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THE ROLE OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
Research and development (R&D) processes are drivers of growth and development of each organization since those provide an important contribution to innovation and competitive advantage. These processes have to be properly managed, because well managed innovations create value and profit, develop sustainable competitive advantage, attract and retain talents, make flexible and proactive organization.
Since human resources are inevitable element of each innovation process and R&D, authors decided to analyze human resource management (HRM) in function of successful R&D processes and projects.
The subject of this paper was the analysis of HRM functions which are considerable for innovation and research & development. The aim of this paper was to point out the importance of HRM in contemporary R&D and benefits that HRM creates in innovation and R&D processes. As results of the literature analysis, authors found out that many problems during R&D projects are related to miscommunication, misunderstanding and poor human capital. All these can be avoided by adequate implementation of the HRM practices such as rewarding system, adequate training and development, leadership, teamwork and of course, performance appraisal.
Authors concluded that companies should execute HRM practices simultaneously if they want to avoid possible problems in R&D, and generate expected value from projects.
Adnan, Z., Abdullah, H.S. & Ahmad, J. 2011. Direct Influence of Human Resource Management Practices on Financial Performance in Malaysian R&D Companies. World Review of Business Research, 1(3), 61-77.
Ahmed, P.K. & Shepherd, C.D. 2010. Innovation Management: context, strategies, systems and processes. Harlow, England: Pearson Education Limited.
Andrejić, M. D., Đorović, B. D. & Pamučar, D. S. 2011. Upravljanje projektima po pristupu projekt menadžmenta. Vojnotehnički glasnik, 59(2), 142-157.
Angel, P.O. & Sanchez, L.S. 2009. R&D managers' adaptation of firms' HRM practices. R&D Management, 39(3), 271-290.
Atkinson, R. 1999. Project management: cost, time and quality, two best guesses and a phenomenon, it’s time to accept other success criteria. International Journal of Project Management, 17(6), 337–342.
Belout, A. & Gauvreau, C. 2004. Factors influencing project success: the impact of human resource management. International Journal of Project Management, 22(1), 1-11.
Bigliardi,B., Galati,F. & Petroni, G. 2011. Collaborative modes of R&D: the new challenges for personnel management. International Journal of Business, Management and Social Sciences, 2(3), 66-74.
Bobera, D. 2006. Merenje performansi projekta. Strategijski menadžment, 11(1-2), 84-89.
Bobera, D. 2007. Projektni menadžment (2nd Ed.). Subotica: Ekonomski fakultet.
Bobera, D. 2008. Menadžment istraživačko razvojnim projektima. Anali Ekonomskog fakulteta u Subotici, 19, 133-144.
Brewster, C., Sparrow, P. & Vernon, G. 2007. International Human Resource Management (2nd Ed.). London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development.
Collins, C. J. & Clark, K. D. 2003. Strategic human resource practices, top management team social networks, and firm performance: The role of human resource practices in creating organizational competitive advantage. The Academy of Management Journal, 46(6), 740-751.
Dodgson, M., Gann, D. & Salter, A. 2008. The Management of Technological Innovation. New York: Oxford University Press.
European Union. April 2012. Retrieved from http://europa.eu/pol/rd/, 08/04/2020/.
Hamish G. H. Elliott, 2003. SHRM Best-Practices & Sustainable Competitive Advantage: A Resource-Based View, Otago Graduate Management Review, 1, 43–57.
Harris, J. & McCormic, M. 1977. Benefits of establishing a pipeline management process for high technology companies. Insight, Summer, 9(2), PRTM.
Huang Y-A., Chung, H-J. & Lin, C. 2009. R&D sourcing strategies: determinants and consequences. Technovation, 29, 155-169.
Huang, E.Y., Lin, S-C. 2006. How R&D management practice affects innovation performance: An investigation of the high-tech industry in Taiwan. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 106(7), 966 – 996.
Kahn, C. & McGourty, S. 2009. Performance Management at R&D Organizations: Practices and Metrics from Case Examples. USA: The MITRE Corporation.
Kerzner, H. (2009). Project Management (10th Ed.). John Wiley and Sons.
