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What Is Public Administration? Essay Example

The concept of public administration, street-level bureaucracy & public administration, decision making in public service, public administration essay conclusion.

Many concepts have more than one definition, and public administration is no exception. Firstly, it is the implementation of government policy. Secondly, it is an academic discipline focused on studying it. By the way, public service is quite an attractive perspective for many students. Those going to become civil servants might have Public Administration as their major at school.

One of the first definitions of the concept appeared in 1947. The phrasing was: “public leadership of public affairs directly responsible for executive action”. It is not very easy to understand and does not seem exhaustive. Thus, many other variants appeared.

This public instrument is an integral component of a democratic society. It is connected with the concepts of liberty, justice, economic opportunities, etc. Public organizations need to influence the government to balance different sources of power.

The concept of public administration deals with the principles of societal structure. Any example of it deals with the relationships between government and society. It is easier to explain the concept when we look at the cases.

What Is the Example of Public Administration?

These days, the issues that public administrators face are as broad as the populations they serve. Public administration essays provide numerous examples of jobs in the sphere. They include budget analyst, urban and regional planner, emergency management director, public utilities specialist, social and community service manager. All these positions feature different responsibilities.

What Are the Types of Public Administration?

There are countless public administration research papers. They provide various classifications of public administration types. It is typical to divide all related jobs into political executives, desktop administrators, professionals, and street-level bureaucrats. Altogether, they constitute a complex administrative structure. Such division helps achieve the goals related to public well-being.

What Are the Objectives of Public Administration?

The main objective is the well-being of people. Public administration goals vary greatly depending on the exact positions. Public administration jobs include such roles as budget analyst, emergency management director, community service manager, etc. Every specialist has specific objectives under their responsibilities. The overall purpose, however, is to meet the needs of society.

What Are the Important Areas of Public Administration?

Some essential areas of public administration include human resources, budget analysis, public affairs, and policy development and execution. Public administrators also work in areas related to transportation, housing, disaster response, emergency management, law enforcement, and social services.

Public administration is essential for any society. The government’s success in meeting the needs of the community depends on how well it functions. The so-called “street-level bureaucracy” is one of the main problems in that aspect.

Street-level bureaucracy denotes a complex of agencies or other institutions where the civil servants are in contact with the general public. Street-level civil servants promote governmental decisions, spread ideas, and so on. The areas of their influence may vary from safety and security to education.

Street-level bureaucrats are directly connected with the concept of public administration. Both typically face several challenges:

• Inadequate resources. Their available resources are chronically deficient for the tasks they need to perform. The fact manifests itself in various forms. One of them is the inadequacy of financing. There may also be too many entities that each street bureaucrat needs to deal with. Perhaps the lack of experience or training might be another challenge.
• Constantly increasing demand. There should always be an increasing number of specialists to ensure a consistent provision of the services.
• Unclear or controversial expectations. The goals of the government and managers are sometimes ambiguous or even contradictory.
• Performance measurement problems. It is often difficult or impossible to measure the efficiency of the services. The bureaucracy at the street level deals with ambiguity in terms of efficiency.
• Problematic clients. Very often, street-level bureaucrats do not choose their clients or recipients of services. There is always a goal that the organization must achieve. Street-level bureaucrats need to adapt to such purposes and act accordingly.

Thus, there is a direct connection between public administration and street-level bureaucracy. Both concepts play vital roles in society.

Decision making in any sphere is a complicated process. In public service, there is a high level of responsibility. Every decision may affect large groups of people. There are many challenging points in decision making in public service.

For example, public administration servants might face a lack of clarity or conflict regarding goals. Decision making is difficult when there are numerous parties involved.

Decision making in public service should also be as objective as possible. There are voting sessions in various committees that help reach the objectiveness. However, if a suggestion gets 50% of votes among street-level bureaucrats, how should this be interpreted? Is a minor preponderance of votes enough to accept a proposal?

The sphere implies a focus on societal needs. Sometimes the needs of the target population differ from the common societal ones. In such cases, public administration specialists need to find a balance between those interests.

