harvard style reference conference presentation

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Harvard Referencing Guide

• Conference papers, presentations, theses

Conference papers, presentations

• For conference papers published online, hyperlink the title . If you’re citing a PDF, avoid linking directly to the PDF. Instead link to the page that hosts the PDF.

Published conference paper and presentation

Elements of the reference, author a (day month year) ‘title of paper: subtitle of paper’ [conference presentation],  name of conference , place of conference, accessed day month year., in-text citation, blunden (2007) or (blunden 2007), reference list, blunden j (9–12 may 2007) ‘ plain or just dull collateral damage from the plain english movement ’ [conference presentation],  3rd iped conference , tasmania, accessed 3 may 2019., unpublished conference paper, author a (day month year) ‘title of paper: subtitle of paper’ [unpublished conference presentation],  name of conference , place of conference., blunden j (9–12 may 2007) ‘plain or just dull collateral damage from the plain english movement’ [unpublished conference presentation],  3rd iped conference , hobart..

• If the thesis is online, hyperlink the title and include an accessed date. If you’re citing a PDF, avoid linking directly to the PDF. Instead link to the page that hosts the PDF.

Published thesis

Author a (year)  title of thesis: subtitle of thesis  [type of thesis], name of university, accessed day month year., (rahman 2013) or rahman (2013), rahman m (2013)  using authentic materials in the writing classes: tertiary level scenario  [master’s thesis], brac university, accessed 5 may 2017., unpublished thesis, author a (year)  title of thesis: subtitle of thesis  [unpublished type of thesis], name of university, accessed day month year., rahman m (2013)  using authentic materials in the writing classes: tertiary level scenario  [unpublished master’s thesis], brac university, accessed 5 may 2017..

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How to Cite and Reference a Conference Paper in the Harvard Style

• 2-minute read
• 8th March 2023

Conference papers are a common resource for academics . But how do you cite and reference one as a source using Harvard? Here’s our quick guide. We’ll focus on the Open University style , but Harvard conventions can vary between institutions, so make sure you check your own style guide too.

Citing a Conference Paper

An in-text citation includes the name and year in parentheses, like this:

If you use a direct quote, you’ll need to add page numbers as well:

If you’re citing two authors, include both surnames separated by and . If you’re citing three or more authors, list the first surname followed by “et al.” If you’re missing an author’s name, you can use the name of the organization that published the paper. And if you’re missing a date, you can use “n.d.”

Referencing a Conference Paper

When adding a conference paper to a Harvard reference list, follow this format:

Author, A. (year of publication) “Title of Paper”, Title of Conference. Location, date of conference. Place of publication, Publisher, page numbers.

If you found the conference paper online, format the entry this way:

Author, A. (year of publication) “Title of Paper,” Title of Conference. Location, date of conference. Publisher [Online]. Available at URL (Accessed date).

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If you’re referencing an unpublished conference paper, you can omit the publisher information:

Author, A. (year of publication) “Title of Paper,” paper presented at Title of Conference . Location, date of conference.

Variations of Harvard Referencing

As we’ve said, the Harvard style has many variations. We’ve looked at the Open University version in this post, but make sure you check your institution’s style guide. And when in doubt, be sure to keep everything consistent.

Of course, you can always send your work our way! Our editors are Harvard referencing experts and will make sure you’ve formatted your references and citations correctly. They’ll also check your work for grammar, spelling, punctuation, and more! Try it out for free today.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the format for a harvard citation.

Harvard uses author–date citations, with the author’s name and the year of publication in parentheses: (Smith, 2012).

How do you add an online conference paper to a Harvard reference list?

Follow a typical Harvard reference format but omit the location, add [Online] after the publisher name, and include the URL as well as the date you accessed the site.

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Harvard Citation Style: Conference Proceedings

Introduction

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Conference Proceedings

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In This Guide...

Click on the links below for further information on referencing each material type

• Why is Referencing Important?
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Books/eBooks

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Internet/Websites

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• Computer Software
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Multimedia Formats

• Audio-Visual Material

Newspaper Articles

Patents & Standards

• Citing Patents: Examples
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• A table of examples in all formats for quick reference

Citing Conference Proceedings

When citing Conference Proceedings papers the techniques used are very similar to those employed when citing journal articles

The name of the overall proceedings should appear in italics

Reference should be made to the corporate body hosting the conference and the location of the conference

Citing Conference Proceedings: Examples

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Harvard Referencing Guide: PowerPoint Presentations

