single-subject rule); § 101.161, Fla. Stat. (2023) (requiring summary to set forth "explanatory statement . . . of the chief purpose of the measure”). Nevertheless, as revealed by our precedent, the precise scope of our review in this advisory role is subject to debate. The majority - 40 -

implies that we check to see if the summary and title track the amendment's text. See majority op. at 23-24 (collecting cases which involved summaries that tracked the proposed amendments). However, in a long line of decisions, we have consistently interpreted our role to be more comprehensive and have examined the material legal effects of the amendment—thereby ensuring that the voters are not misled and have fair notice of the decision before them on the ballot. See, e.g., Wadhams v. Bd. of Cnty. Comm'rs of Sarasota Cnty., 567 So. 2d 414, 416 (Fla. 1990); Dep't of State v. Fla. Greyhound Ass'n, Inc., 253 So. 3d 513, 520 (Fla. 2018) (“Ballot language may be clearly and conclusively defective either in an affirmative sense, because it misleads the voters as to the material effects of the amendment, or in a negative sense by failing to inform the voters of those material effects." (emphasis added)); Advisory Op. to Att'y Gen. re Prohibits Possession of Defined Assault Weapons (Assault Weapons), 296 So. 3d 376, 381 (Fla. 2020) (same). As Justice Sasso notes in her dissent, no party in this case has argued that our precedent applying this approach in ballot-summary review is erroneous. And under this approach, we have found both citizens' initiative proposals and legislatively proposed ballot - 41 -

initiatives to be defective. Yet, to my knowledge, the Legislature has not acted to restrict or narrow this Court's role in reviewing a ballot summary, nor has it attempted to clarify that our interpretation is improper. Accordingly, our precedent supports the conclusion that our statutory duty requires more than simply inspecting the summary for technical compliance. Instead, we determine if the summary clearly explains the chief purpose of the amendment. This will, at times, require the summary do more than simply echo the amendment's text. We have stated many times that the summary and title must be accurate and informative so that the “electorate is advised of the true meaning, and ramifications, of an amendment.” See, e.g., Advisory Op. to Att'y Gen. re Tax Limitation, 644 So. 2d 486, 490 (Fla. 1994) (emphasis added); Advisory Op. to Att'y Gen. re Med. Liab. Claimant's Comp. Amend., 880 So. 2d 675, 679 (Fla. 2004) ("These requirements make certain that the ‘electorate is advised of the true meaning, and ramifications, of an amendment.’” (quoting Tax Limitation, 644 So. 2d at 490)); Detzner v. League of Women Voters of Fla., 256 So. 3d 803, 807 (Fla. 2018) (same). And I - 42 -

acknowledge that the summary "need not explain every detail or ramification of the proposed amendment" so long as they "give the voter fair notice of the decision he or she must make." Detzner, 256 So. 3d at 807 (citations omitted). However, I disagree with the majority's suggestion that if the summary is an “almost verbatim recitation of the text of the proposed amendment” it cannot be misleading. Majority op. at 23. The majority finds that a parroting summary cannot be affirmatively "mislead[ing] . . . regarding the actual text of the proposed amendment." Id. That, however, fails to address if the summary negatively misleading for omitting material legal effects. And in declining to consider this point, the majority distinguishes our opinion in Advisory Opinion to the Attorney General re Adult Use of Marijuana, 315 So. 3d 1176 (Fla. 2021) (rejecting a summary for omitting material language found in the amendment), seemingly characterizing that case as the axiomatic example of misleading by omission. is The majority also does not account for the numerous other cases that have rejected summaries for misleading by omission, and others that have approved summaries while reaffirming that - 43 -

doctrine. We have repeatedly reaffirmed the broader holding that summaries must tell voters the amendment's legal effects. See, e.g., Evans v. Firestone, 457 So. 2d 1351, 1355 (Fla. 1984) (the summary "should tell the voter the legal effect of the amendment, and no more"); Advisory Op. to Att'y Gen. re Fla. Marriage Prot. Amend., 926 So. 2d 1229, 1238 (Fla. 2006) (same); Assault Weapons, 296 So. 3d at 381 (ballot can be clearly and conclusively defective “in a negative sense by failing to inform the voters [of] material effects of the amendment" (quoting Advisory Op. to Att'y Gen. re Right to Competitive Energy Mkt. for Customers of Inv'r-Owned Utils., 287 So. 3d 1256, 1260 (Fla. 2020)); Greyhound, 253 So. 3d at 520 (same). Although we have indicated that parroting the language of an amendment in the summary may easily satisfy the misleading prong,7 we have never claimed that doing so would always be 7. See Advisory Op. to Att'y Gen. re Voting Restoration Amend., 215 So. 3d 1202, 1208 (Fla. 2017) (“[T]he ballot title and summary also do not mislead voters with regard to the actual content of the proposed amendment. Rather, together they recite the language of the amendment almost in full."); Advisory Op. to Att'y Gen. re Prohibiting State Spending for Experimentation that Involves the Destruction of a Live Hum. Embryo, 959 So. 2d 210, 214 (Fla. 2007) (upholding a summary that contained language identical to that in the proposed amendment); Fla. Marriage Prot. Amend., 926 So. 2d at 1236-40 (upholding a summary that reiterated almost all of the - 44 -

sufficient to satisfy the statutory requirements. For example, in Wadhams, we found that even though a ballot contained "the entire section as it would actually appear subsequent to amendment," it still "fail[ed] to contain an explanatory statement of the amendment" and thus was “deceptive, because although it contains an absolutely true statement, it omits to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statement made not misleading." 567 So. 2d at 416; see also Armstrong v. Harris, 773 So. 2d 7, 15-16, 18 (Fla. 2000).8 Nor have we receded from our cases requiring the summary to inform the voter as to material legal effects. See Live Human Embryo, 959 So. 2d at 215. Sometimes a verbatim summary will capture the material legal effects contained in the amendment. But sometimes it will not. See, e.g., Wadhams, 567 So. 2d at 416. language contained in the amendment); Advisory Op. to Att'y Gen. re Med. Liab. Claimant's Comp. Amend., 880 So. 2d at 679 (same). 8. Even where we have upheld a ballot summary, we have still reaffirmed Wadhams and its logic, reiterating our precedents against parroting while approving a summary because it “is an accurate description of what the proposed amendment will do, consistent with the requirement that ballot language accurately represent the main legal effect and ramifications of a proposed amendment." Detzner v. Anstead, 256 So. 3d 820, 824 (Fla. 2018) (emphases added) (first citing Armstrong, 773 So. 2d at 12; and then citing Wadhams, 567 So. 2d at 417-18). - 45 -

