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All Parts of Speech in Urdu and English – اجزائے ترکیبی

All parts of speech in urdu and english – definition, types and examples.

ہر زبان کے کچھ اجزائے ترکیبی/اجزائے کلام (Parts of speech) ہوتے ہیں جو بہت اہم ہوتے ہیں کیونکہ انہیں سے مل کر جملہ بنتا ہے۔ اور جملوں ہی کے ذریعہ ہماری بات چیت ہوتی ہے۔ تو اسے اس طرح سمجھیے کہ اگر Parts of speech (اجزائے ترکیبی) معلوم نہ ہوں؛ تو اس زبان میں بات کرنا اور لکھنا تقریباً ناممکن ہے۔ ہاں! یہ اور بات ہے کہ وہ زبان آپ کی مادری زبان ہو؛ تو اس وقت آپ اجزائے ترکیبی کو جانیں بغیر بھی بات کرسکتے ہیں؛ لیکن اس وقت بھی آپ اس زبان میں کچھ لکھ نہیں سکتے۔

آسان الفاظ میں کہوں؛ تو اجزائے ترکیبی کے بغیر کسی زبان کو بولنا مشکل لکھنا ناممکن ہے۔ اور چونکہ ہم انگلش پڑھ رہے ہیں اس لیے آج ہم Parts of speech in Urdu یعنی اردو میں انگریزی اجزائے ترکیبی کو جانیں گے اور پڑھیں گے کہ:

• Definition of parts of speech in Urdu
• Types of Parts of speech in Urdu
• Examples of parts of speech in Urdu

یہ ہر زبان میں ہوتا ہے۔ اور چونکہ ہم انگلش پڑھ رہے ہیں اس لیے ہم جانیں گے کہ انگلش کے اجزائے ترکیبی کیا ہیں؟

Definition of Parts Of Speech in Urdu

 تعریف: جملہ کے اجزائے ترکیبی یا اجزائے کلام کو parts of speech کہتے ہیں۔

اجزائے ترکیبی کا معنی کیا ہے؟

Types of Parts of Speech in Urdu

انگلش کے Parts of speech (اجزائے ترکیبی) آٹھ ہیں۔

چلیے ایک ایک کرکے سمجھتے ہیں۔

Let me give you a detailed introduction to the eight parts of speech in Urdu and English with examples….

Parts of speech کی پہلی قسم اسم (Noun) ہے، اور Noun کسی شخص، جگہ یا چیز کے نام کو کہتے ہیں.

تفصیل سے پڑھیں!

Pronoun| ضمیر

اجزائے ترکیبی (Parts of speech) کی دوسری قسم Pronoun ہے، اور Pronoun  وہ لفظ ہے جو اسم (noun)  کی جگہ استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

اوپر کے جملہ میں “زید” ایک اسم (noun) ہے۔ اور لفظ “وہ” ایک ضمیر ( pronoun ) ہے جو زید کی جگہ استعمال ہوا ہے۔اس جملہ کو ہم یوں بھی کہہ سکتے تھے:

زید ایک اچھا طالب علم ہے اور زید سمجھدار ہے۔

 یہ صحیح ہے؛ لیکن اس طرح کہنا اچھا نہیں ہے کیونکہ اس میں ایک ہی لفظ “زید” کا تکرار ہے. اس لیے ہم ایک چیز کا نام لینے کے بعد جب اسی کی بات کرنی ہو؛ اگلے جملے میں اس کی ضمیر کا استعمال کرتے ہیں۔

Adjective| صفت

اجزائے ترکیبی (Parts of speech) کی تیسری قسم Adjective ہے، Adjective وہ ہوتا ہے جو کسی اسم یا ضمیر کی وضاحت کرے۔

Verb| فعل/کام

اجزائے ترکیبی (Parts of speech) کی چوتھی قسم Verb ہے جو کسی فعل یا عمل کے ہونے کو بتلاتا ہے۔

verb جملہ میں فعل اور عمل کو بتاتا ہے جیسے کھانا، پینا، سونا وغیرہ یہ سب verb ہیں۔ اس کی کئی قسمیں جیسے main verb، اور helping verb وغیرہ۔

Adverb| متعلق فعل

Parts of speech کی پانچویں قسم Adverb ہے،اور ایک adverb ایک فعل, صفت یا کسی دوسرے adverb کی وضاحت کرتا ہے اور اس کے متعلق اضافی معلومات فراہم کرتاہے۔

  Preposition| حرفِ جر

Parts of speech کی چھٹی قسم Preposition ہے، جو ایک اسم یا ضمیر کا تعلق کسی دوسرے لفظ سے ظاہر کرتا ہے۔

A preposition shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word.

  Conjunction | حرفِ عطف

Parts of spe speech کی ساتویں قسم Conjunction ہے، اور ایک ا conjunction وہ ہوتا ہے جو دو الفاظ، فقروں اور شقوں کو جوڑتا ہے۔اور یہ بتاتا ہے کہ وہ کس طرح جڑے ہوئے ہیں۔

A conjunction joins two words, ideas, phrases or clauses together in a sentence, and shows how they are connected.

میں امتحانات میں اچھے نمبرات پارہا ہوں کیونکہ میں ہر روز پڑھتا ہوں۔

Interjection| فجائیہ

Parts of speech کی آٹھویں قسم Interjection ہے، اور یہ وہ لفظ یا جملہ ہوتا ہے جو احساسات وجذبات کی عکاسی کرتے ہیں۔

An interjection is a word or phrase that expresses a strong feeling or emotion.

 بہت سے اجزائے ترکیبی (Parts of speech) کئی ذیلی قسموں میں تقسیم ہو سکتے ہیں۔جیسے Preposition کو Preposition of time,  Preposition of place وغیرہ میں تقسیم کیا جاتا ہے۔ اور Noun کو Proper noun, Common noun اور Concrete noun وغیرہ میں تقسیم کیا جاسکتا ہے۔

اسی طرح یہ جاننا بھی ضروری ہے کہ ایک ہی لفظ کبھی Parts of speech کے ایک سے زیادہ Part حصہ بھی بن سکتا ہے۔

جیسے purpose (پرپَز) ایک اسم (noun) بھی ہے، اور فعل (verb) بھی ہے۔

اس سبق میں ہم نے بنیادی باتیں بیان کی ہیں، اور اجزائے ترکیبی کی تمام قسموں کو اجمالاً لکھا ہے۔ اور ان تمام قسموں کو ہم نے علیحدہ علیحدہ اسباق میں تفصیل سے بیان کیا ہے۔

انگلش پڑھنا سیکھیں ◀

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Conversational Urdu: بول چال کی اردو Posted by Rachael on Jun 4, 2018 in Uncategorized

When learning a language, especially a South Asian one such as Urdu, it is important to appreciate differences in registers. A register simply refers to a social level of speech, like the formal speech you would use in a term paper or while delivering a presentation at work as opposed to the informal/colloquial speech you use when speaking to your friends or close family members. In South Asian languages such as Urdu, these registers or levels are more pronounced than in English, for example, so that formal speech often sounds very different from بول چال/bolchaal or informal/colloquial speech. As a language learner, you need to know informal syntax (word order) and vocabulary in order to carry on the most common type of conversation: the colloquial, every day variety. Follow along as I examine some common questions and answers that can be heard in a typical Urdu conversation.

Image by DFID-UK Department for International Development on Flickr, licensed under CC BY 2.0.

Can you help me?

آپ/تم میری مدد کر سکتی/سکتے ہیں/ہو؟ (aap/tum meri madad kar sakti/sakte hain/ho).

