chicago essay format template

Chicago Research Paper Formatting

Chicago manual of style (cmos - 17th edition).

• Finding Sources for Your Paper
• Additional Resources
• Sample Papers

You are going to love this! Save this template somewhere safe or e-mail it to yourself. Then resave it immediately with the name of your new document. This will keep your template safe and ready to reuse again for future assignments.

The templates provided will be sufficient for most student Chicago Style papers. For more information on formatting, please check out The Chicago Manual of Style Online Resources for Students page at  https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/help-tools/Resources-for-Students.html . 

• Purdue Owl Author Date Sample Paper Sample paper is downloadable.
• Purdue Owl Notes Bibliography Sample Paper Sample paper is downloadable.
• Turabian: Student Paper-Writing Tip Sheets Official Chicago style, in easy-to-use, printable PDF paper-writing tip sheets for students, teachers, and librarians. Guidelines are per Kate L. Turabian, A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (9th ed.) and are fully compatible with The Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.).
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• Writing Tips

How to Write and Format a Chicago Style Paper [With Examples]

• 3-minute read
• 18th August 2023

Are you working on a Chicago style project but struggling with the question, “just what is it?!”

Fear not, this post will walk you through Chicago style basics.

What Is Chicago Style?

The Chicago Manual of Style (CMoS) is a comprehensive style guide primarily used by professional writers, publishers, and researchers. It covers various forms of writing, including books, journals, magazines, and other publications. It’s often the go-to style for publishers and editors. CMoS is also known for its emphasis on scholarly writing and is suitable for a wide range of disciplines, including history, literature, the arts, and social sciences.

However, there’s an important distinction between Chicago style and Turabian style , which is essentially a simplified version of CMoS used in scholarly writing. Turabian omits some of the complexities and focuses on the needs of academic writers, especially those in the humanities and social sciences.

With either style, it’s essential to consult the relevant edition of the style guide specified by your institution or publication: either The Chicago Manual of Style or A Manual for Writers by Kate L. Turabian (currently in its ninth edition).

How Are Chicago Style Citations Formatted?

CMoS emphasizes two primary documentation systems : the notes and bibliography system (often used in the humanities) and the author–date system (preferred in the sciences and social sciences). When formatting a CMoS/Turabian paper, you’ll need to adhere to the guidelines associated with your chosen documentation system.

Notes and Bibliography System:

●  In this system, you’ll use footnotes or endnotes to cite sources within the text.

●  A corresponding bibliography is included at the end of the paper, listing all sources in alphabetical order.

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●  Citations typically include author names, titles, publication details, and page numbers.

Author–Date System:

●  In the author–date system, you’ll incorporate in-text citations within parentheses.

●  A reference list is included at the end of the document, providing full details for each cited source.

●  Citations include author’s last names, publication year, and page numbers (if applicable).

What Does Turabian Style Formatting Look Like?

A well-structured Turabian Style paper should adhere to the following formatting guidelines :

•   Title page : Include the title of your paper, your name, the course name/number, instructor’s name, and the date on a separate page, starting a third of the page down. Alternatively, write the title on the first page.
•   Margins : Apply one-inch margins on all sides.
• Indentation and spacing : Indent paragraphs and double-space the main text.
• Font : Use a legible 12-point font (e.g., Times New Roman).
• Page numbers : Number all pages consecutively in the top right corner, starting with the first page. Alternatively, page numbers may be placed at the bottom center of the page.
• Headings and subheadings : Use headline-style capitalization for headings and subheadings, with different levels distinguished.
• Footnotes or in-text citations: Implement your chosen citation system consistently throughout the paper.
• Bibliography or reference list : Include a comprehensive list of all sources used, following Chicago style citation guidelines for your chosen system.

How Should I Choose Which Chicago Style Documentation to Use?

It’s crucial to find out which specific CMoS system is preferred by your institution, publisher, or field of study. Always consult your assignment guidelines or style manual to determine whether you should use the notes and bibliography system or the author–date system. This choice will significantly impact how you format your citations and references.

Remember that mastering CMoS takes practice. By following these guidelines, you’ll be well on your way to crafting polished, professionally formatted papers that meet the expectations of your academic or professional audience.

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Chicago Style Guide - 17th Edition

• Chicago Style
• Title Page and Pagination
• Quotations and Signal Phrases
• Bibliography
• Chicago's Citation Parts
• Articles - Online
• Articles - Print
• Blogs and Social Media
• Government Publications
• Elders & Knowledge Keepers
• Other Sources
• Secondary Sources
• Generative AI Tools (e.g., ChatGPT, DALL·E 2)
• Author/Date (Scientific) System
• Need More Help?

Useful Links

• Chicago Manual of Style Online - Quick Guide
• Douglas College Library - Chicago Style Guide (PDF)
• Purdue OWL - Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.)
• SFU Library - Chicago/Turabian (17th ed.) Citation Guide

Avoid Plagiarism

• Camosun Academic Integrity Guide
• Camosun Plagiarism Guide
• Douglas College Learning Centre - Paraphrasing Without Plagiarizing
• Purdue OWL - Avoiding Plagiarism
• SFU Library - Plagiarism Tutorial

Chicago Style Sample Research Paper

Formatting and Sample Paper

The formatting guidelines listed on this page, provide general best practices for formatting your work using the Chicago style. Detailed information about formatting your title page , using quotes and signal phrases , and creating a bibliography , can be found by navigating to various sub-pages of this "Formatting Your Paper" page.

Learning how to correctly format your research paper into Chicago style can seem overwhelming, especially if the style is new to you. One of the best ways to help visualize what your paper needs to look like is by checking out an example of a paper that has already been formatted correctly.

View this  sample Chicago style research paper   ( notes and bibliography/humanities system ) from Purdue OWL for examples on how to format:

• A title page
• Headers and page numbers
• A bibliography

For a sample paper in the Chicago author/date style , visit the "Author/Date (Scientific) System" page in this guide.

Paragraphs and Spacing

The first line of all new paragraphs should begin with an indent . You can use either the tab key or your word processor's indentation tool to make your indentations–just be sure to be consistent and use the same process throughout your paper.

Your paper should be double spaced throughout its main body , with the following exceptions: 

• Block quotations , table titles , and figure captions should be single-spaced . 
• ​An extra line of space should be inserted both before and after a block quotation. 