Khalid,J., Latif, A., Usman, S. & Gillani, A. 2011. Impact of SHRM Practices on Organizational Performance: An application of Universalistic approach. European Journal of Business and Management, 3(3), 316-326.
Kulatunga, U., Amaratunga, D. & Haigh, R. 2011. Structured approach to measure performance in construction research and development: Performance measurement system development. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 60(3), 289 – 310.
Martell, K.D. & Carroll, S.J.Jr. (995. The role of HRM in supporting innovation strategies: recommendations on how R&D managers should be treated from an HRM perspective. R&D Management, 25(1), 91-104.
Min-peng, X., Xiao-hu, Z. & Duan xin. 2012. Modeling of Engineering R&D Staff Performance Appraisal Model Based on Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation. Systems Engineering Procedia, 4, 236–242.
Nacinovic, I., Galetic, L. & Cavlek, N. 2011. Corporate Culture and Innovation: Implications for Reward Systems. International Journal of Social and Human Sciences, 3, 241-246.
OECD. 2012. OECD Factbook 2011-2012: Economic, Environmental and Social Statistics, OECD Publishing.
Petroni, G., Venturini, K. & Verbano, C. 2012. Open innovation and new issues in R&D organization and personnel management. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(1), 147-173.
Pinto, J. (2010). Project Management – Achieving Competitive Advantage (2nd Ed.), Pearson.
PMI. 2008. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) – Fourth Edition. Newtown Square, Pennsylvania: Project Management Institute, Inc.
Recent developments in Serbian R&D system - a statistical outlook. August, 2011. Retrieved from http://www.euraxess.rs/sitegenius/article.php?id=882, 08/04/2020.
Song, M. & Parry, M.E. 1996. What Separates Japanese New Product Winners From Losers. The Journal of Product Innovation Management, 13(5), 422-439.
Song, M., Thieme, R.J. & Xie, J. 1998. The Impact of Cross-Functional Joint Involvement Across Product Development Stages: An Exploratory Study. The Journal of Product Innovation Management, 15(4), 289-303.
Štangl Šušnjar, G. & Zimanji, V. 2005. Menadžment ljudskih resursa. Subotica: Ekonomski fakultet.
Štangl-Šusnjar, G., & Leković, B. 2009. Performance – based pay in human resources development. Strategic Management, 14(3), p. 1 – 14.
Tan, C.L. & Nasurdin, A.M. 2011. Human Resource Management Practices and Organizational Innovation: Assessing the Mediating Role of Knowledge Management Effectiveness. The Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management, 9(2), 155-167.
Turner J.R. & Muller R. 2003. On the nature of the project as a temporary organization. International Journal of Project Management, 21(1), 1-8.
Turner, J.R. 1999. The handbook of project based management (2nd Ed.). London: McGraw-Hill.
Tzafrir, S.S. 2006. A universalistic perspective for explaining the relationship between HRM practices and firm performance at different points in time. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(2), 109 – 130.
Wang, C.W., & Horng, R.Y. 2002. The Effects of Creative Problem Solving Training on Creativity, Cognitive Type and R&D Performance, R&D Management, 32(1), 35-45.
Wolfe, R.M. 2010. U.S. Businesses Report 2008 Worldwide R&D Expense of $330 Billion: Findings from New NSF Survey. InfoBrief NSF 10-322. Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation. Retrieved from http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/infbrief/nsf10322/.
Wright, P.M., Gardner, T.M. & Moynihan, L.M. 2003. The impact of HR Practices on the Performance of Business Units. Human Resource Management Journal, 13(3), 21-36.
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Human Resources Research Paper Topics For 2024
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Table of contents
- 1.1 Human Resources Management Research Topics
- 1.2 Equal Employment Opportunity HR Research Topics
- 1.3 Career Development HR Research Topics
- 1.4 Research Topics on Recruitment and Selection
- 1.5 HR Risk Management Topics
- 1.6 Workplace Safety HR Topics
- 1.7 Trending HR Topics
Human Resources is one of the most popular and essential topics for the business minded. If you remember your basic economics, you may remember that the basic components necessary for production in any kind of economy are Land, Capital, and Labor.
Human labor is an essential resource that keeps a business running. Like any other resource, it must be managed. This is where the term “Human Resources” and Human resources research topics come in.