Let’s break down the vocabulary here:

اہم الفاظ (Ahem Alfaaz) / Important Words: 

• آپ/aap : The formal version of “you” best used with those who are superior to you socially, such as someone who works above you, someone who is older than you or someone who looks about your age but whom you do not know well. When in doubt about someone you do not know, use آپ/aap . This is considered grammatically plural, even if you’re only speaking to one person. If you wish to indicate more than one person, use the phrase آپ لوگ /aap log (you all/you people).
• تم/tum : The informal version of “you” often used with those you know well, such as friends, family members and those who work alongside you and/or are the same age as you. Wait until you become acquainted with someone in a friendly way before using تم /tum. This is also considered grammatically plural; if you want to indicate numerical plurality, use the phrase تم لوگ /tum log (you all/you people).
• مدد کرنا /madad karnaa: to help. مدد /madad (help) is a feminine noun, and this verb takes the possessive pronoun, so you would say میری مدد /meri madad for “to help me,” تمہاری مدد /tumhaari madad for “to help you (informal)”, ہماری مدد /humaari madad for “to help us” and آپ کی مدد /aap ki madad for “to help you (formal)”, etc.
• سکنا /saknaa: to be able to.

عام جواب (Aam javaab) / Common Responses:

• زرور /zaroor: Of course!, بلکل /bilkul: Absolutely!
• آپ کی/تمہاری مدد کر کے مجھے خوشی ہوگی /aap ki/tumhaari madad kar ke mujhe khushi hogi: I would be happy to help you.
• کتنا وقت لگیگا ؟ / kitnaa vaqt lagegaa? : How long will it take?
• ٹھیک ہے، ایک منٹ / thik hai, ek minute: Okay, just a minute (wait a sec).
• معاف کیجیےٴ/کرو، میں ابھی مصروف/بزی ہوں / maaf kijiye/karo, main abhi masroof/busy huun: Sorry, I’m busy right now. (You can also just say “sorry” in English).

Image by U.S. Embassy Pakistan on Flickr, licensed under CC BY-ND 2.0.

What have you been up to lately?

آپ/تم کیا کر رہی/رہے ہیں/ہو حال میں؟, اہم الفاظ (ahem alfaaz) / important words:  .

• کیا/kyaa : what. This is a question word—you will notice that all of the question words in Urdu begin with a “k,” such as کدھر /kidhar (in which direction), کہاں /kahaan (where), کیوں /kyon (why), کون /kaun (who) and  کب /kab (when). Unlike English, where we usually put question words at the beginning of a sentence, in Urdu the question word appears in the same position as the word it stands for; so, instead of “What are you eating?” (in English, “what,” the question word, appears at the beginning of the sentence), in Urdu you have “تم کیا کھا رہے ہو؟” (Tum kyaa khaa rahe ho / You what eating are?, literally, where “what” appears in the second position, the same place it would be in the answer to this question: میں روتی کھا رہا ہوں / Main roti khaa rahaa huun / Literally: I roti eating am (“roti” or “bread” replaces “kyaa/what” in the second position here). This actually makes asking questions in Urdu easier than English!
• کر رہی/رہے ہیں/ہو /kar rahi/rahe hain/ho: This is the progressive form of the verb کرنا /karnaa=to do. It indicates the -ing verb in English: “I am doing, You are singing, We are reading, etc.” Remember that the auxiliary verb ( ہیں, ہو ) changes according to whether you’re using آپ or تم .
• حال میں /haal me=recently, lately. Another option is آجکل /aajkal, which means “these days.” Yet a third option is فلحال /filhaal, which means “at the present, for the time being.”
• میں بہت کام کر رہی/رہا ہوں /main bahut kaam kar rahi/rahu huun: I’ve been working a lot.
• عام طور سے میں پڑھای کر رہی/رہا ہوں /aam taur se main parhaai kar rahi/rahaa huun: I’ve been studying most of the time.
• میں بس آرام کر رہی/رہا ہوں /main bas aaraam kar rahi/rahaa huun: I’ve just been relaxing.
• میں گرمیوں کی چھٹیوں کی تیاریاں کر رہی/رہا ہوں /main garmiyon ki chuttiyon ki taiyaariyaan kar rahi/rahaa huun: I’m making arrangements/planning for my summer trip(s).
• کچھ بھی نہیں کر رہی/رہا ہوں /kuch bhi nahin kar rahi/rahaa huun: I’ve been doing absolutely nothing.

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About the Author: Rachael

नमस्ते, मेरा नाम रेचल है/السلام علیکم، میرا نام ریچل ہے۔ Hello, my name is Rachael, but I also on occasion go by Richa––an interesting story for another time :) My two great loves are Hindi and Urdu. I first traveled to India (Jaipur, Rajasthan) in college on a Hindi study abroad program. A little over a year later, I returned to the same city to study Hindi in a yearlong program. I've also spent a summer in Kolkata, West Bengal learning Bengali, and I studied Urdu at the University of California, Berkeley, where I was a graduate student in South Asian Studies. I hope to share with you the fascinating world of Hindi and Urdu literature, society, culture and film through my blogs!

Urdu Script & Pronunciation

Urdu is one of many Indic languages written in the Perso-Arabic script. Urdu’s ancestors emerged as literary languages during the time of the Delhi Sultanate (1211–1504) and grew to flourish as literature in the Deccan sultanates and at the Mughal court. Like Modern Urdu, these languages combined Indic linguistic structures and literary genres with Perso-Arabic vocabulary (and some grammatical borrowing) and literary genres. The word “Urdu,” which means “camp,” originally referred to the place where the language we now know as Urdu was spoken (the Urdū-e Muʿallā or “high camp” of the Mughal capital in Delhi). The word was first used to name the language around 1775.

English readers unfamiliar with the Urdu writing system may find it intimidating at first. Three of the main challenges that beginners face are the rules of separation or combination, variability in the pronunciation of certain letters, and the ambiguities that result from the lack of short vowel markers. Fortunately, combination rules are easily mastered, and context or prior knowledge can often resolve ambiguities.

With regard to combination, there are two types of letters in the Urdu script. The first is sometimes called “friendly” because letters of this type connect to the letter that follows them. The second is called “unfriendly” because the letters in this group never connect to the letter that follows them.

Urdu learners are often surprised to learn that the Perso-Arabic alphabet shares a common ancestor with the Latin alphabet used to write English. This explains, in fact, why the names of the first letters in the Urdu alphabet, alif and be , so closely resemble the names of the English word “alphabet.” It’s not a coincidence. The English word comes from Greek, and the names of the first letters in the Greek alphabet, alpha and beta , are distant cousins of the names for the first two letters in the Urdu alphabet: ا ( alif ) and ب ( be ).

The Urdu alphabet can be divided into rows comprising what we will call “families” of letters. The letters in each family share a basic shape. Members of the same family are distinguished from each other by the dots, lines, or other markings that appear above or below the shape. The following chart surveys all the letters.

ب  پ  ت  ٹ  ث

ج  چ  ح  خ

د  ڈ  ذ

ر  ڑ  ز  ژ

The letters in the Urdu alphabet can be divided into two types. The first are those whose pronunciation is invariable. The second is those whose pronunciation is variable. Let’s learn the invariable letters first.

• svād family
• ġhain , fe and qāf
• kāf and م [m]

Our first family of invariable letters is the be series.

ب         پ        ت        ٹ        ث

b          p          t           ṭ           s

The letter ب is pronounced just like an English b.

The letter پ [p] is an unaspirated letter, meaning that no air exits the mouth when it is articulated. This is very different from English, in which initial-position p s are always aspirated. Try it. Hold your hand in front of your mouth and say “pencil.” You will feel a puff of air. Now say “sip.” Notice that the p at the end of “sip” does not generate a puff of air. That is because it is unaspirated. In Urdu, the letter پ on its own is always unaspirated. In fact, all letters are unaspirated unless immediately followed by the letter ھ, which we will discuss later.