Bureaucrats at street level need to take into consideration many factors. In some cases, it might be challenging to figure out what to do. It is especially true if the decision regards a long-term perspective.

Any public service organization has an established pattern for effective decision-making. Such models might involve many formalities. As a result, the process might be extremely time-consuming.

Moreover, public service bureaucrats work under the constant pressure of people’s opinions. Some members of the public are dissatisfied with whatever the bureaucrats decide.

Despite these difficulties, the bureaucracy makes countless decisions daily. The indicators for assessing those decisions are numerous. If a decision does not stand the test of time, it should probably be changed. It is not enough to make a decision once. One of the objectives in public administrations is to correct the course of action.

Public administration is a vital component of democratic governance structures. Any essay about public service provides numerous supporting arguments. If it were not for public administration, it would be impossible to meet the society’s needs.

Some of the challenges of public administration are inadequate resources, continually increasing demand for such services, controversial goals, and expectations, etc. Street-level bureaucrats need to find a balance between various interests and requirements.

There is a complex structure of organizations in public administration. What they all have in common is an aim to meet the needs of the public. They need to work in agreement with each other and the overall direction of the government.

Different organizations participate in public administration. Each entity has its pattern for the decision-making process. That process is often time-consuming and challenging. Moreover, decisions need to pass the test of time. Otherwise, the course of action should be modified.

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110 Public Administration Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

Inside This Article

Public administration is a crucial aspect of governance that involves the implementation of government policies and programs. As a student studying public administration, you will be required to write essays on various topics within the field. To help you get started, here are 110 public administration essay topic ideas and examples:

The role of public administration in promoting good governance

The impact of public administration on economic development

The challenges of public administration in developing countries

The role of public administration in addressing social inequalities

The importance of ethical leadership in public administration

The role of technology in improving public administration efficiency

The impact of globalization on public administration

The role of public administration in disaster management

The challenges of public administration in a democratic society

The role of public administration in promoting sustainable development

The impact of public administration on public health

The role of public administration in addressing climate change

The challenges of public administration in public sector reform

The role of public administration in promoting transparency and accountability

The impact of public administration on public policy formulation

The challenges of public administration in managing public finances

The role of public administration in promoting citizen participation

The impact of public administration on public service delivery

The challenges of public administration in combating corruption

The role of public administration in promoting human rights

The impact of public administration on public sector performance

The challenges of public administration in managing public infrastructure

The role of public administration in promoting gender equality

The impact of public administration on public safety and security

The challenges of public administration in managing public resources

The role of public administration in promoting social welfare

The impact of public administration on public sector innovation

The challenges of public administration in promoting organizational change

The role of public administration in promoting public-private partnerships

The impact of public administration on public sector accountability

The challenges of public administration in managing public procurement

The role of public administration in promoting intergovernmental relations

The impact of public administration on public sector leadership

The challenges of public administration in promoting organizational development

The role of public administration in promoting public sector ethics

The impact of public administration on public sector performance measurement

The challenges of public administration in managing public services

The role of public administration in promoting public sector innovation

The impact of public administration on public sector governance

The challenges of public administration in managing public policy implementation

The role of public administration in promoting public sector communication

The impact of public administration on public sector decision-making

The challenges of public administration in managing public sector partnerships

The role of public administration in promoting public sector collaboration

The impact of public administration on public sector capacity building

The challenges of public administration in managing public sector accountability

The role of public administration in promoting public sector performance management

The impact of public administration on public sector organizational culture

The challenges of public administration in managing public sector reform

The role of public administration in promoting public sector leadership development

The impact of public administration on public sector strategic planning

The challenges of public administration in managing public sector workforce

The role of public administration in promoting public sector diversity

The impact of public administration on public sector employee engagement

The challenges of public administration in managing public sector recruitment

The role of public administration in promoting public sector training and development

The impact of public administration on public sector performance evaluation

The challenges of public administration in managing public sector motivation

The role of public administration in promoting public sector job satisfaction

The impact of public administration on public sector employee retention

The challenges of public administration in managing public sector succession planning

The role of public administration in promoting public sector talent management

The impact of public administration on public sector organizational development

The challenges of public administration in managing public sector change management

The role of public administration in promoting public sector knowledge management

The impact of public administration on public sector information management

The challenges of public administration in managing public sector communication

The role of public administration in promoting public sector decision-making

In conclusion, public administration is a vast field with numerous aspects to explore and discuss. By choosing a topic from the list above, you can delve into the complexities of public administration and contribute to the field's knowledge and understanding. Good luck with your essay writing!