• Introduction to the Guide
• The Harvard Referencing Method
• Cite Them Right Style
• Referencing Example
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• Online Tutorials
• Reference List / Bibliography
• Introduction
• Short Quotations
• Long Quotations
• Single Author
• Two Authors
• Three Authors
• Four or More Authors
• 2nd Edition
• Chapter in an Edited Book
• Journal Article - Online
• Journal Article - Printed
• Newspaper Article - Online
• Newspaper Article - Printed
• Webpage - Introduction
• Webpage - Individual Authors
• Webpage - Corporate Authors
• Webpage - No Author - No Date
• Film / Movie
• TV Programme
• PowerPoint Presentations
• YouTube Video
• Images - Introduction
• Images - Figure from a book
• Images - Online Figure
• Images - Online Table
• Twitter Tweet
• Personal Communication
• Email message in a Public Domain
• Course notes on the VLE
• Computer Games
• Computer Program
• General Referencing Guide >>>
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• IEEE Referencing Guide >>>
• Research Guide >>>
• PowerPoint Presentation

Audiovisual Media - Powerpoint Presentation

PowerPoint Pr esentation

E xample -  Presentation available online and accessible by anyone

The full reference should generally include

• Year (in round brackets)
• Title of the presentation (in italics)
• [PowerPoint presentation] in square brackets
• Available at: URL
• (Accessed: date)

In-text citation

Full reference for the Reference List

Example: PowerPoint presentation from a learning management system such as the VLE

• Author or tutor
• Year of publication (in round brackets)
• Title of the presentation (in single quotation marks)
• Module code: module title (in italics)
• Available at: URL of the VLE

Example : Full reference for the Reference List

Audiovisual Material

Film / movie

TV programme

PowerPoint presentation

YouTube video

Harvard Referencing Guide: A - Z

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• Bibliography
• Books / eBooks - 2 Authors
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• Books / eBooks - Single Author
• Chapter in an edited book
• Cite Them Right - Style
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• Direct Quotations - Introduction
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• Webpage - Corporate Author
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Harvard Reference Style

• Introduction
• Harvard in-text references
• Harvard reference list
• Films (Motion pictures)
• Government publications
• Images/Figures/Tables
• Journal articles
• Lecturer notes/handouts
• Magazine articles
• Newspaper articles
• Personal communication
• PowerPoint slides
• Proceedings from conferences
• Secondary sources
• Social media
• Television programmes
• Theses/Dissertations
• Harvard: Reference list example

Quick Links

• Harvard: Examples of references

Proceedings from conferences: Reference format

A basic reference list entry for proceedings of a conference from the internet:

• Author or authors of the paper; the surname is followed by initials
• Title of conference (in italics)
• Location and date of conference
• DOI/Available: URL [Date of access]

Dawson, H. 2015. Is Alzheimer’s a transmissible disease?  WHO Symposium on Dementia.  Geneva, Switzerland, 3-6 April. doi: 15.1243/GH.2015.132

Proceedings from conferences: Examples

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Harvard UON Referencing Style:  Conferences, Theses, etc.

• About Harvard style
• In-text citations
• Reference list
• Journal articles
• Books & ebooks
• Book chapters
• Web resources
• Govt documents
• Newspaper etc.
• Film, TV, etc.
• Images etc.
• What are DOIs? This link opens in a new window
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• Conference Papers
• Theses and Dissertations

Lectures and Other Course Materials

Conference papers .

• For conference papers published freely online, hyperlink the title.
• If you’re citing a PDF, avoid linking directly to the PDF. Instead link to the page that hosts the PDF.
• Unpublished conference papers accessed in print don't include a URL or an accessed date.

In-text citation: format and example

... ( Author Surname   Year of Publication ) ...

... ( Leong et al. 2019 ) ...  or  Leong et al. (2019) ...

... (Blunden 2007) ...   or     Blunden (2007) ...

Reference list entry: format and example

Author A (Day Month Year) ‘Title of paper: subtitle of paper hyperlinked’ [conference presentation],   Name of Conference , Place of Conference, accessed Day Month Year.

Blunden J (9–12 May 2007) ‘Plain or just dull? Collateral damage from the Plain English movement’ [unpublished conference presentation],  3rd IPEd Conference , Tasmania.

Leong T, Lawrence C & Wadley G (2019) ' Designing for diversity in Aboriginal Australia: insights from a national technology project ', [conference presentation],  31st Australian Conference on human-computer-interaction , Perth, accessed 22 February 2022. 