The letter ت [t] is an unaspirated dental consonant. Your tongue should be pressed up against the back of your upper teeth when you pronounce it. No air should come out of your mouth when you pronounce it letter. Check yourself by holding your palm in front of your mouth.

The letter ٹ [ṭ] is an unaspirated retroflex or palatal t . It is articulated by rounding the tongue backward, placing the tip of the tongue against the roof of the mouth, and pronouncing t . This is an unaspirated sound, so make sure that no air escapes your mouth. Practice distinguishing between ت and ٹ by saying them in combination with some vowels . Retroflex sounds are some of the most beautiful in Urdu. They are also instantly recognizable as markers of Indic-English accent. Keep this in mind as we proceed.

The letter ث [s] is pronounced just like the s in English “some.” It is only found in words that are borrowed directly or indirectly from Arabic.

Our next family is the jīm series:

ج          چ         ح          خ

j           ch        h          ḳh

The letter ج [j] is pronounced just like the English j in “juice.”

The letter چ [ch] is an unaspirated ch as in the ch in “sandwich.” Be sure that no air escapes your mouth when you pronounce it.

The letter ح [h] is pronounced just like a breathy English h as in “horse.” It is only found in words borrowed directly or indirectly from Arabic.

The letter خ [ḳh] is a scratchy sound made in the throat. Linguists and philologists often identify it as a Perso-Arabic sound (as opposed to an Indic one). However, there are many Indic words in Urdu that are spelled and pronounced with it. For example, چٹخارا [ chaṭḳhārā ] (the taste in one’s mouth), پٹاخا [paṭāḳhā] (firecracker), and so on.

The dāl series:

د           ڈ          ذ

d          ḍ          z

Notes. The letter د is a dental d and the voiced counterpart to ت. It is pronounced by pressing the tip of the tongue against the back of the upper teeth and vibrating the vocal cords.

The letter ڈ is the retroflex d and the voiced counterpart of ٹ. It is pronounced by bending the tongue backward and pressing it against the roof of the mouth, and vibrating the vocal cords.

The letter ذ [z] is pronounced just like the English z in “zap.” Some philologists have identified this letter exclusively with Arabic, but Persian words like پذیر [pazīr] have been spelled with it for centuries.

The re series.

ر          ڑ         ز         ژ

r           ṛ           z          zh

The letter ر [r] is a flapped r. The tip of the tongue flaps upward to make quick contact with the ridge behind the upper front teeth.

The letter ڑ [ṛ] is a retroflex flap. Rather than flapping upward, the tongue starts in a retroflex position (similar to the position for ٹ) and flaps forward and downward. Along the way, the underside of the tip of the tongue makes contact with the ridge behind the front upper front teeth before the tongue comes to rest in a horizontal, flat position in the mouth.

The letter ز [z] is pronounced just like a z in English “zap.” This is considered a generic z in Urdu, which means that, in addition to being found in the Arabic and Persian words that use it, it is also how z sounds in English borrowings are spelled.

The letter ژ [zh] is a Persian letter, somewhat rare in Urdu, and is pronounced like the s in “television.”

The sīn family.

س         ش

s          sh

The letter س [s] is pronounced like an English s in “some.” This is considered the generic s in Urdu. It is therefore used to spell words borrowed from English, Sanskrit, and so on, in addition to the Arabic and Persian words that are spelled with it.

The letter ش [sh] is pronounced just like sh in the English “shop.”

The svād family.

ص        ض

s          z

The letter ص [s] is pronounced just like the English s in “some.” It is only found in words that are borrowed directly or indirectly from Arabic.

The letter ض [z] is pronounced just like the English z in “zap.” It is only found in words that are borrowed directly or indirectly from Arabic.

ط          ظ

t           z

The letter ط [t] is an unaspirated dental t and is identical in pronunciation to ت. With rare exception, it is only found in words that are borrowed directly or indirectly from Arabic.

The letter ظ [z] is pronounced just like the English z in “zap.” It is only found in words that are borrowed directly or indirectly from Arabic.

The letter ġhain .

The letter غ [ġh] is the voiced counterpart to the letter ḳh . Make the scratchy sound with your throat, but vibrate your vocal cords while you do it, and you have ġh . Linguists and philologists have conventionally held that this is a Perso-Arabic sound not found in Indic words. However, there are many Indic words in Urdu that are spelled with it and pronounced accordingly—for example, غنڈہ [ ġhunḍā ] (gangster).

Fe and qāf.

ف         ق

f           q

The letter ف [f] is pronounced just like the English f in “finance.”

The letter ق [q] in Modern Standard Urdu is pronounced similarly to the k in the English “park,” but rather than sliding the tongue upward into the back of the throat, one slides it straight back and slightly downward to block the air at the base of the throat instead. The result might be described as a fuller, thicker sound resembling a pop. Note, however, that many Urdu speakers in the northern part of South Asia pronounce this letter as an unaspirated k and thus do not distinguish it in speech from ک [k] (see below). In the southern part of India, in and around Hyderabad, however, the letter is often pronounced identically with خ [ḳh] (see above). Hence, قیمہ [qīmā] in Hyderabad is often called ḳhīmā .

The kāf family .

ک         گ

k          g

The letter ک [k] is an unaspirated consonant pronounced just like the English k in “park.” Be sure not to allow any air to escape when you pronounce it.

The letter گ [g] is the voiced counterpart of ک [k] and is pronounced just like the English g in “go.”

The Letter ل [l]. This is pronounced just like the l in “letter.” Note that, in American and British English, the pronunciation of l changes depending on its placement in a word. At the end of words—for example, in “pull”—the so-called “dark l” is pronounced using the back of the tongue. In Urdu, the pronunciation of l does not change. Whether at the beginning or end of a word, the Urdu ل [l] is always pronounced as is the l in “letter.”

The letter م [m].

The letter م [m] is pronounced just like the English m , as in “me.”

n The letter ن [n] is pronounced just like the English n in “no.”

Urdu represents short vowel sounds using three diacritical markings. A short superscript diagonal marker called zabar (above) represents the short vowel a (pronounced like the u in the English “but”). It appears above ت in the following:

تَب (then) [tab]

The short vowel i (just like the i in the English “bit”) appears as a short subscript diagonal mark called zer (beneath). You can find it beneath ب in the following word:

ثابِت (proven, established) [sābit]

The short vowel u (as in “put”) appears as a small superscript loop called pesh (front). You can find it above ب in the following word:

بُت (idol; beloved) [but]

Urdu represents the lack of a vowel with either a small superscript circle (called sukūn) or half circle (called jazm ). You can find it in its half-circle form ( jazm ) above ح in the following word.

 بَحْث (discussion, argument) [ bahs ]

One of the most challenging aspects of the Urdu script is that these short vowels are almost never written. Hence in the word مطلب [ matlab ] (aim; meaning), the two short a s are nearly always omitted in writing. Prior knowledge and some knowledge of word-building patterns in Urdu are the easiest ways to resolve ambiguity.

The pronunciation of the short vowels is generally regular. However, their pronunciation does vary according to regular rules when they precede and succeed certain letters. When a short vowel precedes a breathy ہ or ح [h] that is not succeeded by a vowel, the pronunciation of the short vowel changes according to a regular pattern. In these cases, َ [a] and ِ [i] are both pronounced similar to the ay in “say” (and without the bending at the end of the English vowel), which we will represent as e . The short vowel ُ [u] is pronounced like the o in “open.” Here follow examples:

مَحْفِل     (gathering) [ mehfil ]

کَہنا       (to say) [ kehnā ]

اِحتِرام    (honor) [ ehtirām ]

تُحفہ      (present) [tohfā]

The pronunciation of the short vowels similarly changes when in proximity to ع. For details, see the discussion of ع below. Further, in certain cases, the short vowel markers are not pronounced as short vowels at all, but instead determine the quality of certain mutable long vowels. For details, see the discussions of و and ی below.

