definition speech patterns

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10.2 Using Common Organizing Patterns

Learning objectives.

• Differentiate among the common speech organizational patterns: categorical/topical, comparison/contrast, spatial, chronological, biographical, causal, problem-cause-solution, and psychological.
• Understand how to choose the best organizational pattern, or combination of patterns, for a specific speech.

Twentyfour Students – Organization makes you flow – CC BY-SA 2.0.

Previously in this chapter we discussed how to make your main points flow logically. This section is going to provide you with a number of organization patterns to help you create a logically organized speech. The first organization pattern we’ll discuss is categorical/topical.

Categorical/Topical

By far the most common pattern for organizing a speech is by categories or topics. The categories function as a way to help the speaker organize the message in a consistent fashion. The goal of a categorical/topical speech pattern is to create categories (or chunks) of information that go together to help support your original specific purpose. Let’s look at an example.

In this case, we have a speaker trying to persuade a group of high school juniors to apply to attend Generic University. To persuade this group, the speaker has divided the information into three basic categories: what it’s like to live in the dorms, what classes are like, and what life is like on campus. Almost anyone could take this basic speech and specifically tailor the speech to fit her or his own university or college. The main points in this example could be rearranged and the organizational pattern would still be effective because there is no inherent logic to the sequence of points. Let’s look at a second example.

In this speech, the speaker is talking about how to find others online and date them. Specifically, the speaker starts by explaining what Internet dating is; then the speaker talks about how to make Internet dating better for her or his audience members; and finally, the speaker ends by discussing some negative aspects of Internet dating. Again, notice that the information is chunked into three categories or topics and that the second and third could be reversed and still provide a logical structure for your speech

Comparison/Contrast

Another method for organizing main points is the comparison/contrast speech pattern . While this pattern clearly lends itself easily to two main points, you can also create a third point by giving basic information about what is being compared and what is being contrasted. Let’s look at two examples; the first one will be a two-point example and the second a three-point example.

If you were using the comparison/contrast pattern for persuasive purposes, in the preceding examples, you’d want to make sure that when you show how Drug X and Drug Y differ, you clearly state why Drug X is clearly the better choice for physicians to adopt. In essence, you’d want to make sure that when you compare the two drugs, you show that Drug X has all the benefits of Drug Y, but when you contrast the two drugs, you show how Drug X is superior to Drug Y in some way.

The spatial speech pattern organizes information according to how things fit together in physical space. This pattern is best used when your main points are oriented to different locations that can exist independently. The basic reason to choose this format is to show that the main points have clear locations. We’ll look at two examples here, one involving physical geography and one involving a different spatial order.

If you look at a basic map of the United States, you’ll notice that these groupings of states were created because of their geographic location to one another. In essence, the states create three spatial territories to explain.

Now let’s look at a spatial speech unrelated to geography.

In this example, we still have three basic spatial areas. If you look at a model of the urinary system, the first step is the kidney, which then takes waste through the ureters to the bladder, which then relies on the sphincter muscle to excrete waste through the urethra. All we’ve done in this example is create a spatial speech order for discussing how waste is removed from the human body through the urinary system. It is spatial because the organization pattern is determined by the physical location of each body part in relation to the others discussed.

Chronological

The chronological speech pattern places the main idea in the time order in which items appear—whether backward or forward. Here’s a simple example.

In this example, we’re looking at the writings of Winston Churchill in relation to World War II (before, during, and after). By placing his writings into these three categories, we develop a system for understanding this material based on Churchill’s own life. Note that you could also use reverse chronological order and start with Churchill’s writings after World War II, progressing backward to his earliest writings.

Biographical

As you might guess, the biographical speech pattern is generally used when a speaker wants to describe a person’s life—either a speaker’s own life, the life of someone they know personally, or the life of a famous person. By the nature of this speech organizational pattern, these speeches tend to be informative or entertaining; they are usually not persuasive. Let’s look at an example.

In this example, we see how Brian Warner, through three major periods of his life, ultimately became the musician known as Marilyn Manson.

In this example, these three stages are presented in chronological order, but the biographical pattern does not have to be chronological. For example, it could compare and contrast different periods of the subject’s life, or it could focus topically on the subject’s different accomplishments.

The causal speech pattern is used to explain cause-and-effect relationships. When you use a causal speech pattern, your speech will have two basic main points: cause and effect. In the first main point, typically you will talk about the causes of a phenomenon, and in the second main point you will then show how the causes lead to either a specific effect or a small set of effects. Let’s look at an example.

In this case, the first main point is about the history and prevalence of drinking alcohol among Native Americans (the cause). The second point then examines the effects of Native American alcohol consumption and how it differs from other population groups.

However, a causal organizational pattern can also begin with an effect and then explore one or more causes. In the following example, the effect is the number of arrests for domestic violence.

In this example, the possible causes for the difference might include stricter law enforcement, greater likelihood of neighbors reporting an incident, and police training that emphasizes arrests as opposed to other outcomes. Examining these possible causes may suggest that despite the arrest statistic, the actual number of domestic violence incidents in your city may not be greater than in other cities of similar size.

Problem-Cause-Solution

Another format for organizing distinct main points in a clear manner is the problem-cause-solution speech pattern . In this format you describe a problem, identify what you believe is causing the problem, and then recommend a solution to correct the problem.

In this speech, the speaker wants to persuade people to pass a new curfew for people under eighteen. To help persuade the civic group members, the speaker first shows that vandalism and violence are problems in the community. Once the speaker has shown the problem, the speaker then explains to the audience that the cause of this problem is youth outside after 10:00 p.m. Lastly, the speaker provides the mandatory 10:00 p.m. curfew as a solution to the vandalism and violence problem within the community. The problem-cause-solution format for speeches generally lends itself to persuasive topics because the speaker is asking an audience to believe in and adopt a specific solution.

Psychological

A further way to organize your main ideas within a speech is through a psychological speech pattern in which “a” leads to “b” and “b” leads to “c.” This speech format is designed to follow a logical argument, so this format lends itself to persuasive speeches very easily. Let’s look at an example.

In this speech, the speaker starts by discussing how humor affects the body. If a patient is exposed to humor (a), then the patient’s body actually physiologically responds in ways that help healing (b—e.g., reduces stress, decreases blood pressure, bolsters one’s immune system, etc.). Because of these benefits, nurses should engage in humor use that helps with healing (c).

Selecting an Organizational Pattern

Each of the preceding organizational patterns is potentially useful for organizing the main points of your speech. However, not all organizational patterns work for all speeches. For example, as we mentioned earlier, the biographical pattern is useful when you are telling the story of someone’s life. Some other patterns, particularly comparison/contrast, problem-cause-solution, and psychological, are well suited for persuasive speaking. Your challenge is to choose the best pattern for the particular speech you are giving.

You will want to be aware that it is also possible to combine two or more organizational patterns to meet the goals of a specific speech. For example, you might wish to discuss a problem and then compare/contrast several different possible solutions for the audience. Such a speech would thus be combining elements of the comparison/contrast and problem-cause-solution patterns. When considering which organizational pattern to use, you need to keep in mind your specific purpose as well as your audience and the actual speech material itself to decide which pattern you think will work best.

Key Takeaway

• Speakers can use a variety of different organizational patterns, including categorical/topical, comparison/contrast, spatial, chronological, biographical, causal, problem-cause-solution, and psychological. Ultimately, speakers must really think about which organizational pattern best suits a specific speech topic.
• Imagine that you are giving an informative speech about your favorite book. Which organizational pattern do you think would be most useful? Why? Would your answer be different if your speech goal were persuasive? Why or why not?
• Working on your own or with a partner, develop three main points for a speech designed to persuade college students to attend your university. Work through the preceding organizational patterns and see which ones would be possible choices for your speech. Which organizational pattern seems to be the best choice? Why?
• Use one of the common organizational patterns to create three main points for your next speech.

Stand up, Speak out Copyright © 2016 by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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Home » SEL Implementation » Exploring the Meaning Behind Everyday Speech Patterns

Exploring the Meaning Behind Everyday Speech Patterns

Key takeaways:.

• Understanding everyday speech patterns is crucial for effective communication and social-emotional learning.
• Speech patterns reflect emotions, thoughts, and beliefs, shaping how we express ourselves.
• Everyday speech patterns encompass tone of voice, volume, speed, pauses, word choice, metaphors, idioms, and cultural influences.

Introduction: Exploring the Meaning Behind Everyday Speech Patterns

Welcome to my blog! In today’s post, we will delve into the fascinating world of everyday speech patterns and uncover the hidden meanings behind them. Understanding these patterns is crucial for effective communication and social-emotional learning. So let’s dive in!

I. Introduction

A. Importance of understanding everyday speech patterns

Everyday speech patterns play a vital role in our daily interactions. They provide insights into our emotions, thoughts, and beliefs. By understanding these patterns, we can navigate social situations more effectively and build stronger connections with others.

B. How speech patterns reflect our emotions and thoughts

Our speech patterns are not just a string of words; they are a reflection of our inner world. The way we speak, the tone we use, and the words we choose all convey our emotions and thoughts. By paying attention to these patterns, we can gain a deeper understanding of ourselves and others.

C. Overview of the blog post

In this blog post, we will explore what everyday speech patterns are, decipher their meanings, and understand their impact on social interactions. We will also discuss strategies for developing self-awareness of our own speech patterns and enhancing social-emotional learning through effective communication.

II. What are everyday speech patterns?

A. Definition and explanation

Everyday speech patterns refer to the way we speak in our daily lives. They encompass various aspects such as tone of voice, volume, speed of speech, use of pauses, hesitations, word choice, vocabulary, metaphors, idioms, and cultural influences. These patterns are deeply ingrained in our communication style and shape how we express ourselves.

B. Examples of common speech patterns

Common speech patterns include using phrases like “you know,” “um,” or “like” as fillers, speaking in a fast-paced manner when excited, or using specific idioms and metaphors to convey meaning. These patterns can vary across cultures and regions, adding richness and diversity to our conversations.

C. How speech patterns differ across cultures and regions

Speech patterns are influenced by cultural norms, regional dialects, and individual experiences. For example, in some cultures, direct communication is valued, while in others, indirect communication is preferred. Understanding these differences is essential for effective cross-cultural communication and building cultural competence.

III. The meaning behind speech patterns

A. How speech patterns convey emotions

1. Tone of voice and intonation

Our tone of voice and intonation can convey a wide range of emotions, such as anger, excitement, sadness, or sarcasm. For example, a high-pitched and fast-paced tone may indicate enthusiasm, while a monotone voice may suggest boredom or disinterest.

2. Volume and speed of speech

The volume and speed at which we speak can also reveal our emotional state. Speaking loudly and quickly may indicate excitement or urgency, while speaking softly and slowly may indicate calmness or sadness.