Turning to this ballot summary, the vagueness of the proposed amendment itself leaves many key issues undetermined. Thus, as Justice Sasso notes, we ask: “[I]s the Sponsor relieved of its obligation to explain the legal effect of the proposed amendment just because the amendment has no readily discernable meaning?” Dissenting op. at 75-76 (Sasso, J.) Like Justice Sasso, I conclude the answer is no and agree with her detailed analysis that the summary's language fails to convey the amendment's ramifications to the voter. The majority implies that I am concerned only with "ambiguity in the text of the amendment" itself. Majority op. at 33. That is not so. On the contrary, it is the summary that has failed to adequately explain the amendment. In my view, the summary does not give the voter any clarity on the decision they must actually make or reveal the amendment's chief purpose. Instead, it misleads by omission and fails to convey the breadth of what the amendment actually accomplishes to enshrine broad, undefined terms in our constitution that will lead to decades of litigation. A voter may think this amendment simply returns Florida to a pre-Dobbs status quo. It does not. A voter may think that a - 46 -

healthcare provider would be clearly defined as a licensed physician specializing in women's health. It is not. A voter may think that viability falls within a readily apparent time frame. It does not. A voter may think that the comma is an insignificant grammatical tool that would have very little interpretive purpose. It will not. And, critically, the voter may think this amendment results in settling this issue once and for all. It does not. Instead, this amendment returns abortion issues back to the courts to interpret scope, boundary, definitions, and policy, effectively removing it from the people and their elected representatives. Perhaps this is a choice that Floridians wish to make, but it should be done with clarity as to their vote's ramifications and not based on a misleading ballot summary. To be clear, I do not criticize the content of the proposed amendment itself. The amendment's sponsors may draft an amendment as they see fit. But, contrary to the majority's assessment, it would seem "common sense” that the language a sponsor chooses clearly affects what must be included in the summary to meet the statutory requirements. The sponsor's burden to properly summarize the material legal effects of a - 47 -

proposed amendment is not lessened by its decision to include undefined terms or broad, abstract language. Moreover, the breadth of this amendment would likely impact existing constitutional provisions. Article I, section 2, a provision of our constitution's Declaration of Rights, states that “[a]ll natural persons. are equal before the law and have inalienable rights,” including “the right to enjoy and defend life.” Art. I, § 2, Fla. Const. We have held time and again that a summary must “identify the provisions of the constitution substantially affected by the proposed amendment.” Right of Citizens to Choose Health Care Providers, 705 So. 2d at 566 (citing Tax Limitation, 644 So. 2d at 490). This is required “in order for the public to fully comprehend the contemplated changes.” Id.⁹ 9. The requirement that a summary list substantially affected provisions is so embedded in our jurisprudence that some older cases have described it as being rooted in our constitution. See Fine v. Firestone, 448 So. 2d 984, 989-90 (Fla. 1984); Tax Limitation, 644 So. 2d at 490; Advisory Op. to Att’y Gen. re Right of Citizens to Choose Health Care Providers, 705 So. 2d 563, 565-66 (Fla. 1998) (reiterating that "it is imperative that an initiative identify the provisions of the constitution substantially affected by the proposed amendment”); Advisory Op. to Att'y Gen. re Amend. to Bar Gov't from Treating People Differently Based on Race in Pub. Educ., 778 So. 2d 888, 892 (Fla. 2000) (same). More recently, we have found that the modern clarity statute requires the same rule. - 48 -

The amendment's potential effects on article I, section 2 have present significance, even though we don't have the benefit of a robust body of case law on the topic. That is, the public should be made aware that the scope of the amendment could, and likely would, impact how personhood is defined for purposes of article I, section 2 of our constitution. The voters are owed that "candor and accuracy." See majority op. at 27 (quoting Greyhound, 253 So. 3d at 520). I do not deny that the return of abortion policy to the states in the wake of Dobbs has resulted in a minefield of potential issues, many of which are “unsettled." Majority op. at 32 n.3. As I previously discussed, citizens have not been asked to contend with these questions in decades. In similar fashion, this Court has failed to address whether the rights guaranteed in article I, section 2 apply to the unborn and, if so, what the scope of those rights could See Treating People Differently Based on Race, 778 So. 2d at 898 (rejecting a ballot summary as misleading under section 101.161 because it failed to mention its effect on article I, section 2's nondiscrimination provision; concluding that “the ballot titles are defective because of the misleading negative implication that no such constitutional provision addressing differential treatment currently exists"). - 49 -

be. However, our failure to decide on this issue does not render the provision void. Nor does it alleviate a sponsor's duty to advise the voter of impact. Nowhere has this requirement to inform been arbitrarily limited to substantial effects on issues that this Court has already weighed in on. Cf. Greyhound, 253 So. 3d at 523 (evaluating substantial effect on then-recently added article X, section 23, and citing no cases for its interpretation). While a substantial effect would be even more obvious if we had previously addressed this issue, our silence should not eliminate a citizen's right to be informed. If advised of the conflict, the voter could recognize for themselves that, at some level, an amendment providing broad protection for abortion would bear upon constitutional personhood rights as applied to the unborn child. Thus, the voter would be able to consider the choice before them and the decision they must make. See Fine, 448 So. 2d at 989. Accordingly, I cannot say that failing to inform voters as to the proposed amendment's impact on article I, section 2 is acceptable. In summary, Floridians have the right to amend their constitution through the initiative process, and it is an integral part of our state's commitment to responsible citizenship. However, - 50 -