Theses and dissertations  

• If the thesis is online, hyperlink the title and include an accessed date.
• The exact format of references to theses is dependent upon whether the thesis is published or unpublished

... ( Author Surname   Year)   ...    or     Author Surname  ( Year) ...

... ( Baker 2018 ) ...  or    Baker (2018) ...

... (Rahman 2013)...  or    Rahman (2013) ...

Author A (Year)   Title of thesis: subtitle of thesis   [type of thesis], Name of University, accessed Day Month Year.

Baker P (2018) A genealogy of Australian educational revolutions [PhD thesis], University of Newcastle, accessed 22 February 2022. 

Rahman M (2013)  Using authentic materials in the writing classes: tertiary level scenario  [master’s thesis], BRAC University, accessed 5 May 2017.

• Course material may include lectures and course outlines, course notes, student assignments or discussion posts etc. 
• Course materials may not be peer reviewed research resources.  Be sure to check with your lecturer if they are suitable for use in your assignments.
• If the course material is freely available online, hyperlink the title and include an accessed date.
• If the course material is only available online via Canvas (and not publicly accessible any other way) you may treat them as  personal communication  and include the reference in text only. As it can be difficult to know for sure with some material if this is the case, the Library suggests following the patterns outlined below. This also allows for full referencing of any documents used.

... ( Author Surname   Year of course ) ... or  Author Surname  ( Year of course )

   ... (Smith 2022) ...  or    Smith (2022) ...

Author Surname Initials   (Year)   Title of course material [type of material] ,  University, accessed Day Month Year.   URL

Smith J (2022) EDUC1010 Diversity and inclusion in education: Pedagogy and inclusion [lecture notes], University of Newcastle, accessed 22 February 2022.

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Harvard Style Guide: Lectures/ presentations

• Introduction
• Harvard Tutorial
• In-text citations
• Book with one author
• Book with two or three authors
• Book with four or more authors
• Book with a corporate author
• Book with editor
• Chapter in an edited book
• Translated book
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• Print journal article, two or three authors
• Print journal article, four or more authors
• eJournal article
• Journal article ePublication (ahead of print)
• Secondary sources
• Generative AI
• Images or photographs
• Lectures/ presentations
• Film/ television
• YouTube Film or Talk
• Music/ audio
• Encyclopaedia and dictionaries
• Email communication
• Conferences
• Official publications
• Book reviews
• Case studies
• Group or individual assignments
• Legal Cases (Law Reports)
• No date of publication
• Personal communications
• Repository item
• Citing same author, multiple works, same year

Back to Academic Integrity guide

Lectures or presentations

Reference : Author(s) Last name, Initial(s). (Year) 'Title of lecture/presentation' [Medium], Module Code: Module title . Institution. Day Month.

Example : De Burca, M. (2014) ' Geriatric radiography services in Ireland' [Lecture], RDGY30300: Clinical Practice of Radiography . University College Dublin. 11 May.

In-Text-Citation :

• Author(s) Last name (Year)
• (Authors(s) Last name, Year)
• De Burca (2014) described the complicated system of radiographic services...
• There is a complicated system of geriatric radiographic services in Ireland (De Burca, 2014).

Still unsure what in-text citation and referencing mean? Check here .

Still unsure why you need to reference all this information? Check here . 

Lectures or presentations (Online/Recorded)

Reference : Author(s) Last name, Initial(s). (Year) 'Title of lecture/presentation' [Medium], Module Code: Module title . Institution/Venue. Day Month. Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year).

Example : Dunphy, S. (2021) ‘History of Irish women in law’ [Recorded lecture], HIS2300: Modern Ireland . University College Dublin. 7 January. Available at: https://brightspace.ucd.ie/his2300/ (Accessed: 7 March 2021).

• Dunphy (2021) outlines the impact of the absence of female law makers...
• The absence of Irish female law makers has led to a system with a blindness to key aspects of daily life (Dunphy, 2021).

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NWU Harvard Referencing Guide

• Introduction
• Text references
• Reference list
• Elements of a reference list entry
• Chapter in a collected work
• Electronic books (ebooks)
• Encyclopedias
• Dictionaries
• Theses and dissertations
• Journal articles
• Internet and other electronic sources

Conference publications

• Study guides
• Newspaper articles
• Acts and law reports
• Government publications
• Bible and other religious writings
• Classical works
• Personal correspondance
• Patents and standards
• Musical scores
• Audiovisual and other media
• Unpublished work
• Harvard PDF document

Other styles

• NWU Law Referencing Guide 
• APA Referencing Guide

Refer to conference proceedings published in hard copy in a collection in the same way as a chapter in a collected work .