3. Use of pauses and hesitations

The use of pauses and hesitations can add depth and meaning to our speech. Pausing before a significant point can create suspense, while hesitations can indicate uncertainty or the need to gather one’s thoughts.

B. How speech patterns reflect thoughts and beliefs

1. Word choice and vocabulary

The words we choose and the vocabulary we use reflect our thoughts, beliefs, and level of education. For example, someone who frequently uses technical jargon may be knowledgeable in a specific field, while someone who uses simple language may prioritize clarity and accessibility.

2. Use of metaphors and idioms

Metaphors and idioms are powerful tools for conveying meaning and cultural understanding. They can add depth and richness to our speech, but they can also be misinterpreted if not understood within the appropriate cultural context.

3. Cultural and social influences on speech patterns

Our speech patterns are influenced by the culture and society we grow up in. They shape our communication style, values, and beliefs. Being aware of these influences can help us navigate intercultural communication and foster understanding and respect.

IV. Understanding the impact of speech patterns on social interactions

A. Importance of effective communication

Effective communication is the foundation of healthy relationships and successful interactions. By understanding the impact of speech patterns, we can enhance our communication skills and build stronger connections with others.

B. How speech patterns can enhance or hinder social connections

Speech patterns can either enhance or hinder social connections depending on how they are used. Clear and empathetic communication can foster trust and understanding, while miscommunication or the use of offensive language can damage relationships.

C. Strategies for improving communication through speech patterns

To improve communication through speech patterns, we can practice active listening, be mindful of our tone and body language, use clear and concise language, and adapt our communication style to the needs of others. It is also important to be open to feedback and continuously strive for self-improvement.

V. Developing self-awareness of speech patterns

A. Recognizing our own speech patterns

Developing self-awareness of our speech patterns begins with recognizing how we speak. Pay attention to the words, phrases, and patterns you frequently use in your conversations. This awareness can help you identify areas for improvement and growth.

B. Reflecting on the meaning behind our speech patterns

Once you recognize your speech patterns, take time to reflect on their meaning. Consider how your tone, choice of words, and cultural influences shape your communication style. This reflection can deepen your understanding of yourself and others.

C. Identifying areas for improvement and growth

Identify areas for improvement and growth in your speech patterns. Are there any patterns that may hinder effective communication or create misunderstandings? Set goals for yourself and actively work towards developing more effective and empathetic communication skills.

VI. Enhancing social emotional learning through speech patterns

A. How speech patterns contribute to self-awareness

By paying attention to our speech patterns, we can develop a greater sense of self-awareness. Understanding how our speech reflects our emotions and thoughts allows us to better understand ourselves and regulate our emotions.

B. Using speech patterns to express emotions effectively

Speech patterns provide us with a powerful tool for expressing our emotions effectively. By consciously choosing our words, tone, and body language, we can communicate our feelings in a clear and respectful manner, fostering healthy emotional expression.

C. Building empathy and understanding through speech patterns

Speech patterns also play a crucial role in building empathy and understanding. By listening attentively to others’ speech patterns and being open to different perspectives, we can develop a deeper understanding of their emotions, thoughts, and experiences.

VII. Conclusion

A. Recap of key points discussed

In this blog post, we explored the meaning behind everyday speech patterns. We discussed how speech patterns reflect our emotions and thoughts, the impact of speech patterns on social interactions, and strategies for developing self-awareness and enhancing social emotional learning through effective communication.

B. Encouragement to explore and reflect on everyday speech patterns

I encourage you to take the time to explore and reflect on your own everyday speech patterns. Pay attention to the meaning behind your words and how they impact your interactions with others. This self-reflection can lead to personal growth and improved communication skills.

C. Importance of incorporating social emotional learning in daily life

Social-emotional learning is a lifelong journey that can greatly enhance our personal and professional relationships. By incorporating social emotional learning into our daily lives, we can foster empathy, understanding, and effective communication.

Where Can I Find More Resources on Understanding Everyday Speech Patterns?

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What Are Speech Patterns and Why Do They Matter

In human interaction, speech serves as the primary conduit for expressing thoughts, emotions, and intentions. But have you ever paused to ponder why certain words, when uttered by different individuals resonate differently? 

The answer lies within "what are speech patterns"—a fundamental aspect of our communication that reflects the uniqueness of each person's voice, inflection, and rhythm. Understanding speech patterns is not just an academic exercise; it plays a pivotal role in enhancing the effectiveness of our communication in personal, professional, and creative contexts.

Speech Patterns Are Key to Creating Characters

Voice actors and other creative partners dive deep into the nuances of speech to bring characters to life. Each character, from the heroes of our favorite stories to the persuasive voices behind audio ads, possesses a unique speech pattern that defines their personality and backstory. These dynamic speech patterns are meticulously crafted, incorporating elements such as speech rate, emotive mood, and rare vocabulary to create a distinctive voice.

For instance, a character's speech pattern might reveal their early life experiences, regional variations, and the journey that has shaped their view of the world. This is why voice actors spend countless hours studying different speech patterns—they aim to convey a character's essence through the subtleties of their speech. The difference in speech patterns also enhances the diversity of characters within a story, making the narrative richer and more engaging.

Moreover, understanding and utilizing different organizational patterns can significantly affect the clarity and impact of a speech. Organizational patterns refer to the structure and sequence in which ideas are presented in spoken or written form. For actors, choosing the right speech pattern and organizational structure can mean the difference between a memorable performance and a forgettable one.

Organizational Patterns

Organizational patterns in speech are not just about the order of words but about how ideas are crafted and delivered to make a point clear and compelling. These patterns can be chronological, spatial, or based on the importance of the information presented. Each pattern serves a specific purpose and can dramatically enhance the speaker's ability to convey their message effectively.

• Chronological Order : This is often used in narratives or to describe events in the order they happened. It's straightforward and helps audience members follow the story or argument without confusion.
• Spatial Speech : This pattern organizes information based on location or direction. It's particularly useful in descriptive speeches where the arrangement of elements in space is relevant.
• Importance : Prioritizing information from most to least important (or vice versa) ensures that the main points hit home. It's effective in persuasive speeches where you aim to leave a strong impression on the audience.

What Are Some Ways to Describe Speech Patterns?

Describing speech patterns goes beyond simply recognizing a person's accent or vocabulary; it involves observing the intricate ways in which individuals express themselves through spoken language. These patterns can reveal a lot about someone's background, emotions, and even their intentions. Here are some aspects to consider:

Speech Rate

• The speed at which a person speaks can significantly affect how their message is received. A rapid speech rate might convey excitement or nervousness, while a slower rate could suggest thoughtfulness or uncertainty. Adjusting the speaking rate can also help to emphasize certain points or convey a particular mood.

Tone and Inflection

• The tone of voice expresses the speaker's attitude towards the subject or the audience. Inflection, or the variation in pitch, helps to convey meaning, indicate questions, or express emotion. Together, tone and inflection add color and texture to spoken words, making the speech more dynamic and engaging .

Stress and Rhythm

• Stress refers to the emphasis placed on certain syllables or words, which can change the meaning of a sentence or highlight specific points. The rhythm of speech—how these stresses form patterns—can make speech musical, persuasive, or authoritative.

Use of Language and Vocabulary

• The choice of words and how they are put together can reflect a speaker's education, background, and personality. The use of jargon, slang, or rare vocabulary can indicate a person's profession, age, or cultural identity.

Selecting an Organizational Pattern

Choosing the right organizational pattern for your speech is crucial for effective communication . The pattern you select should align with your objective and your audience's expectations. Here are a few strategies to help you decide:

• Understand Your Audience : The organization of your speech should cater to the interests and understanding level of your audience members. Consider their background, knowledge on the subject, and what they hope to gain from your speech.
• Define Your Purpose : Clearly define the goal of your speech. Are you informing, persuading, entertaining, or explaining? Your purpose will guide the selection of an organizational pattern that best suits your message.
• Consider the Content : Some topics naturally lend themselves to specific organizational patterns. For example, a speech about a historical event might fit a chronological pattern, while a presentation on a new product could benefit from a problem-solution structure.
• Practice and Feedbac k: Experiment with different organizational patterns in rehearsals and seek feedback from peers or mentors. The best approach to arrange your ideas can be learned by practicing your speech and watching how it is received.

Dynamic Speech Pattern: Captivating Your Audience

A dynamic speech pattern isn't just about varying your pitch or pace; it's about creating a captivating narrative flow that keeps your audience engaged from start to finish. This characteristic mode of speech involves integrating changes in tempo, volume, and emotiveness to reflect the nuances of your message.

For most people, a speech that ebbs and flows in response to the content and audience reaction is far more engaging than a monotonous delivery. This approach mirrors the natural dynamics of conversation, making your talk more relatable and memorable. It's not just about what you say but how you say it that can turn an ordinary speech into an extraordinary experience.

Furthermore, employing a dynamic speech pattern allows you to emphasize the main points of your speech effectively. By adjusting your vocal elements to highlight critical information, you create a roadmap for your audience, guiding them through your message with clear signposts. This technique not only enhances understanding but also makes your speech more persuasive, as the emphasized points are likely to stay with the audience long after your talk concludes.

Vocal Elements: The Essence of a Person's Speech

Vocal elements—such as tone, pitch, and volume—play a pivotal role in defining a person's speech pattern. These elements are the building blocks of communication, allowing individuals to convey emotions, intentions, and nuances beyond the mere words spoken. 

In informative speech, the strategic use of vocal elements can significantly enhance the delivery of complex information, making it more accessible and engaging for the audience. For instance, a slight change in tone can indicate the transition between different types, or sections, of content, helping listeners to follow along more easily.

Moreover, vocal elements can also reveal much about someone's life, personality, and emotional state. The way a person speaks—whether their voice is soft and measured or loud and brisk—can give listeners a sense of who they are and what they feel about the subject at hand. 

In media content, where visual cues might be limited, vocal elements become even more crucial in building character and setting the mood. Voice actors, in particular, rely on these nuances to breathe life into characters, using their voices to convey a range of emotions and reactions that define the character’s unique speech pattern.

Understanding Speech Patterns: The Path to Effective Communication

Speech patterns stand out as the threads that add color and texture to our conversations. They are not just markers of individuality but are essential tools for effective communication. From the dynamic ebb and flow of a captivating talk to the nuanced vocal elements that reveal the depth of a speaker's emotions and intentions, understanding speech patterns enriches our ability to connect with others.

By selecting the right organization pattern, we structure our ideas in a way that resonates with our audience, whether we're sharing a story, imparting knowledge, or inspiring action. In every word we speak, there lies an opportunity to make a meaningful impact. In exploring and embracing the diverse aspects of speech patterns, we unlock the potential to enhance our conversations, presentations, and storytelling, making every interaction more engaging, understandable, and memorable.