The diacritical marker ء ( hamzah ) is used to mark the separation of two vowels of any length. When it precedes the vowel ی [ī], it is written on its own “seat” identical in shape to the ب series.

نائی (barber) [ nāī ]

Note that in the preceding example, the hamzah is required by spelling convention. It would be incorrect to write the word without it (the erroneous نای). The rule is simple. Any time two vowels appear in succession, a hamzah must appear between them.

Hamzah likewise marks the separation of a short vowel and a long one. The following example combines the short vowel syllable کَ [ka] with the long vowel ی [ī]:

کئی (several) [ kaī ]

Hamzah may also carry a short vowel in the middle of a word. In the following example, it carries the short vowel i , since, without the hamzah , there would not be a way to represent the presence of both vowels. Note that the symbol ʾ in the transliteration is simply used to distinguish the two successive short vowels aʾi from the single long vowel ai .

مطمئن (satisfied) [ mutmaʾin ]

When hamzah separates a vowel preceding و [au, ū, o], it is written above و without a separate seat. In the following example, hamzah is essential because it distinguishes the two-vowel combination āo from the vowel-consonant pair āv [آو].

آؤ (come!) [ āo ]

Tashdīd . The superscript diacritic ّ , called tashdīd (“intensification”), generates a doubled letter. For example, if we were to place tashdīd above the letter ن [n] in غنّہ [ġhunnā] (nasal) the effect is similar to the pronunciation of the two n s in “unnatural.” We don’t pronounce the two English letters separately, but as a single, “intensified” sound. Likewise, we “intensify” the single n and pronounce it as two. Here is another example using an s sound.

حصّہ     (part, share) [hissā]

Tanvīn . This letter literally means, “ nūn ization,” which is to say that it generates the pronunciation of the Urdu letter nūn [n]. It is written as an alif with two short superscript diagonal diacritical marks identical to zabar (see above), and is pronounced an (like the on in “won”) and is used mainly to create adverbs. Hence, it is best translated or understood as analogous to the English suffix -ly.

قانون     (law) [qānūn]              قانوناً     (legally) [qānūnan]

یقین       (certainty) [yaqīn]       یقیناً       (certainly) [yaqīnan]

The letter ں (called نون غنہ [ nūn ġhunnā ] represents nasalization—that is, when a vowel is pronounced by pressing air through the nose rather than through the mouth. By definition, ں cannot appear at the beginning of a word, since it requires a preceding vowel to nasalize. It is an extraordinarily important letter because it often marks the difference between singularity and plurality. We will represent it with the sign ñ .

When ں appears at the end of a word, it is written in its full form. In the following example, the long vowel e is nasalized.

کریں [kareñ]

When attached to the succeeding letter, ں is orthographically identical to ن [n].

کرینگے [kareñge]

When ں appears in the middle of a word, its pronunciation is variable. In such cases it follows a pattern very similar to English. Just as n in English changes depending on what follows it in words like “sand” and “song,” and may even appear as m before letters like b and p as in “compare,” so too ں changes according to the letter that succeeds it. Here are some examples.

انڈا        (egg) [añḍā]

جنگ     (war) [jañg]

اچنبھا     (wonder, amazement) [achañbhā=achambhā]

In some cases, when ں appears in the middle of a word, it may be written separately from the succeeding letter even though it is pronounced as if it were connected to it.

کروں گا             (I will do/make) [karūñgā]

The letter ھ, called do-chashmī he (two-eyed ہ), is only used in Modern Standard Urdu to aspirate consonants. That is why, like ں, it is unpronounceable without a preceding letter. When ھ follows a letter, the combination of the two is articulated as a single, aspirated sound. Consider the following pair. Note that both the single letter and the two-letter compound are pronounced as a single sound.

ب [b]               بھ[bh]

In Urdu and other Indic languages, aspiration has semantic consequences. The following pair shows that the difference of a single aspirated letter can change the meaning of a word entirely.

تالی       [tālī]    (clapping)                    تھالی     [thālī]  (plate)

Do chashmī he (ھ) and gol or chhoṭī he (ہ) are, historically, two styles of writing the same letter. Indeed, up until the early twentieth century, they were used interchangeably. However, in Modern Standard Urdu, they are clearly and universally distinguished from one another. Do not confuse them. Note the difference between the following pairs in pronunciation and meaning.

ندی بھی [nadī bhī]        (the river, too)             ندی بہی [nadī bahī]       (the river flowed)

As the preceding example shows, the distinction between aspirated and unaspirated letters has semantic implications in Indic languages. The same is not true in Arabic, English, or Persian, for example, even though these languages have aspirated letters. The following chart surveys the letters in Urdu that can be combined with ھ to produce aspirated consonants by listing them in combination.

بھ[bh]               پھ [ph]             تھ[th]                ٹھ[ṭh]

جھ[jh]               چھ[chh]

دھ[dh]             ڈھ[ḍh]

کھ[kh]             گھ [gh]

Note that in some cases, the letter ں or ن, too, may be followed by ھ and thus pronounced as an aspirated letter. For example, in the word منھ [muñh] (face).

The aspiration in all these compounds is much stronger than the aspiration of consonants in English. Hold your palm in front of your mouth while you say the English word “pull.” Speakers of Standard American and British English will feel a puff of air against their palms. Now, keeping your hand in front of your mouth, pronounce the Urdu word پھل [phal] (fruit). The aspiration of the Urdu should be noticeably stronger than the English—that is, the air should be more forceful and there should be more of it. Finally, keeping your hand where it is, pronounce پل [pal] (moment). You should feel no air (or hardly any air) on your palm. Practice going back and forth among these words to appreciate the distinctions between aspirated and unaspirated consonants.

Unlike the invariable letters surveyed above, the pronunciation of the following letters depends on their position in a word or the quality of the vowels around them.

Alif. When in the initial position, this letter may carry any one of the short vowel markers and is pronounced accordingly. For example:

اَب        (now) [ab]

اِدھر      (over here) [idhar]

اُدھر      (over there) [udhar]   

When alif appears in the middle or at the end of a word, it is pronounced as a long ā (as in “father”).

باب       (gate; chapter) [bāb]

با          (with) [bā]

To produce the same long ā (as in “father”) at the beginning of a word, a curved diacritical mark is placed on top of alif . The resulting letter, آ, is called alif madd .

آب        (water) [āb]

Alif madd only very rarely appears in the middle of words. In those cases, it is pronounced by most speakers as a long ā, but technically indicates the presence of a short vowel preceding the long ā:

مآب       (center, repository) [maʾāb]

A final variation of the letter alif involves suspending a superscript ا over either ی or ے—for example, یٰ or ےٰ. This letter is called الف مقصورہ [alif maqsūrā] or “dagger alif,” and is only found in Arabic words. Up until the mid-twentieth century, ےٰ was the preferred shape, but in recent decades the more Arabicized یٰ has become increasingly preferred.

مصطفےٰ             (lit. the chosen one; Mustafa) [mustafā]

ادنیٰ                  (lower; lowest) [adnā]

The Letter و (vāv). When this letter is followed by a vowel, it is pronounced like an English w.

واپس     (back, return) [vāpas]

بلاوا      (invitation) [bulāvā]

In medial or final position, و may have one of four pronunciations. What determines its pronunciation is the short vowel (or lack thereof) that precedes it. If it is preceded by (zabar), it is pronounced au as in “aural.” If it is preceded by no vowel, it is pronounced o as in “open.” If it is preceded by [u] it is pronounced as a long ū as in the “oo” in “loose.”