Conference papers published online

Many organisations publish their conference presentations on their web pages.

Schlünz, G.I. & Barnard, E. 2013. A discourse model of affect for text-to-speech synthesis . Paper delivered at the 24th annual Symposium of the Pattern Recognition Association of South Africa, Pretoria. http://www.prasa.org/proceedings/2013/prasa2013-14.pdf Date of access: 15 Mar. 2019. Text reference: (Schlünz & Barnard, 2013).

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Harvard Referencing (2002 version)

• Number of authors
• Information for EndNote users
• Books and eBooks
• Chapter of a Book/eBook

Conference paper - Presented at a conference

Conference paper - published in proceedings.

• Dictionary & Encyclopedia
• Government publications, ABS
• Film/Television/Radio
• Image, Tables & Figures
• Journal article
• Lecture notes/Class handout
• Newspaper article
• Personal communication
• Podcast/Blog/YouTube/Social Media
• Web site/Web document

Paper author, AA year of publication, 'Title of paper', paper presented at Name of conference , Place of conference, date-date Month year (of conference).

Paper author, AA year of publication, 'Title of paper', paper presented at  Name of conference , Place of conference, date-date Month year (of conference), viewed day Month year, <URL>.

Abbott, K & Seymour, J 1997, 'Trapping the papaya fruit fly in North Queensland', paper presented at the Australian Entomological Society conference , Melbourne, 28-30 September 1997.

Bayne, S & Ross, J 2007, 'The ‘digital native’ and ‘digital immigrant’: a dangerous opposition', paper presented at the  Annual Conference of the Society for Research into Higher Education (SRHE),  Brighton, Sussex, 11-13 December 2007, viewed 9 October 2011, <http://www.malts.ed.ac.uk/staff/sian/natives_final.pdf>.

In-text citation:

Abbott and Seymour (1997) describe trapping the fruit fly ...

  Format:

Paper author, AA year of publication, 'Title of paper', Title of conference proceedings , Publisher, Place of Publication, pp. xx-xx.

Gleeson, L 1996, 'Inside looking out', Claiming a place: proceedings from the third national conference of the Children's Book Council of Australia , D.W. Thorpe, Port Melbourne, pp. 22-34.

Children's books are ... (Gleeson 1997).

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Harvard Referencing - SETU Libraries Waterford Guide: Conference Papers

• SETU Waterford Libraries Harvard Referencing Basics
• Paraphrasing and Direct Quotations
• Elements in References
• Journal Articles
• Art: Paintings/drawings
• Building Regulations
• Company Annual Reports
• Company Profiles

Conference Papers

• Dictionaries
• Discussion boards (Course)
• European union (EU) legal sources
• Exhibition catalogues
• Lecture notes (including tutorial handouts, moodle etc.)
• Legislation - Statutory Instruments
• Newspaper Articles
• Personal Communications (conversations, letters, e-mails, other online services etc)
• Photographs taken from websites or social media.
• Photographs you have taken yourself
• PowerPoint presentations/seminars
• Reference Books (Encyclopaedias, bibliographies, dictionaries)
• RTE News Online Items
• X ( formerly Twitter)
• YouTube or TED Talk
• Book, article or web page that has referenced something else (secondary referencing)
• Citing several authorities to support the same point
• Finding the date of a web page
• Author's Initials
• Referencing work by the same author from different years
• Online Library Tutorials

Author. (Year of publication) ‘Title of paper’, Title of conference: subtitle . Location and date of conference. Publisher. Available at: URL (Accessed: date) or doi:.

Kleiman, P. (2011) ‘Student voices, student lives: a reality check on engagement’, Engaging minds: fifth annual conference of the NAIRTL . NUI Galway, 9 & 10 June. NAIRTL. Available at: http://www.nairtl.ie/documents/Engaging%20Minds%20Proceedings_FINAL.pdf (Accessed: 19 June 2017).

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Harvard Referencing Style: Powerpoint Presentations

• Introduction to In-text Citations
• Introduction to Referencing
• Internet Sources
• Dissertations & Theses
• Legal Sources & Government Publications
• Study Guides
• Reference Material
• Corporate Bodies
• Audio-visual Materials
• E-Mail & Personal Communication
• Powerpoint Presentations
• Case Studies & Standards
• Images or Diagrams

Referencing a PowerPoint Presentation

IN-TEXT CITATION

Dlamini (2006) ...

