bibliographical research tools

Bibliographic Management Tools: Which Tool is Best?

• Which Tool is Best?
• RefWorks Not Available

Which Tool Is Best?

Citation browser extensions in bibliographic management tools such as Zotero, EndNote, and Mendeley may cause a reloading loop that may trigger a temporary block by a content provider or publisher website. Always update to the latest extension version. If problems persist, clear the cache, try another browser, and/or disable the extension, and report the behavior to the Library Electronic Services team.

Most important things to consider

All of the bibliographic management tools suported by the Fordham libraries are similar, which make selecting one over another very difficult. That choice can seem even more daunting if you are a novice to bibliographic management tools, and if you realize that in order to get one working effectively you will need to devote a number of hours learning the tool, uploading content, and organizing it so that is meets your needs.

With that in mind, here some questions that you should ask  before you make your selection:

Who creates, maintains, and distributes the tool? What is the cost?

One of the primary differences between EndNote, Zotero, and Mendeley is the organization and people who create, maintain, and distribute the tool. Depending on how you feel about personal information, corporations, and networking, you may choose one tool over another. Storage is not unlimited for any of the tools, as your library expands you may need to eventually pay for storage either in the cloud or on your device .

• EndNote Web is free.  EndNote Desktop  is not. They are designed to work together, and are produced and maintained by Clarivate , a large, global publisher and information management corporation. EndNote is part of Clarivate's  Web of Science Group  of products. Fordham IT purchases a license to distribute EndNote Desktop to members of the Fordham community who have a valid access IT username and password. Fordham IT also embeds the EndNote software into Fordham Microsoft Office applications. If you work at a Fordham owned computer, or download Microsoft Office from Fordham IT, EndNote will be embedded. If you leave Fordham University, you will need to either upload all of your content to the free web version of EndNote, transfer your EndNote Desktop access to a license purchased by another institution, or purchase EndNote Desktop access on your own.
• Zotero  is free. See the Zotero page on this research guide for possible charges for expanded storage. It is a project of the  Corporation for Digital Scholarship , a nonprofit organization dedicated to the development of software and services for researchers and cultural heritage institutions. It is open-source, meaning that if you have an idea and skills to improve the tool, you can download the code, build something, and contribute to the Zotero project. Zotero depends on users to provide feedback, ideas, code, and documentation to support the tool. You can, however, use Zotero without contributing money, code, ideas, or feedback. Zotero is totally independent of your academic affiliation.
• Mendeley is a free reference manager and academic social network. It is owned by Elsevier , a large, global publisher and information management corporation that also owns the Scopus database, the Science Direct electronic journal platform, and many scholarly journals and book imprints. Mendeley encourages researchers to share ideas about source material and discuss developments revealed through the scholarly literature via their online platform. Researchers can create a public profile, join a scholarly social network, find and work with collaborators online, upload content to a shared repository, search for jobs within their field, and discover information about grants and funding opportunities from within Mendeley. When you create a Mendeley account your profile is publicly displayed; you can choose to add details to your profile and reveal them to select Mendeley groups.

What tool are the people you work most closely with using?

• Mendeley has features such as their data repository, networking & funding tools, and a connection to Scopus and Elsevier, that may appeal to the STEM community.
• Zotero scrapes data from websites better than the others, so researchers who work in the humanities or social sciences with large amounts of content published on websites (as opposed to in books or journals) may prefer Zotero.
• Individuals who like to work with open-source tools may prefer Zotero.
• Individuals who are resistant to large corporations may prefer Zotero.
• EndNote has been around the longest. As a result, many well established academics may already have a robust EndNote library and may not be eager to migrate to a new tool.
• Ask your colleagues, other members of your academic cohort, and professors what tool they use and prefer, and why.
• If you have a mentor or regular collaborator, you may want to consider using the same tool because it will be easier to share libraries of sources and citations if you are both working with the same tool.

How well does the tool interface with your computer operating system, your favorite browser, your mobile devices?

This is a competitive market. The tools are constantly updating and enhancing the functionality of their platform. Be an advocate for improvement of the tool you choose. Zotero encourages user input, but both Mendeley and EndNote have made significant changes to their tools in response to user demand.

• Carefully read the download requirements of the tool you choose.
• Consult online user groups to gauge how well your preferred tool works with your preferred operating system, word processor, other software, browser, and mobile device.

What kinds of source materials do you need to collect and cite most frequently in your research and other scholarly activities? How will you use your bibliographic management tool?

Once you select a tool, you will probably use it for a number of years or perhaps your entire academic career. Set aside a day, create an account in the free web version of each and test each out. If that is too daunting, interview others to see what they say.

• Test (or ask others) how the tool exports citation content from your favorite database, website, and catalog.
• Create a bibliographic record from scratch and save it. Was it easy? Was it difficult?
• Edit a citation that you imported from a database. Was it easy? Was it difficult?
• Use the Word Processing feature to create a short bibliography in your favorite citation style. Convert that into an annotated bibliography in your favorite citation style. Was it easy? Was it hard? 
• Explore the citation style options. Attempt to edit, save, and name a new style option. Did the tool provide you with the options you need to produce an article for publication?
• Input bibliographic data for multiple kinds of sources: data sets, government documents, films, art exhibits, journal articles, books, pamphlets, etc. Then use that data to create a citation for each. Was it easy? Was it hard?
• Attempt to add tags, keywords, subject headings. Was it easy? Was it hard?
• Attempt to upload a PDF or other content and attach it to a record. Was it easy? Was it hard?
• Search the collection you just created. Are you finding what you want? If not, consider if your search should be improved, or if the search algorithm in the tool is adequate.
• Attempt to group and share a selection of the sources from your library.

See the " Comparing Tools - Articles & Charts " box on this page for additional information on how to compare and choose a tool.

Are you concerned about web accessibility?

• EndNote is ADA compliant  with a  VPAT policy posted on their website .
• Most reviews of bibliographic management tools agree that Zotero has many web accessibility features. The Zotero community has a number of working groups that address issues of web accessibility.
• In the past, Mendeley has had documented web accessibility problems. Please carefully research the Mendeley documentation to confirm that it will meet your web accessibility needs if you are considering this tool.

What if you change your mind? You started with one, but now you want to use another?

No problem! It is relatively easy to migrate from one bibliographic management tool to another. Just be safe: copy and save all of your content before you start your migration.

Comparing Tools - Articles & Charts

• Journal of the Medical Library Association (JMLA) This article, published in July of 2018, titled "Choosing the Right Citation Management Tool: Endnote, Mendeley, Refworks, or Zotero" examines the question from a medical researcher's perspective.
• American University - Which Citation Program Should I Use? This research guide page from American University provides a nicely organized comparison chart that is regularly updated.
• Penn State - Citation Tools This Citation Tools research guide from Penn State provides both a comparison chart and a list of "Quick Citation Generators".
• Portland State University - Manage Citations This research guide from Portland State University provides some great comparison videos and information about web accessibility.
• Wikipedia - Comparison of reference management software This comparison includes older applications that may no longer be supported, as well as actively-maintained software.

Bibliographic Management Advisors

• Peter Patten, [email protected]
• Jane Suda, [email protected]
• David Vassar, [email protected]
• Kirsten Lee, [email protected]
• Tierney Gleason, [email protected]
• Michael Magilligan, [email protected]
• Jeannie Hoag, [email protected]

Downloading Assistance

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Or  Tech Help tab at My.Fordham.edu

Reference & Instruction Department

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• Last Updated: May 30, 2024 4:09 PM
• URL: https://fordham.libguides.com/BibliographicManagement

Educational resources and simple solutions for your research journey

A Beginner’s Guide to Citations, References and Bibliography in Research Papers

As an academician, terms such as citations, references and bibliography might be a part of almost every work-related conversation in your daily life. However, many researchers, especially during the early stages of their academic career, may find it hard to differentiate between citations, references and bibliography in research papers and often find it confusing to implement their usage. If you are amongst them, this article will provide you with some respite. Let us start by first understanding the individual terms better.

Citation in research papers:  A citation appears in the main text of the paper. It is a way of giving credit to the information that you have specifically mentioned in your research paper by leading the reader to the original source of information. You will need to use citation in research papers whenever you are using information to elaborate a particular concept in the paper, either in the introduction or discussion sections or as a way to support your research findings in the results section.

Reference in research papers:  A reference is a detailed description of the source of information that you want to give credit to via a citation. The references in research papers are usually in the form of a list at the end of the paper. The essential difference between citations and references is that citations lead a reader to the source of information, while references provide the reader with detailed information regarding that particular source.