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What Is Public Administration?

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Public administration is a field of governance in which leaders serve communities to advance the common good and effect positive change. Public administration professionals work in local, state, and federal government as well as nonprofit organizations. In general, the field of public administration is responsible for determining the policies and programs of governments. Specifically, it is the planning, organizing, directing, coordinating, and controlling of government operations.

Key Takeaways: Public Administration

• Public administration is the day-to-day interface between the government and the citizens.
• It can be thought of as the transformation of politics into the reality that the average citizen sees every day.
• The goal of public administration is to keep the various components of a government agency operating in an effective, economically efficient manner
• Public administration is responsible for determining the policies and programs of governments.
• Public administration professionals work in local, state, and federal government.

History and Definitions 

The concept of organized public administration dates back to the 8th and 7th centuries BCE. During this “Antiquity Era,” the kings, pharaohs, and emperors that ruled Ancient Greece chose citizens to act as their “eyes and ears” for public affairs.

 Around 400 BCE, democracy emerged in Greece after the scholars of Plato’s Academy paved the way for a Greek empire that chose its leaders based on the opinion of the people. This naturally led to politicians campaigning to the people, which further developed the public administration atmosphere.

Some ten centuries later, around 1525, Italian politician and philosopher Niccoló Machiavelli began organizing public administration into an actual government position. Instead of loosely assigning citizens serving as public reporters, Machiavelli proposed a cohesive, organized public administration system with government groups who dedicated themselves to functional administrative roles.

The modern field of public administration is said to have begun in 1887, when Woodrow Wilson , then a professor at Bryn Mawr College, wrote his famed essay, “The Study of Administration.” The essay highlights certain aspects of the administrative process and earns Wilson the title “Father of Public Administration.” Among other points discussed, Wilson’s essay covers the separation of administration and politics as well as ways to improve the public service sector by training qualified civil servants. 

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As president, Wilson instituted his ‘merit-based’ system of hiring, which represented a sea change to national public administration that helped the U.S. bureaucracy become more efficient. Wilson developed the idea that politicians should create policies, while administrators should help implement them. This theory is known as the “policy/administration dichotomy.” This idea from Wilson, along with his belief that the nation’s administration should run like a business, dramatically changed the way government functioned during his presidency and beyond.

Before this idea, workers in the U.S. government’s administration were typically hired based on their loyalty to a political party, literally “who” they knew rather than “what” they knew. As president Wilson instituted his ‘merit-based’ system of hiring, which represented a sea change to national public administration.

After World War II, society as a whole began to feel that the current public administration system was ineffective. As a result, the idea of public administration expanded to include analysis and policy-making practices throughout all levels of government. Instead of focusing strictly on the bureaucratic side of public administration, the new policy-making practices set forth would concentrate on the public sector. This led to the need for top-level public administrators to include psychology, anthropology, and other social sciences in their skill sets.

As a subfield of political science, public administration can generally be thought of as the transformation of the whims and uncertainties of politics into the reality that the average citizen sees every day. In a narrower sense, it is a diverse field of study and practice whose fundamental goal is to advance management and policies so that government can best function to provide for the “ common good ”—those facilities or institutions that benefit all members of a given community. Examples of elements making up the common good include police and fire departments, roads and highways, public utilities, and well-planned communities.

The concept of public administration emerges from the concept that in all areas of social, economic, and political life there is an administration which means that for the proper functioning of the organization or institution it must be properly ruled or managed.

