Project-Based Learning
This teaching guide explores the different types of project-based learning (PBL), its benefits, and tips for implementation in your classes.
Introduction
Project-based learning (PBL) involves students designing, developing, and constructing hands-on solutions to a problem. The educational value of PBL is that it aims to build students’ creative capacity to work through difficult or ill-structured problems, commonly in small teams. Typically, PBL takes students through the following phases or steps:
- Identifying a problem
- Agreeing on or devising a solution and potential solution path to the problem (i.e., how to achieve the solution)
- Designing and developing a prototype of the solution
- Refining the solution based on feedback from experts, instructors, and/or peers
Depending on the goals of the instructor, the size and scope of the project can vary greatly. Students may complete the four phases listed above over the course of many weeks, or even several times within a single class period.
Because of its focus on creativity and collaboration, PBL is enhanced when students experience opportunities to work across disciplines, employ technologies to make communication and product realization more efficient, or to design solutions to real-world problems posed by outside organizations or corporations. Projects do not need to be highly complex for students to benefit from PBL techniques. Often times, quick and simple projects are enough to provide students with valuable opportunities to make connections across content and practice.
Implementing project-based learning
As a pedagogical approach, PBL entails several key processes:
- Defining problems in terms of given constraints or challenges
- Generating multiple ideas to solve a given problem
- Prototyping — often in rapid iteration — potential solutions to a problem
- Testing the developed solution products or services in a “live” or authentic setting.
Defining the problem
PBL projects should start with students asking questions about a problem. What is the nature of problem they are trying to solve? What assumptions can they make about why the problem exists? Asking such questions will help students frame the problem in an appropriate context. If students are working on a real-world problem, it is important to consider how an end user will benefit from a solution.
Generating ideas
Next, students should be given the opportunity to brainstorm and discuss their ideas for solving the problem. The emphasis here is not to generate necessarily good ideas, but to generate many ideas. As such, brainstorming should encourage students to think wildly, but to stay focused on the problem. Setting guidelines for brainstorming sessions, such as giving everyone a chance to voice an idea, suspending judgement of others’ ideas, and building on the ideas of others will help make brainstorming a productive and generative exercise.
Prototyping solutions
Designing and prototyping a solution are typically the next phase of the PBL process. A prototype might take many forms: a mock-up, a storyboard, a role-play, or even an object made out of readily available materials such as pipe cleaners, popsicle sticks, and rubber bands. The purpose of prototyping is to expand upon the ideas generated during the brainstorming phase, and to quickly convey a how a solution to the problem might look and feel. Prototypes can often expose learners’ assumptions, as well as uncover unforeseen challenges that an end user of the solution might encounter. The focus on creating simple prototypes also means that students can iterate on their designs quickly and easily, incorporate feedback into their designs, and continually hone their problem solutions.
Students may then go about taking their prototypes to the next level of design: testing. Ideally, testing takes place in a “live” setting. Testing allows students to glean how well their products or services work in a real setting. The results of testing can provide students with important feedback on the their solutions, and generate new questions to consider. Did the solution work as planned? If not, what needs to be tweaked? In this way, testing engages students in critical thinking and reflection processes.
Unstructured versus structured projects
Research suggests that students learn more from working on unstructured or ill-structured projects than they do on highly structured ones. Unstructured projects are sometimes referred to as “open ended,” because they have no predictable or prescribed solution. In this way, open ended projects require students to consider assumptions and constraints, as well as to frame the problem they are trying to solve. Unstructured projects thus require students to do their own “structuring” of the problem at hand – a process that has been shown to enhance students’ abilities to transfer learning to other problem solving contexts.
Using Design Thinking in Higher Education (Educause)
Design Thinking and Innovation (GSM SI 839)
Project Based Learning through a Maker’s Lens (Edutopia)
You may also be interested in:
Case-based learning, game-based learning & gamification, assessment for experiential learning, designing experiential learning projects, creativity/innovation hub guide, partnerships in experiential learning: faq, experiential learning resources for faculty: introduction, safety, curiosity, and the joy of learning.
Why Is Project-Based Learning Important?
The many merits of using project-based learning in the classroom.