there are constitutional and statutory requirements that must be satisfied in order for an amendment to reach the ballot. Holding a sponsor to those requirements is far from what the majority characterizes as a “stranglehold on the amendment process." See majority op. at 33. Consequently, I find the ballot summary conclusively defective for failing to inform the voter of the material legal effects of the amendment, including the substantial effect this amendment could have on article I, section 2 of our constitution. This conclusion requires me to respectfully dissent from the majority's opinion. SASSO, J., concurs. FRANCIS, J., dissenting. The issue of abortion is incredibly divisive. See Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Org., 597 U.S. 215, 292 (2022) (“Roe [v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973)] 'inflamed' a national issue that has remained bitterly divisive for the past half century. And for the past 30 years, [Planned Parenthood of Se. Pa. v.] Casey [505 U.S. 883 (1992)] has done the same.” (citations omitted)). When Dobbs found there was no federal constitutional right to it, the Court "return[ed] the issue of abortion to the people's elected - 51

representatives." Id. at 232. Our elected representatives here in Florida did address the issue of abortion legislatively. See §§ 390.011-.0111, .0112, Fla. Stat. (2023). But those laws have faced legal challenges. Simultaneously, groups have undertaken the use of the initiative process, see art. XI, § 3, Fla. Const., to enshrine abortion in our state constitution. Today, we are asked to opine on one such effort-an Amendment to Limit Government Interference with Abortion. 10 As written, the title and the ballot summary (which parrots the amendment) fail to give the voters what they need to make an 10. Specifically, we must determine whether the language of this proposed amendment embraces but one subject, see art. XI, § 3, Fla. Const., and whether the ballot summary explains the “chief purpose" of the proposed amendment in clear, unambiguous, nonmisleading terms, § 101.161(1), Fla. Stat. (2023). The short ballot title must also be clear, unambiguous, and non-misleading. Together, the ballot summary and title must “ ‘provide fair notice of the content of the proposed amendment' to voters so that they will not be misled as to [the proposed amendment's] purpose, and can cast an intelligent and informed ballot.'” Advisory Op. to Att'y Gen. re Voter Control of Gambling, 215 So. 3d 1209, 1215 (Fla. 2017) (alteration in original) (emphasis added) (quoting Advisory Op. to Att'y Gen. re Right of Citizens to Choose Health Care Providers, 705 So. 2d 563, 566 (Fla. 1998)). - 52 -

informed decision; thus, both violate the truth-in-packaging law. § 101.161(1), Fla. Stat. The title fails to communicate to the voters that the purpose of the proposed amendment is ending (as opposed to “limiting”) legislative and executive action on abortion, while inviting limitless and protracted litigation in the courts because of its use of vague and undefined terms. Just as it played out on the federal stage for over 50 years, the issue of abortion-far from the people settling the matter will continue to be decided by each iteration of this Court. And the summary hides the ball as to the chief purpose of the proposed amendment: which, ultimately, is to for the first time in Florida history-grant an almost unrestricted right to abortion. 11 Because the summary only parrots the language of the proposed amendment, it explains nothing, and does not disclose its chief purpose. See § 101.161(1), Fla. Stat. The fact that the 11. I disagree with the majority's conclusions that "the broad sweep of this proposed amendment is obvious in the language of the summary," majority op. at 19, and that "[t]he ballot title's inclusion of the word 'limit' is . . . not misleading but accurately explains that the Legislature will retain authority to interfere[] with’ abortions under certain circumstances." Majority op. at 21 (second alteration in original). - 53 -

language has a "broad sweep," see majority op. at 19, as to its "no law" restriction, to me, doesn't end the inquiry. Rather, the sponsor is statutorily and constitutionally required to provide the voter an explanation of the summary's vague language (e.g., as to what constitutes "health" or who may qualify as a “healthcare provider”), as well as tell the voter of the amendment's chief effects. This is not some run-of-the-mill restoration of Roe-it goes far beyond that into uncharted territory in this State. As to the majority's statement that the Court cannot place a "stranglehold" on the initiative process, majority op. at 33, I could not agree more! But this is not that. It is my view that while the constitution enshrines the reserved right of the people to amend their constitution, this Court also has a role in ensuring the people can exercise that right free of anything that would mislead them or present them with ambiguity. See art. V, § 3(b)(10), art. IV, § 10, art. XI, § 3, Fla. Const.; § 101.161, Fla. Stat. 12 And quite simply, 12. See supra note 10. 54 -

for the reasons expressed in greater detail here and elsewhere, the summary and title, I submit, don't pass muster. 13 The effects I discern from the parroted-proposed-amendment summary here-which effects are the best evidence of its chief purpose—are fourfold: (1) to immediately abrogate meaningful abortion laws and restrictions; (2) to eliminate any meaningful, future participation by the Legislature by prohibiting any laws on previability abortions and subjecting any laws regulating postviability abortions to a "healthcare provider's" veto; (3) to—by eliminating the Legislature’s interference—vastly expand the right to abortion at any time during pregnancy as a "health" issue for the mother; and 13. I also remain convinced that our precedent has read the single-subject requirement far too broadly. However, as I tackle that topic in my dissent in Advisory Opinion to the Attorney General re Adult Personal Use of Marijuana, SC2023-0682 (Apr. 1, 2024) (Francis, J., dissenting), I limit my dissent here to the proposal's violation of the truth-in-packaging provisions. - 55