Entries in the bibliography and footnotes/ endnotes are single spaced within entries , but double-spaced between entries (unless your instructor prefers double-spacing throughout).​

Footnotes and Endnotes

• Notes can be either  footnotes   (placed at the  foot   (bottom) of the same page  as the referenced text) or  endnotes   (listed on a  separate sheet at the end  of the essay, before the bibliography).
• Other than placement in your document, footnotes and endnotes are  structured in exactly the same way .
• Notes are  numbered consecutively  throughout the paper. Most word processing programs (such as MS Word) handle footnotes automatically.
• Follow your instructors’ directions when deciding whether to use footnotes or endnotes.

To insert a footnote in a Microsoft Word document:

• Place the cursor after the text you want to cite.
• Click on the " References "   tab.
• In the " Footnotes " section , click on the " In sert Footnote " button.
• A superscript number 1 will appear after the text you want to cite.
• A superscript number 1 will also appear at the bottom of page.
• At the bottom of the page next to the superscript number, enter the citation information for your resource (see the citation examples in this guide for how to create footnotes).
• Repeat these steps to insert and consecutively number your footnotes.

Some instructors may ask you to use endnotes, instead of footnotes. For information on inserting endnotes, see the  Microsoft Office Tutorial .

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Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

General Format

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

Since The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) is primarily intended as a style guide for published works rather than class papers, these guidelines will be supplemented with information from, Kate L. Turabian’s Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (8th ed.), which is largely based on CMOS with some slight alterations.

To see a side-by-side comparison of the three most widely used citation styles, including a chart of all CMOS citation guidelines, see the Citation Style Chart.

Please use the example at the bottom of this page to cite the Purdue OWL in CMOS.

A Note on Citations

Unlike many citation styles, CMOS gives writers two different methods for documenting sources: the Author-Date System and the Notes-Bibliography (NB) System.  As its name suggests, Author-Date uses parenthetical citations in the text to reference the source's author's last name and the year of publication. Each parenthetical citation corresponds to an entry on a References page that concludes the document. In these regards, Author-Date is very similar to, for instance, APA style.

By contrast, NB uses numbered footnotes in the text to direct the reader to a shortened citation at the bottom of the page. This corresponds to a fuller citation on a Bibliography page that concludes the document. Though the general principles of citation are the same here, the citations themselves are formatted differently from the way they appear in Author-Date.

If you are using CMOS for school or work, don't forget to ensure that you're using your organization's preferred citation method. For examples of these two different styles in action, see our CMOS sample papers:

Author-Date Sample Paper

NB Sample Paper

General CMOS Guidelines

• Text should be consistently double-spaced, except for block quotations, notes, bibliography entries, table titles, and figure captions.
• A prose quotation of five or more lines, or more than 100 words, should be blocked.
• CMOS recommends blocking two or more lines of poetry.
• A blocked quotation does not get enclosed in quotation marks.
• A blocked quotation must always begin a new line.
• Blocked quotations should be indented with the word processor’s indention tool.
• Page numbers begin in the header of the first page of text with Arabic number 1.
• For CMOS and Turabian’s recommendations, see “Headings,” below.

Supplemental Turabian Style Guidelines

• Margins should be set at no less than 1”.
• Typeface should be something readable, such as Times New Roman or Courier.
• Font size should be no less than 10 pt. (preferably, 12 pt.).

Major Paper Sections

• The title should be centered a third of the way down the page.
• Your name, class information, and the date should follow several lines later.
• For subtitles, end the title line with a colon and place the subtitle on the line below the title.
• Double-space each line of the title page.

CMOS Title Page

• Different practices apply for theses and dissertations (see Kate L. Turabian’s A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, ad Dissertations [8 th ed.].
• Titles mentioned in the text, notes, or bibliography are capitalized “headline-style,” meaning first words of titles and subtitles and any important words thereafter should be capitalized.
• Book and periodical titles (titles of larger works) should be italicized.
• Article and chapter titles (titles of shorter works) should be enclosed in double quotation marks.
• The titles of most poems should be enclosed in double quotation marks, but the titles of very long poems should be italicized.
• Titles of plays should be italicized.
• For example, use lowercase terms to describe periods, except in the case of proper nouns (e.g., “the colonial period,” vs. “the Victorian era”).
• A prose quotation of five or more lines should be “blocked.” The block quotation should match the surrounding text, and it takes no quotation marks. To offset the block quote from surrounding text, indent the entire quotation using the word processor’s indentation tool. It is also possible to offset the block quotation by using a different or smaller font than the surrounding text.
• Label the first page of your back matter, your comprehensive list of sources, “Bibliography” (for Notes and Bibliography style) or “References” (for Author-Date style).
• Leave two blank lines between “Bibliography” or “References” and your first entry.
• Leave one blank line between remaining entries.
• List entries in letter-by-letter alphabetical order according to the first word in each entry, be that the author's name or the title of the piece..
• For two to three authors, write out all names.
• For four to ten authors, write out all names in the bibliography but only the first author’s name plus “et al.” in notes and parenthetical citations.
• When a source has no identifiable author, cite it by its title, both on the references page and in shortened form (up to four keywords from that title) in parenthetical citations throughout the text.
• Write out publishers’ names in full.
• Do not use access dates unless publication dates are unavailable.
• If you cannot ascertain the publication date of a printed work, use the abbreviation “n.d.”
• Provide DOIs instead of URLs whenever possible.
• If no DOI is available, provide a URL.
• If you cannot name a specific page number when called for, you have other options: section (sec.), equation (eq.), volume (vol.), or note (n.).

CMOS Bibliography Page

• Note numbers should begin with “1” and follow consecutively throughout a given paper.
• Note numbers are superscripted.
• Note numbers should be placed at the end of the clause or sentence to which they refer and should be placed after all punctuation, except for the dash.
• Note numbers are full-sized, not raised, and followed by a period (superscripting note numbers in the notes themselves is also acceptable).
• In parenthetical citation, separate documentation from brief commentary with a semicolon.
• Do not repeat the hundreds digit in a page range if it does not change from the beginning to the end of the range.

For more information on footnotes, please see CMOS NB Sample Paper .

While  The Chicago Manual of Style does not include a prescribed system for formatting headings and subheads, it makes several recommendations.

• Maintain consistency and parallel structure in headings and subheads.
• Use headline-style for purposes of capitalization.
• Subheadings should begin on a new line.
• Subheadings can be distinguished by font-size.
• Ensure that each level of hierarchy is clear and consistent.
• Levels of subheads can be differentiated by type style, use of boldface or italics, and placement on the page, usually either centered or flush left.
• Use no more than three levels of hierarchy.
• Avoid ending subheadings with periods.

Turabian has an optional system of five heading levels.