شَوق      (desire, passion, interest) [shauq]

ٹْوپی      (hat) [ṭopī]

جُوتا      (shoe) [jūtā]

If و appears at the end of a word following a long vowel, and there is no hamzah above it, then it is pronounced و. Compare the following.

کاوکاو    (digging, searching) [kāv kāv]

کھاؤ      (eat!) [khāo]

For و to represent a vowel sound at the beginning of words, an alif must be placed before it. The alif then carries the short vowel that determines the quality of the و. Consider the following:

 اَور      (and) [aur]

اْوٹ       (cover, screen) [oṭ]

اُوپر      (above, on) [ūpar]

The Letters ی ( chhoṭī ye ) and ے ( baṛī ye )

These letters are, as their names suggest, two forms of the same letter, ye . Historically, both forms of ye were used interchangeably to represent the same set of sounds. Since the standardization of Urdu in the early 20 th century, the two letters have come to represent distinct vowel sounds in their independent and final forms. In initial and medial position, however, they have the same shape.

When ye appears in initial or medial position, it has the shape of the ب series letters and is distinguished by two subscript dots. For example, the middle letter in بیت [ bait or bīt ].

When ye is succeeded by a vowel of any length, it is pronounced y as in “yes.”

یا          (or) [yā]

When ye appears in the medial position and is not succeeded by a vowel, it has three possible pronunciations. If preceded by َ[a], it is pronounced similarly to the a in “apple.” We will represent this with the combination ai . When preceded by no vowel, it is pronounced like the ay in “way.” We will represent this as e . And when it is preceded by ِ[i], it is pronounced just like the ea in “easy.” We will represent this as ī . Consider the following.

بَیت       (house; couplet) [bait]

سْیب      (apple) [seb]

بِیچ        (middle) [bīch]

In their final forms, ye takes two different shapes. The letter ی at the end of a word is always pronounced ī. The letter ے in the final position may either be pronounced ai or e depending on the presence of the short vowel َor the lack of a short vowel on the preceding letter.

ٹوپی      (hat) [ṭopī]

آگے      (before, in front) [āge]

لَے        (tune, melody) [lai]

For ye to be pronounced as a vowel at the beginning of a word, we must place an alif before it, just as we did before و. The short vowel (or lack thereof) on alif determines the quality of the long vowel.

اَیسا       (like this) [aisā]

اْیک      (one) [ek]

اِینٹ      (brick) [īñṭ]

The Letter ہ ( gol he or chhoṭī he ). In most positions and cases, this letter is pronounced just like the breathy h in “home.”

ہونا       (to be) [honā]

جہان      (world) [jahān]

گروہ      (group) [guroh]

However, when the letter appears at the end of a word and is preceded by the short vowel َ[a], its pronunciation changes to ā as in “father.”

طبلَہ      (tabla) [tablā]

مزَہ       (taste, flavor; pleasure, delight) [mazā]

The Letter ع (ʿain). This letter is only found in words that are borrowed directly or indirectly from Arabic. Its pronunciation is perhaps the most variable and complicated of any letter in the Urdu language.

In initial position, the letter is pronounced just like ا (alif).

عَدالت    (court) [adālat]

عِزت     (respect) [izzat]

عُمدہ      (excellent) [umdā]

When ع precedes a long vowel in initial position, ع likewise follows the same rules as alif .  That is, it has no pronunciation and simply serves to “carry” the long vowel phonetically. Note that in the first case, the rule followed is similar to that of alif madd آ [ā].

عام        (general, common) [ām]

عَورت   (woman) [aurat]

عُود       (lute) [ūd]

عَینک    (glasses) [ainak]

عِید        (Eid) [īd]

Despite the complexities of its pronunciation, ع can also give us clues about the quality of the long vowel that follows it. This is because it must carry a short vowel (َ [a] ِ [i] or ٗ [u]) and, unlike ا, cannot carry jazm or sukūn (no vowel) in initial position. Hence, the combination of ain and ye can never yield the sound e , and likewise the combination of ع and و cannot yield o .

In medial position, the pronunciation of ع depends largely on the vowels that precede and succeed it. If it appears between two vowels of any length, then it has no pronunciation. Instead, it acts like a bridge between the vowels similar to hamzah and is elided.

شعور     (consciousness) [shuūr]

شیعہ      (Shia) [shīā]

When ع is preceded by a short vowel but not succeeded by any vowel, the quality of the short vowel changes and ع is pronounced as follows. When preceded by َ [a], the a is elongated and the ع is pronounced ā (as in “father”). When preceded by ِ [i], the i is elongated to e (as in “say”).  When preceded by ُ [u], the u is elongated to o (as in “open”).

تَعلیم      (education) [tālīm]

اِعتبار    (trust, confidence) [etibār]

بُعد        (length) [bod]

Note that in all three of the above cases, ع is not followed by a vowel. The same rule, as mentioned, holds when ع appears at the end of a word.

مجمَع     (crowd) [majmā]

ذرائِع     (means, media) [zarāe]

توقُع      (expectation) [tavaqqo]

When ع is preceded by a long vowel, but not succeed by a vowel, it is not pronounced. This is most common when it appears at the end of a word.

شروع    (beginning) [shurū]

Sometimes, ع appears at the end of a word and is not preceded by a vowel. In such cases, it is typically pronounced ā.

جمْع      (addition) [jamā]

شمْع      (candle) [shamā]

When words in which ع appears at the end of a word and is not preceded by a vowel are the first part of a Persian اضافت [izāfat] construction, ع loses its vowel pronunciation (ā). Instead, the preceding consonant is doubled:

 شمعِ محفل          (the candle of the gathering) [shamm-e mehfil]

The letters in the Urdu alphabet can be divided into two categories: those that connect to the letter that follows them and those that do not. We will call connecting letters “friendly” and non-connecting letters “unfriendly.” Don’t be confused. All letters in Urdu can be run into by the preceding letter. When we talk about “unfriendly” letters, we are only referring to the letters that do not connect to the letter that follows them.

• Friendly Letters
• Unfriendly Letters

Most letters in the Urdu alphabet are friendly, that is, they connect to the letter that follows them.  Friendly letters may have different shapes in their initial, medial, final, and independent forms. Here is a chart of all the friendly letters in their independent forms.

In the initial and medial positions, most friendly letters are shortened by dropping the final 2/3 or ¾ of their independent shape. The shape of most friendly letters in final position (that is, at the end of a word) is identical to their independent forms. Compare the shortened length of ت in its initial position shape with the final-position shape of ب in the word تب [tab] (then).

ت + ب =  تب

The shape of friendly letters in their connecting form (initial and medial position) will be the same for all the letters in a given family. The only difference among them will be the number and position of the dots. The following examples illustrate the shape of each friendly family in the initial, medial, and final positions.

The be family

تب (then) [tab]

ثبت (affixing, stamping) [sabt]

The jīm family

جب (when) [jab]

بچت (savings) [bachat]

یخ (ice) [yaḳh]

Note that the letter preceding any letter in the jīm family connects at the left corner of the jīm series letter, creating a zig-zag like pattern (see یخ and بحث above).

سب (all) [sab]

چشم (eye) [chashm]

بس (enough) [bas]

Note that sīn and shīn may also have an extended, smooth shape in addition to the toothed shape above. Although rare in typewritten texts, this extended form is commonly used when two members of the family appear in succession. For example:

سستا (inexpensive) [sastā]

The svād family. These letters lose their final ں shape in the initial and medial positions.

صورت (face, form) [sūrat]

خوبصورت (beautiful) [ḳhūbsūrat]

بعض (some) [bāz]

The toe series. These letters do not change in the initial, medial, or final positions.

طلب (demand, request) [talab]

لحظہ (moment) [lehzā]

خط (letter) [ḳhatt]

The ʿain series. In the initial position, ع loses the final 2/3 of its shape. In the medial and final positions, it is written as a triangular shape above the line. Note that this is a rare case in which the final-position shape of a letter differs from its independent form.