(4) troublingly, to—by ignoring the State's legitimate interests in protecting life-completely redefine abortion as a health issue in Florida without saying so. I address these four effects—that are left unexplained by the summary—in part I, below. And in part II, I further address why the title will mislead voters. I. Ballot Summary (1) First, the ballot summary doesn't explain that the scope and immediate impact of the “no law” language is to abrogate Florida’s current prohibitions, restrictions, and regulations on both pre and postviability abortions. This includes current laws defining viability and drawing the line at a certain number of weeks, §§ 390.011(15), .0111(1), Fla. Stat. (2023); those requiring a sonogram and informed consent, § 390.0111(3), Fla. Stat. (2023); and those prohibiting abortions postviability with limited exceptions. §§ 390.0111(1)(a)-(c), .0112, Fla. Stat. (2023). The summary also provides that the Legislature can't make laws interfering with a “healthcare provider's" determination that a 56

late term abortion is medically necessary for the sake of the patient's "health." "Health" is undefined and, thus, not limited to just lifethreatening physical conditions. Rather, “health” could mean anything, really. And “health" seems to include nebulous conditions that could be used to justify a late term abortion. The ballot summary does not explain this. (2) Second, the ballot summary doesn't explain that the proposed amendment effectively eliminates the Legislature's ability to pass laws in the future regulating abortion in any meaningful, substantive way. This prohibition applies to previability pregnancies. But it applies to postviability pregnancies, too, because the undefined "healthcare provider” gets a veto over any laws the Legislature might be able to pass to protect the unborn as long as said "healthcare provider" decides a "health" issue exists necessitating an abortion. 14 The ballot summary does not explain this. 14. I completely agree with Justice Sasso's excellent dissent concerning the vagueness of the language used by the sponsor, - 57 -

(3) Third, the ballot summary doesn't explain that by eliminating the Legislature's ability to meaningfully pass laws regulating abortion either pre or postviability, and housing the proposed amendment under Article I's “Declaration of Rights” in the Florida Constitution, the amendment vastly expands the right to abortion beyond anything Florida has ever done in the history of the State. Whatever limits on the “right” to abortion remain are placed squarely in the “healthcare provider's” hands as ultimate decisionmaker. The ballot summary neither explains nor discloses this. (4) Fourth, the summary doesn't explain that the proposed amendment implicitly and completely redefines the abortion issue as a "patient's health" issue without acknowledging what even Roe and Casey acknowledged: the State's compelling interest in though, arguendo, for purposes of my dissent, I assume that the placement of the comma means the worst-case scenario: the "healthcare provider" also determines viability. See dissenting op. at 74-75 (Sasso, J.). - 58 -

protecting “the potentiality of human life," particularly viable pregnancies. See Dobbs, 597 U.S. at 228, 271 (defining "viability" as the ability to survive outside the womb). 15 While I recognize that our review in ballot initiative cases is narrow, this case is different because abortion is different. Dobbs, 597 U.S. at 218 (Syllabus) (“Abortion is different because it destroys what Roe termed 'potential life'. . . . None of the other decisions cited by Roe and Casey involved the critical moral question posed by abortion."). The exercise of a “right” to an abortion literally results in a devastating infringement on the right of another person: the right to live. And our Florida Constitution recognizes that “life” is a “basic right” for “[a]ll natural persons.” Art. I, § 2, Fla. Const. One must recognize the unborn's competing right to life and the State's moral duty to protect that life. 15. Roe found that “in ‘the stage subsequent to viability,' which in 1973 roughly coincided with the beginning of the third trimester, the State's interest in the 'potentiality of human life’ became compelling, and therefore a State could 'regulate, and even proscribe, abortion except where it is necessary, in appropriate medical judgment, for the preservation of the life or health of the mother."" Dobbs, 597 U.S. at 271 (citing Roe, 410 U.S. at 164-65). - 59 -

Contrary to what the summary—which parrots the proposed amendment—suggests, abortion is not just about a medical procedure, and it is not just about the rights of women to bodily integrity. "Abortion presents a profound moral issue on which Americans hold sharply conflicting views." Dobbs, 597 U.S. at 223.¹6 The summary does not address this. Instead, it is a Trojan horse for the elimination of any recognition of the State's interest in protecting what Roe termed "potential life." II. Title Based on the four points above, it is clear that the title is also misleading in its use of the term “limit government interference." A more truthful title may be “eliminating the Legislature's ability to regulate abortion in any meaningful way." 16. "Some believe fervently that a human person comes into being at conception and that abortion ends an innocent life.” Id. at 223-24. "Others feel just as strongly that any regulation of abortion invades a woman's right to control her own body and prevents women from achieving full equality." Id. at 224. "Still others in a third group think that abortion should be allowed under some but not all circumstances, and those within this group hold a variety of views about the particular restrictions that should be imposed.” Id. at 223-25. - 60 -

Beyond this, the current title isn't even accurate because it does not limit government interference: it actively encourages it. This is so because the prohibition on the law- and rule-making authority of the legislative and executive branches does not extend to the judicial branch. In fact, quite the opposite: the summarywhich parrots the amendment—reflects multiple undefined terms that invite protracted litigation and, thus, limitless interference by the judicial branch of government. This is exactly what happened after Roe, when abortion was recognized as a fundamental right under the United States Constitution. It led to 50 years of protracted litigation and to the courts continually policing state provisions seeking to protect the lives of both the unborn and their mothers. 17 17. See, e.g., Planned Parenthood of Cent. Mo. v. Danforth, 428 U.S. 52 (1976) (blocking Missouri law requiring spousal consent for abortion); Maher v. Roe, 432 U.S. 464 (1977) (reversing decision striking a Connecticut law that excluded abortion services from Medicaid coverage); Colautti v. Franklin, 439 U.S. 379 (1979) (striking Pennsylvania law requiring physicians to save the life of a potentially viable fetus as unconstitutionally vague); Harris v. McRae, 448 U.S. 297 (1980) (upholding federal law proscribing federal funding for abortions except for abortions necessary to either preserve the mother's life or terminate pregnancies resulting from rape or incest); H.L. v. Matheson, 450 U.S. 398 (1981) (upholding Utah law requiring parental notification when the - 61