.... (Dlamin, 2006)

"....." (Dlamini, 2006: PowerPoint presentation)

FORMAT OF A REFERENCE TO A POWERPOINT PRESENTATION

Author’s surname, Initials. Year. ‘Title.’ [PowerPoint presentation] Date.  Institution, place.

Please note that in this case, the title is not italicised.

EXAMPLE OF A REFERENCE TO A POWERPOINT PRESENTATION

Dlamini, N. 2006. ‘E-commerce trends in retail in South Africa.’ [PowerPoint Presentation] 4 November.  Business Solutions Inc., Midrand.

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Conference paper: how to cite in Harvard style?

Create a spot-on reference in harvard, general rules.

Within the Harvard referencing system, a conference paper published in conference proceedings is treated as a chapter of an edited book, due to which the templates for bibliographic references are almost the same as for a book chapter .

In this case, the title of the conference proceedings is considered as the general book title; the difference from a book chapter is that the title of the proceedings also includes the date and place of the conference.

Reference template:

Author(s) , ( year ). Paper title . In: Editor(s) , ed(s). Conference title , conference date , Conference place . City of publication : Publisher . p(p).   page(s) .

For a conference abstract available online, use the following reference template:

Author(s) , ( year ). Paper title . In: Editor(s) , ed(s). Conference title , conference date , Conference place [online]. City of publication : Publisher . p(p).   page(s) . [Viewed date viewed ]. Available from: doi: DOI

If the publication does not have a DOI and is located at an ordinary URL address, modify the corresponding reference element as follows:

Available from: URL

• If no names of editors are given in the conference proceedings, the corresponding element is omitted from the reference.
• The city and country are given in the 'Conference place' element.
• The names of editors in the reference are indicated with the initials before the last name. For details, see the article on the principles of indicating authors' names according to the Harvard citation style .
• See this article for the differences between indicating a URL and a DOI.

Examples in a list of references

Bizzoni,   Y., Senaldi,   M.   S.   G. and Lenci,   A., (2017). Deep-learning the ropes: modeling idiomaticity with neural networks. In: R.   Basili, M.   Nissim and G.   Satta, eds. Proceedings of the Fourth Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics CLiC-it 2017, 11–12 December 2017, Rome, Italy [online]. Torino: Accademia University Press. pp.   36–41. [Viewed 12 January 2021]. Available from: doi: 10.4000/books.aaccademia.2314

Türkmen,   R., (2016). B1 level undergraduate EFL students’ acceptance of Moodle technology. In: F.   Kılıçkaya, ed. The 5th International Conference on Language, Literature and Culture, 12 May 2016, Burdur, Turkey [online]. Burdur: Mehmet Akif Ersoy University. p.   11. [Viewed 12 January 2021]. Available from: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED569939.pdf

Reference a Conference

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Upgrade to save your work, check with plagiarism, and more, is your source credible don't forget to consider these factors:, purpose : reason the source exists.

• Is the point of the information to inform, persuade, teach, or sell?
• Do the authors/publishers make their intentions clear?
• Does the information appear to be fact or opinion?
• Does the point of view seem impartial? Do they identify counter-arguments?

Authority - Author:Source of the information

• Who is the author? What are their credentials or qualifications?
• What makes the author qualified to write on this topic?
• Are there clearly defined contact information for the author?

Authority - Publisher:Source of the information

• Who is the publisher? Is it a non-profit, government agency, or organisation? How might this affect their point of view?
• What makes the publisher qualified to generate works on this subject?
• What can the URL tell you about the publisher? For instance, .gov may signify that it is a government agency.

Accuracy : Reliability and truthfulness of the content

• Where does the information come from?
• Can the information presented be verified? Is it supported by evidence that is clearly cited?
• Does the language used seem free of emotion, and does the work seem impartial and objective?
• Are there any spelling or grammatical errors? If an online source, are all links working?
• If it was reproduced, who edited/reproduced it? Where was the information originally published?
• How original are the ideas presented in the work? Do they seem to be common knowledge?

Relevance : Importance of the information to your topic

• Does the information relate to your topic, or answer the question you have presented?
• Who is the intended audience of the work? Does that audience match with yours?
• Have you looked at other sources related to this one? Does it seem there are many others on the topic?
• Are you utilizing the entire source, or just a part of it?

Currency : Timeliness of the information

• When was the information published? When was it last updated? Does it reflect the most current information available?
• How does your topic fit in with this source’s publication date? Do you need current information to make your point or do older sources work better?

Comprehensiveness

• Does the source present one or multiple viewpoints on your topic?
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How to Make a “Good” Presentation “Great”

• Guy Kawasaki

Remember: Less is more.

