cafe research paper

An official website of the United States government

The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

• Publications
• Account settings

Preview improvements coming to the PMC website in October 2024. Learn More or Try it out now .

• Advanced Search
• Journal List

Consumers’ Perceptions of Coffee Health Benefits and Motives for Coffee Consumption and Purchasing

Coffee is popular worldwide and consumption is increasing, particularly in non-traditional markets. There is evidence that coffee consumption may have beneficial health effects. Consumers’ beliefs in the health benefits of coffee are unclear. The study aimed at analyzing consumers’ perceptions of coffee health benefits, consumption and purchasing motives of coffee consumers with positive perceptions of coffee health benefits, and willingness to pay for coffee with associated health claims. Data were collected through a face-to-face survey with consumers, resulting in a convenience sample of 250 questionnaires valid for data elaboration. Results were elaborated with factor analysis and logistic regression analysis. Findings revealed that a relevant minority of consumers believed that coffee could have positive health effects. The consumer with a positive perception of coffee health benefits is mostly male, young, works, is familiar with non-espresso-based coffee, consumes a limited amount of coffee (generally not for breakfast and often in social settings), and buys coffee at retail outlets. Consumers drink coffee for its energetic and therapeutic effects. Coffee consumption is still price-driven, but consumers are interested in purchasing coffee with associated health claims. There is the opportunity to improve the perception of coffee health benefits in consumers’ minds.

1. Introduction

Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages worldwide. Global coffee consumption is estimated to increase, particularly in non-traditional coffee drinking countries in Africa, Asia, and Oceania (+4.1%). Demand in traditional markets is estimated to grow by 1% in Europe and by 2.5% in North America [ 1 ]. Leading drivers for coffee market growth are innovations in out-of-home consumption, online commerce opportunities, and innovative brewed coffee beverage types [ 2 ]. Consumers are interested in coffee product quality and origin, as well as social, environmental, and economic sustainability [ 3 ].

Innovative coffee attributes related to the health properties of coffee could be a driver for coffee consumption [ 4 ]. Some researchers suggest that coffee might have the potential of a functional food thanks to its biochemical properties and the possible health benefits [ 5 , 6 ]. In particular, there is evidence that coffee consumption may have beneficial effects on non-communicable diseases (NCDs) [ 7 ]. This may contribute to the World Health Organization’s objective of reducing the relative risk of premature mortality from NCDs by 25% by 2025, by improving the modifiable risk factor of an unhealthy diet [ 8 ].

Consumers’ beliefs in the health benefits of coffee are unclear. Only 16% of U.S. consumers know about coffee’s health benefits, and 66% are prone to limiting their caffeine consumption [ 9 ]. Many European consumers are also confused about coffee’s impact on health, with 49% believing coffee has negative health effects [ 10 ]. On the other hand, consumption of green coffee-based beverages has become popular in recent years due to the belief in its beneficial antioxidant properties (e.g., chlorogenic acids, polyphenols) [ 5 , 11 , 12 ].

Coffee contributes to the daily intake of dietary antioxidants, more than tea, fruit, and vegetables [ 13 ]. A screening of the most consumed beverages for their bioactive non-nutrient contents identified instant coffee as the beverage with the highest total biophenol content [ 14 ]. Two other studies observed coffee to be the beverage with the highest total antioxidant capacity as compared to others like green and black tea and herbal infusions [ 15 , 16 ]. The biochemical composition of a cup of coffee depends on the degree of roasting, the type of bean (Arabica versus Robusta), and the coffee brewing method, including grind type [ 17 , 18 , 19 ]

There is little scientific knowledge on consumers’ attitude towards coffee health benefits. The perception of coffee’s health effects in consumers’ minds is unclear and has not been thoroughly researched. Past research studied consumer preferences and attitudes towards coffee attributes including sustainability, brands, coffee types, and motives for consumption like taste, energy, pleasure, socialization [ 20 ]. The paper aims to fill this gap in the literature and analyze the link between consumers’ coffee consumption behavior and their perception of coffee’s health benefits and risks. The research adds value to existing literature by analyzing what consumers perceive about coffee’s health effects. If coffee has positive effects on human health it would be important to educate consumers about the possible health benefits and the correct consumption of coffee. Therefore, it is important to first study the status of consumers’ perceptions about coffee’s health effects. Furthermore, this will allow for an exploration into whether there are marketing possibilities for coffee with health benefits considering the increasing consumption trend of healthy food.

In evaluating the healthiness of a cup of coffee it is important to consider that coffee drinking is a complex consumption behavior and that preferences and preparation methods are influenced by culture and tradition. To fully exploit coffee’s capability to impact on consumer food dietary lifestyle and health, there is need to better understand consumers’ coffee consumption habits, motives, and perception of coffee’s health benefits. Therefore, the objective of the research is to analyze consumers’ perception of coffee’s health benefits, consumption and purchasing motives of coffee consumers with positive perception of coffee health benefits, and willingness to pay for coffee with associated health claims.

Data was collected through a direct face-to-face survey with consumers using questionnaires with closed-ended questions. The structure of the paper is as follows. Section 2 provides a literature review of coffee consumption and purchasing motives and coffee and health, with a detailed review of the relevant literature on coffee’s effect on single health conditions. Section 3 describes data gathering and elaboration, and the data sample. Results are presented in Section 4 . This section first discusses the results regarding consumers’ characteristics and perception of health effects of coffee, followed by insights on consumers’ perception of coffee health effects and motives for coffee consumption and purchasing, and concludes with analyzing consumers’ willingness to pay a price premium for coffee with associated health claims. Finally, the paper provides a discussion and conclusions on consumers’ perceptions of coffee’s health effects, profiling consumers according to their attitudes towards health coffee benefits. Section 6 puts the topic into the broader context of consumers’ increasing interest in healthy food and eating behavior, and reflects on marketing possibilities for coffee focusing on specific health benefits.

2. Literature Review

2.1. coffee consumption motives.