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Topical Speech Patterns: Uncovering Their Power and How to Use Them Effectively

We’ve all been there. You’re in a meeting or speaking in front of a large group and you can feel the eyes on you. You know that the topic is important, your audience is listening intently, and then for a moment, your mind goes blank and your words fail you. Panic begins to take over, so you start speaking and your words come out jumbled and unfocused. The key to avoiding this situation is to unlock your topical speech patterns so you can speak with clarity and confidence . In this blog post, we’re going to look at how to develop a strong and fluid speech and identify general tips and tricks you can use to start speaking more confidently. First, we’ll look at how to find the right topics and determine which ones resonate the most with your audience. Then we’ll look at how to use logical arguments and related ideas to ensure a cohesive and fluid speech. Finally, we’ll discuss some helpful tools and techniques you can use to practice and hone your speech. By the end of this blog post, you should have a better understanding of how to unlock your topical speech patterns and become a better and more confident public speaker . Let’s get started!

Quick Insight

A topical speech pattern is a type of organizational structure used when preparing a speech . It involves arranging the ideas around a central topic or main point, which helps the speaker logically develop their points and keep the audience engaged.

Understanding Topical Speech Patterns

Understanding topical speech patterns helps to create clarity and confidence when speaking. A topical speech pattern is the way content is organized within a speech or presentation. In order to effectively communicate a message, understanding and incorporating effective topical patterns can be extremely beneficial. When structuring the content of a speech, it should follow a logical flow that will keep the audience engaged and attentive. This allows listeners to understand the message they are hearing, while also making it easier for the speaker to maintain clear thoughts. One of the most widely accepted topical speech patterns is called “ Abecedarian .” This topic structure begins by introducing a main idea or topic followed by sub-ideas or topics in alphabetical order. Additionally, this method can be used for large and small presentations and allows for easy navigation through a variety of topics. Another popular approach to organizing information into a topical pattern is called “ Chronological ”. This speaks for itself as it simply follows from one point in time to another—effectively allowing an audience to keep track of what has happened over time with respect to the particular topic. As its name implies, it has the power to fill up gaps in knowledge, especially when taking more complex considerations into account such as when discussing current events or historical landmarks. Overall, understanding how to organize topics into structured verbal forms while taking into consideration the context of certain conversations is key when speaking. It not only ensures the clarity and effectiveness of one’s words but allows them to develop confidence in their ability express themselves. Having now discussed different methods of understanding topical speech patterns, our next section describes how one can go about organizing ideas for a successful speech.

Most Important Summary Points

Topical speech patterns can help create clarity and confidence when speaking. Abecedarian is a popular pattern that involves introducing a main topic followed by sub-topics in alphabetical order. Chronological is another approach where topics are organized from one point in time to another. Organizing ideas into structured verbal forms and considering the context are key for successful speeches.

Organizing Ideas for a Speech

When preparing a speech, one of the most important steps is organizing the ideas in a logical way that conveys your point clearly and effectively. To do this you must familiarize yourself with the content of your speech, identify key points, develop supporting evidence , and choose an appropriate structure. Familiarizing Yourself with Content One of the first steps in organizing a speech is to become intimately familiar with the content. It starts with research and synthesis of the materials. As you are researching and reading, organize material into categories either through mental or physical notes. Break down complex topics or arguments so that it easier for your audience to comprehend them. Identifying Key Points Once you have done research and become well-acquainted with the content, move onto identifying key points that make up your argument. It is important to limit these key points to three to five points so they are easy to remember and follow. Prioritize these points according to strength; this allows you to focus resources where their effect will be greatest and ensure cohesiveness throughout your speech. Developing Supporting Evidence Developing supporting evidence builds credibility and enforces your argument’s relevance and power. Various pieces of evidence can be used such as quotes from authoritative sources, related statistics and facts, anecdotes, multimedia visuals and more. Utilize these pieces of evidence to explain, elaborate on and illustrate your argument’s importance without drastically changing the flow of an argument. Choosing an Appropriate Structure The structure or outline of a speech is paramount for effectively communicating one’s point(s). Choosing an appropriate structure ensures that each notion flows smoothly from one point to the next, outlines how all points contribute to an overall statement or argument, reinforces repetition for main points, clarifies any assumptions made mid-speech, adheres to a timeline, and so much more. Popular structures for speeches include chronological order, order of importance or spatial/geographical pecking order . Deciding which organization style works best depends on varying factors such as technicality of topic being discussed, time allotted for presentation, method(s) used for presentation (visuals), language proficiency among audience members as well as cultural considerations unique to each situation among many other factors. Cautious curation of these elements results in clear communication no matter the environment one finds oneself in when presenting said ideas; this subsequently provides ample opportunity for compelling presentations with vivid imagery and narrative drive whose impact resonates with both intellects and emotions alike. Now that we’ve discussed how to organize ideas within our speech let’s move onto identifying the main points – the backbone on which our argument stands firm – in the next section.

Identifying the Main Points

When preparing a speech , it is essential to identify the main points that should be comprised within the speech. The main points should be clear and concise, yet comprehensive enough to provide thorough information. A speech can typically include an introduction , body and conclusion. When identifying the main points for the introduction, think of what would be most pertinent for the audience to consider. Keep in mind what matters most to the specific audience being addressed. Be sure to include facts or relevant experiences that may attribute to the topic at hand. This will stimulate engagement from attendees and identify why the topic is important. For the body of a speech, each point should align with one another and emphasize on a unique portion of what’s being discussed. It’s important to remember to back up points with credible data and other testimonials. Providing evidence not only makes a speech more trustworthy, but allows it to be easily understood by all listeners. Additionally, leave room for any sort of discussion or questions that people may have during this portion of your presentation. Lastly, when summarizing conclusions with key takeaways, consider ways in which everyone who listened can translate what’s been shared into actionable advice or tasks. By including simple yet impactful tips or steps throughout your speech you can leave people with a lasting impression on your topic and further emphasize its significance. Overall, establishing those main points is a crucial aspect when creating an effective and successful topical speech that people witness and understand. Once you’ve identified the main points of your presentation, it’s time to connect ideas using appropriate transition phrases.

Connecting Ideas with Appropriate Transition Phrases

Transition phrases help to facilitate the flow of speech and provide listeners with a greater understanding of the speaker’s ideas. When crafting an effective speech, speakers should be mindful of their use of connecting words and phrases in order to maintain clarity and cohesion. Utilizing transition phrases can help to link the concepts discussed throughout a speech and form an organized, logical argument. Furthermore, choosing appropriate transition words allows the speaker to tailor their material to the size and complexity of the intended audience. Using appropriate connecting words is essential for providing clear and concise communication. Appropriate transition words indicate to the audience that the speaker understands how one topic relates to another. Additionally, certain types of transitions can add emphasis or emotion to a sentiment being expressed by the speaker; for example, phrases such as “in addition” or “moreover” follow up a statement whereas “for instance” provides further explanation and clarity. Whether directing debate between two sides or simply giving an individual presentation, using appropriate transition phrases is critical for speaking with clarity and confidence. Connecting with leading language helps put the listener at ease and confirms that speaker is both knowledgeable and prepared. This can assist with gaining respect from an audience, who will note an individual’s ability to eloquently string together ideas from thought-to-thought within a discussion or presentation. Finally, it important for speakers to be conscious of how they select their transitioning words within a longer timeframe as some phrases may become repetitive. Therefore, selecting different options when transitioning topics while addressing a longer timeframe can hold people’s attention more easily than returning to similar loanwords again and again throughout longer speeches or presentations. Moving onto the next section, this article will discuss adapting one’s speech for a longer timeframe.

Adapting Your Speech for a Longer Timeframe

Delivering a speech or presentation can be daunting, especially if it is going to last more than a few minutes . When speaking in front of an audience for an extended period of time, it is important to keep them engaged and make sure the energy level stays high. Here are some strategies that can help you a speaker successfully adapt their speech to a longer timeframe. First, long speeches can seem overwhelming, so consider breaking your presentation into multiple sections. This will allow you to focus on one topic at a time and make the overall structure easier for the audience to understand. Additionally, adding videos, photos, diagrams, or other visuals can enhance understanding without requiring too much additional effort from the speaker. Second, don’t forget to stay active throughout the entire presentation. Move around the stage or use gestures and facial expressions to emphasize key points. Ask questions of the audience and incorporate interactive activities when appropriate. Doing so will help keep everyone engaged and increase participation in the discussion. Third, vary your tone and delivery style as you talk about different topics. Use rich language to describe stories or anecdotes that illustrate your point. Show enthusiasm when sharing ideas or discussing statistics that may otherwise appear boring or mundane. By following these tips, speakers can ensure that their longer speeches remain engaging and interesting throughout every stage of their presentation. Finally, don’t forget to plan time for breaks between sections or even short pauses in mid-sentence to change topics or provide perspective changes. This will give both the speaker and audience a chance to rest and refocus before moving onto the next subject matter. With these strategies in hand, presenters can boost both their confidence and capabilities when giving longer speeches with more clarity and poise. Now that we have talked about adapting your speech for a longer timeframe let’s move on to the importance of keeping audiences engaged throughout these extended presentations – which will be discussed in the next section.

Keeping Audiences Engaged

When delivering a topical speech, it is important to keep your audience engaged . Engagement is key to ensure that the audience stays attentive and interested in the topic being discussed. To do this effectively, speakers can choose to engage their audience through various activities and techniques. One way to keep an audience engaged is to break up longer presentations with interactive activities. This can be done by involving the audience in a discussion, inviting them to participate in quizzes or games, or incorporating brief group exercises into your presentation. Incorporating interactive activities not only gives the audience something engaging to do, but it also helps break up the monotony of a long speech, allowing the speaker to reset their thoughts and continue on with a refreshed approach. Another way to keep an audience engaged is to use stories or anecdotes rather than simply presenting facts and figures. Storytelling allows speakers to gain their audience’s attention and provide another layer of depth and emotion to the topic being presented. Therefore, it can be especially useful when trying to convey certain emotions or feelings that are difficult for others to connect with. Finally, using multimedia elements such as videos and music can also be effective in keeping an audience engaged. These multimedia tools provide additional visuals for audiences to follow along with as well as providing a break from more traditional presentations styles. By incorporating one or more of these activities into a speech, speakers can keep their audiences engaged while ensuring they stay focused on the topic at hand. From here, they can then move onto the next section which will focus on “Sticking to Your Argument”

Sticking to Your Argument

When constructing an argument, it is important to stay focused on the point of the argument and avoid getting sidetracked. During a topical speech , speakers should strive to make logical and consistent arguments by staying on topic, avoiding conjecture or opinion. It is important to remember that while some debate or discussion can enhance a speech, making personal attacks or presenting information without a clear purpose can weaken a speaker’s argument. For those looking to debate or counter an opposing point of view, it is essential to acknowledge that there may be two sides to every argument. When presenting both sides of the story, speakers should acknowledge any points of agreement within each side but remain balanced in their presentation, so that they don’t inadvertently alienate members of either viewpoint. Ultimately, the goal should be to clearly lay out both sides of the argument objectively and logically and then defend the speaker’s point of view. In order for a speaker’s audience to follow their argument, it is crucial for them to stay on target throughout their presentation. To ensure that this remains the case, many speakers find it beneficial to form an outline with specific talking points in mind prior to delivering their speech. By having a plan in place before commencing the dialogue and periodically reminding themselves about their main arguments as they go along, speakers will better able able to maintain focus and clarity throughout their address. By utilizing these strategies for sticking to an argument throughout their presentation, topical speakers can feel more confident presenting their ideas with conviction and clarity. Now let’s take a look at tips for focusing on the topic at hand during a topical speech.