Turabian Subheading Plan

Here is an example of the five-level heading system:

CMOS Headings

Tables and Figures

• Position tables and figures as soon as possible after they are first referenced. If necessary, present them after the paragraph in which they are described.
• For figures, include a caption, or short explanation of the figure or illustration, directly after the figure number.
• Cite a source as you would for parenthetical citation, and include full information in an entry on your Bibliography or References page.
• Acknowledge reproduced or adapted sources appropriately (i.e., photo by; data adapted from; map by...).
• If a table includes data not acquired by the author of the text, include an unnumbered footnote. Introduce the note by the word Source(s) followed by a colon, then include the full source information, and end the note with a period.

How to Cite the Purdue OWL in CMOS

On the new OWL site, contributors’ names and the last edited date are no longer listed at the top of every page. This means that most citations will now begin with the title of the resource, rather than the contributors' names.

Footnote or Endnote (N):

Corresponding Bibliographical Entry (B):

“Title of Resource.” List the OWL as Publishing Organization/Web Site Name . http://Web address for OWL resource.

“General Format.” The Purdue OWL. https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/717/02/.

Author Date In-text Citation:

("General Format" 2017).

Author Date References Page Citation:

Year of Publication. “Title of Resource.” List the OWL as Publishing Organization/Web Site Name . http://Web address for OWL resource.

2017. “General Format.” The Purdue OWL . https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/717/02.

• Citation Generator
• Style Guides
• Chicago/Turabian Format

Chicago Style Paper: Standard Format and Rules

Creating a Chicago style paper can be challenging to figure out at first. However, Chicago does offer a Turabian style designed just for students to simplify things. Learn how to format your Turabian/Chicago style paper from the layout to the images.

Chicago Style Paper Page Layout

Like most style guides, Chicago style paper formatting has a specific plan and page layout. However, since the main Chicago style guide is designed mostly for published work, Chicago offers students a handy guide created by Kate L. Turabian. The Turabian style of the Chicago Manual of Style works well to break down the general formatting guidelines for creating your student research paper in Chicago. 

To keep things simple, let’s look at the basic formatting rules first. 

• 1-inch margins
• Times New Roman 12 pt. font recommended
• Left justified (means the text on the right will be jagged)
• ½ inch indent for the beginning of paragraphs
• Header with the page number in the right corner
• Double spaced

Formatting Your Chicago Title Page

When it comes to creating your title page in Chicago style, there are a couple of ways you can handle it. You can choose to create a separate title page, or you can add your title to the first page of your paper. 

For a separate title page, you need to meet these guidelines. 

• The title is ⅓ of the way down. 
• The subtitle goes under the title. Place a colon after the main title. 
• After 3-4 returns from the title (about ¾ way down), place your name, class, date, and any other instructor requests. 
• Everything on the title page should be double spaced. 

Creating Headings for Chicago

Throughout your paper, headings are included in the Chicago style to set off chapters and other areas of your essay. Chicago style doesn’t offer a specific format when it comes to headings as APA style does. However, the Chicago style does clarify that you should keep everything consistent within your project. Therefore, if you have a  chapter heading using a bold, large font, then use that same format for all your chapter headings. For subheadings, if you use italics, use that same font size and italics, etc. Additionally, all titles use title case. 

Example of Headings: 

Chapter 2: Civil War

2.1 The Beginnings of the War

2.2. The End of the War

Block Quotations in Chicago Style

When you think about formatting your Chicago style paper, you must think about formatting your block quotes . These are lines of prose that are five or more lines. Rather than using quotations marks for these, you set them off with a ½ inch indent. The title of the work is included in the line above in italics, and the blockquote is set off with a colon in the line leading into the quote. 

Chicago Style Numbers and Acronyms

The Turabian format of the Chicago Manual of Style doesn’t have many rules for numbers and acronyms. However, they do want you to introduce an acronym the first time you use it. For example, to introduce the acronym for the Chicago Manual of Style, it would look like the Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS).

Figures and Tables in Chicago

When it comes time to include a figure or table in Chicago style, it’s essential to place it directly under the information where you discuss it. Additionally, follow a few different rules like:

• Place the caption flush left under the image or table.
• Start with a label (i.e., Figure 1 or Table 1). These should be in consecutive order, like Figure 1, Figure 1.1, etc.
• Use single spacing for the caption.
• Use at least one blank line between the caption and text of the body of the article.

Perfect Chicago Formatting

Faq chicago style paper: standard format and rules, how do you write a chicago style paper.

To write a paper in Chicago style, you follow the formatting guidelines laid out by the Chicago Manual of Style. This means you include 1-inch margins on all sides, double space, use justified left text, and indent new paragraphs. Chicago style also recommends the use of Time New Roman 12 pt. font.

What does Chicago style paper look like?

The format of a Chicago style paper can look different based on if you use author-date or notes-bibliography styles. The author-date style has in-text citations that include the author-date like (Betts, 1989). However, the notes-bibliography style has superscript numbers and foot- or endnotes.

Do Chicago style papers need a cover page?

No, you do not need to include a title page in Chicago style. However, if you choose not to include a title or cover page, you need to include your name, instructor, and course information on the first page of your essay or research paper.

What is Chicago style used for?

Chicago is a versatile style that can be used for a variety of academic topics for essays and research projects. For example, author-date Chicago style works well for science papers. Notes-bibliography style, on the other hand, works great for humanities papers.

How do you insert page numbers in Chicago style?

To insert numbers in the Chicago style, you need to have a running header that starts on the first page of the body of your paper. It will be in the right-hand corner, 1/2 inch down, and continue throughout your paper and reference list.

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Chicago Journal Citation Examples

How to write a history school paper in chicago style, chicago style article citation examples, chicago/turabian author-date citation elements.

Chicago style sample papers 

Published March 8, 2021. Updated August 15, 2021.

In general, the following formatting guidelines apply for all Chicago/Turabian-style papers (based on Kate L. Turabian’s A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, which adapts The Chicago Manual of Style ’s guidelines for articles and papers):

• Paper size: The paper should be written on a standard 8.5” x 11” page.
• Margins : The margins should be set to at least 1” and no more than 1.5” on all sides for all pages including the title page.
• Font: The paper should be written in a readable font that is accessible to all readers, such as 12-point Times New Roman, Calibri, or Courier, or 11-point Arial. Use one font consistently throughout the entire text. The font size should be no smaller than 10-point.
• Line spacing: The title page, body, and headings should be double-spaced. Block quotations (with a blank line before and after the block), bibliographies, reference lists, endnotes, and footnotes should be single-spaced (with a blank line between notes and reference list entries).
• First page: Papers should either begin with a title page or include a title on the first page of text.
• Indentation : The first line of each new paragraph of the main text should be indented 0.5” from the left.
• Quotations: Quotations of five or more lines should be indented as a block. Block quotations should be indented 0.5” from the left margin and do not use beginning or ending quotation marks.
• Page numbers: Every page except the title page should include a page number in an Arabic numeral. If there is no title page, the paper’s first page of body text should begin with an Arabic numeral “1.” If there is a title page, the paper’s first page of main text should begin with an Arabic numeral “2.” Place the page number either at the bottom center in the footer or the top right in the header. (Though theses or dissertations once called for page numbers to be placed in the footer for front matter, main text, and back matter, and for page numbers to be placed in the header for all other text, most schools now require consistent page number placement throughout a paper.)