The scientific knowledge on motives and preferences of coffee consumption and purchasing behavior is fragmented. Past research focused strongly on a limited number of specific issues, particularly on aspects of sustainability and fair-trade labelling of coffee. Evidence from a recent systematic review of 54 papers on coffee consumer research [ 20 ] identified the leading motives for consumers’ coffee consumption and purchasing behaviors. Results suggest that there are several leading motives for coffee consumption: functional, taste and pleasure, habit, tradition and culture, and socialization. The main limiting factors for coffee consumption are a dislike of coffee’s taste and a belief in its possible negative health effects. The functional and the pleasure motives are the two leading drivers for coffee consumption and are of similar importance across cultures.

2.2. Coffee Purchasing Motives

Key coffee attributes that impact on consumers’ purchasing decisions are sustainability (including organic and fair trade), intrinsic quality attributes (e.g., roast degree, country of origin, variety), extrinsic attributes (packaging, brands), and coffee type (e.g., the espresso type includes black espresso and macchiato , that is, with a small amount of milk; other types include American long coffee (i.e., espresso topped with hot water), cappuccino, decaffeinated coffee, filter coffee, iced coffee, and coffee powder) [ 20 ]. A recent review on coffee purchasing motives did not identify studies that focused specifically on the relation between coffee price and consumer behavior [ 20 ]. There is limited research on consumer preferences for coffee’s intrinsic qualities. Preference for different intrinsic qualities depends on expertise and sensory skills of the consumer [ 21 ]. The untrained consumer has difficulties in distinguishing quality levels of coffee compared to an expert. The role of familiarity with the product is important in the assessment of its quality [ 22 ]. There is not much evidence on the role that extrinsic attributes and marketing play in buying decisions towards coffee; nonetheless, brands and labels are considered essential for the coffee industry. Research on brands, labels and packaging mainly concerns the willingness to pay for sustainability labels and the role of packaging and labels for the communication of sustainability information [ 23 ].

2.3. Coffee and Health

Consumers’ beliefs in health benefits or risks of coffee are inconclusive. For some the health benefit (e.g., anti-migraine effect) is a driver for consumption [ 24 ], others avoid coffee consumption for medical reasons like anxiety and insomnia [ 25 ], or because of the belief that coffee is generally bad for health [ 10 ]. Coffee drinking is not considered a health-oriented behavior, even if scientific evidence indicates that coffee can be part of a healthy diet [ 26 , 27 ]. The main health concerns arise with regard to the caffeine content of coffee [ 28 ]. Consumers see coffee mostly as a stimulant and are not informed about beneficial components and suggested health benefits [ 10 ].

Roasted coffee is a mixture of over 1000 bioactive compounds, with potentially therapeutic antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, and anticancer effects [ 11 , 29 ]. Key active compounds are caffeine, chlorogenic acids, diterpenes, cafestol, and kahweol [ 7 , 30 ]. Coffee is rich in vitamin B3 and magnesium [ 6 ], and brewed coffee maintains the potassium concentration of the original seeds [ 31 ]. Caffeine is the most studied coffee component.

Scientific research has studied extensively the associations between coffee and all-cause mortality, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurological and gastrointestinal as well as liver systems, and all effects on pregnancy, with differing results over the years.

Current research concludes that coffee drinking is safe when consumed by healthy, non-pregnant women and adult persons in moderate quantity, equivalent to three to four cups per day, providing 300 to 400 mg/d of caffeine [ 7 , 26 , 28 , 32 ]. The largest reduction in relative risk of all-cause mortality was found with a consumption of three cups per day as compared with no consumption. Results suggest an inverse relationship between coffee drinking and all-cause mortality in men and women [ 7 ]. Daily coffee drinkers reduced their risk of dying prematurely compared with non-drinkers by 7–12% [ 33 ]. There were beneficial effects of coffee on cancer and cardiovascular diseases, as well as metabolic and neurological conditions [ 26 ]. Adverse effects of coffee drinking were mainly limited to pregnancy and to women at increased risk of bone fracture. Negative effects are mainly associated with caffeine rather than any other components in coffee [ 7 , 26 ]. Table 1 provides details on the studies focused on the effects of coffee on single health conditions.

Effects of coffee on single health conditions.

The main limitation in drawing conclusions on coffee health associations is that existing evidence is observational and of lower quality. More research is needed with data from long-term randomized controlled trials [ 7 , 26 , 28 ].

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. data gathering.

Data gathering was based on a direct face-to-face survey. Data was collected using questionnaires with closed-ended questions. The first question aimed at filtering interviewees so as to collect responses only from coffee consumers (i.e., those who generally drink coffee). The questionnaire includes five sections. Section 1 was on coffee consumption habits: types of coffee drunk (e.g., espresso, long coffee, cappuccino, decaffeinated, coffee powder, iced coffee, filter coffee); number of cups of coffee per day; occasions and places of consumption; companionship during consumption; consumption of other caffeinated drinks; type of coffee preparation; and outlets of coffee purchasing. Section 2 focused on motives of coffee consumption and purchasing ( Table 2 ). Section 3 focused on the perception of health benefits of coffee. In particular, the first sub-section included questions aimed at eliciting the view of the consumers as to whether coffee consumption can bring health benefits, can reduce diseases, can be a functional beverage for human wellness, and has nutritional properties that can improve human health. These items are based on coffee health impact literature review, past research studies exploring consumers’ perception of food healthiness [ 4 , 9 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 ], and the European Food Safety Agency food health and nutrition claims [ 72 ]. The second sub-section asked consumers’ opinions on the effects of moderate coffee consumption on diminishing the risk of diseases and on influencing a number of physical effects based on scientific-tested studies ( Table 1 ). Then, the third sub-section asked if consumers thought that there was a gender difference in terms of coffee consumption with respect to health, and whether decaffeinated coffee had different health impact compared to caffeinated coffee. These items are based on a coffee health impact literature review. Section 2 and Section 3 asked the respondents to rate each question using a 5-point Likert scale of agreement/disagreement (1: “totally disagree” to 5: “totally agree”, with scale end values anchored to interpretations), or with other responses options (e.g., “yes”/”no”) as reported in the Table notes.

Literature references for studied items in the questionnaire.