After Dobbs returned the abortion issue to the states, both abortion proponents and opponents identified the states as the new abortion battleground and started filing lawsuits in the courts. 18 patient is a minor living with parents); City of Akron v. Akron Ctr. for Reprod. Health, Inc., 462 U.S. 416 (1983) (striking portions of Ohio law imposing limitations, such as a waiting period, parental consent without judicial bypass, and a ban on abortions outside of hospitals after the first trimester); Thornburgh v. Am. Coll. of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 476 U.S. 747 (1986) (striking Pennsylvania law requiring informed consent to include information about fetal development and alternatives to abortion); Webster v. Reprod. Health Servs., 492 U.S. 490 (1989) (upholding Missouri law that required physician viability testing and blocked state funding and state facility participation in abortion services); Casey, 505 U.S. 833 (announcing "undue burden" test in landmark case striking portions of Pennsylvania abortion law); Hill v. Colorado, 530 U.S. 703 (2000) (upholding Colorado law limiting protest and leafletting close to an abortion clinic); Stenberg v. Carhart, 530 U.S. 914 (2000) (striking Nebraska law banning partial birth abortion); Gonzales v. Carhart, 550 U.S. 124 (2007) (upholding 2003 federal law banning partial birth abortion). 18. See Center for Reproductive Rights, New Digital Tool Provides State-by-State Analysis of High Court Rulings on Abortion, https://reproductiverights.org/state-constitutions-abortion-rightsdigital-tool (last visited Mar. 14, 2024) (“Since the U.S. Supreme Court eliminated the federal constitutional right to abortion in its 2022 ruling in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, states have become the battlegrounds for abortion rights."); Alliance Defending Freedom, "What You May Not Know: How ADF Helped Overturn Roe v. Wade," https://adflegal.org/article/what-you-maynot-know-how-adf-helped-overturn-roe-v-wade (last visited Mar. 27, 2024) (“Roe v. Wade has finally been overturned. But this does not mean the work of the pro-life movement is over—far from it . .”; playing video of ADF CEO, President, and General Counsel Kristen - 62 -

Those state lawsuits began immediately. 19 According to the Brennan Center for Justice's “State Court Abortion Litigation Waggoner explaining that there are now generally four areas of abortion laws that will be litigated post-Dobbs: (1) trigger laws (state laws with provisions restricting or prohibition abortion to some degree upon Roe being overturned); (2) pre-Roe laws limiting abortion; (3) post-Roe/pre-Dobbs laws stricken under Roe; and (4) post-Dobbs (new) laws restricting and regulating abortions); Becky Sullivan, "With Roe Overturned, State Constitutions Are Now at the Center of the Abortion Fight,” https://www.npr.org/2022/06/29/1108251712/roe-v-wade abortion-ruling-state-constitutions (last visited Mar. 14, 2024) ("Now, with Roe v. Wade overturned, the legal spotlight has shifted to the states, where abortion supporters and opponents must contend with 50 different constitutions that, in many places, guarantee rights more broadly than their federal counterpart.”); see also David S. Cohen et. al., The New Abortion Battleground, 123 Colum. L. Rev. 1, 2–3 (2023) (predicting that “interjurisdictional abortion wars are coming” now that there is no longer a national, uniform abortion right, which will involve intervention by the federal government). 19. See American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), “Reproductive Rights Organizations Go to Court in 11 States to Protect Abortion Access in Aftermath of Roe v. Wade Falling,” https://www.aclu.org/press-releases/reproductive-rightsorganizations-go-court-11-states-protect-abortion-access (last visited Mar. 14, 2024) (“This week, following the U.S. Supreme Court's decision to overturn Roe v. Wade and eliminate the federal constitutional right to abortion, Planned Parenthood Federation of America (PPFA), the American Civil Liberties Union, and the Center for Reproductive Rights (CRR) took legal action to block abortion bans in 11 states: Arizona, Idaho, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Ohio, Oklahoma, Florida, Texas, Utah, and West Virginia. So far, these efforts have successfully blocked abortion bans in five states Utah, Kentucky, Louisiana, Florida, and Texas-through - 63 -

Tracker," "[a]s of January 11, 2024, a total of 40 cases have been filed challenging abortion bans in 23 states, of which 22 remain pending at either the trial or appellate levels."20 In fact, Planned Parenthood of Southwest Florida v. State of Florida, No. 2022-CA000912 (Fla. 2d Cir. Ct.),21 is one of the cases filed immediately after Dobbs in which abortion proponents succeeded in obtaining a temporary restraining order from a Florida trial court to keep a fifteen-week abortion ban from going into effect. All of this illustrates that the proposed amendment will not do what the Sponsor and the title say it will do. Instead of limiting government interference, it will ultimately encourage a great deal of interference by the judicial branch. So, I must conclude the title is misleading. temporary restraining orders, allowing some providers there to resume abortion care for now."); Becky Sullivan, supra note 18 ("The legal chaos has already begun. In a half-dozen states and counting, lawsuits argue that new restrictive abortion laws are in violation of state constitutions."). 20. https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research reports/state-court-abortion-litigation-tracker (last visited Mar. 14, 2024); see also supra note 19. 21. Review was granted by this Court in SC2022-1050. - 64 -