Bibliography in research papers:

A bibliography in research paper is a list of sources that appears at the end of a research paper or an article, and contains information that may or may not be directly mentioned in the research paper. The difference between reference and bibliography in research is that an individual source in the list of references can be linked to an in-text citation, while an individual source in the bibliography may not necessarily be linked to an in-text citation.

It’s understandable how these terms may often be used interchangeably as they are serve the same purpose – namely to give intellectual and creative credit to an original idea that is elaborated in depth in a research paper. One of the easiest ways to understand when to use an in-text citation in research papers, is to check whether the information is an ongoing work of research or if it has been proven to be a ‘fact’ through reproducibility. If the information is a proven fact, you need not specifically add the original source to the list of references but can instead choose to mention it in your bibliography. For instance, if you use a statement such as “The effects of global warming and climate changes on the deterioration of environment have been described in depth”, you need not use an in-text citation, but can choose to mention key sources in the bibliography section. An example of a citation in a research paper would be if you intend to elaborate on the impact of climate change in a particular population and/or a specific geographical location. In this case, you will need to add an in-text citation and mention the correct source in the list of references.

Now that you have understood the basic similarities and differences in these terms, you should also know that every journal follows a particular style and format for these elements. So when working out how to write citations and add references in research papers, be mindful of using the preferred style of your target journal before you submit your research document.

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Best 6 Free Citation Management Software For Researchers: Mendeley, Zotero & More

In today’s academic and research landscape, citation management tools have become indispensable. Zotero, Mendeley Basic, EndNote Basic, Citation Machine, JabRef, and Citavi each offer unique features catering to various user needs, from generating bibliographies to collaborating in real-time.

While some tools like Zotero are celebrated for being open-source, others, such as Citavi, are lauded for their all-inclusive features, making the research process seamless.

This article delves deep into each tool, highlighting their distinct functionalities and comparing their strengths, assisting researchers in choosing the perfect tool for their endeavours.

Best Citation Management Tools For Researchers

Zotero stands out as a robust citation management tool, offering a diverse range of features for researchers, students, and writers.

One of Zotero’s prime selling points is that it’s a free citation management software, allowing users to manage their citations, generate references, and create bibliographies seamlessly.

Unlike Mendeley, another free citation manager, and EndNote, which has both a premium version and a simplified EndNote Basic, Zotero remains steadfastly open source.

The Zotero library serves as your personal research assistant, where you can store PDFs, web pages, and other bibliographic records seamlessly. With the Zotero Connector browser extension, the platform automatically senses research on web-based platforms, making it easy to add papers directly to your library.

Sync features let you maintain the same Zotero library across multiple computers. And if you decide to sync, the first 2GB is free.

One distinct feature is Zotero’s compatibility with various word processors. It can work seamlessly with:

• Microsoft Word
• LibreOffice
• Google Docs

Users can insert in-text citations and generate bibliographies in a whole range of journal styles, including APA, MLA, and Turabian. Directly inside Word or using Mendeley, you can “cite while you write.”

If collaboration is on your agenda, you can also share a Zotero library with as many people as you like and collaborate in real-time.

Mendeley Basic

Mendeley is a free citation management software that stands in league with tools like Zotero and EndNote Basic. Designed to streamline the citation process, Mendeley Basic enables researchers to manage their:

• Generate bibliographies, and
• Cite while they write.

With a free account, users can import citations from databases, web pages, and even directly from PDFs into their Mendeley desktop library.

Notably, Mendeley’s browser extension is a game-changer for researchers. Just as Zotero automatically senses research on web pages, Mendeley’s browser extension can add papers directly from the web to your library.

This tool even supports importing bibliographic records seamlessly from platforms like preprint from arxiv.org. Its integration with Microsoft Word and LibreOffice allows users to insert in-text citations and generate references in popular citation styles like APA, MLA, and Turabian.

A standout feature is Mendeley’s ability to annotate PDFs, making it not only a citation manager but also a personal research assistant. With 2GB of free storage, it supports file syncing across multiple computers, ensuring your references are always up-to-date.

If you decide to sync, your bibliographic data is always backed up and available. Collaboratively, Mendeley empowers users to share a library with as many people as they grant permission to, fostering a social networking aspect in the research realm.

Beyond this, for those familiar with LaTeX, Mendeley can generate BibTeX entries for papers, making it a holistic tool for comprehensive reference management.

Endnote Basic

EndNote Basic, commonly referred to as EndNote Web, is a web-based citation management tool offered for free. It’s a simplified version of the more comprehensive EndNote desktop software available for purchase.

EndNote Basic stands tall among free citation management tools like Zotero and Mendeley. Zotero is a free, open-source personal research assistant, while Mendeley is a free citation manager with social networking capabilities, EndNote Basic has its unique offerings.

One of EndNote Basic’s main draws is its integration with Microsoft Word. Users can cite while they write, meaning they can insert in-text citations and automatically generate bibliographies in styles like:

It also provides 2GB of storage, sufficient for most users to manage their citations and import bibliographic data. Unlike Zotero, which requires a browser extension (Zotero Connector) to work efficiently, EndNote Basic is web-based, making it accessible from multiple computers.

However, if you decide to sync, say, with a Zotero library, you’d have the capability to collaborate and share a Zotero library with as many people as you have permission to.

Moreover, while Mendeley and Zotero can integrate with Google Docs and LibreOffice, EndNote Basic’s unique selling proposition is its seamless file syncing and extensive library guides available through many university libraries.

Its ability to create citations, manage bibliographic records seamlessly, and even annotate PDFs gives it an edge for researchers looking for a free online reference management software solution.

Citation Machine

Citation Machine is a cutting-edge tool that offers free online citation management, simplifying the often complex process of crafting bibliographies.

Differing from popular tools like Zotero, Mendeley, and EndNote, it provides an intuitive browser interface that doesn’t require users to log in.

Unlike EndNote Basic, a web-based reference manager or the libreoffice integration seen in Zotero, Citation Machine focuses singularly on citations and bibliographies. There’s no extended library guides or management of PDFs. However, its simplicity is its strength.

Here are some of Citation Machine’s features:

• Variety in Citation Style : While some citation management tools, such as Zotero and Mendeley, support a wide array of citation styles, Citation Machine shines for its user-friendly APA generation. A boon for students, especially those diving into science and social sciences. Notably, while APA is highlighted, other styles like MLA are accessible too.
• Integration with Google Docs : After crafting your citations, the platform allows you to directly export your entire references page, making it a seamless fit with platforms like Google Docs or Microsoft Word.
• Attention to Detail : It doesn’t just generate a quick bibliography. Users must ensure the accuracy of details—verifying data against the original source. This might remind some of the Zotero library feature, but it’s less about managing a database and more about perfecting individual citations.
• Browser Extension & Syncing : Though it doesn’t boast the Zotero Connector or Mendeley’s browser extension for direct paper additions, users can easily import URLs. However, remember to periodically sync your work to a desktop or another platform like Google Docs—since it doesn’t save your work by default.
• Endnote Basic Comparison : Ad-Supported Free Use : Yes, it’s a free citation manager, but the platform sustains itself through ads. Sometimes, viewing a sponsored message is a small price for utilizing the free citation management tools.

JabRef stands out in the sea of citation management tools, functioning as a robust open-source reference management software for users to manage their citations and bibliographies.

Similar to popular tools like Zotero and Mendeley, JabRef offers a variety of features that cater to the academic and research community.

Firstly, the software integrates seamlessly with word processors such as Microsoft Word and LibreOffice, enabling users to insert in-text citations and generate bibliographies in a whole range of journal styles, including APA and MLA.

It also supports BibTeX, a format used in LaTeX, allowing for easy management of bibliographic records seamlessly.

For researchers accustomed to Zotero, the free citation manager has a feature known as the “Zotero Connector.” In contrast, JabRef doesn’t directly provide browser extension capabilities. However, it allows for importing citation information from databases and web pages with ease.

Unlike the limited 2GB storage on Zotero or the web-based interface of EndNote Web, JabRef is a desktop application, giving users direct control over their databases.

Although Mendeley is a free citation management software with social networking aspects, JabRef focuses on its core function: being an excellent citation manager and bibliography creator.

Those who collaborate on research papers will appreciate JabRef’s features that permit sharing bibliographic data and syncing across multiple computers.

While it might not automatically sense research like Zotero or offer the “cite while you write” feature seen in Mendeley and EndNote, its depth in citation tools and bibliographic management makes it a worthy choice for millions of researchers worldwide.

In the vast world of reference management software, Citav i stands out as an all-inclusive tool that seamlessly manages every step of the research process.

Much like Zotero and Mendeley, Citavi allows users to import sources directly, but its robust features don’t stop there.