For help writing your essay, research paper , or other project, check out these writing tips .

Paper order

In general, your paper should be put together in this order:

• Table of Contents (optional)
• List of Tables and Figures (optional)
• Introduction (optional)
• Body (with footnotes or in-text citations)
• Conclusion (optional)
• Appendixes (optional)
• Endnotes (optional)
• Bibliography or Reference List

Formatting for the title page

• From the top of the page, find a line about 1/3 of the way down the page and set the title (and subtitle) of the paper in bold.
• Capitalize each significant word using headline-style capitalization.
• Use the same font as the main text.
• When using subtitles, end the main title with a colon and start the subtitle on the following line.
• Double-space all text on the title page.

For student papers ONLY:

• Include course information several lines after the title and subtitle.
• course name and number
• due date of the assignment

For more information, visit this page on Chicago title pages.

Formatting for the abstract

Chicago rarely requires abstracts, which generally appear in scientific papers and journals.

For more information, visit this page on Chicago abstracts .

Formatting for the body of the paper

• When a title page is not required, write the title at the top of your first page of main text.
• Begin every new paragraph in the body of the paper on its own line with a 0.5” indentation; do this by pressing the Tab key once.
• Double-space the main text (except when using block quotations).
• Use only one space after a period, not two spaces.
• Start page numbering with the first page of body text, not the title page, and use Arabic numerals (1, 2, etc.). When there is a title page, start the first page of body text with page “2.” When there is no separate title page, start the first page of body text with page “1.”

Notes-Bibliography vs. Author-Date format

To cite references in the body of the paper, Chicago style follows either the author-date format (preferred for science and social science) or the notes-bibliography format (preferred for humanities) . Choose one format and use it consistently throughout the paper.

Author-Date

When using the author-date format, use in-text citations. To create an in-text citation, place the author’s last name and the publication year of the cited work in parentheses at the end of the quote or paraphrase. Do not separate the author’s last name and the publication year with a comma.

(Sato 2020)

If you quote a specific part of a text, you’ll also provide a specific page number or another location identifier in the in-text citation.

(Sato 2020, 203)

For author-date citations, include a reference list at the end of the paper with full source information.

For more author-date information, visit these pages on Chicago style in-text citations and Chicago style reference lists.

When using the notes-bibliography format, add a note (endnote or footnote) after each quotation, paraphrase, or summary. To create a note, insert a superscript number after any punctuation marks except the dash. Use the same number in the endnote or footnote providing full source information. The first note provides all source information while any subsequent notes may use a shortened citation with the author’s name, a shortened form of the title (if more than four words), and the page number(s).

For notes-bibliography citations, include a bibliography at the end of the paper with full source information.

For more information, visit these pages on Chicago style footnotes and Chicago style bibliographies .

Bibliography or reference list formatting

Both Chicago formats include a full list of sources at the end of a paper. Author-date format requires a reference list while notes-bibliography encourages (but does not require) a bibliography.

Here are formatting guidelines that apply to both lists:

• Begin the bibliography (Notes-Bib) or reference list (Author-Date) on a new page immediately following the last page of main text.
• Center the word “Bibliography” or “References” on the first line of the page. Add two blank lines after the title.
• Single-space each entry and add a blank line between entries.
• Begin each reference entry with a hanging indentation so that the first line of the reference touches the left margin while all subsequent lines have a 0.5” indent.
• Order reference list entries alphabetically by the author’s last name, followed by the first name(s) (last name, first name).

Apart from the guidelines above, there are some differences between creating a Chicago bibliography and reference list. For more information, visit these pages on styling a Chicago bibliography and Chicago reference list.

Notes-Bib example paper

Download the example paper here .

Author-Date example paper

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• Chicago Style

Chicago Style Citation Guide | Templates & Citation Examples

Notes and bibliography is the most common type of Chicago style citation, and the main focus of this article. It is widely used in the humanities. Citations are placed in footnotes or endnotes , with a Chicago style bibliography listing your sources in full at the end.

Author-date style is mainly used in the sciences. It uses parenthetical in-text citations , always accompanied by a reference list at the end.

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Table of contents

Citing sources with notes (notes and bibliography), chicago note citation examples (notes and bibliography), creating a chicago style bibliography (notes and bibliography), chicago author-date style, frequently asked questions about chicago style citation.

To cite sources in Chicago notes and bibliography style, place a superscript number at the end of a sentence or clause, after the punctuation mark, corresponding to a numbered footnote or endnote .

Footnotes appear at the bottom of each page, while endnotes appear at the end of the text. Choose one or the other and use it consistently.

Most word-processing programs can automatically link your superscript numbers and notes.

Full notes vs. short notes

Citations can take the form of full notes or short notes. Full notes provide complete source information, while short notes include only the author’s last name, the source title, and the page number(s) of the cited passage. The usual rule is to use a full note for the first citation of each source, and a short note for subsequent citations of the same source.

Guidelines can vary across fields, though; sometimes you might be required to use full notes every time, or conversely to use short notes every time, as long as all your sources are listed in the bibliography. It’s best to check with your instructor if you’re unsure which rule to follow.

Multiple authors in Chicago notes

When a source has multiple authors, list up to three in your note citations. When there are four or more, use “ et al. ” (Latin for “and others”).

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A Chicago footnote or endnote citation always contains the author’s name and the title of the source. The other elements vary by the type of source you’re citing.

Page number(s) should be included if you are referring to a specific part of the text. The elements of the citation are separated by commas , and the note always ends with a period. The page range is separated by an en dash .

Navigate through the Chicago citation examples using the tabs below.

• Book chapter
• Journal article

When citing a book , if an edition is specified, include it in abbreviated form (e.g., 2nd ed.). If the book was accessed online, add a URL.

When citing a chapter from a multi-authored book, start with details of the chapter, followed by details of the book.

To cite a journal article , you need to specify the volume and issue as well as the date. It’s best to use a DOI instead of a URL.