عزت (respect) [izzat]

بغل (side, armpit) [baġhal]

جمع (gathered) [jamā]

The fe series. The shape of fe and qāf is the same in initial and medial position, but they differ in appearance in their final and independent forms ( fe is horizontal and qāf is deep and rounded).

فقط (only) [faqat]

قفل (lock) [qufl]

صف (rank, row) [saff]

تحقیق (research) [tehqīq]

The kāf family. The shape of both letters is identical in all positions. However, when kāf and gāf are followed by alif or lām , their typically long neck changes to a small circle, as in گلاب and کا.

کب (when?) [kab]

گلاب (rose) [gulāb]

کا (of) [kā]

نیک (kind, ethical) [nek]

Lām. This letter drops its ں ending in initial and medial positions.

لسی (lassi) [lassī]

حل (solution) [hall]

Mīm. The precise shape of this letter in initial position depends on the shape of the succeeding letter. In all cases, however, it appears as a black dot. In the medial position, it will always appear as a black dot beneath the line. Likewise, in the final position, the dot that begins the letter in independent form will appear beneath the line (e.g., in ہم [ham]).

محبت (love) [mahabbat/muhabbat]

ماں (mom, mum) [māñ]

لمبا (long, tall) [lambā]

جسم (body) [jism]

Nūn . In the initial and medial positions, this letter has the same shape as the be family.

نیک (kind) [nek]

صنم (idol; beloved) [sanam]

لگن (passion, love, enthusiasm) [lagan]

He . Gol or chhoṭī he in medial position takes a subscript diacritical mark resembling an inverted pesh (the name of the letter used to mark the short vowel u ). The shape of gol or chhoṭī he changes depending on the letter that follows it. If it is succeeded by an upward stroke (e.g., the letters alif , lām , or dāl ) its shape resembles the be series (e.g., ہل [hal]). Otherwise, it takes the shape of a small tooth (e.g., ہر [har]) or a downward-sloping curve (e.g., مہک [mehek]). In final position when it is run into by a preceding letter, its shape differs from its independent form. In such cases, it appears as a wavy line (as in حصہ [hissā]).

ہل (plow) [hal]

ہر (every) [har]

مہک (fragrance) [mehek]

حصہ (part, share) [hissā]

نگاہ (gaze, sight) [nigāh]

Do-chashmī he can never appear at the beginning of a word since it only serves to aspirate the preceding letter. In medial and final position, its shape is identical to its independent form.

بھی (also) [bhī]

سمجھ (understanding) [samajh]

Ye . In initial and medial position, ye takes the form of the be series and has two subscript dots.

یہ (this) [ye]

عینک (glasses) [ain]

In final positions, Modern Standard Urdu distinguishes between chhoṭī and baṛī   ye .

بچے (children) [bachche]

طَے  (fixed, decided; covered) [tai]

Hamzah . This letter is never written in initial position, though technically any time a vowel appears at the beginning of a word, there is an implicit hamzah , since the glottal stop represented by hamzah is required to pronounce the vowel. Hence, in اب there is an implied hamzah above ا. In medial position, hamzah is typically written on top of a seat identical in shape to the be series. In this form, it may either serve simply to mark the separation of two vowels, as in the following:

نائی (barber) [nāī]

جبرئیل (Gabriel) [jibraīl]

When hamzah marks the separation of a vowel from baṛī ye or vāv , it is simply written on top of the latter without its own seat.

ناؤ (boat) [nāo]

چائے (chai) [chāe]

Hamzah may also carry a short vowel when the vowel is second in a series of vowels.

مطمئن (satisfied) [mutmaʾin]

جائز (permissible) [jāiz]

Four letter families are called “unfriendly” because they do not connect to the letters that follow them. Fortunately, it is easy to remember which letter families they are, since all four appear in the word اردو (Urdu). But don’t be confused. All letters in the Urdu script can be run into by the preceding letter. What we mean when we say that that these four letter families are “unfriendly” is that they do not connect to the letter that follows them.

Alif . The shape of alif in the initial, medial, and final positions is the same. Note the space that appears after alif . This is because it is an unfriendly letter.

اب (now) [ab]

آب (water) [āb]

باب (portal, gate; chapter) [bāb]

با (with) [bā]

The dāl family. Note that when run into by a preceding letter, the shape of the dāl family changes by reclining slightly. Hence, the independent form د takes a slightly more relcined shape in جذبہ [jazbā] and تشدید [tashdīd]).

ڈھنگ (style) [ḍhañg]

جذبہ (emotion) [jazbā]

مقصد (aim, purpose) [maqsad]

The re family. The shape of re in its independent and initial form is similar to that of dāl in its medial and final form. The difference is that when re is in the medial or final position, it always slopes downward, whereas dāl requires an upward stroke.

رب (lord) [rab]

تڑپ (writhing) [taṛap]

عزیز (dear) [azīz]

Vāv. The shape of this letter does not change, but, as noted above, its pronunciation changes depending on its position in a word. When succeeded by a vowel, it is pronounced like an English w. When preceded by a short vowel and not succeeded by a vowel, it is pronounced one of three ways ( au , o , or ū ).

وبا (epidemic) [vabā]

اوپر (above) [ūpar]

سو (one hundred) [sau]

“Urdu Script & Pronunciation” created by Gregory M. Bruce.

All resources on this site are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License .

Funded by a grant (P017A200040) from the U.S. Department of Education’s  International and Research Studies  program, with additional support from the  South Asia Institute , University of Texas at Austin.

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Learn How to Talk on the Phone in Urdu - Dialogue

Learn conversational phrases to use when talking on the phone

Learn How to Talk on the Phone in Urdu - Vocabulary

Learn how to talk on the phone in urdu - practice, learn how to talk on the phone in urdu - review, learn how to talk on the phone in urdu - cheatsheet.

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Learn How to Talk with Friends in Urdu - Dialogue

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Learn How to Talk with Friends in Urdu - Vocabulary

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Conversation About How to Write in a Journal in Urdu - Dialogue

Learn how to write in a journal

Conversation About How to Write in a Journal in Urdu - Vocabulary

Conversation about how to write in a journal in urdu - practice, conversation about how to write in a journal in urdu - review, conversation about how to write in a journal in urdu - cheatsheet.

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Conversation About How to Give a Speech in Urdu - Dialogue

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Conversation About How to Give a Speech in Urdu - Vocabulary

Conversation about how to give a speech in urdu - practice, conversation about how to give a speech in urdu - review, conversation about how to give a speech in urdu - cheatsheet.

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AN ACOUSTIC STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF URDU ON THE INTONATION PATTERNS OF ENGLISH IN PAKISTAN

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An intonational inventory of Urdu for spontaneous conversational speech is determined based on the analysis of a hand-labelled data set of telephone conversations. An inventory of Urdu pitch accents and the basic Urdu intonation patterns observed in the data are summarised and presented using a simplified version of the Rhythm and Pitch (RaP) labelling system. The relation between pitch accents and parts of speech (PoS) is also explored. The data confirm the important role played by low pitch accents in Urdu spontaneous speech, in line with previous studies on Urdu/Hindi scripted speech. Typical pitch contours such as falling tone in statements and WH-questions, and rising tone for yes/no questions are also exhibited. Pitch accent distribution is quite free in Urdu, but the data indicate a stronger association of pitch accent with some PoS categories of content word (e.g. Nouns) when compared with function words and semantically lighter PoS categories (such as Light Verbs). Contrast...