Citavi’s users can effortlessly add PDF articles, books by ISBN, and even cite web pages via its browser extension.

The software’s built-in task planner and knowledge organizer are particularly handy, letting researchers like Lisa structure ideas, manage citations, and visualize connections.

A standout feature is Citavi’s integration with Microsoft Word, which facilitates the writing process by allowing users to insert in-text citations and automatically format them according to desired citation styles such as APA or MLA.

Additionally, its bibliography management ensures references appear correctly at the end of a research paper without the fuss of comma and period placement.

Furthermore, while not entirely free like Zotero’s basic plan or Mendeley’s free citation manager offerings, Citavi offers a full experience free for 30 days, making it an enticing option for many researchers.

It may not be open-source, but its unique combination of features places it among top citation management tools, offering a comprehensive solution for those seeking more than just a basic citation manager.

Wrapping Up: Cite With Ease With Citation Manager Tools

The landscape of citation management has been enriched by diverse tools such as Zotero, Mendeley Basic, EndNote Basic, Citation Machine, JabRef, and Citavi. Each brings its unique flair to the table, from open-source capabilities to all-inclusive research functionalities.

Whether you’re an academic, a writer, or a student, the choice available ensures that there’s a tool tailored for every need.

By understanding and comparing these offerings, researchers can streamline their processes, enhance collaboration, and elevate the quality of their work in the ever-evolving world of academic research.

Dr Andrew Stapleton has a Masters and PhD in Chemistry from the UK and Australia. He has many years of research experience and has worked as a Postdoctoral Fellow and Associate at a number of Universities. Although having secured funding for his own research, he left academia to help others with his YouTube channel all about the inner workings of academia and how to make it work for you.

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Your personal research assistant

Zotero is a free, easy-to-use tool to help you collect, organize, annotate, cite, and share research.

Available for Mac, Windows, Linux, and iOS

Just need to create a quick bibliography? Try ZoteroBib .

Meet Zotero.

Collect with a click..

Zotero automatically senses research as you browse the web. Need an article from JSTOR or a preprint from arXiv.org? A news story from the New York Times or a book from a library? Zotero has you covered, everywhere.

Organize your way.

Zotero helps you organize your research any way you want. You can sort items into collections and tag them with keywords. Or create saved searches that automatically fill with relevant materials as you work.

Cite in style.

Zotero instantly creates references and bibliographies for any text editor, and directly inside Word, LibreOffice, and Google Docs. With support for over 9,000 citation styles, you can format your work to match any style guide or publication.

Stay in sync.

Zotero can optionally synchronize your data across devices, keeping your files, notes, and bibliographic records seamlessly up to date. If you decide to sync, you can also always access your research from any web browser.

Collaborate freely.

Zotero lets you co-write a paper with a colleague, distribute course materials to students, or build a collaborative bibliography. You can share a Zotero library with as many people you like, at no cost.

Zotero is open source and developed by an independent, nonprofit organization that has no financial interest in your private information. With Zotero, you always stay in control of your own data.

Still not sure which program to use for your research? See why we think you should choose Zotero .

Ready to try Zotero?

What is a Bibliographic Citation? Examples & Best Practices

• Posted on May 26, 2023

Whenever you dip your toes into the research world, one term you will likely encounter is “citation.” The term is familiar as every research work needs to contain a bibliography with a list of the sources consulted during the research process. You also have to ensure that the sources you include are appropriately cited. This is where bibliographic citation comes into the picture.

But what is a bibliographic citation? And how can you ensure that you follow the best practices when citing your sources? Read on to explore the definition, examples, and best practices of bibliographic citations.

What is a Bibliographic Citation?

A bibliographic citation is a reference to a book, article, web page, or other published item that provides the necessary information for readers to locate and retrieve that source. It includes the following information:

• Author’s last name
• Date of publication
• Page numbers of your sources
• Online sources

When writing a research paper, it is important to cite sources and paraphrase to avoid plagiarism . There are different source types that require other citation formats, such as journal articles, magazine articles, online articles, electronic sources, conference proceedings, and book reviews.

You should include the author’s last name and the publication year in parentheses for in-text citations. If you cite multiple sources, list them alphabetically by the author’s last name.

For reference entries, the format will vary depending on the source type. For example, a journal article citation should include the author’s last name and initials, the publication year, the article title, the journal title, the volume number, and the page numbers. 

An online source citation should include the author’s last name and initials, the publication date, the article title, the website name, the URL or HTML, and the date you accessed the source.

During citation, it is essential to provide detailed information for each source you cite to help readers locate the source. You should also ensure your research paper is accurate and credible for easy organizing.

When writing quoted information, knowing the difference between summarizing and paraphrasing is vital. If you use direct wording without changing them, it could lead to high plagiarism scores. 

What is an Annotated Bibliography?

An annotated bibliography is a collection of specific notes on a source. The bibliographies include two parts: the citation and the annotation. The citation provides basic information about the source, such as the author’s name(s), publication date, title of work, and publisher. 

At the same time, annotations are brief summaries or evaluations describing how valuable each information source was for your research project.

For an annotated bibliography, in-text citations should be included within parentheses after any direct quote or paraphrase from another author’s work (basic format). 

You can also create a reference list with all works cited at the end of the paper. It is essential to list the citations alphabetically by last name and first initial followed by year publication information enclosed in parentheses (Publication Manual).

• Last Name, First Initial. (Year Published). Title of Book/Article/Journal/Magazine/Newspaper/etc., Publisher/City Where Published.
• Doe JF Jr., Smith AB III. (2019) Marketing strategies for small businesses: A case study approach. Wiley & Sons Inc, New York City.

Bibliographies can be an incredibly helpful tool when conducting research or writing papers. They provide detailed information about sources used in your work, which can ensure you’re citing all relevant materials correctly.

What are Endnotes?

Endnotes citation provide additional information or clarification on a specific point within the text. You can place them at the end of a page, so readers can easily locate them without disrupting the writing’s continuity. 

Unlike in-text citations, which use parentheses and can be found directly after the quoted or paraphrased material, endnotes utilize superscript numbers that correspond with their respective entries in an organized reference list at the conclusion of your thesis. 

To properly format an endnote, include essential details such as the author’s name, publication date, title, and publisher, separated by commas.

3 Examples of Bibliographic Citations

There are different formats for bibliographic citations, depending on the source type. Here are three examples of bibliographic citations:

1. Book Citation

Here is an American Psychological Association (APA) style book citation:

• Author Last Name, Author First Name. (Publication Year) Title. Publisher’s City: Publisher. Page numbers

In this citation, the author’s last name comes first, followed by their first name. The publication year is enclosed in parentheses, followed by the book’s title, the publisher’s city, the publisher, and the page numbers. 

For example, Smith, John. (2010) The Great Gatsby. New York: Scribner. 167-250.2. Journal article citation

It is essential to consider if the book has more than one writer, as this can change the formatting of the above citation. For instance, you have to write all the writers’ names in the same format, Last Name, First Name.

2. Journal Article Citation

Here is an APA-style journal article citation:

• Author Last Name, Author First Name. (Publication Date—could be more than a year) “Article Title.”Publication Title, Vol. #. (Issue #), Page numbers

When citing a journal article, you should include the author’s last name and first name, the publication date, the article title, the publication title, the volume and issue numbers, and the page numbers. You can also input a doi if the publisher provides one.

For example, Johnson, Emily. (2018) “The Effects of Social Media on Mental Health.” Psychology Today, 35(4), 12-23.

3. Website Citation

Here is an American Psychological Association (APA-style) journal article citation:

• Author. (Date of Internet Publication—could be more than a year) “Document Title.” Title of Publication. Retrieved on: Date from Full Web Address, starting with http://

A website citation should include the author’s name, date of internet publication, document title, title of publication, and the full web address. 

For example, Smith, Mark. (2020) “The Benefits of Meditation.” Healthline. Retrieved on August 15, 2021, from https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/12-benefits-of-meditation . Note that the data retrieved should correspond with the precise date you visited the website for research.

You can also use different bibliographic citations to cite the same information. Be keen on the changes, as they can be slightly confusing. 

Best Practices for Bibliographic Citations

Incorporating bibliographic citations effectively is crucial in any research paper or article. Follow these best practices to ensure accuracy and consistency:

• Choose the appropriate citation style based on your field (e.g., humanities, social sciences).
• Use quotation marks for direct quotes and italics for titles of longer works.
• Include parenthetical citations with relevant information, such as the author’s last name, publication date, and page number.
• List all sources alphabetically by the author’s last name on a separate reference page.
• Avoid unnecessary abbreviations and maintain consistent formatting throughout your work.