The U.N. Committee of Experts on Public Administration has stated that public administration is “centrally concerned with the organization of government policies and programs as well as the behavior of usually non-elected officials formally responsible for their conduct.” Many non-elected public employees can be considered to be public administrators, including heads of city, county, regional, state, and federal departments such as city managers, budget and planning directors, human resources administrators, chiefs of police, fire marshals, and cabinet secretaries . Public administrators are public employees working in public departments and agencies at all levels of government.

At all levels of government, however, public administrators coordinate select government operations and their associated policies in various stages of the policy cycle. These stages include planning, implementing, executing, and monitoring the policies to ensure that they can achieve the intended goals with maximum effectiveness.

To do this, public administrators take a hands-on approach to the elements that make up the policy. They must be able to work with other agency officials to ensure effective policy development, implementation, and execution. They also need the financial savvy to track budgets and coordinate project spending appropriately.

Public administrators may also take on advocacy roles, developing strategies that encourage communities and their residents to utilize the services these policies and plans provide. This often requires them to interface directly with the public to explain policies and regulations. 

Ultimately, the goal of public administration is to keep the various components of a government agency operating in an effective, economically efficient manner. By developing new policies and overseeing the fair and efficient execution of existing ones, public administration plays a key role in assuring that the government works as intended for the citizens it serves.

Areas of Study 

Both the study and practice of the field of public administration consist of several sub-fields. Six of the most easily recognized of these are organizational theory, ethics, policy analysis, public budgeting and financing, urban planning, and human resource management.

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Organizational Theory

Organizational theory in public administration is the study of the structure of governmental entities and the many particulars ingrained in them. The theory involves a set of related concepts that explain how individuals behave in organizations. The organizational theory also attempts to explain how interrelated units of organizations do or do not connect. It also strives to explain how groups of individuals behave, which may differ from the behavior of individuals. In public administration, organizational theory often focuses on motivating goal-directed behavior.

Ethics in public administration serves as a standardized approach to decision-making. Usually considered a branch of political science, ethics in the public sector addresses the fundamental premise of the public administrator's duty as a responsible and responsive “steward” to the public. In general, ethics in public administration is the moral justification and consideration for decisions made and actions taken during the completion of daily duties when working to provide the general services of government. Ethics are an accountability standard by which the public will judge the work being conducted by the public administrators of the organization. Ethics also places an additional burden upon public administrators regarding the conduct of their personal lives. Finally, public sector ethics is an attempt to create a more transparent atmosphere within governmental operations.

Policy Analysis

Policy analysis serves as an empirical approach to decision-making. In public administration, it is used to enable civil servants, activists, and others to examine and evaluate the available options to implement the goals of laws and elected officials. It has been defined as the process of "determining which of various policies will achieve a given set of goals in light of the relations between the policies and the goals."

Public Budgeting

Public budgeting is the activity within a government that seeks to allocate limited resources among unlimited demands. According to public choice theory, politicians see the budget process as "a political event conducted in the political arena for political advantage.” Economists, on the other hand, view budgeting as a matter of allocating resources in terms of opportunity cost where allocating resources to one group of citizens takes resources away from another group of citizens.

Urban Planning

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Perhaps the most visible practice in the field of public administration, urban planning is the technical and political process focused on the development and design of land use and the built environment. Urban planners must consider factors including air, water, and the infrastructure passing into and out of urban areas, such as transportation, communications, and distribution networks, and their accessibility. It further involves the design and regulation of the uses of space that focus on the physical form, economic functions, and social impacts of the urban environment and the location of different activities within it. Urban planning also must be responsive to engineering, architectural, economic, social, and political concerns. 

Human Resource Management

Human resource management strives to ensure an in-house structure that ensures that public service staffing is done in an unbiased, ethical and values-based manner. The basic functions of the human resource system are employee benefits, employee health care, compensation, and many more, including human rights, and the Americans with Disabilities Act as it relates to hiring practices. The executives including the human resources director and other key departmental personnel are also part of the public administration system.