A strong presentation is so much more than information pasted onto a series of slides with fancy backgrounds. Whether you’re pitching an idea, reporting market research, or sharing something else, a great presentation can give you a competitive advantage, and be a powerful tool when aiming to persuade, educate, or inspire others. Here are some unique elements that make a presentation stand out.

• Fonts: Sans Serif fonts such as Helvetica or Arial are preferred for their clean lines, which make them easy to digest at various sizes and distances. Limit the number of font styles to two: one for headings and another for body text, to avoid visual confusion or distractions.
• Colors: Colors can evoke emotions and highlight critical points, but their overuse can lead to a cluttered and confusing presentation. A limited palette of two to three main colors, complemented by a simple background, can help you draw attention to key elements without overwhelming the audience.
• Pictures: Pictures can communicate complex ideas quickly and memorably but choosing the right images is key. Images or pictures should be big (perhaps 20-25% of the page), bold, and have a clear purpose that complements the slide’s text.
• Layout: Don’t overcrowd your slides with too much information. When in doubt, adhere to the principle of simplicity, and aim for a clean and uncluttered layout with plenty of white space around text and images. Think phrases and bullets, not sentences.

As an intern or early career professional, chances are that you’ll be tasked with making or giving a presentation in the near future. Whether you’re pitching an idea, reporting market research, or sharing something else, a great presentation can give you a competitive advantage, and be a powerful tool when aiming to persuade, educate, or inspire others.

• Guy Kawasaki is the chief evangelist at Canva and was the former chief evangelist at Apple. Guy is the author of 16 books including Think Remarkable : 9 Paths to Transform Your Life and Make a Difference.

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• Leeds Harvard referencing examples

Leeds Harvard: Speech

Reference examples, live speech.

Family name, INITIAL(S) (of the speaker). Year of speech.  Title of speech . Date of speech, location of speech.

Obama, B. 2008.  A more perfect union . 18 March, National Constitution Centre, Philadelphia.

Recording of a speech viewed online

Family name, INITIAL(S) (of the speaker). Year of speech.  Title of speech.  [Online]. Date of speech, location of speech. [Date accessed]. Available from: URL

Obama, B. 2008.  A more perfect union.  [Online]. 18 March, National Constitution Centre, Philadelphia. [Accessed 10 June 2017]. Available from:  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NHuDLM-xiBo

Broadcast of a speech on television or radio

Family name, INITIAL(S) (of the speaker). Year of speech. Title of speech. Date of speech, location of speech.  Title of programme . Transmitting organisation/channel. Date of original transmission.

Obama, B. 2008. A more perfect union. 18 March, National Constitution Centre, Philadelphia.  Newsnight . BBC. 1 September 2008.

Transcript of a speech

Family name, INITIAL(S) (of speaker). Year of speech. Title of speech. In: Family name, INITIAL(S) (of editor). ed(s). Year.  Title of book.  Place of publication: Publisher, page numbers.

Clinton, H. 2011. Strength in resilience. In: Wilson, H. ed. 2012.  Representative American speeches 2011-2012.  Ipswich, MA.: H.W. Wilson, pp.97-100.

Transcript of a speech (online)

Reference this in the same way as you would any other webpage.

Family name, INITIAL(S) (of speaker). Year of speech. Title. [Online]. [Date accessed]. Available from: URL

Olusoga, D. 2020. David Olusoga: MacTaggart lecture in full. [Online]. [Accessed 14 May 2021]. Available from:  https://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/david-olusoga-mactaggart-lecture-in-full/5152544.article

Citation examples

Author and date.

When the author name is not mentioned in the text, the citation consists of the author’s name and the year of publication in brackets.

It was emphasised that citations in the text should be consistent (Jones, 2017).

If you have already named the author in the text, only the publication year needs to be mentioned in brackets.

Jones (2017) emphasised that citations in the text should be consistent.

Three or more authors

If a source has three or more authors, the name of the first author should be given, followed by the phrase "et al."

It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent (Jones et al., 2017).

Jones et al. (2017) emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent.

Leeds Harvard does not use ibid to refer to previously cited items. If you are citing the same item twice in a row (i.e. you do not cite any other items in the text between the two citations) you must write the full citation again. As usual, if you are directly quoting or paraphrasing specific ideas, you should include a page number (if there is one). 

Jones et al. (2017, p.24) emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent and argued that referencing is a key part of academic integrity (2017, p.27). Furthermore, having a broad range of references in a text is an indicator of the breadth of a scholar's reading and research (Jones et al., 2017, p.14).