To better understand the citation rules, it is ideal to understand the different exemplary bibliographic citations such as American Psychological Association (APA 7th edition), Chicago, or Modern Language Association (MLA 8th edition). The styles have specific formatting requirements for different types of sources of information like articles and web pages.

For more guidance on citing different sources , refer to this comprehensive citation guide on how to use citations with various styles like APA, MLA style, and the Chicago Manual of Style:

Every research individual can ask, “What is a bibliographic citation?” Bibliographic citations are an essential part of any research paper or publication. They provide detailed information about the sources used in the work and allow readers to locate and verify the information cited. 

Annotated bibliographies and endnotes are also valuable tools for organizing and presenting sources. It is essential to follow best practices, including all necessary information, formatting correctly, and citing multiple sources properly, to ensure your work is credible and reliable. 

If you need assistance with creating accurate bibliographic citations or other aspects of your marketing materials or publications, visit our website today !

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• Introduction
• Finding sources

Evaluating sources

• Integrating sources

Citing sources

Tools and resources, a quick guide to working with sources.

Working with sources is an important skill that you’ll need throughout your academic career.

It includes knowing how to find relevant sources, assessing their authority and credibility, and understanding how to integrate sources into your work with proper referencing.

This quick guide will help you get started!

Finding relevant sources

Sources commonly used in academic writing include academic journals, scholarly books, websites, newspapers, and encyclopedias. There are three main places to look for such sources:

• Research databases: Databases can be general or subject-specific. To get started, check out this list of databases by academic discipline . Another good starting point is Google Scholar .
• Your institution’s library: Use your library’s database to narrow down your search using keywords to find relevant articles, books, and newspapers matching your topic.
• Other online resources: Consult popular online sources like websites, blogs, or Wikipedia to find background information. Be sure to carefully evaluate the credibility of those online sources.

When using academic databases or search engines, you can use Boolean operators to refine your results.

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In academic writing, your sources should be credible, up to date, and relevant to your research topic. Useful approaches to evaluating sources include the CRAAP test and lateral reading.

CRAAP is an abbreviation that reminds you of a set of questions to ask yourself when evaluating information.

• Currency: Does the source reflect recent research?
• Relevance: Is the source related to your research topic?
• Authority: Is it a respected publication? Is the author an expert in their field?
• Accuracy: Does the source support its arguments and conclusions with evidence?
• Purpose: What is the author’s intention?

Lateral reading

Lateral reading means comparing your source to other sources. This allows you to:

• Verify evidence
• Contextualize information
• Find potential weaknesses

If a source is using methods or drawing conclusions that are incompatible with other research in its field, it may not be reliable.

Integrating sources into your work

Once you have found information that you want to include in your paper, signal phrases can help you to introduce it. Here are a few examples:

Following the signal phrase, you can choose to quote, paraphrase or summarize the source.

• Quoting : This means including the exact words of another source in your paper. The quoted text must be enclosed in quotation marks or (for longer quotes) presented as a block quote . Quote a source when the meaning is difficult to convey in different words or when you want to analyze the language itself.
• Paraphrasing : This means putting another person’s ideas into your own words. It allows you to integrate sources more smoothly into your text, maintaining a consistent voice. It also shows that you have understood the meaning of the source.
• Summarizing : This means giving an overview of the essential points of a source. Summaries should be much shorter than the original text. You should describe the key points in your own words and not quote from the original text.

Whenever you quote, paraphrase, or summarize a source, you must include a citation crediting the original author.

Citing your sources is important because it:

• Allows you to avoid plagiarism
• Establishes the credentials of your sources
• Backs up your arguments with evidence
• Allows your reader to verify the legitimacy of your conclusions

The most common citation styles are APA, MLA, and Chicago style. Each citation style has specific rules for formatting citations.

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Scribbr offers tons of tools and resources to make working with sources easier and faster. Take a look at our top picks:

• Citation Generator: Automatically generate accurate references and in-text citations using Scribbr’s APA Citation Generator, MLA Citation Generator , Harvard Referencing Generator , and Chicago Citation Generator .
• Plagiarism Checker : Detect plagiarism in your paper using the most accurate Turnitin-powered plagiarism software available to students.
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• Paraphrasing tool: Avoid accidental plagiarism and make your text sound better.
• Grammar checker : Eliminate pesky spelling and grammar mistakes.
• Summarizer: Read more in less time. Distill lengthy and complex texts down to their key points.
• AI detector: Find out if your text was written with ChatGPT or any other AI writing tool. ChatGPT 2 & ChatGPT 3 supported.
• Proofreading services : Have a human editor improve your writing.
• Citation checker: Check your work for citation errors and missing citations.
• Knowledge Base : Explore hundreds of articles, bite-sized videos, time-saving templates, and handy checklists that guide you through the process of research, writing, and citation.

Generate formatted bibliographies, citations, and works cited automatically

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MyBib is a free bibliography and citation generator that makes accurate citations for you to copy straight into your academic assignments and papers.

If you're a student, academic, or teacher, and you're tired of the other bibliography and citation tools out there, then you're going to love MyBib. MyBib creates accurate citations automatically for books, journals, websites, and videos just by searching for a title or identifier (such as a URL or ISBN).

Plus, we're using the same citation formatting engine as professional-grade reference managers such as Zotero and Mendeley, so you can be sure our bibliographies are perfectly accurate in over 9,000 styles -- including APA 6 & 7, Chicago, Harvard, and MLA 7 & 8.

Quick features:

10 Best Reference and Citation Management Tools for Researchers

Boost Your Research Game with These Best Reference and Citation Management Tools for Researchers! Stay organized and supercharge your academic success today!

Additionally, keeping track of a vast array of references from various disciplines can be overwhelming and lead to disorganized research workflows. 

Moreover, the lack of a structured reference management system can result in a loss of productivity, as valuable time is wasted on manually sorting through citations and formatting them according to different citation styles. 

By utilizing the best reference and citation management tools, researchers can focus more on their research and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in their respective fields.

Table of Contents

Top 10 Reference and Citation Management Tools for Researchers: In A Nutshell (2023)

#1. Citationsy – Create citations, reference lists, and bibliographies

Additionally, while Citationsy supports numerous citation styles, some specialized styles may not be available. There have also been reports of synchronization issues, so regular data backups and verification are recommended. 

Despite these considerations, Citationsy remains a favored tool among researchers due to its time-saving capabilities and effectiveness in managing references and citations.

#2. SciAI – AI reference management software

SciAI is a highly regarded reference and citation management tool that has gained popularity among researchers. With its user-friendly interface and advanced features, it simplifies the process of organizing and citing sources. 

Despite these considerations, SciAI remains a valuable resource for researchers, offering an efficient and intelligent solution for managing references and citations in scholarly works.

#3. Trinka : An AI-driven language editing and reference management platform

Some users have reported occasional compatibility issues when importing references from specific databases or citation formats, but the development team actively addresses these issues through regular updates. 

#4. Scholarcy – Summarize your literature through AI

Scholarcy’s ability to extract key information and generate concise summaries makes it an attractive option for scholars looking to quickly grasp the main concepts and findings of multiple papers.

#5. CiteSmart – AI powered – Cite right with CiteSmart!

Additionally, occasional technical glitches and synchronization issues may arise. Overall, CiteSmart provides an efficient and reliable solution for managing references and citations, but it’s important to remain vigilant for potential inaccuracies and technical hiccups.

#6. Kudos – Increase your visibility and impact 

#7. iris ai – introducing the researcher workspace.

Researchers appreciate Iris AI for its ability to extract key information from extensive scientific literature, saving them time and effort in the literature review process. With its intuitive interface and powerful search capabilities, it streamlines the research workflow.

Iris AI offers different pricing plans to cater to various user needs:

#8. Docear4Word – An AI-based reference management add-in for Microsoft Word

Additionally, as a plugin, it may not provide the same extensive functionalities as standalone reference management tools. Users should be cautious about potential compatibility conflicts with other Word plugins and ensure compatibility with complex document formatting. 

#9. Qiqqa – Open Source Reference Software for Researchers

#10. cite this for me – harvard, apa, mla reference generator.

“Cite This For Me” is a widely used reference and citation management tool for researchers. Its popularity stems from its user-friendly interface and time-saving capabilities. 

Some users have reported difficulties finding less common sources in the database and occasional formatting issues. Despite these concerns, “Cite This For Me” remains a valuable tool for efficiently managing and generating citations, saving researchers time and effort in their scholarly endeavors.

“Cite This For Me” offers different pricing plans to suit various needs:

Established Traditional Reference and Citation Management Tools

#1. endnote – the best reference management tool.

Overall, EndNote proves to be a valuable companion for researchers seeking to organize their literature and optimize their academic writing, with vigilance needed to address potential hiccups.