In the fourth section respondents were asked to state their willingness to pay (WTP) for the most common type of coffee product, the coffee brick pack. Only participants that more frequently bought this type of coffee were considered in the analysis. Participants’ WTP was assessed by applying the multi price list (MPL) in a hypothetical setting method, widely adopted in experimental economics [ 73 , 74 , 75 ]. This mechanism has the great advantage of being transparent and very simple to understand for participants. The minor disadvantage is the interval response with a psychological bias toward the middle of the list [ 76 ]. Before eliciting their WTP, participants were provided with a reference price for the product type that was identified based on current retailer prices. The price premiums went from €0.10/brick to €1.50/brick, with 15 price premium options with a €0.10 difference. Section 6 gathered information on the socio-demographic profiles of the respondents.

The questionnaire was tested in trial face-to-face interviews and the items identified as unclear or not important were revised. Interviewers carried out 272 interviews. Data cleaning led to the definition of a convenience sample of 250 questionnaires for data elaboration. The places of interviews were retail outlets, coffee shops, bars, and malls. Interviews were carried out from April to July 2018. At the beginning the interviewer declared the interview was part of a university study, wore a badge with name and university affiliation, and proceeded with the interview if the respondent agreed to participate in the research. The time necessary to carry out each interview was around seven minutes. No reward or token was awarded. Data were collected with the support of the Qualtrics survey program by uploading the answers gathered during the face-to-face interviews.

3.2. Data Elaboration

Data elaboration followed different phases. First, data elaboration calculated the consumers’ level of perception of coffee health benefits. The level of perception was calculated as mean value of the first sub-section items belonging to Section 3 , that is, whether consumers agreed that coffee consumption could bring health benefits, reduce diseases, be a functional beverage for human wellness, and have nutritional properties that can improve human health. The mean values of positively versus negatively inclined consumers were cross-checked with the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The levels of perception of positively versus negatively inclined consumers were cross-analyzed with consumers’ socio-economic characteristics and coffee consumption habits, and tested using the chi-squared test.

Second, the research identified the existing latent factors in consumers’ coffee consumption and purchasing motives, with the support of two factor analyses. Two separate factor analyses were run, one for coffee consumption motives, and one for the coffee purchasing motives in order to highlight possible different habits in the consumers’ approaches to coffee. The principal components method (PCA) and Varimax rotation (Eigenvalue criterion being higher than 1) were applied.

Third, the factors were used in the logistic regression (enter method), carried out to explore the relationship between consumers’ perceptions of health benefits of coffee and their consumption and purchasing motives. The factor variables were also checked for the multicollinearity analysis, to verify the possibility that one variable is a linear function of the other. Multicollinearity has been tested through tolerance and variable inflation factors (VIFs) [ 92 ]. Omnibus tests of model coefficient were analyzed to test the level-of-fit of the model. Model variance with Nagelkerke was considered. Finally, the research calculated the WTP and cross-analyzed values with socio-economic characteristics of the consumers. Data elaboration was carried out with the support of SPSS (version 21).

3.3. Sample

Out of the 250 respondents, the majority were women, and about half had an academic degree ( Table 3 ). There was a majority of people working, and a generally low or medium family income. The age was well distributed, as 55.2% of the respondents are aged younger than or equal to the average age, that is, 40.97 years (maximum age is 85 and minimum age 18).

Sample characteristics.

* 39.1% did not respond to this question (“I do not know” or “I do not want to respond”).

4.1. Consumers Characteristics and Perception of Health Effects of Coffee

A relevant minority of consumers (25%) thought that drinking coffee could have positive effects on health ( Table 4 ). The average value of the perception on coffee health benefits of the positively inclined consumers was fairly high (3.7). The analysis of consumers’ socio-economic characteristics, coffee consumption, and purchasing habits of the positively versus the negatively inclined consumers showed interesting elements ( Table 4 ). A higher percentage of men (31%), of younger (30.4%), and of working (27.2%) consumers had a positive perception of the health effects of coffee consumption compared to female, older, and not working consumers. The level of education was not an explanatory characteristic for the perception of health effect of coffee consumption. There were more consumers that tended to drink non-espresso based coffee (36.2%), that consumed from one to two cups of coffee per day (32.5%), that never or rarely drank coffee for breakfast (34.3%), and that bought coffee in big retailer chains (27.9%) that had a positive perception of coffee health benefits. A chi-squared p -value confirmed the results. Other data support that positively inclined consumers tended to drink coffee with other people (28.5%), and that they did not to have coffee as a break (29.4%) or after lunch (28.1%).

Consumers’ perceptions of health effect of coffee consumption and consumers’ characteristics.

Note: *, **, *** Significant at p <0.10; p <0.05; p <0.01; a Based on the average value of coffee health impact perception. Negative and neutral coffee health impact (below or equal to 3); Positive coffee health impact (above 3). b “Espresso” type includes black espresso and macchiato , that is, with a small amount of milk; “Other types” include American long coffee (espresso topped with hot water), cappuccinos, decaffeinated coffee, filter coffee, iced coffee, and coffee powder. c The moka coffee pot is the most common coffee brewing technique in Italy. This results includes only the moka coffee pot and capsules as they were the most frequently ticked answers (94%). d Other sources of caffeine consumption, in addition to coffee, are: tea, energy drinks, coke, other caffeine drinks. Low/medium caffeine consumption has values of 1, 2, 3. High caffeine consumption has values of 4 and 5 in a 5-point Likert scale where 1 is “never” and 5 is “always”.

These results suggest that consumers positively inclined towards coffee health benefits are more likely to be male, young, and working, tending to appreciate non espresso-based coffee, consume in limited amounts and in social settings, and not usually consuming in the morning. They are more likely to purchase it in common outlets, probably with other food items.

Consumers are better inclined towards a limited number of benefits of coffee consumption ( Figure 1 ). In particular, almost 80% of consumers believe that drinking coffee increases blood pressure, more than half think that it decreases depression and headache, one-third that it decreases the risk of stress and anxiety, one-fourth that it decreases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, and one-fifth that it impacts on women’s capability to absorb calcium and minerals and stimulates the reduction of body weight. Consumers do not acknowledge other medically tested effects on pregnant women, diabetes, liver, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and pain.