Web pages often have no author or date specified. If the author is unknown, start with the title in a full note, and use the website name as author in a short note. If the publication date is unknown, include the date you accessed the information (e.g., accessed on March 12, 2022).

The bibliography lists full references for all your sources. It appears at the end of your paper (before any appendices ).

Author names are inverted in the bibliography, and sources are alphabetized by author last name. Each source is listed on a new line, with a hanging indent applied to sources that run over onto multiple lines.

If a source has multiple authors, list up to 10 in the bibliography. If there are 11 or more, list the first seven followed by “et al.”

When to include a bibliography

It is not mandatory to include a bibliography if you have cited your sources with full notes. However, it is recommended to include one in most cases, with the exception of very short texts with few sources.

Check with your instructor if you’re not sure whether to include one.

Chicago style bibliography examples (notes and bibliography)

Bibliography entries vary in format according to source type. Formats and examples for some common source types are shown below.

In the (social) sciences, you may be told to use author-date style instead. In this style, citations appear in parentheses in the text.

Unlike note citations, author-date citations look the same for all source types .

Reference list

Author-date citations are always accompanied by a reference list. The reference list is similar to a bibliography: It appears at the end of your text and lists all your sources in full.

The only difference is that the publication year comes straight after the author name, to match with the in-text citations. For example, the book reference from above looks like this in author-date style.

Chicago Author-Date Quick Guide

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In a Chicago style footnote , list up to three authors. If there are more than three, name only the first author, followed by “ et al. “

In the bibliography , list up to 10 authors. If there are more than 10, list the first seven followed by “et al.”

The same rules apply in Chicago author-date style .

To automatically generate accurate Chicago references, you can use Scribbr’s free Chicago reference generator .

In a Chicago footnote citation , when the author of a source is unknown (as is often the case with websites ), start the citation with the title in a full note. In short notes and bibliography entries, list the organization that published it as the author.

In Chicago author-date style , treat the organization as author in your in-text citations and reference list.

When an online source does not list a publication date, replace it with an access date in your Chicago footnotes and your bibliography :

If you are using author-date in-text citations , or if the source was not accessed online, replace the date with “n.d.”

Page numbers should be included in your Chicago in-text citations when:

• You’re quoting from the text.
• You’re paraphrasing a particular passage.
• You’re referring to information from a specific section.

When you’re referring to the overall argument or general content of a source, it’s unnecessary to include page numbers.

In Chicago notes and bibliography style , the usual standard is to use a full note for the first citation of each source, and short notes for any subsequent citations of the same source.

However, your institution’s guidelines may differ from the standard rule. In some fields, you’re required to use a full note every time, whereas in some other fields you can use short notes every time, as long as all sources are listed in your bibliography . If you’re not sure, check with your instructor.

In Chicago author-date style , your text must include a reference list . It appears at the end of your paper and gives full details of every source you cited.

In notes and bibliography style, you use Chicago style footnotes to cite sources; a bibliography is optional but recommended. If you don’t include one, be sure to use a full note for the first citation of each source.

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Chicago Citation Guide (17th Edition): Sample Paper, Bibliography, & Annotated Bibliography

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On this Page

General paper formatting guidelines, quick rules for a chicago bibliography.

What is an Annotated Bibliography?

Writing an Evaluative Annotation

Tips on Writing & Formatting an Annotated Bibliography

Sample Paper with Bibliography

• Chicago Sample Paper

This sample paper can be used as a template to set up your assignment. It includes a title page, main body paragraph with footnotes, and a bibliography.

Sample Paper with Appendix

• Chicago Sample Paper Template - with Appendix

If you are adding an appendix to your paper there are a few rules to follow that comply with Chicago guidelines:

• The Appendix appears before the Bibliography
• If you have more than one appendix you would name the first appendix Appendix A, the second Appendix B, etc.
• The appendices should appear in the order that the information is mentioned in your essay
• Each appendix begins on a new page

Sample Annotated Bibliography

This sample annotated bibliography shows you the structure you should use to write a Chicago style annotated bibliography and gives examples of evaluative and summary annotations.

It can be used as a template to set up your assignment.

• End-of-Paper Checklist

Finished your assignment? Use this checklist to be sure you haven't missed any information needed for Chicago style.

Useful Links for Annotated Bibliographies

Overview of purpose and form of annotated bibliographies from the Purdue OWL.

Includes a sample annotation from a Chicago Manual of Style annotated bibliography. From the Purdue OWL.

An example of an MLA annotated bibliography. From the Purdue OWL.

Assemble your paper in the following order:

• Body of paper
• Appendix (if needed)
• Bibliography

Use Times New Roman, Size 12 (unless otherwise instructed).

Margins and Indents

Your margins should be 1 inch on all sides.

Indent new paragraphs by one-half inch.

Double-space the main text of your paper.

Single-space the footnotes and bibliography, but add a blank line between entries.

Start numbering your pages on the  second  page of your paper (don't include the title page).

Put your page numbers in the header of the first page of text (skip the title page), beginning with page number 1. Continue numbering your pages to the end of the bibliography.

Place the footnote number at the end of the sentence in which you have quoted or paraphrased information from another source. The footnote number should be in superscript, and be placed  after  any punctuation.

Put your footnotes in the footer section of the page.

Your research paper ends with a list of all the sources cited in the text of the paper. This is called a bibliography.

See an example in the "Sample Paper with Bibliography" box on this page.

Here are nine quick rules for this list:

• Start a new page for your bibliography (e.g. If your paper is 4 pages long, start your bibliography on page 5).
• Centre the title, Bibliography, at the top of the page and do not bold or underline it. Look for the alignment option in Word. 
• Leave two blank lines between the title and the first entry on your list.
• Single-space the list, but leave one blank line between entries.
• Start the first line of each citation at the left margin; each subsequent line should be indented (also known as a "hanging indent").
• Put your list in alphabetical order. Alphabetize the list by the first word in the citation. In most cases, the first word will be the author’s last name. Where the author is unknown, alphabetize by the first word in the title, ignoring the words a, an, the.
• For each author, give the last name followed by a comma and the first name followed by a period.
• Italicize the titles of full works , such as: books, videos (films and television shows), artwork, images, maps, journals, newspapers, magazines.
• Do not italicize titles of parts of works , such as: articles from newspapers, magazines, or journals / essays, poems, short stories or chapter titles from a book / chapters or sections of an Internet document. Instead, use quotation marks.

What Is An Annotated Bibliography?

An  annotated bibliography  is a list of citations for various books, articles, and other sources on a topic. The annotated bibliography looks like a Works Cited page but includes an annotation after each source cited. An annotation is a short summary and/or critical evaluation of a source. Annotated bibliographies can be part of a larger research project, or can be a stand-alone report in itself.