#2. Mendeley – Reference management software

However, there are a few considerations to keep in mind when using Mendeley. The free version has limited storage capacity, so users may need to subscribe to a premium plan for expanded storage. Additionally, as a cloud-based service, users should prioritize the security and privacy of their research data.

#3. Zotero – Your personal research assistant

With its user-friendly interface and robust features, Zotero enables seamless capture and storage of references from various sources, eliminating the hassle of manual entry. 

#4. RefWorks – Web-based reference management service 

With advanced search functionalities, users can swiftly locate relevant sources, saving valuable time. Moreover, RefWorks supports collaboration, enabling multiple researchers to work together on projects.

While RefWorks is highly regarded, there are a few factors to keep in mind. Users should exercise caution in verifying the accuracy and reliability of the retrieved sources. Diligent evaluation is necessary to maintain research integrity. 

#5. Papers – Reference management for researchers, by researchers

Some users have reported occasional software glitches, such as difficulties importing certain file formats or syncing across devices. 

#6. JabRef – Free reference manager – Stay on top of your research

With JabRef, users can easily create and maintain a centralized library of references, facilitating seamless searching, sorting, and categorization of relevant sources. The tool supports various citation styles, ensuring accuracy and consistency in academic writing. 

Nonetheless, JabRef’s active community addresses these concerns through regular updates and user support. Overall, JabRef is a valuable tool for researchers, simplifying reference organization and contributing to more efficient and accurate scholarly work.

#7. Citavi – Best reference management software for writing

Citavi is a widely acclaimed literature review tool favored by researchers for its ability to streamline the research process. With its user-friendly interface and powerful features, it simplifies the gathering, organization, and annotation of research materials. 

Final Thoughts

In the realm of research, precision and organization are paramount. With the best reference and citation management tools, researchers can soar to new heights of efficiency and credibility. 

Q1. Which are the best reference managers and citation managers that researchers highly recommend?

Q2. what are some popular reference and citation management tools available for researchers.

Some popular reference and citation management tools include:

Q3. What features should I look for in a reference and citation management tool?

Q4. are there any free reference and citation management tools available, q5. can reference and citation management tools help with formatting citations in different styles.

These tools typically offer built-in citation style libraries and allow users to switch between styles with ease. This feature saves time and ensures that your citations and bibliographies are formatted correctly according to the chosen citation style.

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• Boston University Libraries

Create Bibliographies

• Bibliographic Management Tools

What Is a Citation Manager?

Choosing a citation manager, using citation managers for collaboration and teaching, citation managers for teaching and learning, best practices.

• EndNote Basic
• Quick Citation Generators
• Training Sessions

Citation managers (also called reference managers) are tools you can use to do the following:

• Save your references to books, articles, movies, and other sources information
• Organize those references
• Format bibliographies/works cited lists in multiple citation styles
• Insert in-text citations into the body of a document
• Share references with others

If you're looking for help with citing and citations styles, you might find the Citing Your Sources guide helpful.

There are a number of options available to the BU community for free or via our subscriptions to databases.  Here are some key points to consider when choosing what will work best for you:

You should choose RefWorks if...

• You want to directly export many references from scholarly databases
• You would like to easily insert in-text citations and bibliographies into MS Word or Google Docs
• You prefer a web-based manager (i.e. the data lives on a server)

You should choose Zotero if...

• You want to easily "grab" information from a document, web page, or search results list
• You want to use a citation manager that works in conjunction with Firefox, Chrome, or Safari
• You prefer an app-based manager (i.e. the data lives on your hard drive, but you can sync it to a Zotero server)

You should choose Mendeley if...

• You want to organize and upload documents already on your hard drive
• You want to connect with peers and showcase your publications and scholarly impact
• You prefer an app-based manager (i.e. the data lives on your hard drive, but you can sync it to a Mendeley server)

You should choose EndNote Basic* if...

• You are already comfortable working with EndNote's desktop app
• You want to share references with other EndNote users
• You prefer a web-based manager (i.e. the data lives on a server, but you can sync it to the EndNote library on your hard drive)

If you want more information, the University of Toronto has created an extensive comparison table with even more options.

*The BU Libraries do not provide licenses for the full version of EndNote.  If you are interested in purchasing it, please see this page from BU Information Services and Technology .

Citation managers are ideal platforms for sharing references among members of a research group, students working on a group assignment, or colleagues that have formed a reading circle.  You can find instructions for sharing with RefWorks , Zotero , and Mendeley in this guide.

Benefits of Citation Managers for Collaboration...

• You can decide which editing powers to grant to other group members
• References can be annotated and files can be attached, allowing for a stable online workspace
• Users can participate regardless of institutional affiliation
• Users can link to items in their own institution's online collection from a bibliography
• References can be easily inserted into writing projects using word processor plug-ins for Word and Google Docs
• Bibliographies can be made public via a unique URL

...and a Few Limitations

• All group members must be using the same citation manager
• When using Mendeley and/or Zotero, your online storage space is limited unless you pay for more space, which may limit the number of documents you can attach to references
• If using a citation manager in conjunction with Word, the plug-in must be installed locally; it does not work with Office 365 (though it does work with Google Docs)
• Take caution when attaching documents to a public bibliography; you may be violating copyright law if you distribute copyrighted materials in this way

With the ability to host documents, facilitate collaboration, and standardize citing, citation managers are useful for instruction.  Below are some success stories from higher education instructors who have incorporated citation managers into their curricula.

Andrea Davis, "From Learning to Write to Learning to Cite: Using Zotero in the Classroom" from Perspectives on History (Oct, 2018).

Davis used Zotero as a learning management system for her history course, hosting readings on Zotero. Her students learned how to use the system for their own research and engaged in peer review during the research process.

Chad Iwertz, "Teaching with Zotero: Citation Management for Feedback and Peer Review " from the Oregon State University Teaching with Writing newsletter (Fall 2013).

In his freshman composition course, Iwertz uses Zotero's Note feature to get students to provide feedback on sources they've collected in a shared group library.  Iwertz was able to monitor the process and add feedback of his own to students' work.

Thomas Kim, "Building Student Proficiency with Scientific Literature Using the Zotero Reference Manager Platform" from Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education volume 39, issue 6, p. 412-415 (2011).

Kim used Zotero in a chemical literature seminar to introduce students to scholarly research and encourage them to attribute sources properly.  The bibliography-building functionality helped students build manageable reading lists in an information-rich field.

Tehmina Khwaja and Pamela L. Eddy, " Using Mendeley to Support Collaborative Learning in the Classroom " from Journal of Educational Technology , volume 12, number 2, p. 19-28 (2015).

Khwaja and Eddy used Mendeley as a platform for collaboration and annotation in graduate teacher education courses, facilitating students' research efforts as they collected and evaluated references for a policy-writing assignment.

Amanda Makula and Anne Earel, " Enhancing Pedagogy Through Technology: Using Beyond Question and RefWorks to Engage Students in Information Literacy Across the Curriculum" , poster presented at the Association of College & Research Libraries’ 2009 Conference.

Makula and Earel utilized the collaborative capabilities of RefWorks for their information literacy course, allowing students to easily gather their own references and assist in their classmates' research.

While bibliographic managers make citing, storing, and organizing references easy, they are not foolproof.  Keep the following things in mind when using them:

• Choose Wisely : If you need a manager that works offline, you should pick a software-based tool like Zotero rather than a web-based tool like RefWorks.  If you often do group research, it's wise for all group members to use the same bibliographic manager.
• Check Your References : The various libraries and databases you use index information differently, with varying degrees of accuracy.  Necessary information might be missing or incorrect (e.g. book chapters categorized as journal articles).  Check the information in each reference in your bibliographic manager before you start citing them in your work.
• Research First, Then Write : Many bibliographic managers include a component that works with word processing software.  Though you can usually alter your bibliography by inserting or removing a citation, it's easier to collect all your references before you start writing.
• Use One Document Per Project : If you're working on a long piece of writing, like a book or dissertation, it may be tempting to save your chapters as several files.  Unless you're using end notes that are numbered anew with each chapter, resist this temptation.  Combining citations from different files can be tricky when you're using a citation feature from your bibliographic manager.
• Know the Rules : It helps to know the basic citation format of the style you're using, whether that's APA style, MLA style, or something else altogether.  This will help you to spot irregularities in your citations.  Use the Cite Your Sources guide to find information about citation styles.

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• Last Updated: Sep 17, 2024 5:18 PM
• URL: https://library.bu.edu/create_bibliographies

• Utility Menu

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A publication of the harvard college writing program.