Having relevant data for research paper is easy if you know where to look. There are lots of online sources and books in libraries to use in your task. Make sure you spend enough time on planning before writing your task.
How to choose a Human Resources topic for your project?
Selecting research topics in human resource management is not as simple as simply choosing the title and proceeding to write it. In order to get a good grade, the paper must be original and well researched. It needs to cover all relevant aspects of the chosen HR topics. Writing a hr related research topics is a very structured and analytical process. This is true for all fields, including human resources research topics.
The first step is topic selection . This is where we can help you. This page features a list of over 90 human resources topics. If you are having problems coming up with your own ideas, please choose hr related research topics from this list instead.
These titled papers all have a great deal of material about human resource management research topics out there. They are each trending topics in hrm topics for research and have plenty of resources available out there on the internet. Each of them is also relevant to the actual field of human resources management.
So, while writing a hr related research topics is not a typical or common activity for an HR employee, it will give you a lot of insights and information. These insights could give you a leg up in the future when you have graduated from School and College.
Human Resources Management Research Topics
At most large companies, ‘Human Resources’ is an entire department of its own. Most other departments at the company typically deal with producing a good or service. Others, like the public relations department, work with the media and other external affairs. Hence, there are many ways to approach HR research topics.
- How HR helps companies remain competitive in a global market.
- Managing part-time, full time, and freelancing employees.
- How much paid leave is optimal?
- What occasions deserve raises and bonuses?
- The simplest way to resolve interpersonal conflicts.
- The most effective team-building strategies.
- Organizing teams according to personalities.
- Can an introverted employee be a good team leader?
- How to improve productivity through a goal-oriented approach.
- The agile method and how it helps.
- The best way to utilize productivity metrics.
- Methods for disciplining employees.
- How to manage international employees.
- Preventing workplace violence.
- Benefits of regular psychological counseling for all employees.
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Equal Employment Opportunity HR Research Topics
- Are women more likely to get paid less for the same position as a man?
- Do men and women deserve the same pay?
- How to manage equal opportunity employment?
- The best tactics for implementing equal opportunity.
- Recruiting as an equal opportunity employer.
- How to recognize and manage discrimination in the workplace.
- The glass ceiling and how to break it.
- Best practices for mediating disputes between employees.
- Dealing with intimate relationships between employees.
- How to create a diverse workplace?
- Making the workplace an inclusive and accessible place for disabled employees.
- Preventing unfair discrimination against LGBT+ employees.
- The costs of an unequal workplace.
- The benefits of a diverse and inclusive workplace.
- Government requirements for equal opportunity.
Career Development HR Research Topics
Those who are interested in working in the field could take their first steps by writing a paper on human resource management topics. There is a huge variety of possible human resource topics for research papers, so it is likely that everyone will find some aspect of it they enjoy.
- Creating leaders among employees.
- Why does professional career development matter?
- How career development helps both employees and organizations.
- The best approaches to on-the-job training.
- Should training be prioritized over completed current work?
- Best practices for training interns.
- Should interns be paid more?
- Professional certification training for employees.
- How does active professional development affect productivity?
- Is it worth it to help an employee develop if they find a new, better-paid job afterward?
- Skills that all employees should develop.
- Must-have training and development for all employees.
- Advantages and disadvantages of paying for an employee’s professional training.
- Advantages and disadvantages of leading professional development sessions.
- Should companies help employees pay for school?
Research Topics on Recruitment and Selection
Studying human resources is a crucial part of management studies. Whether you are a college or university student, you can buy paper online to save time and effort. There are lots of reputable services that can provide excellent assignments to boost your academic performance.
- What does the ideal new employee look like?
- When is the best time to recruit a new employee?
- When is the worst time to recruit a new employee?
- Should highly skilled but untested individuals be recruited for senior positions?
- Best practices for improving employee retention.
- How to attract good employees?
- The best platforms to recruit on.
- Is social media an effective way to recruit?
- What kind of employees should small businesses look for?
- What kind of employees are needed for a large company?
- Criminal background checks – Do’s and Don’ts.
- How to effectively assess skills during an interview.
- How does HR evaluate a potential new recruit?
- Is it better to recruit an employee with experience but no skill, or the other way around?