The paper is about the acoustic effect of Urdu phonological rules on Pakistani Urdu speakers' English speech. The objective of the study is to discuss the phenomenon of multiple pronunciations of an English word that has the same spellings, meaning, and part of speech but different pronunciations in the English speech of Urdu speakers. Sometimes these alternative pronunciations are considered mispronunciation rather than multiple pronunciations. The primary purpose of this study is to make a boundary-line between mispronunciations and multiple pronunciations of English vocabulary. Thus, an acoustic analysis of Urdu speakers' English speech has been done by collecting speech data of 30 Urdu speakers from the Public sector universities of Pakistan. Consequently, this paper caters to language-dependent variations of Urdu. This paper only deals with three phonological rules, i.e., segment alternation, ellipsis, epenthesis, which become the cause for re-syllabification of English words. These three foci of research have been selected because the data analysis has confirmed that the 'multiple pronunciation' is mainly occurred due to these three elements. These three categories cover several sub-categories that cover many instances in the data analysis. The data also confirms that phonological variations occur due to stress shifting in Urdu speakers' English speech in Pakistan.

The present study examines the perceptual judgments of English lexical items and English lexical stress by Urdu ESL (Note 1) (English as Second Language) learners. The analysis discusses the different sound systems of both languages and their syllabification system coupled with the stress patterns. The stimuli of 50 high frequency English words were designed as data collection tool for counting the number of syllables and for marking lexical stress as follows: 9 monosyllabic, 11 disyllabic, 10 tri-syllabic, 10 four-syllabic and 10 five-syllabic words. All participating subjects were 40 under graduate students from the department of computer sciences, Sindh Madressatul Islam University (SMIU) Karachi. The findings of the study show English lexical items were syllabified with different numbers and primary stressed syllables were also marked with different places of the lexical items, however, data also show the correct syllabification and the right placement of lexical stress which is a strong evidence manifesting as Urdu-accented English perceived and produced by Urdu ESL learners.

English has got the status of lingua franca when it comes to fulfil the communication needs of the nations around the world. The widespread of English has caused the creation of new languages and dialects (New Englishes). This paper is an attempt to further strengthen the idea that Pakistani English (PE) is a different variety of English on the basis of differences in pronunciation making an acoustic analysis of the four front vowels i.e. /i:/, /I/, /e/ and /æ/. The subjects were selected from among the graduate students of University of Sargodha, who were fluent in speaking English with Punjabi as their L1. 30 male and 30 female speakers were recorded, using minimal pairs. Formant values of the vowels (F1 and F2) were measured using Praat. These formant values were compared with the formant values of the vowels of Received Pronunciation (RP) and American English (AmE). On the basis of differences in formant values of vowels, the conclusions were drawn that PE is a different variety, ascertaining the previous studies on PE. Key words: Formants, acoustic analysis, praat, Asian Englishes, Pakistani English

This paper presents acoustic analysis of six English vowels /a: /, /ɔ: /, /i: /, /ʊ/, /ɒ/, /u: / in three minimal pair of English words produced by second language learners in Pakistan. The paper aims to analyze acoustic realizations of Pakistani English vowels and compare them with Singaporean English vowels to investigate as to how much acoustic difference is in terms of F1 and F2 measurements between Pakistani English and Singaporean English. This study used the parameters of vowel quality (F1 and F2) Fundamental frequency 1 and 2 of English vowels. In addition, the analysis compares English vowels between the groups and within the groups. The data were collected through recordings of voice samples from nine subjects (5 male and 4 female) students. The study hypothesized that there are two varieties and will be different from each other, in terms of the production of Pakistani English vowels and Singaporean. The paper also looked at the male and female speakers' acoustic variations within the group recruited in Pakistan. The speakers were the undergraduate students from the department of Computer Science, Sindh Madressatul Islam University, Karachi. Speech differences between female and male voices are associated with multidisciplinary variations. Not only do these refer to acoustic (fundamental frequency) and perceptual judgments but also to the size of the vocal track in individual capacity coupled with educational background of the speakers. The study focused on the height and quality of the vowels to determine the acoustic differences between male and female students and Pakistani vs. Singaporean English.

International Journal of English Linguistics, 2020

The article deals with the experimental-phonetic analyses of the discourse intonation in the English and Azerbaijan languages. Having researched the article, it becomes clear that discourse intonation (DI) is an approach to the teaching and analysis of everyday speech. The characteristics of intonation components in the formation of discourse have been touched upon in the article. The intonation is mentioned to be one of the main means in the formation of the discourse. It is a known fact that speech styles can be characterized by their lexical, syntactic and phonetic features. The attention is drawn to the distinguishing points of the speech of the people having various professions such as the speech styles of a teacher and a driver should be different not only from the lexical point of view but also from the phonetic point of view. During the conversation, one can come across some nuances of the speaker’s intellectual level, life experience and social status. It is also important ...

is an institutionalised non-native variation of the English language that developed from contacts between English and Pakistani indigenous languages. Although, it is still closely related to the standard variety of British English, it deviates from it in multiple ways as it has developed distinct Pakistani features at all linguistic levels. However, it is best recognized by its phonetics and phonological characteristics, despite the fact that phonological variations are widespread. This study described the phonetics and phonological features of Pakistani English in relation to the standard variety of British English. The analysis is based on the researchers' observation and intuitive understanding in the context of the findings of existing studies on Pakistani English, with data taken from published Pakistani Anglophone literature. The findings suggest that the Pakistani English's phonetics and phonological features deviate significantly from those of Received Pronunciation, which is mostly the result of first language interference. However, the researchers recommend a more detailed examination of each and every feature of Pakistani English, such as consonants, vowels, and rhythmic patterns.

Review of Education, Administration and Law, 2021

The present research investigates the acoustic features of back vowels of Pakistani English (PakE). The vowels are acoustically analysed to see whether PakE is different from Standard British English (SBE), and whether PakE merges the back vowels like some Asian varieties of English. The study also investigates the total number of back vowels of PakE. The subjects (20 male and 20 female) are selected from among the undergraduate students enrolled in BS English (University of Sargodha) with Punjabi as their mother tongue. Monosyllabic words with /hVd/ context, containing the selected vowels are recorded using a carrierphrase. For acoustic measurement of the formants (F1-F2) and durational properties, PRAAT has been used. The formant values (F1-F2) are compared with those of SBE to find out similarities and differences. For statistical analysis, ANOVA along with Tukey's HSD test is performed to see whether the results are significant. The results show that PakE has four back vowels, i.e. two long and two short. It does merge /ɒ/ and /ɔ:/ like other varieties of Asian Englishes, but it does not merge the high back vowels, i.e. /u/ and/u:/. So, it can be concluded that PakE is a different variety of English on the basis of the idiosyncratic features of back vowels.

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زیادہ تلاش کیے گئے الفاظ

محفوظ شدہ الفاظ

چَمَنِسْتان

ایسا باغ جہاں پھول کثرت سے ہوں، ایسی جگہ جہاں دور تک پھول ہی پھول اور سبزہ سبزہ نظر آئے، گلزار، گلستان، باغ، پھولوں کا قطعہ، سبز کھیت

بیوی، زوجہ، اہلیہ، گھر والی

گمراہ، سرکش، شیطان (جو خدا سے منحرف ہو اور گمراہ کرے)

جو دل کو اچھا معلوم ہو، جو دل کو بھلا لگے، دلچسپ، دل پسند، پسندیدہ، مرغوب خاطر

موسیقی میں ایک قسم کا چلتا نغمہ، ایک قسم کا گان، ایک تال

اجرت پر محنت و مشقت کا کام کرنے والا، تجارت اور صنعت کے شعبوں میں جسمانی محنت کا کام کرنے والا، دوسروں کے کھیتوں میں اجرت پر کام کرنے والا، محنت فروش