Harvard Guide to Using Sources 

• The Honor Code
• Bibliography

If you are using Chicago style footnotes or endnotes, you should include a bibliography at the end of your paper that provides complete citation information for all of the sources you cite in your paper. Bibliography entries are formatted differently from notes. For bibliography entries, you list the sources alphabetically by last name, so you will list the last name of the author or creator first in each entry. You should single-space within a bibliography entry and double-space between them. When an entry goes longer than one line, use a hanging indent of .5 inches for subsequent lines. Here’s a link to a sample bibliography that shows layout and spacing . You can find a sample of note format here .

Complete note vs. shortened note

Here’s an example of a complete note and a shortened version of a note for a book:

1. Karen Ho, Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street (Durham: Duke University Press, 2009), 27-35.

1. Karen Ho, Liquidated , 27-35.

Note vs. Bibliography entry

The bibliography entry that corresponds with each note is very similar to the longer version of the note, except that the author’s last and first name are reversed in the bibliography entry. To see differences between note and bibliography entries for different types of sources, check this section of the Chicago Manual of Style .

For Liquidated , the bibliography entry would look like this:

Ho, Karen, Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street . Durham: Duke University Press, 2009.

Citing a source with two or three authors

If you are citing a source with two or three authors, list their names in your note in the order they appear in the original source. In the bibliography, invert only the name of the first author and use “and” before the last named author.

1. Melissa Borja and Jacob Gibson, “Internationalism with Evangelical Characteristics: The Case of Evangelical Responses to Southeast Asian Refugees,” The Review of Faith & International Affairs 17, no. 3 (2019): 80-81, https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2019.1643983 .

Shortened note:

1. Borja and Gibson, “Internationalism with Evangelical Characteristics,” 80-81.

Bibliography:

Borja, Melissa, and Jacob Gibson. “Internationalism with Evangelical Characteristics: The Case of Evangelical Responses to Southeast Asian Refugees.” The Review of Faith & International Affairs 17. no. 3 (2019): 80–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2019.1643983 .

Citing a source with more than three authors

If you are citing a source with more than three authors, include all of them in the bibliography, but only include the first one in the note, followed by et al. ( et al. is the shortened form of the Latin et alia , which means “and others”).

1. Justine M. Nagurney, et al., “Risk Factors for Disability After Emergency Department Discharge in Older Adults,” Academic Emergency Medicine 27, no. 12 (2020): 1271.

Short version of note:

1. Justine M. Nagurney, et al., “Risk Factors for Disability,” 1271.

Nagurney, Justine M., Ling Han, Linda Leo‐Summers, Heather G. Allore, Thomas M. Gill, and Ula Hwang. “Risk Factors for Disability After Emergency Department Discharge in Older Adults.” Academic Emergency Medicine 27, no. 12 (2020): 1270–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/acem.14088 .

Citing a book consulted online

If you are citing a book you consulted online, you should include a URL, DOI, or the name of the database where you found the book.

1. Karen Ho, Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street (Durham: Duke University Press, 2009), 27-35, https://doi-org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.1215/9780822391371 .

Bibliography entry:

Ho, Karen. Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street . Durham: Duke University Press, 2009. https://doi-org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.1215/9780822391371 .

Citing an e-book consulted outside of a database

If you are citing an e-book that you accessed outside of a database, you should indicate the format. If you read the book in a format without fixed page numbers (like Kindle, for example), you should not include the page numbers that you saw as you read. Instead, include chapter or section numbers, if possible.

1. Karen Ho, Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street (Durham: Duke University Press, 2009), chap. 2, Kindle.

Ho, Karen. Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street . Durham: Duke University Press, 2009. Kindle.

• Citation Management Tools
• In-Text Citations
• Examples of Commonly Cited Sources
• Frequently Asked Questions about Citing Sources in Chicago Format
• Sample Bibliography

PDFs for This Section

• Citing Sources
• Online Library and Citation Tools

Citation & Writing Style Guides: Bibliographic Tools

• Turabian Style
• Chicago Style
• Annotated Bibliography
• Bibliographic Tools
• Quick Links
• Avoid Plagiarism

Online Citation Generators

Bibme bibliography maker, e-turabian & mla - apa citation builder and more.

Simple free online sources. Be sure to double check any citation you create with a generator.

• BibMe Bibliography Maker
• APA 6th Edition Citation Builder
• Citation Machine MLA 7, APA 6, Turabian and Chicago
• How to Write Citations - Chicago/Turabian, APA, MLA

3M Dash - Definition and Creation

• 3M Dash - Definition and Creation A “3m” dash is often used in bibliographic citations to substitute for the name of an author who has several of their works appearing in a row.

Citing Sources Color Coded

• Understanding Citations - Color Coded
• Grammar Girl "Quick and dirty tips for better writing"

Other Style Manuals

Long island university library guide - color coded.

Which should you use? Ask each of your teachers which style they want you to use. If they have no preference, you can use any or follow these guidelines:

• APA : psychology, education, and other social sciences.
• MLA : literature, arts, and humanities.
• AMA : medicine, health, and biological sciences.
• Turabian : designed for college students to use with all subjects.
• Chicago : used with all subjects in the "real world" by books, magazines, newspapers, and other non-scholarly publications.

Many hardcopy style manuals are kept on reserve behind the circulation desk. These contain examples about citing a wider variety of sources than these web pages do, as well as other things you may need to know, such as margins, font size, etc.

What is Endnote

A software tool for storing and organizing citation references in research papers and creating bibliographies. It enables you to import citationsfrom online journal databases directly into a Word document.  It has over 1,000 different bibliographic styles, and more.

Help Guides: Using EndNote : a series of short tutorials (from Thomson Co.)

EndNote Web is a free, web-based version of EndNote.

Help Guide: Using EndNote Web

EndNote vs. EndNote Web

Differences between EndNote and EndNote Web (from Thomson Co.)

Questions, please contact your Subject Librarian or  [email protected]

Free open source online citation tool, easier to use than RefWorks. Zotero works with Firefox for Windows, Mac and Linux but not Internet Explorer (IE) or Google Chrome.

• Zotero Citation Application
• Zotero Basics

View this PowerPoint presentation to get an introduction to Zotero:

Zotero Support

For more information on Zotero, visit:

http://www.zotero.org/support

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• Next: Quick Links >>
• Last Updated: Sep 9, 2024 11:37 AM
• URL: https://research.auctr.edu/citation

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Online Guide to Writing and Research

Academic integrity and documentation, explore more of umgc.

• Online Guide to Writing

Types of Documentation

Bibliographies and Source Lists

What is a bibliography.

A bibliography is a list of books and other source material that you have used in preparing a research paper. Sometimes these lists will include works that you consulted but did not cite specifically in your assignment. Consult the style guide required for your assignment to determine the specific title of your bibliography page as well as how to cite each source type. Bibliographies are usually placed at the end of your research paper.

What is an annotated bibliography?

A special kind of bibliography, the annotated bibliography, is often used to direct your readers to other books and resources on your topic. An instructor may ask you to prepare an annotated bibliography to help you narrow down a topic for your research assignment. Such bibliographies offer a few lines of information, typically 150-300 words, summarizing the content of the resource after the bibliographic entry.   

Example of Annotated Bibliographic Entry in MLA Style

Waddell, Marie L., Robert M. Esch, and Roberta R. Walker. The Art of Styling         Sentences: 20 Patterns for Success. 3rd ed. New York: Barron’s, 1993.         A comprehensive look at 20 sentence patterns and their variations to         teach students how to write effective sentences by imitating good style.

Mailing Address: 3501 University Blvd. East, Adelphi, MD 20783 This work is licensed under a  Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License . © 2022 UMGC. All links to external sites were verified at the time of publication. UMGC is not responsible for the validity or integrity of information located at external sites.

Table of Contents: Online Guide to Writing

Chapter 1: College Writing

How Does College Writing Differ from Workplace Writing?

What Is College Writing?

Why So Much Emphasis on Writing?