Tips for Focusing on the Topic

When it comes to speaking, it’s important to focus on the topic at hand. Focusing on the topic allows the speaker to stay on track, be concise and organized, and ensure that the presentation stays engaging and informative. There are several tips for focusing on topics during a speech or presentation. First, it is important to create an outline or roadmap of what will be discussed so as not to ramble off onto too many tangents. If there is a time limit for the presentation then, this is also important for ensuring that enough material is covered within the allotted timeframe. Second, it is essential to practice ahead of time. By practicing out loud, with others, and in front of a mirror if necessary, the speaker can become more comfortable speaking on the topic before presenting to an audience. Through preparation and repetition, the presenter can stay focused and organized. Third, when speaking in front of a large crowd it can be helpful to imagine having a conversation with one person instead of addressing a room full of people. This encourages eye contact , direct delivery, and being able to rely on natural pauses throughout the discussion instead of feeling pressured to fill silence in an uncomfortable way. Lastly, make sure to end with a strong conclusion that ties back into the main points from the beginning of the presentation or speech. This allows for closure on the topic but also ensures that all presented material was concisely covered. By following these tips for focusing on topics during speeches or presentations, speakers can keep their audiences engaged and well informed. For each section or paragraph it’s also useful for speakers to ask themselves if what they’re saying is in line with the overall message being addressed and if it’s absolutely necessary for clarification on what was presented prior. Ultimately this helps keep speakers grounded while they explore their subject matter without getting off track too often while still providing valuable information and entertainment value. To conclude this section, it’s essential that speakers focus on staying organized and knowledgeable no matter their skill level when presenting any material publicly — whether it’s a formal assembly or an informal meeting with peers. With clarity and confidence these tricks help maintain topically sound speeches that leave audiences satisfied with what was communicated. With effective topical speeches delivered effectively comes successful conclusions – which leads us into our next section: “Conclusion”.

Public speaking can be a nerve wracking endeavor, but it doesn’t have to be. Following the strategies outlined in this article can help unlock your topical speech patterns and enable you to better articulate your point of view . Clarity and confidence are key components of great public speaking, and understanding how to achieve them is essential. By focusing on the language you use, using storytelling techniques, having a clear structure, keeping your purpose at the forefront of your mind, and effectively dealing with objections, you’ll be well on your way to becoming an incredibly powerful speaker. Haivng clarity and confidence when it comes to public speaking can open up endless opportunities for you. You may find new job or educational opportunities coming your way as a result of gains in oratory ability . On the whole, it’s clear that putting effort into honing one’s public speaking abilities can have lasting positive effects. However, there is still benefit to be had from being more spontaneous when giving speeches—this can lead to more emotionally engaging talks from listeners’ perspectives. Additionally, depending on what type of presentation you’re doing, it may make sense to play off audience reactions in real-time and tailor your talk accordingly—something that a scripted speech likely won’t allow for. Ultimately, the best course of action will depend upon the nature of the event you’re presenting at and who your target audience is. In conclusion, no matter how nervous or uncomfortable with public speaking one might feel initially, honing their skillset in this area will bring far-reaching positive benefits if done consistently over time. With dedicated practice and by utilizing all the methods mentioned in this article, anyone can become an effective topical speaker capable of captivating their audience through both clarity and confidence in their delivery.

Common Questions and Answers

How is a topical speech pattern strategically employed in public speaking.

A topical speech pattern is a way of organizing information and ideas around a particular topic or idea. It is commonly used in public speaking to establish a clear structure and logic for a presentation. By setting up this structure, the speaker can better communicate their message to the audience, as well as emphasize key points. For example, one could use a topical speech pattern to discuss the various causes and effects of climate change, starting with broad causes and gradually moving towards more specific effects. This organized flow helps listeners understand the information presented and make informed decisions. Additionally, a topical speech pattern can be strategically employed in public speaking to appeal to certain audiences or support certain argumentative points; by choosing relevant topics and framing them within an organized structure, speakers can more easily make an impactful impression on their audience.

What techniques can be incorporated into a topical speech pattern?

Techniques that can be incorporated into a topical speech pattern include being well-prepared, knowing your audience , using strong body language, avoiding large volumes of text, and providing clear examples to support points. Being prepared is a key factor in delivering any speech. Before writing the speech, you should research the topic thoroughly so that your speeches have the potential to sound informed and professional. Knowing your audience is also important for delivering a successful presentation. Understanding who you are speaking to helps tailor the message to their interests and experiences and allows for more meaningful dialogue between the speaker and the audience. Using strong body language such as eye contact, appropriate gestures, posture, and facial expressions can also be beneficial for engaging with an audience. These tools help bring the speech alive and create an atmosphere of attentiveness from the audience. It is essential to avoid overwhelming your audience with too much text when giving a speech . Keep it succinct by focusing on key points and using visuals to support complex ideas, rather than relying too heavily on words. Finally, providing clear examples is an effective technique to guarantee the audience understands your point better. Providing examples gives them a better perspective of what your intended message is while helping you stay on track during the presentation.

Are there any specific examples of a topical speech pattern used in a successful speech?

Yes, there are several examples of topical speech patterns that have been used in successful speeches over the years. For example, former United States President John F. Kennedy’s iconic inaugural address focused on committing to public service and was an excellent example of how to effectively use a topical pattern. Kennedy began his speech by discussing the state of the world at the time and then proceeded to outline his personal commitment to “pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe” for the greater good of mankind. Opening with such a powerful statement set the tone for the rest of his speech which highlighted many different topical issues he wanted to discuss. Another exemplary example of a topical speech pattern is civil rights leader Martin Luther King’s famous ‘I Have A Dream’ speech. In this instance King started by reflecting on the country’s history and how far they had come while still acknowledging how much further they needed to go. He went on to introduce his vision for an equal future which was supported through poignant examples addressing various current issues including racism and segregation. This persuasive example of using a topical pattern inspired listeners across the world and greatly contributed towards social change during one of America’s most consequential moments. These two examples demonstrate how employing a topical approach in public speaking can be effective at conveying powerful ideas and inspiring others. The messages in both speeches still resonate today and remind us just how important it is to learn how to successfully use this method when crafting a meaningful presentation or dialogue.

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• National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - The Changing Role of Phonology in Reading Development
• Pressbooks - Phonology
• University of Sheffield - Centre for Linguistic Research - Phonology
• Social Sciences LibreTexts - Learning Phonology
• Cambridge University Press - What is phonology?

phonology , study of the sound patterns that occur within languages. Some linguists include phonetics , the study of the production and description of speech sounds, within the study of phonology .

Diachronic (historical) phonology examines and constructs theories about the changes and modifications in speech sounds and sound systems over a period of time. For example, it is concerned with the process by which the English words “sea” and “see,” once pronounced with different vowel sounds (as indicated by the spelling), have come to be pronounced alike today. Synchronic (descriptive) phonology investigates sounds at a single stage in the development of a language , to discover the sound patterns that can occur. For example, in English, nt and dm can appear within or at the end of words (“rent,” “admit”) but not at the beginning.

Staccato Speech – trying to create a meaningful flow

Staccato speech is where you speak in fragments of sentences that are punctuated by pauses, which interrupt, to the point of destroying the flow of your speech.

Written by Nick Smallman • 28 February 2013

Staccato speech definition:

Staccato speech, also known as “choppy” or “broken” speech, is a pattern of speaking that involves speaking in short, choppy sentences or phrases. A person with staccato speech often leaves out articles and prepositions, which can make it difficult for them to be understood.

If you are a parent of a child who exhibits staccato speech, it is important to learn more about the language disorder. Outside of having your child assessed by a professional in order to determine whether they have staccato speech or another communication disorder (such as verbal dyspraxia), there are many resources available to you. This article includes some ideas for how you can use the internet and your community to find more information about how staccato speech affects your child specifically.

Staccato speech causes:

Habitual staccato speech is becoming a slightly more common occurrence, figures would suggest, and is more present in the younger generation; many teenagers speak like this during puberty, and it usually disappears over time. Other’s speak like this to an extent, or on occasion, and aren’t really bothered by it.

Sometimes this can be because of nervousness. If this is you, you may feel the need to speed up or weave all your words together, and this probably makes it worse. When speaking, if you stop in the middle of speech by accident , you can use it to your advantage; maintain eye contact , nod, and you’ll probably appear to either be thinking or pausing deliberately. Even if the pause is a long one, if it appears deliberate it can empower and hold people’s attention. Obviously don’t do this on purpose, but consider it.

You should take your time, try and speak at a regular rate, and never be afraid to speak because you might speak in staccato; the voice is like a muscle. Its power will diminish if you don’t use it.

Voice coaches would normally recommend breathing exercises to combat staccato speech as breathing through a sentence can really help the speaker to gain flow.

With this, try and identify what exactly it is that makes you staccato. Voice exercises and practicing talking in fluid sentences make a good start. If you really struggle, you may want to see a speech therapist for voice coaching

Staccato speech example:

Staccato speech is the opposite of legato. Instead of stretching out and blending each syllable into the next, staccato speech involves an abrupt cut-off of each syllable. Staccato speech sounds clipped and choppy, almost like a series of short bursts.

Staccato speech is common in certain situations and in some languages. For example, pretty much all Spanish words end with a vowel, so Spanish often flows with a mix of legato and staccato syllables. However, some people sometimes use staccato speech to convey emotion or excitement, too.

Your speaking style generally includes a mixture of legato and staccato syllables to help give your speech its own unique rhythm.

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14.6: Speech Organization

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• Ganga S. Dhanesh@National University of Singapore
• Millersville University via Public Speaking Project

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Members of different cultural groups have varying preferences for different organizational patterns such as linear and holistic.

linear pattern

Speakers from low-context cultures often use linear patterns, such as cause- and-effect, problem-solution, chronological and spatial. In these patterns the speaker develops the main idea step by step, relying on facts and data to support the main argument. The main points and sub-points are connected via transitions, internal previews and summaries. The speaker relies more on facts and data, rather than on stories and emotional appeals, and contextual understanding is not emphasized. However, other speakers, mostly from high-context cultures, use holistic and configural organizational patterns that are more indirect than the linear patterns (Lieberman, 1994).