خَیر اَنْدیش

وہ شخص جو کسی کی بھلائی چاہے، بہی خواہ، خیر خواہ، خیر سگال

دُودھ شَرِیک بَہَن

وہ بہنیں جو ایک ہی ماں کا دودھ پیے ہوں، ایسی بہنیں جو ایک ہی ماں سے اگرچہ نہ ہوں لیکن انھوں نے ایک ہی عورت کا دودھ پیا ہو تو وہ دودھ شریک بہن کہلاتی ہے، رضاعی بہن، کوکی

غم اور موت سے متعلق، ماتمی

کسی چیز کے تین حصّوں میں سے ایک حصّہ، تیسرا حصّہ، ثُلث

لعن، پھٹکار، نفریں

قَہْر ڈھانا

کسی پر کوئی آفت لانا، ظلم کرنا، قہر توڑنا

چَلے نَہ جائے آنگَن ٹیڑھا

کام کا سلیقہ نہ ہونے کے سبب دوسرے کو الزام دینا

آگے ناتھ نَہ پِیچھے پَگا

جس کے آگے پیچھے کوئی نہ ہو، جس کا اپنا کوئی نہ ہو، لا ولد، لاوارث، اکیلا دم

جادوگر، ٹونے ٹوٹکے کرنے والا

شادی کا پیغام، شادی طے کرنا، رشتہ کرنا

نَظَر بَھر دیکھنا

بھرپور نظر سے دیکھنا، غور سے دیکھنا

ایک مالک کے دو یا زیادہ غلاموں یا نوکروں میں سے ہر ایک (ایک دوسرے کے لیے)

کرم، مہربانی، عنایت، رحم

panaah-gaah • पनाह-गाह

اصل - فارسی

حفاظت کی جگہ، جائے پناہ، جائے پناہ، بچاؤ کی جگہ، مامن، ملجا

آج کی کہاوت, پَہْلی بِسْمِ اللہ غَلَط.

ابتدا ہی سے کسی کام کے بگڑنے کی نسبت بولتے ہیں، کام شروع ہوتے ہی خراب ہوگیا

Today's Vocabulary

Learn 10 Urdu words daily on Mobile App

KHaandaanii

renowned family, familial, ancestral, hereditary

[ Meri nazar mein ek ladka hai jo ki khandani hai wo is saal UPSC ke imtihan mein baith raha hai ]

masterpiece

[ Tulsii Das ka Raam Charit Maans aalami shohrat-yafta shah-para hai ]

explanation, elucidation, clarity (of speech)

[ wazir ki saraahat ke bad leader khamosh ho gaye ]

proposal of marriage, message, mission, advice, news

[ Naushad ke liye har jagah se shadi ke paigham aate hain magar us ne abhi tak haan nahin kiya hai ]

common people, public, masses

[ lockdown ke waqt men Hindustani Hukoomat ne gharib awam ka khas khayal rakha ]

lapse (of a period), expiration (of a term)

[ Inqiza davaon ka istemal nahin karna chahiye ]

application, beg, request

[ Chaprasi ne chhutti ke liye ahalkaar se darkhwast ki ]

inhabitant, resident, dweller, citizen

[ Jangal ke katne se jangli bashindon ki taadaad kam hoti ja rahi hai ]

impudent, saucy, uncivil, rude

[ Shakir ek gustakh ladkaa hai ]

recalling or removal from office, recall, dismissal

[ BarKhaast mulaazimo.n ko bahaal kar diyaa gayaa hai ]

"10 words down, endless possibilities ahead 🚀📖", tune in tomorrow for the next 'word of the day' and elevate your language game.

"Unlock a world of Urdu words at your fingertips!"

ٹرینڈنگ الفاظ

Fat.h • फ़त्ह.

جیت، کامیابی

قُرْعَہ اَنْدازی

Qur'a-andaazii • क़ुर'आ-अंदाज़ी.

اصل - فارسی, عربی

فیصلہ مشکل ہونے کی صورت میں کسی ایک شخص کے تعین کے لیے پرچیوں پر نام لکھ کر ڈالنے کا عمل

وَحْشِیانَہ

Vahshiyaana • वहशियाना.

وحشت والا، وحشیوں کے طرز، طریقے یا انداز کا، بربریت پر مبنی

nasl-kushii • नस्ल-कुशी

نسل ختم کرنے کا عمل، نسل کو ختم کرنا، کسی قوم یا گروہ کو مٹانے کا عمل

tanaazo' • तनाज़ो'

باہمی نزاع، جھگڑا، اختلاف، باہم جھگڑا کرنا، عداوت

tash.hiir • तशहीर

منادی کرنا، اعلان کرنا، پرچار کرنا، ڈھنڈورا، منادی

سَلامَتی کَونْسِل

Salaamatii-council • सलामती-कौंसिल.

اصل - انگریزی, عربی

اقوام متحدہ کے تحت ایک ذیلی ادارہ جو جملہ ممالک کی سلامتی اور جغرافیائی حدود میں کسی بیرونی حملے سے بچاؤ کا ذمہ دار ہے

لفظ خبروں میں

سی آئی اے چیف نے اسرائیل اور امریکہ کو ایران کی عَسْکَری صلاحیت کو سنجیدہ لینے کا مشورہ دیا.

Oct 09, 2024 | ہندوستان ایکسپریس

عَسْکَری کے اصل - عربی

عَسْکَری کے معانی

لشکری، فوجی

دولت سے آدمی کو جو عزت ملتی ہے وہ اس کی نہیں اس کی دولت کی عزت ہوتی ہے۔

AD ریختہ کی پیشکش

واحد اور جمع

جڑی بُوٹی یا دوسرے اجزا سے بنائی ہوئی چیز، دارو

عطا، بخشش، عطیہ

کپڑے کی موٹی اورمضبوط چادر یا چمڑے کا عارضی قیام کے لئے بنایا ہوا مکان، تنبو، ڈیرا، راؤٹی

ہم صوتی الفاظ

طلوع آفتاب سے کچھ پہلے کا وقت، تڑکا، بھور

بیداری، جاگتے رہنا، نیند نہ آنا

موخر زمانہ، پیچھے کا دور

اصل - فارسی, فارسی, سنسکرت

مانند، نظیر، ہمسر

مسلنا سے ماخوذ، مسلنا کا امر، تراکیب میں مستعمل، جیسے: مسل ڈالنا

تازہ ترین بلاگ

Verdure of vocabulary

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Words at the hems of history

An example of how words evolve over time is your familiar attire, 'Pishvaaz,' پشواز which is now making waves in the world of fashion. If we trace the history of this word, we get a glimpse of the changing forms of language and culture. Pishvaaz is ...continue reading

by Azra Naqvi | 19 September 2024

From Persia to the Plate: The Story of Tamarind's Name

Food stories are like the spice of life—always fascinating, whether they’re about how a dish travelled across the globe to land on a plate far from its origins or about the inventive (or accidental) chef who whipped up a mouth-watering masterpiece ...continue reading

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یاجوج ماجوج

تختِ سلیماں / اورنگ سلیماں, ریختہ ڈکشنری کا تعاون کیجیے- اردو کو فروغ دینے کے لیے عطیہ کیجیے.

ریختہ ڈکشنری اردو زبان کے تحفظ اور فروغ کے لیے ریختہ فاؤنڈیشن کا ایک اہم پہل ہے۔ ریختہ ڈکشنری کی ٹیم ڈکشنری اور اس کے استعمال کو مزید سہل اور معنی خیز بنانے کے لیے پورے انہماک کے ساتھ لگی ہوئی ہے۔ برائے مہربانی ریختہ ڈکشنری کو دنیا کی بہترین سہ لسانی لغت بنانے میں اپنے عطیات سے نواز کر ہمارا تعاون کیجیے۔ عطیہ دہندگان سیکشن 80 G کے تحت ٹیکس مراعات کے مستحق ہوں گے۔

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