Consumers’ perception of health effect of coffee consumption (%). Note: Consumers’ response options were “yes”/”no” for each item. Therefore, the figure shows that around 80% of respondents thought that drinking coffee increased blood pressure.

Moreover, 61% of consumers believe that the correct number of cups of coffee per day is between three and four. According to scientific studies, this is the recommended quantity (equivalent to 300–400 milligrams of caffeine per day) [ 7 , 26 , 32 ]. Therefore, the vast majority has an adequate knowledge of the daily quantity of coffee to be consumed. Around 35% of consumers think that between one and two cups is adequate, values lower than the threshold set by scientists, thereby showing some skepticism towards coffee impact on health. Moreover, 84% of consumers think that the effect is similar in men and women, and 80% that decaffeinated coffee has a similar impact to caffeinated coffee on human health. These results support that consumers have adequate knowledge on the quantity to be consumed, the effects on gender, and the types of coffee, fairly in line with scientific evidence [ 7 , 26 , 32 ]. There is no evident misconception of the effects of coffee on health.

4.2. Consumers’ Perception of Coffee Health Effect and Motives for Coffee Consumption and Purchasing

The two factor analyses on consumers’ coffee consumption and purchasing motives identified seven main components ( Table 5 and Table 6 ). Four components derive from the factor analysis on the initial 12 items on coffee consumption motives, and three components derive from the factor analysis on the initial 13 items on purchasing motives. The second factor analysis was tested until all identified components had satisfactory internal consistency values. This lead to delete three items. In both factor analyses items were loaded into single factors, with factor loadings above 0.585. The Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin measure of sampling adequacy and Bartlett’s test of sphericity were calculated to assess the appropriateness of the data for factor analysis. The Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin index was 0.649 in the coffee consumption motives PCA and 0.660 in the coffee purchasing motives PCA. Bartlett’s tests of sphericity were highly significant (0.000). The cumulated variance values explained by the factors were respectively 66.2 and 66.3. Elaboration results confirmed the data appropriateness. The values of the factors were calculated based on the mean of the items loading into the single factors.

Factor analysis on motives for coffee consumption and convergent validity and discriminant validity for each construct.

Note: Diagonal data (in italics) represent Fornell and Larcker’s average variance extracted (AVE). Subdiagonal represent the inter-construct correlations.

Factor analysis on motives for coffee purchasing and convergent validity and discriminant validity for each construct.

The internal consistency and convergent and discriminant validity of each component was verified ( Table 5 and Table 6 ). The internal consistency of each set of items was measured using Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability (CR). Alpha component values were from 0.633 to 0.771, and CR values were from 0.77 to 0.88 in the first factor analysis. In the second factor analysis, alpha component values were from 0.675 to 0.836 and CR values were from 0.81 to 0.94. Values were satisfactory and acceptable [ 93 , 94 ]. The average variance extracted (AVE) provides a measure of convergent validity, and ranged from 0.504 to 0.696 in the first factor analysis and from 0.510 and 0.776 in the second factor analysis. These were satisfactory as above the 0.50 threshold [ 95 ]. To confirm discriminant validity, the square root of each construct’s AVE was calculated to ensure it was greater than its bivariate correlation with other constructs in the model. This led to adequate outcomes. The results confirm the reliability and validity of the research components.

The factors were labeled according to coffee consumption and purchasing motives associated with the statements. Coffee consumption is driven by four main factors. The most important factor is the habit and pleasure of drinking it (3.1). This connects to the organoleptic characteristics that are coffee smell and taste, family traditions and habits, and the emotions and moods created by coffee. The energetic physical and mental awakening power of coffee is as important as its role in having a break during the day and socializing at work (2.7). The fourth motive for drinking coffee is its therapeutic impact, that is, the capability of coffee to help digestion, increase blood pressure, and alleviate headaches (1.7). Coffee purchasing is driven by three main motives. The main driving element is the price, that is promotion and value for money (3.3). Another key aspect is the declared aroma, recipe, level of roasting, and intensity (3.2). The coffee sustainability (1.8) does not strongly influence consumers’ coffee purchasing. In synthesis, consumers have a hedonistic approach towards coffee, focused on its taste, smell, and family habits and culture. Their consumer behavior is also driven by utilitarian reasoning, focused on price. In addition, coffee is drunk for its relevant socializing and energetic power.

There is a statistically significant relationship between consumers’ perception of coffee health benefits and motives for coffee consumption and purchasing ( Table 7 and Table 8 ). The VIF values were between 1.020 and 1.401, and the lowest tolerance value was 0.714. Therefore, there was no multicollinearity between variables. The significant relation is between the perception that coffee can have health benefits, and the following motives of coffee experience: habit and pleasure (0.017), aroma (0.048), and price (0.058). The significant relation is in some cases an unpredicted direction. If the consumers believe in the coffee health benefits, they tend not to drink it as a habit or for pleasure or consume coffee for its aroma. Moreover, the positively inclined consumers believe price is a motive of coffee purchasing. Results are confirmed by p -values.

Logistic regression on the relationship between consumers’ perception of coffee health benefits and motives for coffee consumption and purchasing.

Dependent variable: level of coffee health benefit perception—(0) negative and neutral (average value below or equal to 3) vs. (1) positive (average value above 3). Note: *, ** significant at p < 0.10; p < 0.05. Omnibus tests: 0; VIF: between 1.020 and 1.041; Nagelkerke R-square: 0.313. The limited number of consumers with positive perceptions of coffee’s health benefits and with consumption behavior driven by therapeutic motives (one consumer) suggests not including the therapeutic component in the regression exercise. VIF: variable inflation factor.

Relationship between consumers’ perception of coffee health benefits and motives for coffee consumption and purchasing, with chi-squared results

Note: **, *** significant at p < 0.05; p < 0.01.