III. Conclusion In sum, the Sponsor is required to tell the truth about the purpose and scope of the proposed amendment and not mislead voters; it has done neither. For these reasons, I dissent. SASSO, J., dissents with an opinion. SASSO, J., dissenting. After a sincere assessment of this case, I conclude that the Sponsor's cut-and-paste approach to preparing the ballot summary fails to satisfy its legal obligation to provide an explanatory statement of the proposal's chief purpose. For that reas ason, and with the utmost respect for the majority's decision to the contrary, I respectfully dissent. I. This case is somewhat unprecedented. Since this Court first stepped into its role reviewing ballot summaries in the citizen initiative context, we have not been presented with an amendment quite like this. What makes the amendment unique is not its controversial subject matter; this Court has considered controversial amendments before. Instead, it is unique because of - 65 -

the proposed amendment's overwhelmingly vague and ambiguous language and structure. In essence, the Sponsor has submitted a proposal with no readily discernable meaning, leaving it up to courts to determine even its most essential legal effects over time. The challenge, then, is to evaluate whether the summary meets the requirements of section 101.161, Florida Statutes (2023), when we have said that in doing so we evaluate “objective criteria inherent in the amendment itself,” Advisory Op. to Att'y Gen. re Citizenship Requirement to Vote in Fla. Elections, 288 So. 3d 524, 529 (2020) (quoting Fla. Dep't of State v. Fla. State Conf. of NAACP Branches, 43 So. 3d 662, 667 (Fla. 2010)), to determine whether or not the ballot title and summary fairly inform the voter of the “true meaning, and ramifications, of an amendment," Askew v. Firestone, 421 So. 2d 151, 156 (Fla. 1982). To answer this question, I will explain what our precedent requires, 22 how that applies here, and why my decision is consistent with our role. 22. Critical to my determination in this case—no one has argued that our precedent is wrong. No one questions the constitutionality of section 101.161, no one argues that the requirements this Court has applied to ballot summaries do not - 66

II. A. When a sponsor submits a constitutional amendment to the voters, section 101.161 imposes on the sponsor the obligation to prepare a ballot summary of the proposed amendment. § 101.161(2), Fla. Stat. The requirements the sponsor must meet in preparing the summary are delineated in section 101.161(1), which provides: Whenever a constitutional amendment or other public measure is submitted to the vote of the people, a ballot summary of such amendment or other public measure shall be printed in clear and unambiguous language on the ballot after the list of candidates . . . . The ballot summary of the amendment or other public measure shall be an explanatory statement, not exceeding 75 words in length, of the chief purpose of the measure. Id. (emphases added). From this text, our Court has derived a few requirements. First, the statute requires an “explanatory statement" of the flow from the statutory text, and no one argues that this Court lacks the authority to prevent ballot summaries that fail to meet those requirements from being submitted to the voters. And while this Court's precedent related to citizen initiatives has been disjointed at best, because no one has argued that even one of this Court's decisions is clearly erroneous, I will do my best in this case to follow the common thread those cases provide. - 67 -

amendment's chief purpose. That is something distinct from an accurate replication of the proposed amendment. See, e.g., Wadhams v. Bd. of Cnty. Comm'rs of Sarasota Cnty., 567 So. 2d 414, 416 (Fla. 1990). Second, the ballot summary's explanatory statement must be clear and unambiguous. This means 1) the summary must not mislead the public, and 2) the ballot summary must fairly inform the voter of the chief purpose of the amendment. See Fla. Dep't of State v. Slough, 992 So. 2d 142, 147 (Fla. 2008) (quoting Advisory Op. to Att'y Gen. re Prohibiting State Spending for Experimentation that Involves the Destruction of a Live Hum. Embryo, 959 So. 2d 210, 213-14 (Fla. 2007)). And although the term “chief purpose" is undefined in the statute, this Court has filled in the gaps. For decades, this Court has described “chief purpose” to mean “the amendment's chief effect," Askew, 421 So. 2d at 155, and even more specifically to mean the "legal effect of the amendment," Evans v. Firestone, 457 So. 2d 1351, 1355 (Fla. 1984); see also Advisory Op. to Att'y Gen. re All Voters Vote in Primary Elections for State Legislature, Governor, & Cabinet, 291 So. 3d 901, 913 (Fla. 2020) (Muñiz, J., dissenting) - 68

("[T]he 'chief purpose' of the amendment can be understood in terms of the subset of those legal effects that would be material to a reasonable voter."). In doing so, we have clarified that a sponsor “need not explain every detail or ramification of the proposed amendment." Advisory Op. to Att'y Gen. re Amend. to Bar Gov't from Treating People Differently Based on Race in Pub. Educ., 778 So. 2d 888, 899 (Fla. 2000) (quoting Advisory Op. to Att'y Gen. re Prohibiting Pub. Funding of Pol. Candidates' Campaigns, 693 So. 2d 972, 975 (Fla. 1997)). Even so, "drafters of proposed amendments cannot circumvent the requirements of section 101.161, Florida Statutes, by cursorily contending that the summary need not be exhaustive.” Id.; see also Dep't of State v. Fla. Greyhound Ass'n, 253 So. 3d 513, 520 (Fla. 2018) (a ballot summary that fails to inform the voter of an amendment's "material effects" is defective). Together, these requirements serve a greater purpose than guaranteeing the sponsor fulfills technical rules. Section 101.161 ensures that “[t]he voter should not be misled and . . . [will] have an opportunity to know and be on notice as to the proposition on which he is to cast his vote." Wadhams, 567 So. 2d at 417 - 69 -

(omission in original) (quoting Hill v. Milander, 72 So. 2d 796, 798 (Fla. 1954)). In other words, to make an informed decision, the voter must know the "true meaning, and ramifications, of an amendment.” Askew, 421 So. 2d at 156. B. Giving effect to these requirements, this Court has never hesitated to hold a sponsor to its statutory obligations. And this has been true particularly when presented with ballot summaries that contain vague and ambiguous language, even when that language closely mirrors the underlying proposal. For example, in Askew, a ballot summary closely followed the text of a proposed amendment that would prohibit former state officers from lobbying without disclosing financial interests. 421 So. 2d at 153. This Court still found the summary misleading because it neglected to advise the public of an existing two-year lobbying ban that did not require financial disclosures. Id. at 155. We concluded that "[t]he problem, therefore, lies not with what the summary says, but, rather, with what it does not say." Id. at 156. "[S]uch a change must stand on its own merits and not be disguised as something else." Id. - 70 -