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PBL Helps Students Develop Skills for Living in a Knowledge-Based, Highly Technological Society
The old-school model of passively learning facts and reciting them out of context is no longer sufficient to prepare students to survive in today's world. Solving highly complex problems requires that students have both fundamental skills (reading, writing, and math) and 21st century skills (teamwork, problem solving, research gathering, time management, information synthesizing, utilizing high tech tools). With this combination of skills, students become directors and managers of their learning process, guided and mentored by a skilled teacher.
These 21st century skills include
- personal and social responsibility
- planning, critical thinking, reasoning, and creativity
- strong communication skills, both for interpersonal and presentation needs
- cross-cultural understanding
- visualizing and decision making
- knowing how and when to use technology and choosing the most appropriate tool for the task
"One of the major advantages of project work is that it makes school more like real life. It's an in-depth investigation of a real-world topic worthy of children's attention and effort." -Education researcher Sylvia Chard
A number of excellent works published in the last few decades promote 21st century skills. As early as 1990, The U.S. Department of Labor Secretary's Commission on Achieving Necessary Skills published a report ( PDF download ) about the changing skills young people need to succeed in the workplace. WestEd 's 1999 publication, Learning, Technology, and Education Reform in the Knowledge Age , explores the "new learning landscape" of the 21st century. Educations Sector 's 2008 report Measuring Skills for the 21st Century discusses assessment of these skills, and ASCD 's 2009 publication 21st Century Skills: The Challenges Ahead describes the goals and hurdles of the movement. A great starting point for information about 21st century skills is the Partnership for 21st Century Skills website .
PBL and Technology Use Bring a New Relevance to the Learning at Hand
By bringing real-life context and technology to the curriculum through a PBL approach, students are encouraged to become independent workers, critical thinkers, and lifelong learners. Teachers can communicate with administrators, exchange ideas with other teachers and subject-area experts, and communicate with parents, all the while breaking down invisible barriers such as isolation of the classroom, fear of embarking on an unfamiliar process, and lack of assurances of success.
PBL is not just a way of learning; it's a way of working together. If students learn to take responsibility for their own learning, they will form the basis for the way they will work with others in their adult lives.
PBL Lends Itself to Authentic Assessment
Authentic assessment and evaluation allow us to systematically document a child's progress and development. PBL encourages this by doing the following:
- It lets the teacher have multiple assessment opportunities.
- It allows a child to demonstrate his or her capabilities while working independently.
- It shows the child's ability to apply desired skills such as doing research.
- It develops the child's ability to work with his or her peers, building teamwork and group skills.
- It allows the teacher to learn more about the child as a person.
- It helps the teacher communicate in progressive and meaningful ways with the child or a group of children on a range of issues.
Visit our Comprehensive Assessment Core Strategy page to learn more.
PBL Promotes Lifelong Learning
Lee Shulman, president of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, has observed, "Teaching has been an activity undertaken behind closed doors between moderately consenting participants." PBL promotes lifelong learning because
- PBL and the use of technology enable students, teachers, and administrators to reach out beyond the school building.
- Students become engaged builders of a new knowledge base and become active, lifelong learners.
- PBL teaches children to take control of their learning, the first step as lifelong learners.
In that pursuit of new knowledge, technology allows students access to research and experts, from such sources as first-person accounts to movies of the Civil War found on the Library of Congress's American Memory collection to online chats with NASA astronauts.
PBL Accommodates Students with Varying Learning Styles and Differences
"We are living in a new economy - powered by technology, fueled by information, and driven by knowledge." --"Futureworks: Trends and Challenges for Work in the 21st Century" (U.S. Department of Labor)
It is known that children have various learning styles. They build their knowledge on varying backgrounds and experiences. It is also recognized that children have a broader range of capabilities than they have been permitted to show in regular classrooms with the traditional text-based focus. PBL addresses these differences, because students must use all modalities in the process of researching and solving a problem, then communicating the solutions. When children are interested in what they are doing and are able to use their areas of strength, they achieve at a higher level.
Research Supports PBL
A growing body of research supports the use of PBL. Schools where PBL is practiced find a decline in absenteeism, an increase in cooperative learning skills, and improvement in student achievement. When technology is used to promote critical thinking and communication, these benefits are enhanced.
Visit our PBL Research page for the latest findings about PBL.
Continue to the next section of the guide, What Is PBL About?
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