- Recruiting university graduates directly – a good idea or a bad one?
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HR Risk Management Topics
With so many moving parts working together in one company, it is natural for confusion or conflicts to arise. In order to make sure all these departments, employees, and managers work together, Human Resources is essential. In companies with hundreds of employees, their job simply cannot be understated.
- What kind of risks does HR have to manage?
- What role does HR take in risk management?
- How does HR ensure worker protection?
- Is HR there to protect employees or protect the company?
- Legal measures HR can take.
- Risk management during the covid-19 pandemic.
- How HR managed risks revolving around covid-19.
- Reasons to carry out regular internal audits.
- Risk management among the ‘#metoo’ movement.
- Training the workplace to minimize potential risks.
- Risk management when working from home.
- Ways to ensure all your employees follow masking and social distancing rules.
- Ways to ensure all employees get vaccinated.
- Responding to a legal action taken by an employee.
- When should HR take legal action?
Workplace Safety HR Topics
- How to ensure compliance with workplace safety rules.
- The consequences of not following workplace safety.
- Ways to prevent osha violations.
- How to ensure all employees follow health and safety protocols?
- How to ensure all employees get vaccines?
- Fines and penalties for violating workplace safety rules.
- Consequences of violating safety rules.
- Steps to minimize or prevent burnout.
- Bringing dangerous weapons into the workplace.
- Steps to take when an employee is assaulted at work.
- How to ensure psychological wellbeing during remote work.
- Ensuring company leadership also follows safety roles.
- Combating sexual harassment at the workplace.
- Monitoring employees during remote work – is it ethical?
- Developing specialized safety standards for the workplace.
Trending HR Topics
- Unique ways to keep morale up during the pandemic.
- Online recreational activities to develop teamwork during remote work.
- Use of VR and AR in the workplace.
- Famous figures or celebrities in the workplace.
- Analyzing and updating how much a particular job is worth.
- Steps to take to improve long-term retention.
- Ways to handle overqualified employees or applicants.
- Is an HR department necessary for smaller, family-owned businesses?
- Defusing a tense and volatile moment in the workplace.
- DRM tools for keeping in-house training methods proprietary.
- Use of artificial intelligence for HR topics and tasks.
- How big data is useful to human resources.
- Virtual and online onboarding and orientation.
- Hiring the most talented personnel from a global marketplace.
- Are virtual interviews better than in-person interviews?
Conducting research on human resources is essential for any business looking to enhance their staff’s productivity, skills, and management. Accessing the most effective resources is critical to achieving this goal. This is where an online essay writer can be an invaluable asset in producing high-quality research papers related to human resources. By leveraging the knowledge and expertise of an online essay writer , you can conduct thorough research and create a top-notch human resources research paper that meets your needs.
HR is one of the most dynamic fields of work currently available. It is at the crossroads of psychology, sociology, accounting, and business. In the last few years, there have been many exciting changes in how human resources are handled, due to the rise of virtual platforms and working from home.
Only time will tell if these changes are temporary or permanent. But whichever way they go, our list of HR topics for research project 2023 will always be here for perusal.
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AI in Human Resource Management: Literature Review and Research Implications
- Published: 24 January 2024
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- Yuming Zhai 1 ,
- Lixin Zhang 1 &
- Mingchuan Yu ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-7576-509X 2
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This study sorted out the literature on the application of AI in HRM from 2012 to 2021 using CiteSpace to derive the history of research in this field. Further, the research emphasis has shifted from the AI algorithm level to the application level. We proposed a conceptual paradox model to explain the positive and negative effects of AI in workplaces. We also discussed theoretically the practical implications of this study. Finally, this study offers relevant information that can help support and expand future research.
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The datasets generated for this study are available on request to the corresponding author.
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This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 71802134 and 72372079).
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Zhai, Y., Zhang, L. & Yu, M. AI in Human Resource Management: Literature Review and Research Implications. J Knowl Econ (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-023-01631-z
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Diverse horizons: exploring career paths with a Bachelor of Science in Business degree
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In addition to flexibility, online bachelor's degree programs frequently provide a variety of start dates, giving students the option to select the term that aligns best with their schedules. A variety of start dates allows you to start your degree when it works for you, so you don't have to wait for the next academic semester to come around.