And in Wadhams, similar to the Sponsor here, the amendment's proponents simply provided the text of the amendment without a summary. 567 So. 2d at 415. The Court held that a summary explaining the effects of the amendment was necessary, concluding: The problem with the ballot in the present case is much the same as the problem with the ballot in Askew. By containing the entire section as it would actually appear subsequent to amendment, rather than a summary of the amendment to the section, the ballot arguably informed the voters that the Charter Review Board would only be permitted to meet once every four years. By failing to contain an explanatory statement of the amendment, however, the ballot failed to inform the public that there was presently no restriction on meetings and that the chief purpose of the amendment was to curtail the Charter Review Board's right to meet. Similar to the ballot summary at issue in Askew, the present ballot “is deceptive, because although it contains an absolutely true statement, it omits to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statement made not misleading." Id. at 416 (quoting Askew, 421 So. 2d at 158 (Ehrlich, J., concurring)). In similar fashion, in 2018 a majority of this Court concluded that "it is not sufficient for a ballot summary to faithfully track the text of a proposed amendment.” Detzner v. League of Women Voters of Fla., 256 So. 3d 803, 811 (Fla. 2018). With that rule guiding its - 71 -

analysis, this Court held that a ballot summary was defective for failing to explain the phrase "established by" because that phrase "is neither commonly nor consistently used" and therefore "cannot be commonly understood by voters.” Id. at 809-10. Likewise, we determined the ballot summary failed to explain the categories of schools that would be affected by the proposal and therefore "voters will simply not be able to understand the true meaning and ramifications of the revision," so "the ballot language [was] clearly and conclusively defective." Id. at 810. This Court has also, at times, determined that ballot summaries fail when specific terms are left undefined. See, e.g., Advisory Op. to Att'y Gen. re People's Prop. Rts. Amends. Providing Comp. for Restricting Real Prop. Use May Cover Multiple Subjects, 699 So. 2d 1304, 1308-09 (Fla. 1997) (failure to define "owner," "common law nuisance,” and “in fairness” in the summary, even though those terms were properly replicated from and also undefined in the text of the proposed amendment, caused the amendment to be stricken from ballot); Race in Pub. Educ., 778 So. 2d at 899-900 ("[T]his Court has repeatedly held that ballot summaries which do not adequately define terms, use inconsistent - 72 -

terminology, fail to mention constitutional provisions that are affected, and do not adequately describe the general operation of the proposed amendment must be invalidated."); Smith v. Am. Airlines, Inc., 606 So. 2d 618, 621 (Fla. 1992) (observing the statutory word limit “does not give drafters of proposed amendments leave to ignore the importance of the ballot summary and to provide an abbreviated, ambiguous statement in the hope that this Court's reluctance to remove issues from the ballot will prevent us from insisting on clarity and meaningful information"). Of course, I recognize this Court did not deem any of those ballot summaries defective because they parroted language. Instead, the best I can do to synthesize our cases is to conclude that this Court has considered ballot summaries defective where, despite parroting, the summary either misled by omission, failed to explain the material ramifications of the amendment, or resulted in a disconnect between the operative meaning of a term and a voter's understanding of it. - 73

III. So, how do these principles apply here? A. The Sponsor argues that this Court's cases referenced in section II(B) are inapplicable because there is no ambiguity in the amendment. It argues that the terms “viability,” “healthcare provider," and "patient's health” all have clear meanings that are obvious to voters. Similarly, the Sponsor argues that the comma placed between “patient's health” and “as determined by the patient's healthcare provider” means that the term “viability" used earlier in the amendment is also modified by the phrase "as determined by the patient's healthcare provider." This too, says the Sponsor, is clear and obvious to the voter because of common rules of grammar. The Sponsor is just plain wrong. None of those terms have any sort of widely shared meaning,2³ nor do I think the comma 23. "Health" and "healthcare provider" have obviously broad and undefined boundaries which are seemingly unlimited without the benefit of a technical, legal analysis. As for “viability,” “[t]his arbitrary line has not found much support among philosophers and ethicists . . . . The most obvious problem with [relying on or attempting to define viability] is that viability is heavily dependent - 74 -

accomplishes what the Sponsor says it does.24 So if the ballot summary is sufficient in this case, it is not for the reasons the Sponsor has presented to this Court. B. The more difficult question is whether the ballot summary is sufficient because it parrots the proposed amendment, which itself is vague and ambiguous. In other words, is the Sponsor relieved of its obligation to explain the legal effect of the proposed amendment just because the amendment has no readily discernable meaning? In my view, the answer is no. I agree with the majority that, at on factors that have nothing to do with the characteristics of a fetus." Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Org., 597 U.S. 215, 27576 (2022). 24. Antonin Scalia & Bryan A. Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts (2012), a treatise devoted to the interpretation of legal text, identifies the application of the series qualifier canon as "highly sensitive to context." Id. at 150. This sensitivity to context is exemplified in Justice Alito's concurrence in Facebook, Inc. v. Duguid, 592 U.S. 395 (2021), where he lays out several examples of sentences that go against the canon. And so, application of the series qualifier canon is not so straightforward that all reasonable Florida voters will mechanistically apply this arcane rule and discover that, “indeed, ‘as determined by the patient's healthcare provider' also modifies 'viability.'" See id. at 413 (Alito, J., concurring) ("No reasonable reader interprets texts that way.”). - 75 -

a very high level, the voters will understand that this amendment creates a broad right to abortion in Florida. However, our precedent has consistently required that the summary explain more than the amendment’s general aim. Indeed, we have said that ballot summaries must explain the “material legal effect," so that the electorate is advised of the “true meaning, and ramifications, of an amendment" and is thereby "adequately informed." The summary here does none of this. Instead, it leaves the legally operative terms that define the amendment's scope (“viability,” “health,” and “healthcare provider”) up in the air. Likewise, the summary does not attempt to explain that the amendment itself is similarly vague and ambiguous, nor do I believe that this fact is self-evident from the vague and ambiguous nature of the summary. What we are left with, then, is a summary that does not attempt to explain the amendment's material legal effects and employs terms that are neither consistently nor commonly understood. As a result, I find it much more likely that this summary will mislead voters into committing the same error the Sponsor did in its briefing to this Court: they will carry their - 76 -