Corporate author

If the item is produced by an organisation, treat the organisation as a "corporate author". This means you can use the name of the organisation instead of that of an individual author. This includes government departments, universities or companies. Cite the corporate author in the text the same way as you would an individual author.

According to a recent report, flu jabs are as important as travel vaccines (Department of Health, 2017).  

When to include page numbers

You should include page numbers in your citation if you quote directly from the text, paraphrase specific ideas or explanations, or use an image, diagram, table, etc. from a source.

"It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent" (Jones, 2017, p.24).

When referencing a single page, you should use p. For a range of pages, use pp.

p.7 or pp.20-29.

If the page numbers are in Roman numerals, do not include p. before them.

(Amis, 1958, iv)

Common issues

When you're referencing with Leeds Harvard you may come across issues with missing details, multiple authors, edited books, references to another author's work or online items, to name a few. Here are some tips on how to deal with some common issues when using Leeds Harvard.

Skip straight to the issue that affects you:

• Online items
• URL web addresses
• Multiple authors
• Corporate author(s) or organisation(s)
• Multiple publisher details
• Editions and reprints
• Missing details
• Multiple sources with different authors
• Sources written by the same author in the same year
• Sources with the same author in different years
• Two authors with the same surname in the same year
• The work of one author referred to by another
• Anonymising sources for confidentiality
• Identifying the authors’ family name (surname)

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Call for High School Projects

Machine learning for social impact .

The Thirty-Eighth Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2024) is an interdisciplinary conference that brings together researchers in machine learning, neuroscience, statistics, optimization, computer vision, natural language processing, life sciences, natural sciences, social sciences, and other adjacent fields. 

This year, we invite high school students to submit research papers on the topic of machine learning for social impact.  A subset of finalists will be selected to present their projects virtually and will have their work spotlighted on the NeurIPS homepage.  In addition, the leading authors of up to five winning projects will be invited to attend an award ceremony at NeurIPS 2024 in Vancouver.  

Each submission must describe independent work wholly performed by the high school student authors.  We expect each submission to highlight either demonstrated positive social impact or the potential for positive social impact using machine learning. Application areas may include but are not limited to the following:

• Agriculture
• Climate change
• Homelessness
• Food security
• Mental health
• Water quality

Authors will be asked to confirm that their submissions accord with the NeurIPS code of conduct and the NeurIPS code of ethics .

Submission deadline: All submissions must be made by June 27th, 4pm EDT. The system will close after this time, and no further submissions will be possible.

We are using OpenReview to manage submissions. Papers should be submitted here . When registering for a new OpenReview profile, you can type in the name of your high school as the institution and “high school student” as the role. Submission will open June 1st.  Submissions under review will be visible only to their assigned program committee. We will not be soliciting comments from the general public during the reviewing process. Anyone who plans to submit a paper as an author or a co-author will need to create (or update) their OpenReview profile by the full paper submission deadline. 

Formatting instructions:   All submissions must be in PDF format. Submissions are limited to four content pages , including all figures and tables; additional pages containing only references are allowed. You must format your submission using the NeurIPS 2024 HighSchool style file using the “preprint” option for non-anonymous submission. The maximum file size for submissions is 50MB. Submissions that violate the NeurIPS style (e.g., by decreasing margins or font sizes) or page limits may be rejected without further review.  Papers may be rejected without consideration of their merits if they fail to meet the submission requirements, as described in this document. 

Mentorship and collaboration:  The submitted research can be a component of a larger research endeavor involving external collaborators, but the submission should describe only the authors’ contributions.  The authors can also have external mentors but must disclose the nature of the mentorship.  At the time of submission, the authors will be asked to describe the involvement of any mentors or external collaborators and to distinguish mentor and collaborator contributions from those of the authors.  In addition, the authors may (optionally) include an acknowledgements section acknowledging the contributions of others following the content sections of the submission. The acknowledgements section will not count toward the submission page limit.

Proof of high school attendance: Submitting authors will also be asked to upload a signed letter, on school letterhead, from each author’s high school confirming that the author was enrolled in high school during the 2023-2024 academic year.

Supplementary artifacts:   In their four content pages, authors may link  to supplementary artifacts including videos, working demonstrations, digital posters, websites, or source code.  For source code, this can be done by, for example, uploading the code to a free  https://github.com/  repository and then including a hyperlink to that repository in the submitted paper. Data files that are not too large can also be uploaded to a GitHub repository, and larger files can be uploaded to a free research data repository like  https://dataverse.harvard.edu/ . Please do not link to additional text. All such supplementary material should be wholly created by the authors and should directly support the submission content. 