We have no hope of solving our problems without harnessing the diversity, the energy, and the creativity of all our people. ~ Roger Wilkins

holistic pattern

In holistic patterns, instead of directly and explicitly presenting key ideas, the speaker uses examples and stories to convey the main idea and leaves it to the audience to interpret the message encoded in the examples and stories told. The main points and sub- points are connected through implication rather than by clear bridges and transitions. Cheryl Jorgensen Earp (1993; as cited in Jaffe, 2004) has identified three distinct types of holistic organizational patterns: wave, spiral and star.

wave pattern

In the wave pattern, speakers adopt a crest-trough wave pattern in which they use examples and stories to slowly build up to the main point at the crest of the wave. The speaker then winds down and repeats the pattern, reiterating main points or introducing new points at the peaks. Speeches that follow the wave pattern usually end dramatically, at the crest. Ceremonial speakers often employ this pattern, using repetitive phrases to build up to the crest.

spiral pattern

A speaker employing the spiral pattern builds up dramatic intensity by moving from smaller and less-intense scenarios to bigger and more-intense scenarios, in an upward spiral. A speech about disciplining a child might use a spiral pattern. First, the speaker could say that for a small transgression a child might be given a time-out. The next scenario could describe a larger transgression and a bigger punishment such as being grounded for a day. Subsequent scenarios could build further in intensity.

star pattern

A variation of the more linear topical pattern, the star pattern presents a set of main points connected by an underlying common theme. For different audiences, speakers will start with different main points, but all main points will be united by one theme. For instance, while delivering a speech on “save the dolphins” to primary school students, the speaker might start with a main point that appeals to children, such as the “born to be free” argument, and then cover the other main points. However, when addressing marine biologists, the speaker might start with the main point that keeping dolphins in captivity is harmful to their health. Then the speaker would cover the remaining points, all tied to the theme of saving dolphins.

All patterns, whether linear or holistic, require careful and skillful planning and organization. When addressing a diverse audience, public speakers should make an effort to adjust their organizational patterns to reflect their audiences’ preference.

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Chapter Nine – Organizing the Body of your Speech

Creating the Body of a Speech

In a series of important and ground-breaking studies conducted during the 1950s and 1960s, researchers started investigating how a speech’s organization was related to audience perceptions of those speeches. The first study, conducted by Raymond Smith in 1951, randomly organized the parts of a speech to see how audiences would react. Not surprisingly, when speeches were randomly organized, the audience perceived the speech more negatively than when audiences were presented with a speech with clear, intentional organization. Smith also found that audiences who listened to unorganized speeches were less interested in those speeches than audiences who listened to organized speeches (Smith, 1951). Thompson furthered this investigation and found that unorganized speeches were also harder for audiences to recall after the speech. Basically, people remember information from speeches that are clearly organized—and forget information from speeches that are poorly organized (Thompson, 1960). A third study by Baker found that when audiences were presented with a disorganized speaker, they were less likely to be persuaded, and saw the disorganized speaker as lacking credibility (Baker, 1965).

These three very important studies make the importance of organization very clear. When speakers are not organized they are not perceived as credible and their audiences view the speeches negatively, are less likely to be persuaded, and don’t remember specific information from the speeches after the fact.

We start this chapter discussing these studies because we want you to understand the importance of speech organization on real audiences. If you are not organized, your speech will never have its intended effect. In this chapter, we are going to discuss the basics of organizing the body of your speech.

Determining Your Main Ideas

Matt Wynn –  Lightbulb!  – CC BY 2.0.

When creating a speech, it’s important to remember that speeches have three clear parts: an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. The introduction establishes the topic and whets your audience’s appetite, and the conclusion wraps everything up at the end of your speech. The real “meat” of your speech happens in the body. In this section, we’re going to discuss how to think strategically about the body of your speech.

We like the word  strategic  because it refers to determining what is important or essential to the overall plan or purpose of your speech. Too often, new speakers just throw information together and stand up and start speaking. When that happens, audience members are left confused and the reason for the speech may get lost. To avoid being seen as disorganized, we want you to start thinking critically about the organization of your speech. In this section, we will discuss how to take your speech from a specific purpose to creating the main points of your speech.

What Is Your Specific Purpose?

Before we discuss how to determine the main points of your speech, we want to revisit your speech’s specific purpose. Recall that a speech can have one of three general purposes: to inform, to persuade, or to entertain. The general purpose refers to the broad goal for creating and delivering the speech. The specific purpose, on the other hand, starts with one of those broad goals (inform, persuade, or entertain) and then further informs the listener about the  who ,  what ,  when ,  where ,  why , and  how  of the speech.

The specific purpose is stated as a sentence incorporating the general purpose, the specific audience for the speech, and a prepositional phrase that summarizes the topic. Suppose you are going to give a speech about using open-source software. Here are three examples (each with a different general purpose and a different audience):

In each of these three examples, you’ll notice that the general topic is the same—open-source software—but the specific purpose is different because the speech has a different general purpose and a different audience. Before you can think strategically about organizing the body of your speech, you need to know what your specific purpose is. If you have not yet written a specific purpose for your current speech, please go ahead and write one now.

From Specific Purpose to Main Points

Once you’ve written down your specific purpose, you can now start thinking about the best way to turn that specific purpose into a series of main points. Main points are the key ideas you present to enable your speech to accomplish its specific purpose. In this section, we’re going to discuss how to determine your main points and how to organize those main points into a coherent, strategic speech.

Narrowing Down Your Main Points

When you write your specific purpose and review the research you have done on your topic, you will probably find yourself thinking of quite a few points that you’d like to make in your speech. Whether that’s the case or not, we recommend taking a few minutes to brainstorm and develop a list of points. What information does your audience need to know to understand your topic? What information does your speech need to convey to accomplish its specific purpose? Consider the following example:

Now that you have brainstormed and developed a list of possible points, how do you go about narrowing them down to just two or three main ones? Remember, your main points are the key ideas that help build your speech. When you look over the preceding list, you can then start to see that many of the points are related to one another. Your goal in narrowing down your main points is to identify which individual, potentially minor points can be combined to make main points. This process is called chunking because it involves taking smaller chunks of information and putting them together with like chunks to create more fully developed chunks of information. Before reading our chunking of the preceding list, see if you can determine three large chunks out of the list (note that not all chunks are equal).

While there is no magic number for how many main points a speech should have, speech experts generally agree that the fewer the number of main points the better. First and foremost, experts on the subject of memory have consistently shown that people don’t tend to remember very much after they listen to a message or leave a conversation (Bostrom & Waldhart, 1988). While many different factors can affect a listener’s ability to retain information after a speech, how the speech is organized is an important part of that process (Dunham, 1964; Smith, 1951; Thompson, 1960). For the speeches you will be delivering in a typical public speaking class, you will usually have just two or three main points. If your speech is less than three minutes long, then two main points will probably work best. If your speech is between three and ten minutes in length, then it makes more sense to use three main points.

You may be wondering why we are recommending only two or three main points. The reason comes straight out of the research on listening. According to LeFrancois, people are more likely to remember information that is meaningful, useful, and of interest to them; different or unique; organized; visual; and simple (LeFrancois, 1999). Two or three main points are much easier for listeners to remember than ten or even five. In addition, if you have two or three main points, you’ll be able to develop each one with examples, statistics, or other forms of support. Including support for each point will make your speech more interesting and more memorable for your audience.

You may notice that in the preceding list, the number of subpoints under each of the three main points is a little disjointed or the topics don’t go together clearly. That’s all right. Remember that these are just general ideas at this point. It’s also important to remember that there is often more than one way to organize a speech. Some of these points could be left out and others developed more fully, depending on the purpose and audience. We’ll develop the preceding main points more fully in a moment.

Helpful Hints for Preparing Your Main Points

Now that we’ve discussed how to take a specific purpose and turn it into a series of main points, here are some helpful hints for creating your main points.

Uniting Your Main Points

Once you’ve generated a possible list of main points, you want to ask yourself this question: “When you look at your main points, do they fit together?” For example, if you look at the three preceding main points (school districts use software in their operations; what is open-source software; name some specific open-source software packages that may be appropriate for these school administrators to consider), ask yourself, “Do these main points help my audience understand my specific purpose?”

Suppose you added a fourth main point about open-source software for musicians—would this fourth main point go with the other three? Probably not. While you may have a strong passion for open-source music software, that main point is extraneous information for the speech you are giving. It does not help accomplish your specific purpose, so you’d need to toss it out.

Keeping Your Main Points Separate

The next question to ask yourself about your main points is whether they overlap too much. While some overlap may happen naturally because of the singular nature of a specific topic, the information covered within each main point should be clearly distinct from the other main points. Imagine you’re giving a speech with the specific purpose “to inform my audience about the health reasons for eating apples and oranges.” You could then have three main points: that eating fruits is healthy, that eating apples is healthy, and that eating oranges is healthy. While the two points related to apples and oranges are clearly distinct, both of those main points would probably overlap too much with the first point “that eating fruits is healthy,” so you would probably decide to eliminate the first point and focus on the second and third. On the other hand, you could keep the first point and then develop two new points giving additional support to why people should eat fruit.

Balancing Main Points

One of the biggest mistakes some speakers make is to spend most of their time talking about one of their main points, completely neglecting their other main points. To avoid this mistake, organize your speech so as to spend roughly the same amount of time on each main point. If you find that one of your main points is simply too large, you may need to divide that main point into two main points and consolidate your other main points into a single main point.

Let’s see if our preceding example is balanced (school districts use software in their operations; what is open-source software; name some specific open-source software packages that may be appropriate for these school administrators to consider). What do you think? Obviously, the answer depends on how much time a speaker will have to talk about each of these main points. If you have an hour to talk, then you may find that these three main points are balanced. However, you may also find them wildly unbalanced if you only have five minutes to speak because five minutes is not enough time to even explain what open-source software is. If that’s the case, then you probably need to rethink your specific purpose to ensure that you can cover the material in the allotted time.

Creating Parallel Structure for Main Points

Another major question to ask yourself about your main points is whether or not they have a parallel structure. By parallel structure, we mean that you should structure your main points so that they all sound similar. When all your main points sound similar, it’s simply easier for your audiences to remember your main points and retain them for later. Let’s look at our sample (school districts use software in their operations; what is open-source software; name some specific open-source software packages that may be appropriate for these school administrators to consider). Notice that the first and third main points are statements, but the second one is a question. Basically, we have an example here of main points that are not parallel in structure. You could fix this in one of two ways. You could make them all questions: what are some common school district software programs; what is open-source software; and what are some specific open-source software packages that may be appropriate for these school administrators to consider. Or you could turn them all into statements: school districts use software in their operations; define and describe open-source software; name some specific open-source software packages that may be appropriate for these school administrators to consider. Either of these changes will make the grammatical structure of the main points parallel.