OHIO's respected online program offers a diverse array of support services to help ensure your success. From academic advisors who help you navigate your course requirements to tech support teams ready to assist with any online learning platform issues, you'll have access to a comprehensive support network every step of the way.
And because you're someone who understands the value of a good ROI (return on investment), let's not forget about affordability. Pursuing an online bachelor's degree in business often comes with a more accessible price tag compared to traditional on-campus programs. Reduced overhead costs mean that online programs can offer competitive tuition rates without sacrificing the quality of education.
OHIO Online’s Bachelor of Science in Business program
At Ohio University Online, we understand the value of flexibility, affordability, and quality education. That's why our top-ranked online Bachelor of Science in Business program is designed with the needs of working adults in mind. With our AACSB-accredited degree, you'll gain the skills and knowledge needed to excel in today's competitive business landscape—all while enjoying the convenience and flexibility of online learning. Learn more about the program and take the first step toward business success.
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Strategic human resource management (SHRM) research increasingly focuses on the performance effects of human resource (HR) systems rather than individual HR practices (Combs, Liu, Hall, & Ketchen, 2006).Researchers tend to agree that the focus should be on systems because employees are simultaneously exposed to an interrelated set of HR practices rather than single practices one at a time, and ...
Mostly Discussed Research areas in Human Resource Management (HRM) -A Literature Review,Mansoor Hussain and Mushtaq Ahmad International Journal of Economics and Management Sciences, Vol. 2, No. 3 ...
When managing projects, human resource management plays a critical role. HRM is of strategic importance in both functional and projectized organizations. Human resource in project management ...
HRM and temporariness: review approach and findings. As stated before, we consider the HRM journals selected to be constitutive for the field. Human Resource Management and the Journal of Human Resources were founded in the 1960s. The constitutive effect is reflected, for instance, by the title change of the first journal, originally founded as the Management of Personnel Quarterly in 1972 ...
This thesis is about human resource management (HRM) in project-based organisations. Firms have over the last decades tended to rely increasingly on project-based structures. This process of ...
Management experts applaud leaders who are, among other things, determined, humble, and frugal, but rarely consider whether they are generous. However, executives who share their time, talent, and ideas often give rise to legendary organizations. Does generosity merit further consideration? asks James Heskett. Open for comment; 0 Comments.
THEORIES OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (HRM) According to Schuler and Jackson (Citation 2005), the study of HRM started in the United States in the mid-1970s as a response to the increasing professionalization of HRM by HRM specialists, and a growing recognition of the importance of human resources to companies' success.As a consequence, businesses in the United States began to view human ...
Jayashree Mahesh ([email protected]) is an Associate Professor in the Department of Management, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS Pilani).She is Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Certified Practitioner and Accredited Belbin Trainer. Her research interest is in the areas of Mindfulness and Employee Well-being, Innovative Pedagogies for Student Engagement, Leadership and Futuristic ...
Volatile labor markets and swiftly changing global business perspectives are continuously evolving the role of human resource (HR) managers (Vyas 2022).Work patterns are markedly transforming with health, wellbeing, a 'people-first' focus and sustainability as few of the high-priority management areas (Kane 2022).Furthermore, for sustainable progress in society, the sustainability ...
Human Resource Management Journal (CABS/AJG 4*) is a globally orientated HRM journal that promotes the understanding of human resource management to academics and practicing managers. We provide an international forum for discussion and debate, and stress the critical importance of people management to wider economic, political and social concerns.
1. Introduction. Potgieter and Mokomane (2020) argue that the strategic emphasis of a human resource management (HRM) department can be summarized as the effective management of teams and individuals in an organization aimed at competitive advantage and performance success. Thus, there is growing interest in investigating the role of HRM departments and practices in supporting companies ...
Anne Keegan is a Full Professor of Human Resource Management (HRM) at University College Dublin, College of Business (Ireland). Her primary research interests are HRM in online labor platforms and project-based organizations. Her recent work draws mainly on paradox theory and institutional theory.