personal conception of the amendment's meaning into the voting booth, operating under the assumption that their particular interpretation is widely understood. Similarly, I find it highly unlikely that voters will understand the true ramifications of this amendment—that they will read the ballot summary and vote based on an informed understanding and acceptance of the uncertainties posed by its vague and ambiguous language. For that reason, I believe this case better fits with those decisions in which we concluded that ballot summaries were defective, rather than those relied upon by the majority. See, e.g., Race in Pub. Educ., 778 So. 2d at 899 (concluding an undefined term left "voters to guess at its meaning. ... [V]oters would undoubtedly rely on their own conceptions of what constitutes a bona fide qualification," and that the summary violated section 101.161); League of Women Voters, 256 So. 3d at 811; People's Prop. Rts. Amends., 699 So. 2d 1304; Askew, 421 So. 2d 151.25 25. The closest cases cited by the majority to this one are Advisory Opinion to the Attorney General re Medical Liability Claimant's Compensation Amendment, 880 So. 2d 675 (Fla. 2004), and Advisory Opinion to the Attorney General re Florida Marriage Protection Amendment, 926 So. 2d 1229 (Fla. 2006). I find Medical Liability distinguishable because the chief purpose of the - 77 -

And so, I conclude the Sponsor has failed to prepare a ballot summary that meets the requirements of section 101.161 as previously interpreted by this Court. IV. I will end by briefly touching upon one point in the majority opinion. The majority argues that if we conclude the summary is defective due to its vague and ambiguous nature, we may be inadvertently imposing a substantive limitation on what types of amendments can be proposed via the citizen initiative process. While I do not think this concern is totally unfounded, I also think the concern is more for the legislature than the judiciary. Again, no one challenges the constitutionality of section 101.161, and no one challenges this Court's precedent interpreting it. If a sponsor cannot fulfill its statutory obligation because its amendment was still communicated to the voter despite the undefined term. I find Marriage Protection Amendment distinguishable because the meaning of the undefined terms was clear to the ordinary voter. Likewise, I do not think Advisory Opinion to the Attorney General re Voter Control of Gambling, 215 So. 3d 1209 (Fla. 2017), provides helpful guidance because the undisclosed ambiguous legal effect in that case was retroactivitynot a legal effect that constituted a pillar of the amendment's scope, like viability, health, and healthcare provider here. - 78 -

proposed amendment is too vague and ambiguous to explain, I believe the statute places the burden of that bargain with the sponsor not the voters. See Smith, 606 So. 2d at 621 ("[T]he burden of informing the public should not fall only on the press and opponents of the measure the ballot title and summary must do this.” (quoting Askew, 421 So. 2d at 156)). And that is what happened here. The Sponsor has made no attempt to “explain” the material legal effects of the proposed ballot amendment as required by section 101.161. Instead, the Sponsor has punted, leaving the legal effect to be revealed by the eye of the beholder. The Sponsor's statutory obligation, as explained by this Court's precedent, demands more. As a result, I respectfully dissent. GROSSHANS and FRANCIS, JJ., concur. Original Proceeding - Advisory Opinion - Attorney General Ashley Moody, Attorney General, Henry C. Whitaker, Solicitor General, Jeffrey Paul DeSousa, Chief Deputy Solicitor General, Daniel W. Bell, Chief Deputy Solicitor General, Nathan A. Forrester, Senior Deputy Solicitor General, John M. Guard, Chief Deputy Attorney General, and James H. Percival, Chief of Staff, Office of the Attorney General, Tallahassee, Florida, for Petitioner - 79 -

Mathew D. Staver, Anita L. Staver, Horatio G. Mihet, and Hugh C. Phillips of Liberty Counsel, Orlando, Florida, for Interested Party, Florida Voters Against Extremism, PC Stephen C. Emmanuel of Ausley McMullen, Tallahassee, Florida, for Interested Party, Florida Conference of Catholic Bishops, Inc. Alan Lawson, Samuel J. Salario, Jr., Jason Gonzalez, and Caroline May Poor of Lawson Huck Gonzalez, PLLC, Tallahassee, Florida, for Interested Party, Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America Jeremy D. Bailie and R. Quincy Bird of Weber, Crabb & Wein, P.A., St. Petersburg, Florida, for Interested Party, National Center for Life and Liberty Quinn Yeargain of Widener University Commonwealth Law School, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; and Mark Dorosin of Florida A&M University College of Law, Orlando, Florida, for Interested Parties, Law Professors & Instructors Joshua A. Rosenthal and Aadika Singh of Public Rights Project, Oakland, California; and Matthew A. Goldberger of Matthew A. Goldberger, P.A., West Palm Beach, Florida, for Interested Parties, Current and Former Florida Republican Elected Officials Kelly O'Keefe and Hannah Murphy of Stearns Weaver Miller Weissler Alhadeff & Sitterson, P.A., Tallahassee, Florida, and Abby G. Corbett and Jenea E. Reed of Stearns Weaver Miller Weissler Alhadeff & Sitterson, P.A., Miami, Florida; Stephen Petkis, Judy Baho, Kendall J. Christie, and Aubrey Stoddard of Covington & Burling LLP, Washington, District of Columbia; Isaac D. Chaput of - 80 -

Covington & Burling LLP, San Francisco, California; and Vanessa J. Lauber of Covington & Burling LLP, New York, New York, for Interested Parties, Florida Doctors Michelle Morton, Daniel B. Tilley, and Nicholas Warren of American Civil Liberties Union Foundation of Florida, Miami, Florida; and Courtney Brewer, Tallahassee, Florida, for Interested Party, Floridians Protecting Freedom Carrie Flaxman and Skye Perryman of Democracy Forward Foundation, Washington, District of Columbia; and Sean Shaw of Swope, Rodante P.A., Tampa, Florida, for Interested Party, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists - 81