These results suggest that if consumers drink coffee for the pleasure of it, out of family and traditional habits, and because of the taste and coffee roasting/recipes, then they are distant from the idea that coffee may have a positive health impact. If their coffee purchasing experience is influenced by the product price, then they are sensitive to coffee’s health impact. If coffee purchasing and consumption are not driven by hedonism and traditional routine and are not emotional, then their perception is better inclined towards new features of coffee.

4.3. Consumers’ Willingness to Pay a Price Premium for Coffee Health Benefits

The vast majority of consumers (74%) is willing to pay a price premium for coffee with health benefits ( Table 9 ). Given that the average price is around €2.75/brick pack, a €1.03 average price premium is equivalent to +37% (average price is €2.78/250 g brick pack, equivalent to €11/kg) [ 96 ]. The price premium is significant. There are variations among the different socio-economic groups of consumers. The highest price premium (between €1.00 and €1.50) would be paid mostly by older (62.9%) and higher income consumers (17.5%). A higher percentage of women (70.4%) are favorable towards fairly high coffee price premiums (between €0.51 and €1.00).

Willingness to pay a price premium for coffee with associated health claims (%).

5. Discussion

The debate over coffee’s effects on the human body has gone through various stages, with recommendations aimed at promoting or avoiding coffee consumption. The history of coffee started in the 15th century [ 97 ]. Its consumption first grew in Arabic countries and then expanded to Persia, Egypt, Syria, and Turkey. It was known as “wine of Araby”, and drunk as a substitute for alcohol, which was prohibited according to the Islamic religion. In the 17th century coffee arrived in Europe (e.g., Italy, England, France, Austria). Consumers increasingly drank it in coffee houses that become competitors for pubs, with coffee becoming a substitute for beer and wine. During the 18th century it became common in North America, and then, thanks to the optimal weather, it was cultivated in South America. Brazil is currently the most significant coffee-exporting country. During its long history, coffee has been criticized for various reasons: because it was considered to stimulate critical thinking (Mecca), because it was considered Satanic (Italy), because it was considered as a toxic substance used to bring about death (unsuccessfully) (Sweden), and because it threatened beer consumption and therefore local agricultural production (Prussia) [ 97 , 98 ]. As history shows, coffee consumption and the beliefs in its nutritional properties have always been intertwined. Coffee properties perceptions have often shaped coffee consumption and purchasing habits, including preparation methods, favorite types of coffee, and places of consumption and purchasing.

The present research paper provides valuable insights on consumers’ perception over coffee health effects, and profiles coffee consumers’ characteristics based on their positive or negative attitudes towards coffee health effects. There are a number of results that highlight consumers’ socio-economic characteristics and coffee consumption habits, consumers’ motives for coffee consumption and purchasing, and consumers’ interest in coffee with associated health claims.

The present research shows that men are more positively inclined towards coffee health benefits as compared to women. Women appear more skeptical, whereas a higher percentage of men already believe that drinking coffee benefits their health. Considering women’s general strong propensity towards healthy food [ 99 ], coffee with certified health claims may lead women to have a more positive inclination towards it. Moreover, the consumer with a positive attitude towards coffee health benefits is fairly young, works, and has a habit of drinking coffee in social occasions, in limited quantity, and in various preparations, not necessarily espresso. This approach to coffee drinking is in line with the most recent coffee consumption trends. Recent studies support that there is an increasing number of people drinking coffee, with interest in gourmet coffee, new types of coffee (e.g., frozen blended coffee drinks, nitro coffee, and cold brew), out-of-home consumption, and lower appreciation for cafe moka [ 9 ]. Moreover consumers believe coffee has some effects on the human body (e.g., blood pressure, depression, headache, stress and anxiety, body weight). This suggests that there are no specific misconceptions over coffee, but consumers are still not fully aware of coffee’s nutritional potential and health impacts.

Results on the motives for coffee consumption support that the energy coffee provides is the key health effect consumers aim for. Coffee drinkers expect improved alertness and higher physical and mental performance [ 24 , 25 , 77 , 78 ]. There are motives for coffee consumption that differ among the positively and negatively inclined consumers with respect to coffee’s health benefits. The positively inclined consumer to a certain extent values coffee for its aroma, pleasure, habits, and socialization. This is a relevant difference compared to past studies that supported taste as the main motive for coffee drinking [ 25 , 77 , 78 , 79 ]. In consumers, coffee evokes feelings of pleasure and comfort during the drinking experience [ 77 , 78 , 79 ]. The wide audience of coffee consumers gives particular importance to coffee habit and family traditions that influence preferred occasions, locations, and types of coffee consumption [ 24 , 25 , 82 ]

Despite the fact that positively inclined consumers drink coffee with others to have a break, socialization is not a key motive. This approach brings a distinguishing interpretation with respect to past studies. These studies suggest that drinking coffee is a way to socialize and be part of a group [ 25 , 77 , 79 , 82 ]. In synthesis, the energizing effect is what the consumer aims for. The consumer aims for a functional drink with a clear mental- and body-stimulating function. This is the same consumer objective for soft drinks and energy drinks.

Results on the motives of coffee purchasing support that for the positively inclined consumer, price is a significant attribute. The consumer is influenced by extrinsic coffee attributes. Coffee purchasing is to a certain degree driven by aroma, coffee recipe, brand, information, and emotions, but rather by rational and economic elements. Therefore, for these consumers messages focused on health claims that give value to the money spent may be important for coffee consumption and purchasing. Past studies found that the use of texts, brands, and metaphorical images on coffee packaging moderately influenced product expectations, intrinsic quality perception, and purchase intention [ 89 ]. Brand identification is especially important in the coffeehouse market [ 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 ]. Drinking a specific coffee brand (e.g., Starbucks) represents a status symbol and way of life for consumers [ 87 , 88 ].

Sustainability is one of the most studied subjects in consumer purchasing research on coffee [ 20 ]. Present and past research results suggest that aroma, price, and promotions are more important factors as compared to sustainability [ 85 ]. Only consumers with a strong attitude towards sustainability gave more importance to the sustainability claims over hedonic attributes and were willing to pay more for sustainably produced coffee [ 84 , 86 , 100 ].