Theoretical Overview

Public administration theory is the realm in which discussions of the meaning and purpose of government, the role of bureaucracy in supporting democratic governments, budgets, governance, and public affairs takes place.

Since Woodrow Wilson wrote “The Study of Administration” in 1887, three different common theories of public administration have evolved: Classical Public Administration Theory, New Public Management Theory, and Postmodern Public Administration Theory. Each offers a different perspective on how administrators should practice public administration.

Classical Public Administration Theory

Often associated with Woodrow Wilson, Classical Public Administration Theory stresses efficiency in organizational work. Wilson promoted ideas like merit-based promotions, professionalization, a non-political system, and a pragmatic (rather than sympathetic) bureaucracy. The command structure is designed to manifest both the overall objectives of the organization as well as the specific purposes of the functional units. . Although the classical system stresses structure over everything else, the basic issue is efficiency in communication. This requires certain things to be in place: a strict definition of duties and objectives, control over all labor functions, and a rational connection of one functional unit to another. Without these basics, no organization can function efficiently, according to classical theory.

New Public Management Theory

Developed during the 1980s, the New Public Management Theory was part of an effort to make the public service more "businesslike" and to improve its efficiency by using private sector management models. Recognizing citizens as the customers of the public sector, advocates of New Public Management Theory experimented with using decentralized service delivery models, to give local agencies more freedom in how they delivered programs or services to citizens. Advocates aim to replace the academic, moral, or disciplinary emphasis of traditional public administration with a professional focus. 

New Public Management Theory saw the introduction of online e-government allowing the consolidation of programs and services to a central location to reduce costs. Key themes in New Public Management were "financial control, value for money, increasing efficiency, identifying and setting targets, continual monitoring of performance, and handing over power to the senior management executives. Performance was assessed with audits, benchmarks, and performance evaluations. New Public Management also ushered in the use of private sector companies to deliver services formerly delivered only by the government.

NPM advocates aim to replace the academic, moral, or disciplinary emphasis of traditional public administration with a professional focus.

Postmodern Public Administration Theory

Linked to the capitalist model of the late 20th and 21st century, Postmodern Public Administration refers to the inner workings of nearly every government entity in existence. Whether it is the members of the U.S. Congress or employees of a city planning department processing the paperwork of applicants hoping to develop tracts of land. Postmodern public administration encompasses all government positions that affect the public. Since the 1980s the classical theory model of public administration has been largely rejected by governments in favor of a more focused managerial model based on private sector practice, within the context of a market-based economic model of public organization.

Public Administration in Academia 

Education in public administration has an interesting history rooted in numerous other scholarly disciplines, such as sociology, political science, economics, and engineering. Today, however, many universities offer degree programs specifically preparing students for careers in public administration. Typically, typically they offer the Master of Public Administration (MPA) degree, although in some universities, a Master of Arts (MA) in Public Administration is awarded. Other universities offer undergraduate level Bachelor's degrees such as a Bachelor of Science in Public Administration as well as Bachelor of Arts in Government, Political Science, and International Affairs with an academic concentration or specialization in Public Policy and Administration.

In the United States, the academic field of public administration draws heavily on political science and administrative law. Typically, public administration programs cover public policy management, legislative relations, public budgetary processes, financial management, labor relations, and ethics.

The MPA programs prepare students to enter or advance their careers through the study of government and nonprofit decision-making and policy implementation. The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) defines it as a branch of study that prepares students to serve as a public service manager in local, state, or federal government An MPA prepares students to become competent leaders through coursework that involves high-level knowledge and understanding of human resource management, communication skills, budget/financial management, law, data analysis, and theory as it relates to the public sector.

As in other fields, training in public administration also takes place “on the job,” as lower-level employees learn from their degreed supervisors. Many entry-level employees in public administration agencies go on to earn a Master of Public Administration degree as a pathway to career advancement.