Chapter 2: The Writing Process

Doing Exploratory Research

Getting from Notes to Your Draft

Introduction

Prewriting - Techniques to Get Started - Mining Your Intuition

Prewriting: Targeting Your Audience

Prewriting: Techniques to Get Started

Prewriting: Understanding Your Assignment

Rewriting: Being Your Own Critic

Rewriting: Creating a Revision Strategy

Rewriting: Getting Feedback

Rewriting: The Final Draft

Techniques to Get Started - Outlining

Techniques to Get Started - Using Systematic Techniques

Thesis Statement and Controlling Idea

Writing: Getting from Notes to Your Draft - Freewriting

Writing: Getting from Notes to Your Draft - Summarizing Your Ideas

Writing: Outlining What You Will Write

Chapter 3: Thinking Strategies

A Word About Style, Voice, and Tone

A Word About Style, Voice, and Tone: Style Through Vocabulary and Diction

Critical Strategies and Writing

Critical Strategies and Writing: Analysis

Critical Strategies and Writing: Evaluation

Critical Strategies and Writing: Persuasion

Critical Strategies and Writing: Synthesis

Developing a Paper Using Strategies

Kinds of Assignments You Will Write

Patterns for Presenting Information

Patterns for Presenting Information: Critiques

Patterns for Presenting Information: Discussing Raw Data

Patterns for Presenting Information: General-to-Specific Pattern

Patterns for Presenting Information: Problem-Cause-Solution Pattern

Patterns for Presenting Information: Specific-to-General Pattern

Patterns for Presenting Information: Summaries and Abstracts

Supporting with Research and Examples

Writing Essay Examinations

Writing Essay Examinations: Make Your Answer Relevant and Complete

Writing Essay Examinations: Organize Thinking Before Writing

Writing Essay Examinations: Read and Understand the Question

Chapter 4: The Research Process

Planning and Writing a Research Paper

Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Ask a Research Question

Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Cite Sources

Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Collect Evidence

Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Decide Your Point of View, or Role, for Your Research

Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Draw Conclusions

Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Find a Topic and Get an Overview

Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Manage Your Resources

Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Outline

Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Survey the Literature

Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Work Your Sources into Your Research Writing

Research Resources: Where Are Research Resources Found? - Human Resources

Research Resources: What Are Research Resources?

Research Resources: Where Are Research Resources Found?

Research Resources: Where Are Research Resources Found? - Electronic Resources

Research Resources: Where Are Research Resources Found? - Print Resources

Structuring the Research Paper: Formal Research Structure

Structuring the Research Paper: Informal Research Structure

The Nature of Research

The Research Assignment: How Should Research Sources Be Evaluated?

The Research Assignment: When Is Research Needed?

The Research Assignment: Why Perform Research?

Chapter 5: Academic Integrity

Academic Integrity

Giving Credit to Sources

Giving Credit to Sources: Copyright Laws

Giving Credit to Sources: Documentation

Giving Credit to Sources: Style Guides

Integrating Sources

Practicing Academic Integrity

Practicing Academic Integrity: Keeping Accurate Records

Practicing Academic Integrity: Managing Source Material

Practicing Academic Integrity: Managing Source Material - Paraphrasing Your Source

Practicing Academic Integrity: Managing Source Material - Quoting Your Source

Practicing Academic Integrity: Managing Source Material - Summarizing Your Sources

Types of Documentation: Bibliographies and Source Lists

Types of Documentation: Citing World Wide Web Sources

Types of Documentation: In-Text or Parenthetical Citations

Types of Documentation: In-Text or Parenthetical Citations - APA Style

Types of Documentation: In-Text or Parenthetical Citations - CSE/CBE Style

Types of Documentation: In-Text or Parenthetical Citations - Chicago Style

Types of Documentation: In-Text or Parenthetical Citations - MLA Style

Types of Documentation: Note Citations

Chapter 6: Using Library Resources

Finding Library Resources

Chapter 7: Assessing Your Writing

How Is Writing Graded?

How Is Writing Graded?: A General Assessment Tool

The Draft Stage

The Draft Stage: The First Draft

The Draft Stage: The Revision Process and the Final Draft

The Draft Stage: Using Feedback

The Research Stage

Using Assessment to Improve Your Writing

Chapter 8: Other Frequently Assigned Papers

Reviews and Reaction Papers: Article and Book Reviews

Reviews and Reaction Papers: Reaction Papers

Writing Arguments

Writing Arguments: Adapting the Argument Structure

Writing Arguments: Purposes of Argument

Writing Arguments: References to Consult for Writing Arguments

Writing Arguments: Steps to Writing an Argument - Anticipate Active Opposition

Writing Arguments: Steps to Writing an Argument - Determine Your Organization

Writing Arguments: Steps to Writing an Argument - Develop Your Argument

Writing Arguments: Steps to Writing an Argument - Introduce Your Argument

Writing Arguments: Steps to Writing an Argument - State Your Thesis or Proposition

Writing Arguments: Steps to Writing an Argument - Write Your Conclusion

Writing Arguments: Types of Argument

Appendix A: Books to Help Improve Your Writing

Dictionaries

General Style Manuals

Researching on the Internet

Special Style Manuals

Writing Handbooks

Appendix B: Collaborative Writing and Peer Reviewing

Collaborative Writing: Assignments to Accompany the Group Project

Collaborative Writing: Informal Progress Report

Collaborative Writing: Issues to Resolve

Collaborative Writing: Methodology

Collaborative Writing: Peer Evaluation

Collaborative Writing: Tasks of Collaborative Writing Group Members

Collaborative Writing: Writing Plan

General Introduction

Peer Reviewing

Appendix C: Developing an Improvement Plan

Working with Your Instructor’s Comments and Grades

Appendix D: Writing Plan and Project Schedule

Devising a Writing Project Plan and Schedule

Reviewing Your Plan with Others

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Paper and Presentation Research: Tools (Cite, Bibliography, & More)

• Research Basics
• Getting Started
• Keyword / Subject Searching
• Tools (Cite, Bibliography, & More)

Research Tools

Image storage & search tools.

Use these sites to find free--but not necessarily copyright free--images online.

• CreativeCommons Search Search multiple sources for images and media, including Google, Flickr, Wikimedia Commons & more.
• Flickr This online image storage and presentation tool allows users to limit their advanced searches to images shared under Creative Commons licenses.
• Google Art Project "Explore museums from around the world, discover and view hundreds of artworks at incredible zoom levels, and even create and share your own collection of masterpieces."
• TinEye Find out where images are posted and how they're being used.
• Wikimedia "A media file repository making available public domain and freely-licensed educational media content (images, sound and video clips) to everyone."

Bibliography & Citation Tools

The following resources are tools that will help you manage your research, bibliography, and citation process.

• Zotero A free, easy-to-use tool to help you collect, organize, cite, and share your research sources. This is an open-source software product.
• NoodleTools A web application (and self-guided tool) that helps students with all aspects of research project management: APA, MLA, and Chicago/Turabian documentation; annotated bibliographies; notecards; resource analysis; etc. NOTE: You must create your own “Personal ID” and password to begin using NoodleTools.
• EndNote Web A Web-based service designed to help students and researchers through the process of writing a research paper. EndNote Web will also help organize references for citing in research papers.
• OWL Chicago 16th The Online Writing Lab (OWL) from Purdue University -- provides instructions for citing (and examples) sources in a variety of formats (books, journal articles, interviews, websites, ...).
• Chicago Manual of Style 18 The Chicago Manual of Style presents two basic documentation systems, the humanities style (notes and bibliography) and the author-date system. Choosing between the two often depends on subject matter and nature of sources cited, as each system is favored by different groups of scholars. USE THE Q&A LINK.
• OWL MLA Guide The Online Writing Lab (OWL) from Purdue University. MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th ed.) and the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (3rd ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.

Other Useful Citation Guides

Within the Marriott Library " How To " guides, you might find the following guides useful for managing your resaerch and bibliographies. Some of the resources are also noted to the right.

• Noodle Tools Guide
• EndNote and EndNote Web Support Guide
• Style / Citation Manuals
• Annotated Bibliography Guide
• << Previous: Keyword / Subject Searching
• Last Updated: Sep 6, 2024 10:05 AM
• URL: https://campusguides.lib.utah.edu/research

Bibliographic Research Skills

• Begin your research
• Conduct your research
• Select and evaluate sources
• Other research tools
• Ask a Librarian
• Bibliographic research tools

We suggest starting from SearchLib , especially if you are in a preliminary stage of finding information. Searching on the web can become more effective when your ideas are clearer and you have deepened your knowledge of the subject matter.

Here are some good reasons to start with the Library:

• Extensive and varied collections , both online and in print
• Authoritative (the authors are experts on the subject matter)
• Accurate (reliable and correct)
• Up-to-date (the most recent studies in the various disciplines)
• Relevant (pertinent to the subject areas of the University)

The time you spend searching is optimized because the resources are selected by experts, for example they may have been recommended by your professor, and are relevant to academic studies. Remember that when you search on Google you also need to select the appropriate information (and this is not always easy!)

Research tools (discovery tool and databases) that allow you to quickly retrieve and process data and information, perform statistical analysis or comparisons between companies, save what you find, and much more

24/7 access to most online resources from wherever you are 

• Librarians who can help you with your research or to whom you can simply ask for advice (also online via Teams or Zoom ... Ask a librarian! )

In order for your bibliographic search to be as comprehensive as possible, make sure that it includes a wide range of sources (for example, don't search only for articles published in a particular journal or by a specific publisher).