Types of Annotations

 A  summary annotation  describes the source by answering the following questions: who wrote the document, what the document discusses, when and where was the document written, why was the document produced, and how was it provided to the public. The focus is on description. 

 An  evaluative annotation  includes a summary as listed above but also critically assesses the work for accuracy, relevance, and quality. Evaluative annotations can help you learn about your topic, develop a thesis statement, decide if a specific source will be useful for your assignment, and determine if there is enough valid information available to complete your project. The focus is on description and evaluation.

• Cite the source using Chicago style.
• Describe the main ideas, arguments, themes, theses, or methodology, and identify the intended audience.
• Explain the author’s expertise, point of view, and any bias he/she may have.
• Compare to other sources on the same topic that you have also cited to show similarities and differences.
• Explain why each source is useful for your research topic and how it relates to your topic.
• Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of each source.
• Identify the observations or conclusions of the author. 

Remember: Annotations are original descriptions that you create after reading the document. When researching, you may find journal articles that provide a short summary at the beginning of the text. This article abstract is similar to a summary annotation. You may consult the abstract when creating your evaluative annotation, but never simply copy it as that would be considered plagiarism. 

Tips on Writing & Formatting an Annotated Bibliography

• Each annotation should be one paragraph, between three to six sentences long (about 150- 200 words).
• Start with the same format as a regular Bibliography list.
• All lines should be double-spaced. Do not add an extra line between the citations.
• If your list of citations is especially long, you can organize it by topic.
• Try to be objective, and give explanations if you state any opinions.
• Use the third person (e.g., he, she, the author) instead of the first person (e.g., I, my, me)
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Chicago 17th Edition Citation Guide

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Chicago Formatting Guidelines | 17th Edition

The Chicago Manual of Style is primarily intended for authors of book-length works and for those publishing academic journal articles. When it comes to student essays, The Chicago Manual of Style uses the Turabian method for formatting . Kate Turabian was an educator at the University of Chicago who contributed to The Chicago Manual of Style . Her book, A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations , was originally published in 1937 and is currently in its ninth edition. A Manual for Writers has been updated to be compatible with the 17th edition of The Chicago Manual of Style .

Beginning about two-thirds down the page, on separate lines, students should put their name, class, and the date. Students should consult their instructor about any additional information to add to this block.

All content on the title page should be double-spaced. The title page does not receive a page number.

For a sample title page, please visit The Chicago Manual of Style . Pagination While the title page does not receive a page number, it still counts toward the page count. Therefore, the body of most essays will begin on page two.

Page numbers should appear at either the bottom-center or top-right and be half an inch from the edge of the page.

Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, etc.) are used. Main Text Font: Choose a standard font such as Times New Roman, Arial, or Calibri. Font size should be 12 pt. Students should consult their instructors for more specific font preferences.

Margins: Margins should be at least one inch from the edge of the page in all places (except where page numbers appear). The paper should be aligned left, and the right-hand margin should be kept ragged.

Spacing: Except for block quotes (see section below), the entire paper should be double-spaced. Only one space is necessary between sentences.

Indentations: Each new paragraph, including the first, should be indented half an inch. Block Quotations If a quotation is five or more lines, it should be set apart from the main text in a block quote. Block quotes begin on a new line and are indented half an inch, like the rest of the essay’s paragraphs. However, a block quote is single-spaced.

If using author-date format, a block quote should be followed by a parenthetical citation. If using footnotes or endnotes, a block quote should be followed by a superscript number. In both cases, the citation appears after the quote’s terminal punctuation. For information on citation style, please refer to our overview of the 17th edition. Figures Figures include any charts, graphs, maps, photographs, or similar visual media used within a paper. Remember, if an instructor has assigned a paper with a required page count, figures will usually not count toward that. Try not to clutter essays with unnecessary figures.

Figures should be placed immediately before or after the paragraph where they are first referenced.

A single-spaced caption should be inserted beneath the figure. The caption should include all necessary reference information as it would appear in a bibliography. If part of a larger work, such as a thesis, a caption should be led with a numerical indicator, such as “Figure 1.1”, which corresponds to a list of tables and figures. For more information on tables of figures, consult The Chicago Manual of Style ’s website. Endnotes If using the notes and bibliography format for citations, a page of endnotes might be necessary. Usually, an endnotes page is only used for larger works like dissertations. The endnotes page is placed between the end of the essay/work and the bibliography.

The title “Notes” should be centered at the top of the page. Add two lines after the title, then begin the endnotes. If the work contains multiple chapters and the endnotes were restarted from one in each section, subheadings for each chapter/section should be incorporated.

Each endnote should be single-spaced, with a blank line between endnotes. The first line of each endnote should be indented half an inch. Use normal formatting for the endnote’s number, and follow proper citation guidelines for the content. Alternatively, the endnote’s number can be superscript, with no period or space following. If you’re unsure how to make a number superscript in Word, you can visit Microsoft’s website for a tutorial.

For a visual guideline, please visit The Chicago Manual of Style . Footnotes If using footnotes instead of endnotes, be sure that footnotes appear at the bottom of the same page where the source is first referenced. In the text, footnotes should be indicated by a superscript number on the outside of the punctuation mark, as seen here. 1 If you’re unsure how to make a number superscript in Word, you can visit Microsoft’s website for a tutorial.

Separate footnotes from the rest of the essay using a short horizontal line.

Similar to endnote formatting, footnotes should be single-spaced and the first line indented half an inch. If multiple endnotes occur on the same page, they should be separated by a blank line. It is recommended to use a slightly smaller font for endnotes than in the main text. Bibliography Typically, you will be asked to create a bibliography at the end of your paper. It should list every work cited throughout your paper, and it may also include materials that you consulted but did not actually reference.

Center the heading, “Bibliography,” at the top of the page. If using endnotes, the bibliography appears after the “Notes” page. The bibliography receives a page number consistent with the rest of the work.

Entries in the bibliography are organized alphabetically by author’s last name. The first line of each entry is left-aligned, with subsequent lines receiving a half inch hanging indent. Entries in the bibliography are single-spaced with a blank line separating them.

If a work cited does not have an author, it should be alphabetized by the first word of the title (ignoring articles such as “A” or “The”.)

For two or more works by the same author, replace the author’s name in the second and any subsequent entries with a 3-em dash. Alphabetize all works by the same author by title.

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Title Page Setup

A title page is required for all APA Style papers. There are both student and professional versions of the title page. Students should use the student version of the title page unless their instructor or institution has requested they use the professional version. APA provides a student title page guide (PDF, 199KB) to assist students in creating their title pages.