• Wilson, Woodrow V. (1887). “Study of Public Administration.” ‎ Forgotten Books, August 24, 2018, ISBN-10: ‎331046815.
• Holzer, Marc. “Public Administration: An Introduction.” Routledge, August 2019, ISBN-10: 1138579661.
• Frederickson, H. George. “The Public Administration Theory Primer.” Routledge, July 28, 2015, ISBN-10: ‎0813349664.
• Johnson, William C. “Public Administration: Partnerships in Public Service.” Waveland Press, April 1, 2014, ISBN-10: ‎1478610905.
• Kettl, Donald F. “ Politics of the Administrative Process.” CQ Press, January 17, 2020, ISBN-10: ‎1544374348.
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Public Administration: Theory and Practice Essay

Introduction, the need for administration, theoretical and practical implications.

Building relationships between individual subjects in different communities or groups is often accompanied by the practice of establishing management mechanisms. Regarding the public sphere as a whole, administration, as a phenomenon designed to build an algorithm for control and reporting and regulate the nature of relevant services’ operations, makes it possible to realize similar goals. To avoid mistakes and differences of opinion, the application of adequate theoretical and practical methods is an essential attribute of successful work. As a result, successful public administration can be characterized as a set of theoretical and practical tools designed to maintain order and effective control.

The relevance of administration in the public sphere is due to a number of reasons. Firstly, coordinating any interventions involving cash and other forms of assets requires a competent approach to avoid planning errors. According to Grimmelikhuijsen et al. (2017), it is critical to consider traditional administrative principles from different perspectives, including behavioral nuances, largely due to the expanded range of duties imposed on public managers. Secondly, the ability to coordinate the work of different authorities and establish a coherent operational algorithm in which each party engaged effectively copes with the tasks assigned is a valuable administrative perspective. Therefore, the importance of competent management is determined by the multilateral nature of relationships in the public environment.

The need for administration is also due to the importance of managerial work to build valid decision-making strategies. For instance, as Ho (2018) notes, most governments face constant public pressure and hardship due to financial issues. Establishing control cycles, such as fiscal and reporting conventions to comply, allows administrators to maintain order and control cash flows both within specific sectors and beyond. By using adequate monitoring mechanisms, responsible persons maintain the stability of all systems, whether inside or outside organizational units. Theoretical and practical factors, in this case, play an essential role as justified incentives and drivers, allowing those in power to rely on specific management frameworks. Thus, administration contributes to maintaining order and ensuring adequate control over various aspects, including such important ones as financial activities.

The reason why the theoretical and practical nuances of public administration should be taken into account is the possibility of establishing flexible coordination norms. For instance, Andrews et al. (2017) consider the features of building the administrative apparatus in Turkey. The researchers analyze the transition to advanced and innovative policy-making at the end of the 20th century in the country (Andrews et al., 2017). According to them, such a shift was largely due to the use of a strategic approach based on combining theoretical and practical nuances (Andrews et al., 2017). In other words, by creating a robust conceptual framework, administrators can build sustainable and efficient practical patterns to follow. As a result, for public administration, different types of data are useful.

Public administration is a field that involves a wide range of theoretical frameworks and practical steps designed to establish order and ensure control over various aspects. The significance of administration is due to the critical tasks that the responsible executors cope with, namely asset monitoring, reporting, and other duties. The combination of practical and theoretical aspects makes it possible to form strategically competent projects to optimize control and improve the administrative functioning of governing boards.

Andrews, R., Beynon, M. J., & Genc, E. (2017). Strategy implementation style and public service effectiveness, efficiency, and equity. Administrative Sciences , 7 (1), 4.

Grimmelikhuijsen, S., Jilke, S., Olsen, A. L., & Tummers, L. (2017). Behavioral public administration: Combining insights from public administration and psychology. Public Administration Review , 77 (1), 45-56.

Ho, A. T. K. (2018). From performance budgeting to performance budget management: Theory and practice. Public Administration Review , 78 (5), 748-758.

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Personalized advertising may be considered a "sale" or "sharing" of the information under California and other state privacy laws, and you may have the right to opt out. Turning off personalized advertising allows you to exercise your right to opt out. Learn more in IvyPanda's Cookies Policy and Privacy Policy .