The present research on consumers’ interest in the economic investment over coffee products with health claims further highlights the importance of price in coffee purchasing. Results show that price is an important element for all consumers and that coffee is mostly purchased from large retailers. The importance of price in coffee purchasing shows that coffee is still a rather undifferentiated commodity. Consumers with positive attitudes towards coffee’s health benefits give particular importance to price. Moreover, consumers are generally willing to pay higher prices for coffee with health claims. This is suggested for both positively and negatively coffee health-oriented consumers. In particular, women and consumers with higher monetary resources are more favorable towards healthy food. This is consistent with past research results [ 101 , 102 , 103 ].

The willingness to pay for coffee with innovative attributes is confirmed by the market expansion of coffee capsules. Capsules have been successful thanks to the low cost of machines, the ease of use, the practicality of packaging, and effective marketing communication campaigns [ 96 , 104 ]. This success was achieved despite the high price, with consumers willing to pay up to five times more than coffee powder brick (around €55/kg for coffee capsules). This market phenomenon has been disruptive for the coffee market. It contributed to stopping the price competition that excessively lowered the price of the powder coffee brick, coffee quality, and the capability for investing in coffee research and development as well as innovations.

6. Conclusions

Consumer attitudes toward food products determine consumption behavior more than knowledge. Attitudes and perceptions influence dietary behavior intentions [ 105 ]. Results from the current study on coffee consumers’ consumption and purchasing habits can contribute to a better understanding of food lifestyle decisions. The integration of knowledge of nutritional qualities with knowledge of consumers’ expectations and perceived food qualities allows for addressing possible misconceptions and more effectively defining food consumption and purchasing behavior recommendations.

There is an expanding consumers’ interest for healthy food. Consumers are increasingly aware of the impact food has on body functions [ 69 , 71 , 106 ]. Coffee consumption has often been negatively criticized for its health effect. Recent studies show that coffee can have positive health effects, but consumers are still cautious on drinking coffee. The coffee image is of a drink with a health impact, but not necessarily positive, and not based on the latest science-based outcomes. Coffee is used for its energetic and therapeutic effects. Together with other energy drinks, it is increasingly used as a substitute for soft drinks. Coffee is a drink with some advantages. It is naturally low in calories if drunk “black”, and it is a drink good for socializing. Coffee chains are expanding. Soft drinks companies are increasingly interested in developing their business to include coffee shop chains [ 107 ].

The coffee market is very dynamic, and consumers are increasingly interested in artisanal coffee and small coffee breweries. Drinking coffee is already acknowledged as a pleasure. The aspects of aroma, taste, smell, and occasions of consumption are still crucial. However, there is space to improve perceptions of scientifically-based health benefits. To increase awareness and improve knowledge among consumers, coffee marketing strategies could focus more on health benefits and nutritional values of coffee [ 4 , 66 , 108 ] in addition to the other positive characteristics consumers already associate with coffee. As a result, coffee consumption could be marketed as being pleasant and healthy at the same time.

There are already examples for market trends and innovations focusing on the functional and health aspects of coffee. Ready-to-drink (RTD) coffee (packaged liquid coffee designed to be consumed when opened without any additional steps) is interpreted as a clean functional beverage category and a healthier alternative to soft drinks. The RTD coffee segment is expected to grow due to global trends in the coffee sector: worldwide coffee culture growth, active on-the-go-lifestyle, and investments by major players [ 109 ]. Some coffee brands already use health focused strategies for coffee marketing (RTD and ground coffee). RTD cold brew coffee is marketed as a sugar and fat-free alternative to traditional energy drinks [ 110 ] or as a probiotic cold brewed coffee supporting digestive and immune health [ 111 ]. There are examples for a prebiotic fiber-enriched ground coffees with digestive health benefits [ 112 ] and for antioxidant-enriched ground coffees [ 113 ].

The discussion whether coffee can be claimed as an actual functional food is ongoing and there is not enough long-term evidence that coffee can prevent disease. Therefore coffee consumption for health reasons requires further scientific evidence before being recommended and promoted [ 7 , 28 , 114 ].

Limitations and Future Research

There are some study limitations. Results come from a convenience sample, focused on Italian consumers. Future studies may aim for samples with statistical representativeness and compare perceptions of consumers living in different countries. Coffee consumption behavior is related to various countries’ consumption traditions and habits, and cross-country analysis may bring a more comprehensive perspective. Furthermore, considering the fast development in coffee consumption habits, future studies may focus the analysis on consumers that specifically favor coffee consumption out-of-home or specific coffee types preparations, such as filter, capsules, and powder. Future studies may also test consumers’ WTP for different combinations of coffees with associated health claims such as disease reduction and health-promoting effects. Finally, future studies may explore coffee consumption motives within the dietary lifestyle, so as to provide sound information on the food behavior of coffee consumers for nutritionists and doctors.

Author Contributions

The research reported in this paper is the result of the cooperation between authors. The specific author contributions are: Conceptualization, A.S.; Methodology, A.S.; Software, A.S.; Validation, A.S. and B.R.; Formal Analysis, A.S.; Data Curation, A.S.; Writing—Original Draft Preparation, Review & Editing, B.R. for Section 1 and Section 2 , A.S. for Section 3 , Section 4 , Section 5 and Section 6 ; Supervision, A.S.

This research received no external funding.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Reimagining Design with Nature: ecological urbanism in Moscow

• Reflective Essay
• Published: 10 September 2019
• Volume 1 , pages 233–247, ( 2019 )

Cite this article

• Brian Mark Evans   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-1420-1682 1  

978 Accesses

2 Citations

Explore all metrics

The twenty-first century is the era when populations of cities will exceed rural communities for the first time in human history. The population growth of cities in many countries, including those in transition from planned to market economies, is putting considerable strain on ecological and natural resources. This paper examines four central issues: (a) the challenges and opportunities presented through working in jurisdictions where there are no official or established methods in place to guide regional, ecological and landscape planning and design; (b) the experience of the author’s practice—Gillespies LLP—in addressing these challenges using techniques and methods inspired by McHarg in Design with Nature in the Russian Federation in the first decade of the twenty-first century; (c) the augmentation of methods derived from Design with Nature in reference to innovations in technology since its publication and the contribution that the art of landscape painters can make to landscape analysis and interpretation; and (d) the application of this experience to the international competition and colloquium for the expansion of Moscow. The text concludes with a comment on how the application of this learning and methodological development to landscape and ecological planning and design was judged to be a central tenant of the winning design. Finally, a concluding section reflects on lessons learned and conclusions drawn.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price includes VAT (Russian Federation)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Rent this article via DeepDyve

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

The politics of designing with nature: reflections from New Orleans and Dhaka

Acknowledgements

The landscape team from Gillespies Glasgow Studio (Steve Nelson, Graeme Pert, Joanne Walker, Rory Wilson and Chris Swan) led by the author and all our collaborators in the Capital Cities Planning Group.