Review process:   Each submission will be reviewed by anonymous referees. The authors, however, should not be anonymous. No written feedback will be provided to the authors.  

Use of Large Language Models (LLMs): We welcome authors to use any tool that is suitable for preparing high-quality papers and research. However, we ask authors to keep in mind two important criteria. First, we expect papers to fully describe their methodology.  Any tool that is important to that methodology, including the use of LLMs, should be described also. For example, authors should mention tools (including LLMs) that were used for data processing or filtering, visualization, facilitating or running experiments, or proving theorems. It may also be advisable to describe the use of LLMs in implementing the method (if this corresponds to an important, original, or non-standard component of the approach). Second, authors are responsible for the entire content of the paper, including all text and figures, so while authors are welcome to use any tool they wish for writing the paper, they must ensure that all text is correct and original.

Dual submissions:  Submissions that are substantially similar to papers that the authors have previously published or submitted in parallel to other peer-reviewed venues with proceedings or journals may not be submitted to NeurIPS. Papers previously presented at workshops or science fairs are permitted, so long as they did not appear in a conference proceedings (e.g., CVPRW proceedings), a journal, or a book.  However, submissions will not be published in formal proceedings, so work submitted to this call may be published elsewhere in the future. Plagiarism is prohibited by the NeurIPS Code of Conduct .

Contact:   [email protected]

The 2023 4 th International Conference on Material Chemistry and Composite Materials (MCCM 2023) took place during December 22 nd to 24 th , 2023 in Sanya, China. MCCM exists as an annual international academic conference which tries to meet the needs for various kinds of material chemistry and composite materials. Bearing the principle of "bringing together global wisdom in scientific innovation to promote high-quality development", MCCM 2023 encouraged the exchange of information on research frontiers in different fields related to material chemistry and composite materials, connected the most advanced academic resources at home and abroad, and turned research results into industrial solutions. It also promoted the development of related disciplines, expanded the international scientific and academic exchange channels, enhanced scientific innovation on a global scale, and contributed to academic cooperation between China and the international community. The Conference was attended by about 100 participants and hosted 6 keynote speeches, many oral and poster presentations, as well as Questions & Answer part. The topics of the 4 th MCCM cover various research fields where material chemistry and composite materials are applied, such as Surface Chemistry, New Energy Materials, Nanotechnology and Materials, Physical and Structural Properties of Materials, Multiferroic Materials and Composites, etc. According to all the attendees, the scientific program was excellent with high level of presentations and the scientific environment was fruitful, thus all of them had a great and creative time. In the keynote speech part, Professor Liguang Wang (Zhejiang University, China) shared his research on Understanding the Degradation Mechanisms in High-Energy Density Cathodes via Synchrotron X-Ray Techniques. To advance the development of the next generation of high-energy-density cathode materials, his research endeavors have systematically unraveled the intricacies of performance degradation mechanisms inherent in layered structure cathodes. This exploration leveraged a sophisticated combination of advanced synchrotron X-ray-based characterization techniques across multiple scales. His investigation has been transformative, shedding light on the intrinsic correlation between stress-strain dynamics and mechanical degradation within layered cathode materials. With rounds of dramatic researches sharing and ideas exchanging, the Conference was made filled with academic atmosphere. We would like to thank Beihang University, China for its support. We would also like to acknowledge the members of the Organizing Committee and Technical Program Committee for their preparation and suggestion on the Conference. Our gratitude also goes to the members of Journal of Physics: Conference Series for their support in publishing this paper volume. The Committee of MCCM 2023 List of Committee Member is available in this pdf.

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• A-Z of Harvard references
• Citing authors with Harvard
• Page numbers and punctuation
• References with missing details
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• Example reference list
• Journal article
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• Online video
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• Television programme
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• Census data
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• Book illustration, Figure or Diagram
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• Student's own work
• Tutor materials for academic course
• Unpublished report
• Working paper
• Referencing glossary

To be made up of:

• Author/editor.
• Year of publication (in round brackets).
• Title of conference (in italics).
• Location and date of conference.
• Place of Publication.

If seen online, add:

• Available at: URL
• (Accessed: date).

In-text citation:

(Institute for Large Businesses, 1999)

Reference List:

Institute for Large Businesses (1999).  Large firms policy and research conference . University of Birmingham, December 18-19. Leeds: Institute for Large Businesses.

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