Student title page

The student title page includes the paper title, author names (the byline), author affiliation, course number and name for which the paper is being submitted, instructor name, assignment due date, and page number, as shown in this example.

Title page setup is covered in the seventh edition APA Style manuals in the Publication Manual Section 2.3 and the Concise Guide Section 1.6

Related handouts

• Student Title Page Guide (PDF, 263KB)
• Student Paper Setup Guide (PDF, 3MB)

Student papers do not include a running head unless requested by the instructor or institution.

Follow the guidelines described next to format each element of the student title page.

Professional title page

The professional title page includes the paper title, author names (the byline), author affiliation(s), author note, running head, and page number, as shown in the following example.

Follow the guidelines described next to format each element of the professional title page.

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DNC 2024 Speakers: Who's In, Who's Out, Who's Rumored

The Democratic National Convention will take place in Chicago between Monday, Aug. 19 and Thursday, Aug. 22, serving as a capstone of sorts for the party's hectic last month in which President Joe Biden dropped out of the race and Vice President Kamala Harris took his place atop the ticket.

As many as 50,000 visitors are expected to attend the convention in the Windy City, including 5,000 delegates, 15,000 members from the media, and thousands of guests. An untold number of protesters are also expected to descend on downtown Chicago for the four-day event.

A broad schedule has been released and includes of caucus meetings for specific affinity groups as well as council meetings on veterans, youth, poverty and interfaith issues ahead of the main event: the headlining speeches that will be carried live in primetime.

Judging by the schedules of past conventions, Harris will likely speak on Thursday, the last night of the convention. Her running mate, Gov. Tim Walz , will go on Wednesday.

The rest of the convention will likely feature prominent Democratic politicians as well as a smattering of high-profile celebrities.

At least three Senate Democrats who are up for reelection in competitive races will not attend the DNC, including Sherrod Brown of Ohio and John Tester of Montana.

Here's what we know, what's been reported and what we can expect.

President Biden will speak at the convention, the White House confirmed this week, saying: "He's looking forward to, as he tends to do, speak directly to the American people."

Sources told ABC News that Biden has been given the keynote slot on Monday night, while Politico reported that the president will not stick around for the rest of the week's festivities. That report has sparked speculation among the political chattering class that Biden remains resentful of how he was pushed aside by the party following his disastrous debate performance in June.

Barack and Michelle Obama are expected to have prominent roles in Chicago, with the former president said to be given the headlining speaking slot on Tuesday night. The Obamas have endorsed Harris, though the formal endorsement came several days after she announced she would run in Biden's place.

Meanwhile, President Biden is said to still harbor frustration with his former boss, believing that Obama was a "puppet master" behind the scenes of the push to get him to drop out, according to the New York Times .

If Biden does in fact leave Chicago after his speech on Monday, it will likely fuel speculation that he is snubbing Obama.

The Clintons

Hillary Clinton is scheduled to speak Monday, according to reports, while Bill Clinton has reportedly been tapped to introduce Gov. Tim Walz on Wednesday.

The Clintons were among the first of the party's heavy hitters to endorse Harris after Biden dropped out.

The Clintons also praised Biden's presidency in their endorsement.

"We join millions of Americans in thanking President Biden for all he has accomplished," the statement said. "We are honored to join the President in endorsing Vice President Harris and will do whatever we can to support her."

The New York Post reported, citing anonymous sources, that Chelsea Clinton , the former first daughter, is gunning to become an ambassador to the UK if Harris becomes president.

"There's a reason why Bill and Hillary came out in the first five minutes to support Kamala's presidential bid — they were currying favor," according to the Post .

Jason Carter

NBC News reported that former President Jimmy Carter 's grandson, Jason Carter, will represent his ailing grandfather at the convention.

The oldest living former president, who turns 100 in October and has been in hospice care for more than a year, reportedly told his son that he hopes to vote for Harris, according to the Atlanta Journal-Constitution .

"I'm only trying to make it to vote for Kamala Harris," the elder Carter said, per the paper.

Doug Emhoff

The current second gentleman has been in Chicago ahead of the DNC, where he's been attending fundraisers and addressing issues of antisemitism. Emhoff, who is Jewish, is expected to speak during the latter half of the convention — potentially introducing his wife on Thursday.

Beyoncé

Will Queen Bey show up in Chicago to perform? It's one of the bigger questions surrounding the DNC, given that Beyonce and her husband, Jay-Z, have supported Democrats in the past.

While Beyoncé has not yet publicly endorsed any candidates this year, she did give her seal of approval to the Biden-Harris ticket in 2020.

The singer also performed at former President Barack Obama 's first inauguration dinner, where she belted out Etta James' famous song, "At Last."

While she has not made an official endorsement, the pop star has granted Harris the rights to use her song "Freedom" as her official campaign anthem.

Julia Louis-Dreyfus

The "Seinfeld" and "Veep" star told The Times of London she was "extra-involved" with the Harris campaign.

The actress and prominent Democratic supporter is on the schedule as the host of a panel with several female Democratic governors, including Arizona Gov. Katie Hobbs , Kansas Gov. Laura Kelly, Maine Gov. Janet Mills, Massachusetts Gov. Maura Healey, Michigan Gov. Gretchen Whitmer , New Mexico Gov. Michelle Lujan Grisham, New York Gov. Kathy Hochul and Oregon Gov. Tina Kotek.

"Throughout their time in office, Democratic women governors have made history, changed the conversation surrounding women in executive roles, and gotten big things done for the good people of their states. They've shattered marble ceilings and demonstrated excellent leadership. Their voices are essential," Louis-Dreyfus recently told The Hollywood Reporter .

"I'm looking forward to our conversation and the opportunity to shine the spotlight on these accomplished leaders."

Gretchen Whitmer

The popular Michigan governor will be in Chicago for that panel, and many political watchers will be looking to see whether she has a more prominent role during primetime.

Whitmer, a rising star in the party, was considered to be among the most likely candidates to run for president had Biden dropped out earlier. She was also floated as a potential VP for Harris, but she quickly demurred and threw her support behind Harris.

She has delivered advice to Harris, telling her to focus on issues like abortion and reproductive rights and "make a seat at the table for people who maybe aren't traditionally sitting at that table."

Speaking on a recent podcast, Whitmer said: "One of the things that I think is so crucial is, like I said, seeing the humanity in people—showing up, listening, empowering voices. When we have reproductive rights hanging by a thread in this country, it is so crucial that we are uplifting women's voices and medical voices as well—in this debate."