Maintaining Logical Flow of Main Points

The last question you want to ask yourself about your main points is whether the main points make sense in the order you’ve placed them. The next section goes into more detail of common organizational patterns for speeches, but for now we want you to just think logically about the flow of your main points. When you look at your main points, can you see them as progressive, or does it make sense to talk about one first, another one second, and the final one last? If you look at your order, and it doesn’t make sense to you, you probably need to think about the flow of your main points. Often, this process is an art and not a science. But let’s look at a couple of examples.

When you look at these two examples, what are your immediate impressions of the two examples? In the first example, does it make sense to talk about history, and then the problems, and finally how to eliminate school dress codes? Would it make sense to put history as your last main point? Probably not. In this case, the main points are in a logical sequential order. What about the second example? Does it make sense to talk about your solution, then your problem, and then define the solution? Not really! What order do you think these main points should be placed in for a logical flow? Maybe you should explain the problem (lack of rider laws), then define your solution (what is rider law legislation), and then argue for your solution (why states should have rider laws). Notice that in this example you don’t even need to know what “rider laws” are to see that the flow didn’t make sense.

Using Common Organizing Patterns

Twentyfour Students –  Organization makes you flow  – CC BY-SA 2.0.

Previously in this chapter we discussed how to make your main points flow logically. This section is going to provide you with a number of organizational patterns to help you create a logically organized speech. The first organizational pattern we’ll discuss is topical.

By far the most common pattern for organizing a speech is by categories or topics . The topical organizational pattern is a way to help the speaker arrange the message in a consistent fashion. The goal of a topical organization is to create categories (or chunks) of information that go together to help support your original specific purpose. Let’s look at an example.

In this case, we have a speaker trying to persuade a group of high school juniors to apply to attend Generic University. To persuade this group, the speaker has divided the information into three basic categories: what it’s like to live in the dorms, what classes are like, and what life is like on campus. Almost anyone could take this basic speech and specifically tailor the speech to fit their university or college. The main points in this example could be rearranged and the organizational pattern would still be effective because there is no inherent logic to the sequence of points. Let’s look at a second example.

In this speech, the speaker is talking about how to find others online and date them. Specifically, the speaker starts by explaining what Internet dating is; then the speaker talks about how to make Internet dating better for audience members; and finally, the speaker ends by discussing some negative aspects of Internet dating. Again, notice that the information is chunked into three topics and that the second and third could be reversed and still provide a logical structure for your speech

Comparison/Contrast

Another method for organizing main points is the comparison/contrast pattern. While this pattern clearly lends itself easily to two main points, you can also create a third point by giving basic information about what is being compared and what is being contrasted. Let’s look at two examples; the first one will be a two-point example and the second a three-point example.

If you were using the comparison/contrast pattern for persuasive purposes, in the preceding examples, you’d want to make sure that when you show how Drug X and Drug Y differ, you clearly state why Drug X is clearly the better choice for physicians to adopt. In essence, you’d want to make sure that when you compare the two drugs, you show that Drug X has all the benefits of Drug Y, but when you contrast the two drugs, you show how Drug X is superior to Drug Y in some way.

The spatial organizational pattern arranges information according to how things fit together in physical space. This pattern is best used when your main points are oriented to different locations that can exist independently. The basic reason to choose this format is to show that the main points have clear locations. We’ll look at two examples here, one involving physical geography and one involving a different spatial order.

If you look at a basic map of the United States, you’ll notice that these groupings of states were created because of their geographic location to one another. In essence, the states create three spatial territories to explain.

Now let’s look at a spatial speech unrelated to geography.

In this example, we still have three basic spatial areas. If you look at a model of the urinary system, the first step is the kidney, which then takes waste through the ureters to the bladder, which then relies on the sphincter muscle to excrete waste through the urethra. All we’ve done in this example is create a spatial speech order for discussing how waste is removed from the human body through the urinary system. It is spatial because the organization pattern is determined by the physical location of each body part in relation to the others discussed.

Chronological

The chronological pattern places the main idea in the time order in which items appear—whether backward or forward. Here’s a simple example.

In this example, we’re looking at the writings of Winston Churchill in relation to World War II (before, during, and after). By placing his writings into these three categories, we develop a system for understanding this material based on Churchill’s own life. Note that you could also use reverse chronological order and start with Churchill’s writings after World War II, progressing backward to his earliest writings.

Biographical

As you might guess, the biographical organizational pattern is generally used when a speaker wants to describe a person’s life—either a speaker’s own life, the life of someone they know personally, or the life of a famous person. By the nature of this speech organizational pattern, these speeches tend to be informative or entertaining; they are usually not persuasive. Let’s look at an example.

In this example, we see how Brian Warner, through three major periods of his life, ultimately became the musician known as Marilyn Manson.

In this example, these three stages are presented in chronological order, but the biographical pattern does not have to be chronological. For example, it could compare and contrast different periods of the subject’s life, or it could focus topically on the subject’s different accomplishments.

The causal pattern is used to explain cause-and-effect relationships. When you use a causal speech pattern, your speech will have two basic main points: cause and effect. In the first main point, typically you will talk about the causes of a phenomenon, and in the second main point you will then show how the causes lead to either a specific effect or a small set of effects. Let’s look at an example.

In this case, the first main point is about the history and prevalence of drinking alcohol among Native Americans (the cause). The second point then examines the effects of Native American alcohol consumption and how it differs from other population groups.

However, a causal organizational pattern can also begin with an effect and then explore one or more causes. In the following example, the effect is the number of arrests for domestic violence.

In this example, the possible causes for the difference might include stricter law enforcement, greater likelihood of neighbors reporting an incident, and police training that emphasizes arrests as opposed to other outcomes. Examining these possible causes may suggest that despite the arrest statistic, the actual number of domestic violence incidents in your city may not be greater than in other cities of similar size.

Problem-Cause-Solution

Another format for organizing distinct main points in a clear manner is the p roblem-cause-solution pattern. In this format you describe a problem, identify what you believe is causing the problem, and then recommend a solution to correct the problem.

In this speech, the speaker wants to persuade people to pass a new curfew for people under eighteen. To help persuade the civic group members, the speaker first shows that vandalism and violence are problems in the community. Once the speaker has shown the problem, the speaker then explains to the audience that the cause of this problem is youth outside after 10:00 p.m. Lastly, the speaker provides the mandatory 10:00 p.m. curfew as a solution to the vandalism and violence problem within the community. The problem-cause-solution format for speeches generally lends itself to persuasive topics because the speaker is asking an audience to believe in and adopt a specific solution.

Selecting an Organizational Pattern

Each of the preceding organizational patterns is potentially useful for organizing the main points of your speech. However, not all organizational patterns work for all speeches. For example, as we mentioned earlier, the biographical pattern is useful when you are telling the story of someone’s life. Some other patterns, particularly comparison/contrast and problem-cause-solution, are well suited for persuasive speaking. Your challenge is to choose the best pattern for the particular speech you are giving.

You should be aware that it is also possible to combine two or more organizational patterns to meet the goals of a specific speech. For example, you might wish to discuss a problem and then compare/contrast several different possible solutions for the audience. Such a speech would thus be combining elements of the comparison/contrast and problem-cause-solution patterns. When considering which organizational pattern to use, you need to keep in mind your specific purpose as well as your audience and the actual speech material itself to decide which pattern you think will work best.

Keeping Your Speech Moving

Chris Marquardt –  REWIND  – CC BY-SA 2.0.

Have you ever been listening to a speech or a lecture and found yourself thinking, “I am so lost!” or “Where the heck is this speaker going?” Chances are one of the reasons you weren’t sure what the speaker was talking about was that the speaker didn’t effectively keep the speech moving. When we are reading and encounter something we don’t understand, we have the ability to reread the paragraph and try to make sense of what we’re trying to read. Unfortunately, we are not that lucky when it comes to listening to a speaker. We cannot pick up our universal remote and rewind the person. For this reason, speakers need to really think about how they keep a speech moving so that audience members are easily able to keep up with the speech. In this section, we’re going to look at four specific techniques speakers can use that make following a speech much easier for an audience: transitions, internal previews, internal summaries, and signposts.

Transitions between Main Points

A transition is a phrase or sentence that indicates that a speaker is moving from one main point to another main point in a speech. Basically, a transition is a sentence where the speaker summarizes what was said in one point and previews what is going to be discussed in the next point. Let’s look at some examples:

• Now that we’ve seen the problems caused by lack of adolescent curfew laws, let’s examine how curfew laws could benefit our community.
• Thus far we’ve examined the history and prevalence of alcohol abuse among Native Americans, but it is the impact that this abuse has on the health of Native Americans that is of the greatest concern.
• Now that we’ve thoroughly examined how these two medications are similar to one another, we can consider the many clear differences between the two medications.
• Although he was one of the most prolific writers in Great Britain prior to World War II, Winston Churchill continued to publish during the war years as well.

You’ll notice that in each of these transition examples, the beginning phrase of the sentence indicates the conclusion of a period of time (now that, thus far). The table below contains a variety of transition words that will be useful when keeping your speech moving.

Table 9.1  Transition Words

Beyond transitions, there are several other techniques that you can use to clarify your speech organization for your audience. The next sections address several of these techniques, including internal previews, internal summaries, and signposts.

Internal Previews

An internal preview is a phrase or sentence that gives an audience an idea of what is to come within a section of a speech. An internal preview works similarly to the preview that a speaker gives at the end of a speech introduction, quickly outlining what they will talk about (i.e., the speech’s three main body points). In an internal preview, speakers highlight what they are going to discuss within a specific main point during a speech.

Ausubel was the first person to examine the effect that internal previews had on retention of oral information (Ausubel, 1968). Essentially, when speakers clearly inform an audience what they will talk about in a clear and organized manner, the audience listens for those main points, which leads to higher retention of the speaker’s message. Let’s look at a sample internal preview:

To help us further understand why recycling is important, we will first explain the positive benefits of recycling and then explore how recycling can help our communi ty.

When an audience hears that you will be exploring two different ideas within this main point, they are ready to listen for those main points as you talk about them. In essence, you’re helping your audience keep up with your speech.

Rather than being given alone, internal previews often come after a speaker has transitioned to that main topic area. Using the previous internal preview, let’s see it along with the transition to that main point.

Now that we’ve explored the effect that a lack of consistent recycling has on our community, let’s explore the importance of recycling for our community ( transition ). To help us further understand why recycling is important, we will first explain the positive benefits of recycling and then explore how recycling can help our community ( internal preview ).

While internal previews are definitely helpful, you do not need to include one for every main point of your speech. In fact, we recommend that you use internal previews sparingly to highlight only main points containing relatively complex information.