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

Mackintosh School of Architecture, The Glasgow School of Art, 167 Renfrew Street, Glasgow, G3 6BY, UK

Brian Mark Evans

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Brian Mark Evans .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Evans, B.M. Reimagining Design with Nature: ecological urbanism in Moscow. Socio Ecol Pract Res 1 , 233–247 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42532-019-00031-5

Download citation

Received : 17 March 2019

Accepted : 13 August 2019

Published : 10 September 2019

Issue Date : October 2019

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s42532-019-00031-5

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

• Design With Nature
• Find a journal
• Publish with us
• Track your research

• 7 Cafes In Moscow That...

7 Cafés in Moscow That Are Perfect for Book Lovers

Culture Trip has already told you about Moscow ’s best coffee places and loveliest bookstores . Now we’ve put together a list of cafés where you can satisfy your passions for delicious coffee and a good read.

1. kvartira 44.

Cafe, Restaurant, Bar, Coffee, Russian

This restaurant’s name translates to ‘apartment 44’, and it is, indeed, styled like an old-school apartment of Moscow Intelligentsia. Complete with homely lamp shades, shabby bookshelves and an antique piano, Kvartira 44 offers satisfying meals, live piano music after 9 pm and a one-of-a-kind ambience.

2. Bookvodom

3. literary cafe.

Cafe, Coffee, Russian

One of Moscow’s biggest and most celebrated bookstores, Moskovskiy Dom Knigi is also a home to the pleasant Literary Cafe with surprisingly good food, exciting workshops, book readings and a plethora of books from which to choose. Here you can recharge your batteries by curling up with a good book on a snug sofa.

One of Russia’s most famous centres for contemporary art boasts the best museum café in Moscow. The pleasantly laid-back establishment offers an inventive menu and friendly service. As for books – you can always borrow one in the Garage Library or get one from the museum’s bookstore.

LES, located in the Museum of Moscow, is a perfect spot if you’re looking for some peace and quiet. Loved for its minimalist design, exquisite drinks and coffee-savvy staff, LES is also home to a small but well-chosen library.

7. Cafe Pushkin

Cafe, Restaurant, Patisserie, Dessert Shop, Pastry Shop, Bakery, Russian

One of Moscow’s best and most famous restaurants, Cafe Pushkin has an entire dining hall named ‘Library’. Grab a book and enjoy some of the best meals you can have in Russia’s capital, all while soaking in the atmosphere of a historic pre-revolutionary mansion.

Since you are here, we would like to share our vision for the future of travel - and the direction Culture Trip is moving in.

Culture Trip launched in 2011 with a simple yet passionate mission: to inspire people to go beyond their boundaries and experience what makes a place, its people and its culture special and meaningful — and this is still in our DNA today. We are proud that, for more than a decade, millions like you have trusted our award-winning recommendations by people who deeply understand what makes certain places and communities so special.

Increasingly we believe the world needs more meaningful, real-life connections between curious travellers keen to explore the world in a more responsible way. That is why we have intensively curated a collection of premium small-group trips as an invitation to meet and connect with new, like-minded people for once-in-a-lifetime experiences in three categories: Culture Trips, Rail Trips and Private Trips. Our Trips are suitable for both solo travelers, couples and friends who want to explore the world together.

Culture Trips are deeply immersive 5 to 16 days itineraries, that combine authentic local experiences, exciting activities and 4-5* accommodation to look forward to at the end of each day. Our Rail Trips are our most planet-friendly itineraries that invite you to take the scenic route, relax whilst getting under the skin of a destination. Our Private Trips are fully tailored itineraries, curated by our Travel Experts specifically for you, your friends or your family.

We know that many of you worry about the environmental impact of travel and are looking for ways of expanding horizons in ways that do minimal harm - and may even bring benefits. We are committed to go as far as possible in curating our trips with care for the planet. That is why all of our trips are flightless in destination, fully carbon offset - and we have ambitious plans to be net zero in the very near future.

The Soviet Union’s Best Heart-Throbs and Pinups

A Soviet Pilot Went Missing in Afghanistan and Was Found 30 Years Later

Food & Drink

The best halal restaurants in kazan.

Zhenotdel: The Soviet Union's Feminist Movement

The Mystery Behind Russia's Buddhist "Miracle"

Unusual Facts About the Soviet Union

Guides & Tips

A 48 hour guide to astrakhan, russia.

A Guide to Cautionary Russian Proverbs and What They Mean

Russian Last Names and Their Meanings

See & Do

Russia's most remote holiday destinations.

Incredible Photos From the Longest Bike Race in the World

Restaurants

The best halal restaurants in kaliningrad, culture trip spring sale, save up to $1,100 on our unique small-group trips limited spots..

• Post ID: 1763967
• Sponsored? No
• View Payload

Café Pushkin, Moscow’s Library Restaurant

Café Pushkin is located on Tverskoy Boulevard, which had a powerful meaning in the life of Russian poet Alexander Pushkin. Not far from here is the Museum of Oriental Art, the Pushkin Square and the Pushkin Theater.

Keep in mind that Café Pushkin is one of the most expensive places to eat in Moscow, but those who get here say that they are charmed by the Russian traditional cuisine complemented by classical music in the background.

Related Posts

Seaside cave restaurant at hotel grotta palazzese, italy, cliffside dining: äscher cliff restaurant, switzerland, hungry for adrenaline dinner in the sky, a worldwide thrilling dining concept, write a comment cancel reply.