Michelle Lujan Grisham

The New Mexico governor, another rising star in the party, was reportedly vetted as a potential running mate for Harris, whom she has known since they both served in Congress . Harris officiated Lujan Grisham's wedding in 2022.

A day after Biden dropped out of the race, Lujan Grisham "wholeheartedly" endorsed the vice president.

"She is a smart, conscientious and highly experienced public servant who is uniquely qualified to defeat Donald Trump ," the governor said in a statement.

JB Pritzker

Illinois Gov. JB Pritzker is another likely face to show up in his hometown of Chicago next week. The billionaire scion of an influential political family and heir to the Hyatt Hotels fortune is hosting an event on Tuesday that will feature a performance by the singer and activist John Legend.

Pritzker, himself floated as a potential future presidential candidate, was one of the many Democrats to quickly endorse Harris.

Yusef Salaam

New York City Council member Yusef Salaam has reportedly been invited to speak in Chicago, according to Semafor.

Salaam was wrongly imprisoned as a member of the "Central Park Five." The group, now known as the "Exonerated Five," was convicted of raping an 18-year-old white woman while she was out for a jog in Central Park in 1989. Trump, a businessman in New York City at the time, took out a newspaper ad calling for the men to be executed.

The teenagers had confessed to the assault but later claimed it was coerced. All five were convicted in 1990.

Salaam was released from prison in 1997, and his conviction was vacated in 2002. In 2014, New York City paid $41 million to settle a lawsuit brought by the five.

One source told Semafor that other members of the group could potentially join Salaam on stage in Chicago.

George Clooney

A powerbroker among celebrity Democrats, Clooney has already had an outsized role this election cycle. The movie star and husband of Amal Clooney penned an op-ed in the New York Times last month calling for Biden to drop out of the race, saying the president's dismal debate performance was not an aberration but followed what Clooney himself had seen at a recent fundraiser. The essay was widely seen as a turning point that helped prominent Democrats coalesce behind the push to convince Biden to abort his run.

Whether he shows up in Chicago is an open question. The Harris campaign is said to be wary of stuffing the DNC with too many celebrities, lest it come across as an event for the "Hollywood liberal elite," according to TMZ .

Taylor Swift

Perhaps the most influential celebrity endorser who could shift attention in Chicago, the pop star is currently on tour in London for a five-date swing that wraps up on Tuesday.

In theory, that would allow Swift ample time to make it to Chicago for the final two nights of festivities. But like Beyonce, her representatives have remained quiet about her plans, including whether she intends to make a formal endorsement at all.

Swift took a turn toward political activism during the Trump years after largely staying out of politics, and made her first official endorsement in 2020. She went with Biden.

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About the writer

Monica is a Newsweek reporter based in Boston. Her focus is reporting on breaking news. Monica joined Newsweek in 2024. She is a graduate of Clark University, with a master's from both Clark University and Northwestern University. She was part of the team named a finalist for the Goldsmith Prize for Investigation as well as a winner of the George Polk award for their work uncovering Phillips Respironics wrongdoings with their breathing machines.

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7 Last-Minute Escapes for Labor Day Weekend

If you’re still hoping to stretch out the last days of summer, there are places in North America that are not too hot, not too crowded and not necessarily that far away.

By Shannon Sims

It might sound like an impossible request: a last-minute Labor Day getaway with gorgeous weather and minimal crowds that you can squeeze into a long weekend. There are good reasons many destinations across North America won’t fit the bill. Wildfires are burning in some parts of the West, tropical disturbances are brewing in the Caribbean, the East Coast’s coastal retreats are packed, and much of the South is sweaty and oh so steamy. But if you’re still hoping to stretch out the last days of summer, there are places that are not too hot, not too crowded and not necessarily that far away.

Here are seven inspirations in North America for a Labor Day getaway.

North Carolina

Hike to magical waterfalls

Less than an hour’s drive from downtown Asheville, N.C., and covering 500,000-plus acres, Pisgah National Forest is a magical place to be immersed in nature. American goldfinches and Carolina chickadees sing high above waterfalls framed by lush green trees, and babbling streams pour down moss-covered rocks hiding salamanders, newts and crayfish.

During the summer, these wooded areas are chock-full of children at summer camp, and the trails are often busy with hikers. But by Labor Day, most of the kids have returned home, while the weather is often perfect, with average temperatures in the seventies. You have your pick of activities — bird-watching, fly fishing, waterfall dousing and hiking.

Easy trails can be found at the North Carolina Arboretum , but for a shaded, moderate hike to a waterfall in which you can douse, check out Catawba Falls Trail . For another moderate hike (but no swimming), there is Linville Gorge and Falls , nicknamed the Grand Canyon of the Southern Appalachians. Advanced hikers can summit the 6,684-foot Mount Mitchell , the highest peak in the Eastern United States, in Mount Mitchell State Park, which is surrounded by Pisgah Forest.

Later, make your way back to Asheville , where a robust restaurant and brewery scene offers a perfect setting for sharing stories of your day. Local favorites include Cúrate for upscale tapas, Chai Pani for Indian food and Wicked Weed Brewing for hoppy deliciousness.

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Small-sample fault diagnosis of axial piston pumps across working conditions, based on 1d-senet model migration.

1. Introduction

2. 1d-senet structure principle, 3. a transfer learning approach based on the 1d_senet model, 3.1. theories related to transfer learning, 3.2. 1d_senet model parameters, 3.3. methodological process, 4. experimental verification, 4.1. data acquisition, 4.2. model training hyperparameter setting and single-case performance testing, 4.2.1. model performance test with regular number of training sets, 4.2.2. model performance testing with small sample training set, 4.2.3. comparative model performance tests, 4.3. cross-case small sample model migration fault diagnosis test, 4.4. comparison of convergence properties and feature visualisation before and after model migration, 5. conclusions, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

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Share and Cite

Yang, X.; Jiang, A.; Jiang, W.; Yue, Y.; Jing, L.; Zhou, J. Small-Sample Fault Diagnosis of Axial Piston Pumps across Working Conditions, Based on 1D-SENet Model Migration. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024 , 12 , 1430. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12081430

Yang X, Jiang A, Jiang W, Yue Y, Jing L, Zhou J. Small-Sample Fault Diagnosis of Axial Piston Pumps across Working Conditions, Based on 1D-SENet Model Migration. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering . 2024; 12(8):1430. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12081430

Yang, Xukang, Anqi Jiang, Wanlu Jiang, Yi Yue, Lei Jing, and Junjie Zhou. 2024. "Small-Sample Fault Diagnosis of Axial Piston Pumps across Working Conditions, Based on 1D-SENet Model Migration" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, no. 8: 1430. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12081430

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