Internal Summaries

Whereas an internal preview helps an audience know what you are going to talk about within a main point at the beginning, an internal summary is delivered to remind an audience of what they just heard within the speech. In general, internal summaries are best used when the information within a specific main point of a speech was complicated. To write your own internal summaries, look at the summarizing transition words in Table 9.1. Let’s look at an example.

To sum up, school bullying is a definite problem. Bullying in schools has been shown to be detrimental to the victim’s grades, the victim’s scores on standardized tests, and the victim’s future educational outlook.

In this example, the speaker was probably talking about the impact that bullying has on an individual victim educationally. Of course, an internal summary can also be a great way to lead into a transition to the next point of a speech.

In this section, we have explored how bullying in schools has been shown to be detrimental to the victim’s grades, the victim’s scores on standardized tests, and the victim’s future educational outlook ( internal summary ). Therefore, schools need to implement campus-wide, comprehensive antibullying programs ( transition ).

While not sounding like the more traditional transition, this internal summary helps readers summarize the content of that main point. The sentence that follows then leads to the next major part of the speech, which is going to discuss the importance of antibullying programs.

Have you ever been on a road trip and watched the green rectangular mile signs pass you by? Fifty miles to go. Twenty-five miles to go. One mile to go. Signposts within a speech function the same way. Speakers use signposts to guide their audience through the content of a speech. If you look at Table 9.1 and look at the “common sequence patterns,” you’ll see a series of possible signpost options. In essence, we use these short phrases at the beginning of a piece of information to help our audience members keep up with what we’re discussing. For example, if you were giving a speech whose main point was about the three functions of credibility, you could use internal signposts like this:

• The first function of credibility is competence.
• The second function of credibility is trustworthiness.
• The final function of credibility is caring/goodwill.

Signposts are simply meant to help your audience keep up with your speech, so the more simplistic your signposts are, the easier it is for your audience to follow.

In addition to helping audience members keep up with a speech, signposts can also be used to highlight specific information the speaker thinks is important. Where the other signposts were designed to show the way (like highway markers), signposts that call attention to specific pieces of information are more like billboards. Words and phrases that are useful for highlighting information can be found in Table 9.1 under the category “emphasis.” All these words are designed to help you call attention to what you are saying so that the audience will also recognize the importance of the information.

Note from the author, Gruber: As we have previously stated, organization is integral to your audience understanding your message, and thus, being influenced by it. A clear organizational pattern with connectives, such as transitions and summaries, creates a clear and memorable message.

Finally, we sometimes get funny looks when we suggest you write the body of your speech  before  your Introduction & Conclusion. The natural thought may be “The introduction comes first, so I should write  it first.” However, consider the objectives of the Introduction, as described in the next chapter, and you’ll understand why you should always write the body first and then  the introduction and conclusion.

• Baker, E. E. (1965). The immediate effects of perceived speaker disorganization on speaker credibility and audience attitude change in persuasive speaking. Western Speech, 29 , 148–161.
• Smith, R. G. (1951). An experimental study of the effects of speech organization upon attitudes of college students. Speech Monographs, 18 , 292–301.
• Thompson, E. C. (1960). An experimental investigation of the relative effectiveness of organizational structure in oral communication.  Southern Speech Journal, 26 , 59–69.
• Bostrom, R. N., & Waldhart, E. S. (1988). Memory models and the measurement of listening.  Communication Education, 37 , 1–13.
• Dunham, J. R. (1964).  Voice contrast and repetition in speech retention  (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from:  http://etd.lib.ttu.edu/theses .
• LeFrancois, G. R. (1999).  Psychology for teaching (10th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
• Smith, R. G. (1951). An experimental study of the effects of speech organization upon attitudes of college students.  Speech Monographs, 18 , 292–301.
• Ausubel, D. P. (1968).  Educational psychology . New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
• https://www.pexels.com/photo/photo-of-woman-lying-on-bed-while-using-laptop-4066041/
• https://www.pexels.com/photo/photo-of-led-signage-on-the-wall-942317/

Sections of this chapter were adapted from Stand up, Speak Out: The practice and ethics of public speaking. Stand up, Speak out  by University of Minnesota is licensed under a  Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

Principles of Public Speaking Copyright © 2022 by Katie Gruber is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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Module 4: Organizing and Outlining

Organizational styles.

After deciding which main points and sub-points you must include, you can get to work writing up the speech. Before you do so, however, it is helpful to consider how you will organize the ideas. From presenting historical information in chronological order as part of an informative speech to drawing a comparison between two ideas in a persuasive speech to offering up problems and solutions, there are many ways in which speakers can craft effective speeches. These are referred to as organizational styles, or templates for organizing the main points of a speech.

Chronological

“Vintage alarm clock” by peter-rabbit. CC-BY-NC .

When you speak about events that are linked together by time, it is sensible to engage the chronological organization style. In a chronological speech , main points are delivered according to when they happened and could be traced on a calendar or clock. Arranging main points in chronological order can be helpful when describing historical events to an audience as well as when the order of events is necessary to understand what you wish to convey. Informative speeches about a series of events most commonly engage the chronological style, as do many demonstrative speeches (e.g., how to bake a cake or build an airplane). Another time when the chronological style makes sense is when you tell the story of someone’s life or career. For instance, a speech about Oprah Winfrey might be arranged chronologically (see textbox). In this case, the main points are arranged by following Winfrey’s life from birth to the present time. Life events (e.g., birth, her early career, her life after ending the Oprah Winfrey Show) are connected together according to when they happened and highlight the progression of Winfrey’s career. Organizing the speech in this way illustrates the interconnectedness of life events.

Oprah Winfrey (Chronological Arrangement)

Thesis : Oprah’s career can be understood by four key, interconnected life stages.

I. Oprah’s childhood was spent in rural Mississippi, where she endured sexual abuse from family members.

II. Oprah’s early career was characterized by stints on local radio and television networks in Nashville and Chicago.

III. Oprah’s tenure as host of the Oprah Winfrey Show began in 1986 and lasted until 2011, a period of time marked by much success.

IV. Oprah’s most recent media venture is OWN: The Oprah Winfrey Network, which plays host to a variety of television shows including Oprah’s Next Chapter .

Doing the best at this moment puts you in the best place for the next moment. – Oprah Winfrey

When the main points of your speech center on ideas that are more distinct from one another, a topical organization style may be engaged. In a topical speech , main points are developed separately and are generally connected together within the introduction and conclusion. In other words, the topical style is crafted around main points and sub-points that are mutually exclusive but related to one another by virtue of the thesis. It makes sense to use the topical style when elements are connected to one another because of their relationship to the whole. A topical speech about the composition of a newspaper company can be seen in the following textbox. The main points are linked together by the fact that they are all a part of the same business. Although they are related in that way, the topical style illustrates the ways in which the four different departments function apart from one another. In this example, the topical style is a good fit because the four departments are equally important to the function of the newspaper company.

Composition of a Newspaper Company (Topical Arrangement)

Thesis : The newspaper has four primary departments.

I. The advertising department sells display advertisements to local and national businesses.

II. The editorial department produces the written content of the newspaper, including feature stories.

III. The production department lays out the pages and manages pre- press work such as distilling the pages and processing colors.

IV. The business department processes payments from advertisers, employee paperwork, and the bi-weekly payroll.

Another way to organize the points of a speech is through a spatial speech , which arranges main points according to their physical and geographic relationships. The spatial style is an especially useful organization style when the main point’s importance is derived from its location or directional focus. In other words, when the scene or the composition is a central aspect of the main points, the spatial style is an appropriate way to deliver key ideas. Things can be described from top to bottom, inside to outside, left to right, north to south, and so on. Importantly, speakers using a spatial style should offer commentary about the placement of the main points as they move through the speech, alerting audience members to the location changes. For instance, a speech about The University of Georgia might be arranged spatially; in this example, the spatial organization frames the discussion in terms of the campus layout. The spatial style is fitting since the differences in architecture and uses of space are related to particular geographic areas, making location a central organizing factor. As such, the spatial style highlights these location differences.

University of Georgia (Spatial Arrangement)

Thesis : The University of Georgia is arranged into four distinct sections, which are characterized by architectural and disciplinary differences.

I. In North Campus, one will find the University’s oldest building, a sprawling tree- lined quad, and the famous Arches, all of which are nestled against Athens’ downtown district.

II. In West Campus, dozens of dormitories provide housing for the University’s large undergraduate population and students can regularly be found lounging outside or at one of the dining halls.

III. In East Campus, students delight in newly constructed, modern buildings and enjoy the benefits of the University’s health center, recreational facilities, and science research buildings.

IV. In South Campus, pharmacy, veterinary, and biomedical science students traverse newly constructed parts of campus featuring well-kept landscaping and modern architecture.

Comparative

“Let’s compare apples to oranges” by frankieleon. CC-BY .

When you need to discuss the similarities and differences between two or more things, a comparative organizational pattern can be employed. In comparative speeches , speakers may choose to compare things a couple different ways. First, you could compare two or more things as whole (e.g., discuss all traits of an apple and then all traits of an orange). Second, you could compare these things element by element (e.g., color of each, smell of each, AND taste of each). Some topics that are routinely spoken about comparatively include different cultures, different types of transportation, and even different types of coffee. A comparative speech outline about eastern and western cultures could look like this.

Eastern vs. Western Culture (Comparison Arrangement)

Thesis : There are a variety of differences between Eastern and Western cultures.

I. Eastern cultures tend to be more collectivistic.

II. Western cultures tend to be more individualistic.

III. Eastern cultures tend to treat health issues 
holistically.

IV. Western cultures tend to 
treat health issues more acutely.

In this type of speech, the list of comparisons, which should be substantiated with further evidence, could go on for any number of main points. The speech could also compare how two or more things are more alike than one might think. For instance, a speaker could discuss how singers Madonna and Lady Gaga share many similarities both in aesthetic style and in their music.

Problem-Solution

“ FEMA” by Dave Gatley. Public domain.

Sometimes it is necessary to share a problem and a solution with an audience. In cases like these, the problem-solution speech is an appropriate way to arrange the main points of a speech. One familiar example of speeches organized in this way is the political speeches that presidential hopefuls give in the United States. Often, candidates will begin their speech by describing a problem created by or, at the very least, left unresolved by the incumbent. Once they have established their view of the problem, they then go on to flesh out their proposed solution. The problem- solution style is especially useful when the speaker wants to convince the audience that they should take action in solving some problem. A political candidate seeking office might frame a speech using the problem-solution style (see textbox).

Presidential Candidate’s Speech (Problem-Solution Arrangement)

Thesis : The US energy crisis can be solved by electing me as president since I will devote resources to the production of renewable forms of energy.