The call for evidence-based decisions in HR has become a heated debate in recent years. An alleged research-practice gap has been identified by a number of HRM scholars, leading to recommendations for practice. To what extent the assumption of this gap is justified, theoretically or empirically, remains vague, however. Thus, building on a systematic literature search and the formulation of ...
In recent studies, researchers agree that there is a substantial gap between research and practice in the field of human resource management (HRM). The literature exploring the causes and consequences of this gap does not represent a finely structured discourse; it has focused on analysing the gap from the practitioner side, and it is based on opinions and theoretical discussions rather than ...
1 INTRODUCTION. According to a recent survey with 1154 Human Resources leaders from over 53 countries, 85% of organizations use performance appraisals (Mercer, 2019), with additional data showing that appraisals are informative for management (Cappelli & Conyon, 2018).In performance appraisal systems, supervisors and managers typically rate subordinates along a set of previously established ...
Human resource management and project management. PM Network, 10 (4), 34-40. The project manager must organize, lead and manage people to achieve success. The majority of project management problems—schedule delays, differing priorities, poor client interface, poor communication—are behavioral rather than technical in nature.
This book presents advanced quantitative and mixed research methods that can be used to analyze integrated macro and micro paradigms within the field of human resource management. Multi-actor ...
SHRM Research and Gap International surveyed 620 senior leaders and over 1,000 full-time employees to determine which factors contribute to organizational and employee resilience. 2023-2024 SHRM ...
Since human resources are inevitable element of each innovation process and R&D, authors decided to analyze human resource management (HRM) in function of successful R&D processes and projects. The subject of this paper was the analysis of HRM functions which are considerable for innovation and research & development.
1.2 Equal Employment Opportunity HR Research Topics. 1.3 Career Development HR Research Topics. 1.4 Research Topics on Recruitment and Selection. 1.5 HR Risk Management Topics. 1.6 Workplace Safety HR Topics. 1.7 Trending HR Topics. Human Resources is one of the most popular and essential topics for the business minded.
Pulse, 2021). According to a research by the Society for Human Resource Management, more than 40% of American workers are either looking for a new job right now or plan to do so soon (Mirza, 2021). According to a Personio poll, 38% of respondents in the UK and Ireland intended to leave their jobs within the following 6 to 12 months (Personio ...
This study investigates the intricate relationships between technology application, smart human resource management (SHRM), and innovation performance within the Jordanian telecom industry. Employing a quantitative research methodology, data were collected from employees of telecommunications firms in Jordan. The results illuminate significant positive associations between technology ...
The Best Human Resource Management Software of 2024. SAP SuccessFactors: Best for Enterprises. UKG Pro: Best for AI-Powered Functionality. Paycor: Best for Companies That Need Benefits. Workday ...
The mission of the Harvard Graduate School of Education is to prepare education leaders and innovators who will change the world by expanding opportunities and outcomes for learners everywhere. We're an institution committed to making the broadest impact possible, putting powerful ideas and evidence-based research into practice.
This study sorted out the literature on the application of AI in HRM from 2012 to 2021 using CiteSpace to derive the history of research in this field. Further, the research emphasis has shifted from the AI algorithm level to the application level. We proposed a conceptual paradox model to explain the positive and negative effects of AI in workplaces. We also discussed theoretically the ...
Paycor: Best for all-in-one management. Zenefits: Best for small business affordability. Rippling: Best for companies with remote workers. Click Up: Best for ease of use. BambooHR: Best for ...
Our mission is to assist Pennsylvanians in leading safe, healthy, and productive lives through equitable, trauma-informed, and outcome-focused services while being an accountable steward of commonwealth resources. DHS Executive Leadership.
Abstract: Human resource management is an important function when managing projects. Over Over the years, project management has developed and consolidated a robust theory base that lead to a
Management: Build, optimize, and lead high-performing teams. Management is your calling if you thrive on optimizing processes and leading teams. You can become a master of operational efficiency, crafting strategies to streamline workflows, and implementing effective human resource practices to build high-performing teams.
General wage adjustments are negotiated for represented employees and legislatively approved for nonrepresented employees. The amounts negotiated may vary by union. In accordance with Directive 20-08, agencies under the Governor's authority did not implement the 3% general wage increase scheduled for July 1, 2020, for non-represented state employees in Exempt Management