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

Type above and press Enter to search. Press Esc to cancel.

Your Account  |  Full Catalog

The international Repair Café slogan is “Toss it? No way!” The Moscow Library wants to help our community put that idea into action — so we offer four free Repair Cafés a year. Community members can save money, learn new skills and keep as many things out of the landfill as possible by bringing items in need of repair to the 1912 Center Great Room. Volunteer experts will share their repair skills in such areas as clothing and textiles; book mending; small appliances; knife sharpening; jewelry; and gluing options. We make no guarantee that items will be fully repaired, and it’s understood that you bring items at your own risk. But hey, you can learn a repair skill, it’s free, and it’s a fun way to socialize with your community. Bonus: light refreshments are provided.

Partial funding for Repair Café is supplied by the Friends of the Moscow Library.

Virtual Repair Cafés

During the COVID-19 Pandemic, we were unable to do in person Repair Café so we did some digital tutorials with some of our awesome volunteers!

“Repair Cafés are free meeting places and they’re all about repairing things (together). In the place where a Repair Café is located, you’ll find tools and materials to help you make any repairs you need. On clothes, furniture, electrical appliances, bicycles, crockery, appliances, toys, et cetera. You’ll also find expert volunteers, with repair skills in all kinds of fields.” -From Repair Café’s website.

Repair Kits in Our Catalog

Check out our Bike Repair Voyager Kit!

Thank you to Avista Utilities for replacing our broken bike pump with a new and upgraded model! Now you can swing by the library and leave with pumped up bike tires to help carry home your pumped up book bag!

Juliaetta – Book Talk

Moscow – library hour, moscow – tots and tales, moscow – open make, moscow – alphabits storytime, genesee – storytime, troy – storytime, deary – storytime, moscow – babes and books, potlatch – storytime, moscow – tuesday teabirds book club, juliaetta – tales of early days, moscow – second saturday family storytime, moscow – repair café, moscow – poetry reading, moscow – teens try it: taste test, family history fair, moscow – support your library.

110 S. Jefferson St. Moscow, Idaho 83843

208.882.3925

Digital Library

Events Calendar

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Nibh tortor id aliquet lectus proin nibh nisl condimentum. Placerat in egestas erat imperdiet sed. Egestas tellus rutrum tellus pellentesque eu tincidunt tortor aliquam nulla. Sagittis nisl rhoncus mattis rhoncus urna. Sit amet nulla facilisi morbi tempus iaculis urna id. Imperdiet massa tincidunt nunc pulvinar sapien et ligula ullamcorper. Non consectetur a erat nam at lectus urna duis. Aliquam eleifend mi in nulla posuere sollicitudin aliquam ultrices. Congue nisi vitae suscipit tellus mauris. Nunc id cursus metus aliquam eleifend mi in.

Morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames. Vitae semper quis lectus nulla at volutpat diam ut. Accumsan sit amet nulla facilisi morbi tempus iaculis. Lectus quam id leo in vitae turpis. Nascetur ridiculus mus mauris vitae ultricies. Iaculis at erat pellentesque adipiscing. Cursus metus aliquam eleifend mi in nulla. Donec ac odio tempor orci dapibus. Egestas sed tempus urna et pharetra pharetra. Nisi lacus sed viverra tellus in hac habitasse. Integer vitae justo eget magna fermentum iaculis eu non. Massa placerat duis ultricies lacus. Felis imperdiet proin fermentum leo vel orci porta. Aliquam sem et tortor consequat id porta nibh venenatis. Amet luctus venenatis lectus magna fringilla urna. Faucibus interdum posuere lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipiscing. Proin nibh nisl condimentum id venenatis. Eleifend donec pretium vulputate sapien nec. Massa placerat duis ultricies lacus. Ridiculus mus mauris vitae ultricies leo integer malesuada.

Est pellentesque elit ullamcorper dignissim cras tincidunt lobortis feugiat. Accumsan lacus vel facilisis volutpat. Auctor elit sed vulputate mi sit amet mauris. Ullamcorper morbi tincidunt ornare massa. Eu non diam phasellus vestibulum lorem sed risus. Mattis aliquam faucibus purus in massa. Facilisis volutpat est velit egestas dui. Ut tristique et egestas quis. Scelerisque eu ultrices vitae auctor eu. Et egestas quis ipsum suspendisse ultrices gravida dictum fusce.

Vitae proin sagittis nisl rhoncus mattis rhoncus. Amet venenatis urna cursus eget nunc scelerisque. Arcu bibendum at varius vel pharetra vel. Malesuada fames ac turpis egestas integer eget aliquet nibh. Dapibus ultrices in iaculis nunc sed. Amet tellus cras adipiscing enim eu. Pellentesque massa placerat duis ultricies lacus sed turpis. Pellentesque sit amet porttitor eget dolor morbi. Et netus et malesuada fames ac. Ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipiscing. Cursus turpis massa tincidunt dui ut. Eu turpis egestas pretium aenean pharetra magna ac placerat. Condimentum lacinia quis vel eros donec ac odio tempor orci. Ultrices eros in cursus turpis. Ut eu sem integer vitae justo eget magna fermentum.

Scelerisque mauris pellentesque pulvinar pellentesque. Dictum non consectetur a erat nam. In massa tempor nec feugiat. Eu scelerisque felis imperdiet proin fermentum leo vel. Tempus urna et pharetra pharetra massa massa ultricies. Netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas maecenas. Commodo viverra maecenas accumsan lacus vel. Tristique nulla aliquet enim tortor at auctor urna nunc id. Est placerat in egestas erat imperdiet. Tortor at auctor urna nunc id cursus metus aliquam eleifend. Consectetur libero id faucibus nisl tincidunt eget nullam. Mus mauris vitae ultricies leo integer. Risus in hendrerit gravida rutrum quisque non tellus orci ac. Gravida dictum fusce ut placerat orci nulla pellentesque dignissim. Pharetra vel turpis nunc eget lorem dolor sed viverra ipsum. Faucibus a pellentesque sit amet porttitor.