Use SearchLib to begin exploring the topic, and then go deeper by using specialized academic databases from our A-Z Database List .

Start your search by defining keywords . Here's how:

1. Clarify the aspects of your research topic that you want to examine , for example by limiting your investigation to:

• subject/discipline area (WHAT?) 
• geographical area (WHERE?) 
• time period (WHEN?) 
• social group (WHO?) 
• strategic aspect (HOW?) 
• and so on 

2. Determine the time frame of the publications to search: more recent (last 2, 5 years...), or further back in time?

3. Identify keywords:

• Summarize your research problem in one sentence
• Identify the fundamental concepts that describe it
• Turn concepts into keywords to be searched 

Identifying keywords is an important stage: the more relevant these keywords are, the more targeted and accurate your search results will be. It is not the number of results that matters, but the quality .  

Please remember:

• Preferably use English terms, as it is the main language of academic publications 
• Think of possible synonyms or related words (more general or more specific concepts) because they help creating search alternatives: if you find few or no results with a keyword, try searching with similar words

4. Combine the words with each other, by performing multiple searches with different combinations of words. 

Here are some examples:  Example 1 - Female Succession in the Italian Wine Industry

Key concepts: succession + women + wine industry + Italy   Possible keywords = key concepts = similar or related concepts

Example 2 – Inter-organizational relations: the evolution of Amazon's distribution chain in the last 5 years   Key concepts: Inter-organizational relations + supply chain + Amazon + last 5 years Possible keywords = key concepts = similar or related concepts

• Next: Conduct your research >>
• Last Updated: Sep 6, 2024 2:21 PM
• URL: https://unibocconi.libguides.com/bibliographicresearch

Bibliographic Research: Definition, Types, Techniques

The Bibliographic research or documentary consists in the revision of existing bibliographical material with respect to the subject to be studied. It is one of the main steps for any investigation and includes the selection of information sources.

It is considered an essential step because it includes a set of phases that encompass observation, inquiry, interpretation, reflection and analysis to obtain the necessary bases for the development of any study.

• 1 Definition
• 2 characteristics
• 3.1 Argumentative or exploratory type
• 3.2 Informative or of the expository type
• 4.1 Relevance
• 4.2 Exhaustive
• 4.3 Present
• 5.1 Accumulate references
• 5.2 Select references
• 5.3 Incorporate elements in the work plan
• 5.6 Confront and verify
• 5.7 Correct and make the final revisions
• 6.1 Primary
• 6.2 Secondary
• 6.3 Tertiary
• 7 Examples of bibliographical references
• 8 Importance
• 9 References

Different authors have been in charge of conceptualizing bibliographic research. Next, the definitions made by three prominent authors will be described:

- Guillermina Baena, graduated in Information Sciences (1985):"Documentary research is a technique that consists of the selection and collection of information through reading, critique of documents and bibliographic materials, libraries, newspaper archives and educational centers. documentation and information."

- Laura Cázares, researcher at the Autonomous Metropolitan University of Mexico (2000):"(....) Depends primarily on the information collected or consulted in documents that can be used as a source or reference at any time or place."

- Manual of the Universidad Pedagógica Experimental Libertador (UPEL -2005):"Integration, organization and evaluation of existing theoretical and empirical information on a problem".

characteristics

- There is a review of documents to know the state of the subject or object that is being investigated.

- Presents a process that consists in the collection, selection, analysis and presentation of the results.

- Involves complex cognitive processes, such as analysis, synthesis and deduction.

- It is done in an orderly manner and with precise objectives.

- Its purpose is the construction of knowledge.

- It supports the research that is being carried out, at the same time that it allows to avoid carrying out studies already explored.

Types of bibliographic research

In general terms, there are two types of bibliographic or documentary research:

Argumentative or exploratory type

The main objective of the researcher is to take a position on a certain topic to test whether that element to study is correct or incorrect. Consider causes, consequences and possible solutions that will lead to a conclusion more critical type.

Informative or of the expository type

Unlike the previous one, it does not seek to object to a topic but to recreate the theoretical context of the investigation. For this it uses reliable sources, and the selection and analysis of the material in question.

Criteria for the selection of material

It should be noted that it is vital for the researcher to rely on his capacity for analysis and synthesis of ideas to present a fluid and coherent work. During the bibliographic research process it is necessary to consider a series of criteria for the selection of documentary material:

It refers to the fact that the sources must be consonant with the object of study, as well as their objectives, in order to base the investigation.

All sources must be necessary, sufficient and possible, without excluding any that may also represent an important contribution. They must correspond to the objectives set.

Recent research or studies to support the research will be taken into account.

It is important to point out that before carrying out the review of documentary and bibliographic material, it is vital to be clear about the following:

- Determine the subject to be studied, which must be combined with the possibilities of the researcher, framed in a prudential time with future projection and with a connection to his area of ​​study.

- After this, make a work plan that will serve as a guide for the correct selection of bibliography.

The process of collecting data, information and documents is complex and requires a series of steps for the correct handling of information:

Accumulate references

The references include any type of written or audiovisual document that will be essential to support the investigation.

Select references

The material that respects the quality and current standards will be chosen.

Incorporate elements in the work plan

It deals with the organization of the chosen documents in alphabetical or chronological order.

It refers to the emptying of the basic information of the collected material, where the appointment to be used, the summary and the comment made by the researcher will be collected.

Placement of specific data.

Confront and verify

The aim is to determine if, indeed, the hypothesis raised by the author is valid, based on the information collected.

Correct and make the final revisions

It refers to the latest arrangements made to the form and background of the investigation.

Types of documents

To simplify the search and make it easier, three types of documents are classified:

They transmit direct information. For example, original articles and doctoral theses.

They make reference to the primary documents and extract the author and the type of publication. For example, catalogs and databases.

They synthesize the information found in the primary and secondary documents to answer questions and specific questions.

Likewise, another type of document classification can be included:

- Books and monographs: manuals, texts, minutes, anthologies.

- Periodicals: magazines, newspapers, advances.

- Reference publications: indexes, databases, bibliographies.

- Technical publications: standards, patents, technical catalogs.

- Reference material: encyclopedias, dictionaries, atlas.

Examples of bibliographical references

In bibliographic research it is necessary to respect the rules related to the citation of texts. To have a better reference in this regard, here are some examples:

-"Pinillos, José Luis (1975). Principles of Psychology. Madrid: Alliance."

-"Taylor, S. and Bogdan, R. (1992). Introduction to qualitative research methods. Barcelona: Paidós."

- When it is a chapter of a book:"Martí, Eduardo (1999). Metacognition and learning strategies. In: J Pozo and C. Monereo (Coords.). The strategic learning. (111-121). Madrid: Classroom XXI-Santillana".

- Scientific journal article:"García Jiménez, E. (1998). A practical theory about evaluation. Journal of Education, 287, 233-253."

- Article signed in a newspaper:"Debesa, Fabián (200, March 12). Careers and their entry strategies. Clarín, Education Section, p.12".

- Any field of study needs constant study and research.

- It is estimated that, thanks to documentary and bibliographic research, it is possible to achieve a good educational training at all levels.

- The progress of scientific studies needs documentation.

- To start any type of study it is necessary to review previous material to carry out the investigation.

• What is the bibliographic review? (s.f.). In Philosophia, Scientia et Praxis. Retrieved: March 1, 2018. In Philosophia, Scientia et Praxis de filoncien.blogspot.pe.
• About bibliographic and documentary research. (2013). In Thesis Guide. Retrieved: March 1, 2018. In Thesis Guide of guiadetesis.wordpress.com.
• Córdoba González, Saray. (s.f.). The bibliographic research . In Ucrindex. Retrieved: 01 d March 2018. In Ucrindex of ucrindex.ucr.ac.cr.
• Definitions Documentary Investigation. (s.f.). In Scribd. Retrieved: March 1, 2018. On Scribd from es.scribd.com.
• Bibliographic research. (s.f.). In Monographs. Retrieved: March 1, 2018. Monographs of monographs.com.
• Mora De Labastida, Natalia. (s.f.). The bibliographical investigation. Main and secondary ideas . In Fido. Retrieved: March 1, 2018. In Fido from fido.palermo.edu.
• Types of research. (s.f.). In research thesis. Retrieved: March 1, 2018. In research thesis of tesisdeinvestig.blogspot.pe.

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Introduction to Reference, Bibliography, and Citation

• First Online: 01 January 2009

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Agrawal, A. (2009). Introduction to Reference, Bibliography, and Citation. In: EndNote 1 - 2 - 3 Easy!. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-95901-6_1

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