I. The United States is facing an energy crisis because we cannot produce enough energy ourselves to sustain the levels of activity needed to run the country. (problem)

II. The current administration has failed to invest enough resources in renewable energy practices. (problem)

III. We can help create a more stable situation if we work to produce renewable forms of energy within the United States. (solution)

IV. If you vote for me, I will ensure that renewable energy creation is a priority. (solution)

The difference between what we do and what we are capable of doing would suffice to solve most of the world’s problems. – Mahatma Gandhi

This example illustrates the way in which a problem-solution oriented speech can be used to identify both a general problem (energy crisis) and a specific problem (incumbent’s lack of action). Moreover, this example highlights two kinds of solutions: a general solution and a solution that is dependent on the speaker’s involvement. The problem-solution speech is especially appropriate when the speaker desires to promote a particular solution as this offers audience members a way to become involved. Whether you are able to offer a specific solution or not, key to the problem-solution speech is a clear description of both the problem and the solution with clear links drawn between the two. In other words, the speech should make specific connections between the problem and how the solution can be engaged to solve it.

“Domino” by Bro. Jeffrey Pioquinto, SJ. CC-BY .

Similar to a problem-solution speech, a causal speech informs audience members about causes and effects that have already happened. In other words, a causal organization style first addresses some cause and then shares what effects resulted. A causal speech can be particularly effective when the speaker wants to share the relationship between two things, like the creation of a vaccine to help deter disease. An example of how a causal speech about a shingles vaccine might be designed follows:

As the example illustrates, the basic components of the causal speech are the cause and the effect. Such an organizational style is useful when a speaker needs to share the results of a new program, discuss how one act led to another, or discuss the positive/negative outcomes of taking some action.

Shingles Speech (Cause-Effect Arrangement)

Thesis : The prevalence of the disease shingles led to the invention of a vaccine.

• Shingles is a disease that causes painful, blistering rashes in up to one million Americans every year. (cause)
• In 2006, a vaccine for shingles was licensed in the United States and has been shown to reduce the likelihood that people over 60 years old will get shingles. (effect)

Every choice you make has an end result. – Zig Ziglar

Choosing an organizational style is an important step in the speechwriting process. As you formulate the purpose of your speech and generate the main points that you will need to include, selecting an appropriate organizational style will likely become easier. The topical, spatial, causal, comparative and chronological methods of arrangement may be better suited to informative speeches, whereas the refutation pattern may work well for a persuasive speech. Additionally, Chapter 16 offers additional organization styles suited for persuasive speeches, such as the refutation speech and Monroe’s Motivated Sequence. [1] Next, we will look at statements that help tie all of your points together and the formal mode of organizing a speech by using outlines.

• Monroe, A. H. (1949). Principles and types of speech. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman and Company. ↵
• Chapter 8 Organizational Styles. Authored by : Joshua Trey Barnett. Provided by : University of Indiana, Bloomington, IN. Located at : http://publicspeakingproject.org/psvirtualtext.html . Project : The Public Speaking Project. License : CC BY-NC-ND: Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives
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Speech pattern, /spitʃ ˌpædərn/.

Other forms: speech patterns

• noun distinctive manner of oral expression “she had a very clear speech pattern ” synonyms: accent see more see less types: drawl a slow speech pattern with prolonged vowels type of: pronunciation the manner in which someone utters a word

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17 Organizational Patterns

Learning Objectives

• Decide on an effective organizational pattern.

Now that we have gotten this far, we need to consider how we will organize our material. There are several ways you can organize your speech content to ensure your information is easy for your audience to follow. The following video explains different organizing patterns. Note that some of the organizing patterns are better for information speech and some are better for persuasive speeches.

Organizational Patterns

After deciding which main points and sub-points you must include, you can get to work writing up the speech. Before you do so, however, it is helpful to consider how you will organize the ideas. There are many ways you can organize speeches, and these approaches will be different depending on whether you are preparing an informative or persuasive speech. These are referred to as organizational patterns for arranging your main points in a speech. The chronological, topical, spatial, or causal patterns may be better suited to informative speeches, whereas the Problem-Solution, Monroe’s Motivated Sequence (Monroe, 1949) would work best for persuasive speeches.

Chronological Pattern

When you speak about events that are linked together by time, it is sensible to engage the chronological organization pattern. In a chronological speech, the main points are delivered according to when they happened and could be traced on a calendar or clock. Some professors use the term temporal to reflect any speech pattern dealing with taking the audience through time. Arranging main points in chronological order can be helpful when describing historical events to an audience as well as when the order of events is necessary to understand what you wish to convey. Informative speeches about a series of events most commonly engage the chronological style, as do many process speeches (e.g., how to bake a cake or build an airplane). Another time when the chronological style makes sense is when you tell the story of someone’s life or career. For instance, a speech about Oprah Winfrey might be arranged chronologically. In this case, the main points are arranged by following Winfrey’s life from birth to the present time. Life events (e.g., early life, her early career, her life after ending the Oprah Winfrey Show) are connected together according to when they happened and highlight the progression of Winfrey’s career. Organizing the speech in this way illustrates the interconnectedness of life events. Below you will find a way in which you can organize your main points chronologically:

Topic : Oprah Winfrey (Chronological Pattern)

Thesis : Oprah’s career can be understood by four key, interconnected life stages.

Preview : First, let’s look at Oprah’s early life. Then, we will look at her early career, followed by her years during the Oprah Winfrey show. Finally, we will explore what she is doing now.

I.       Oprah’s childhood was spent in rural Mississippi, where she endured sexual abuse from family members II.     Oprah’s early career was characterized by stints on local radio and television networks in Nashville and Chicago. III.    Oprah’s tenure as host of the Oprah Winfrey Show began in 1986 and lasted until 2011, a period of time marked by much success. IV.     Oprah’s most recent media venture is OWN: The Oprah Winfrey Network, which plays host to a variety of television shows including  Oprah’s Next Chapter .

Topical Pattern

When the main points of your speech center on ideas that are more distinct from one another, a topical organization pattern may be used. In a topical speech, main points are developed according to the different aspects, subtopics, or topics within an overall topic. Although they are all part of the overall topic, the order in which they are presented really doesn’t matter. For example, you are currently attending college. Within your college, there are various student services that are important for you to use while you are here. You may use the library, The Learning Center (TLC), Student Development office, ASG Computer Lab, and Financial Aid. To organize this speech topically, it doesn’t matter which area you speak about first, but here is how you could organize it.

Topic : Student Services at College of the Canyons

Thesis and Preview : College of the Canyons has five important student services, which include the library, TLC, Student Development Office, ASG Computer Lab, and Financial Aid.

I.       The library can be accessed five days a week and online and has a multitude of books, periodicals, and other resources to use. II.      The TLC has subject tutors, computers, and study rooms available to use six days a week. III.     The Student Development Office is a place that assists students with their ID cards, but also provides students with discount tickets and other student related       needs. IV.      The ASG computer lab is open for students to use for several hours a day, as well as to print up to 15 pages a day for free. V.       Financial Aid is one of the busiest offices on campus, offering students a multitude of methods by which they can supplement their personal finances paying             for both tuition and books.

Spatial Pattern

Another way to organize the points of a speech is through a spatial speech, which arranges the main points according to their physical and geographic relationships. The spatial style is an especially useful organization pattern when the main point’s importance is derived from its location or directional focus. Things can be described from top to bottom, inside to outside, left to right, north to south, and so on. Importantly, speakers using a spatial style should offer commentary about the placement of the main points as they move through the speech, alerting audience members to the location changes. For instance, a speech about The University of Georgia might be arranged spatially; in this example, the spatial organization frames the discussion in terms of the campus layout. The spatial style is fitting since the differences in architecture and uses of space are related to particular geographic areas, making the location a central organizing factor. As such, the spatial style highlights these location differences.

Topic : University of Georgia (Spatial Pattern)

Thesis : The University of Georgia is arranged into four distinct sections, which are characterized by architectural and disciplinary differences.

I.      In North Campus, one will find the University’s oldest building,     a sprawling treelined quad, and the famous Arches, all of which are nestled against Athens’ downtown district. II.     In West Campus, dozens of dormitories provide housing for the University’s large     undergraduate population and students can regularly be found lounging outside     or at one of the dining halls. III.    In East Campus, students delight in newly constructed, modern buildings and     enjoy the benefits of the University’s health center, recreational facilities, and     science research buildings. IV.     In South Campus, pharmacy, veterinary, and biomedical science students traverse     newly constructed parts of campus featuring well-kept landscaping and modern     architecture.

Causal Pattern

A causal speech informs audience members about causes and effects that have already happened with respect to some condition, event, etc. One approach can be to share what caused something to happen, and what the effects were. Or, the reverse approach can be taken where a speaker can begin by sharing the effects of something that occurred, and then share what caused it. For example, in 1994, there was a 6.7 magnitude earthquake that occurred in the San Fernando Valley in Northridge, California. Let’s look at how we can arrange this speech first by using a cause-effect pattern:

Topic : Northridge Earthquake

Thesis : The Northridge earthquake was a devastating event that was caused by an unknown fault and resulted in the loss of life and billions of dollars of damage.

I. The Northridge earthquake was caused by a fault that was previously unknown and located nine miles beneath Northridge. II. The Northridge earthquake resulted in the loss of 57 lives and over 40 billion dollars of damage in Northridge and surrounding communities.

Depending on your topic, you may decide it is more impactful to start with the effects, and work back to the causes (effect-cause pattern). Let’s take the same example and flip it around:

Thesis : The Northridge earthquake was a devastating event that was that resulted in the loss of life and billions of dollars in damage, and was caused by an unknown fault below Northridge.

I.      The Northridge earthquake resulted in the loss of 57 lives and over 40 billion dollars of damage in Northridge and surrounding communities. II.    The Northridge earthquake was caused by a fault that was previously unknown and located nine miles beneath Northridge.

Why might you decide to use an effect-cause approach rather than a cause-effect approach? In this particular example, the effects of the earthquake were truly horrible. If you heard all of that information first, you would be much more curious to hear about what caused such devastation. Sometimes natural disasters are not that exciting, even when they are horrible. Why? Unless they affect us directly, we may not have the same attachment to the topic. This is one example where an effect-cause approach may be very impactful.

Organizational patterns help you to organize your thoughts and speech content so that you are able to develop your ideas in a way that makes sense to the audience. Having a solid idea of which organization pattern is best for your speech will make your speech writing process so much easier!

Key Takeaways

• Speech organizational patterns help us to arrange our speech content in a way that will communicate our ideas clearly to our audience.
• Different organizational patterns are better for different types of speeches and topics.
• Some organizational patterns are better for informative speeches: Chronological, spatial, topical, and narrative.
• Although cause-effect and problem-solution can be used for an informative speech, use these patterns with caution as they are better used for persuasive speeches.

Introduction to Speech Communication by Individual authors retain copyright of their work licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

Public Speaking Copyright © by Dr. Layne Goodman; Amber Green, M.A.; and Various is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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