sdg 9 case study

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Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure

Sustainable Development Goal 9:  Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation

Click on the case studies below to find out what programs, projects and policies are being implemented in cities around the globe to accomplish Goal 9.

Learn more about the targets and indicators of SDG 9 at  UN Sustainbale Development Knowledge Platform .

Case studies

257 case studies available.

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Berlin, Germany

Oderberger street: participative renewal of a h....

The main challenge of this project was to implement a concept of street renewal respecting the historically grown character of Oderberger Street and conserve the unique identification the residents have, while still satisfying needs of a modern urban environment.

Alexandria, Egypt

City development strategy for sustainable devel....

Local economic development, participatory urban upgrading and environmental rehabilitation are the three pillars of the strategy

Heredia, Costa Rica

Participation for neighborhood improvement and ....

This project aims towards neighborhood improvement by combining upgrading of public space with capacity building.

Peshawar, Pakistan

City development strategy peshawar.

The strategy aimed at improving governance to foster sustainable urban development in a context of weak institutional capacities.

Seattle, United States

Growing vine street.

The Growing Vine Street project is a laboratory for green solutions within an urban design context and integrative governance approach.

Seoul , South Korea

One less nuclear power plant.

The initiative aims at reducing energy consumption and increasing renewable energy production to compensate for one nuclear power plant

Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

Ger-area upgrading strategy and investment plan....

The objective is to shift from a central planning paradigm to an approach which reflects economic realities for development investment.

Vancouver, Canada

New supportive housing projects.

The programme supports the development of social and supportive housing on municipally owned sites.

Toronto, Canada

Lawrence-allen revitalization plan.

The highly participatory approach and its continuous integration of different city departments are outstanding features of this plan

Case Studies

Liuzhou Forest City will house 30 000 upon completion and host over a million plants of 100+ species. This city is a model for the future, as it leads the development of sustainable green cities.

« The Forest City project, presented for the first time at the COP 21 international conference in Paris in 2015, is a derivation of the broader theme of Urban Forestry, which has always ben the focus of Stefano Boeri Architetti’s research. The development of urban and architectural models of environmental regeneration, demineralization of the soil and increase of biodiversity has led to the conception of a new generation city, able to become a model of sustainable growth at a global level, starting from China. In fact, China is the world’s country with the highest rate of urbanization, with 14 million inhabitants migrating each year to cities. »

→  https://www.stefanoboeriarchitetti.net/en/project/liuzhou-forest-city/

«The local wind power for cities.

New World Wind develops innovative solutions combining high quality and reliability,technology and design, microelectricity and plurality of turbines. The Wind Tree is the first biomimetic wind turbine designed to exploit the smallest winds. It can be set up anywhere, as close to uses as possible, even in the heart of cities. To produce 2,400 kWh with the Wind Tree is to avoid 3.2 tons of CO2 to produce the same amount of electricity with a fuel station.» →  http://newworldwind.com/wind-tree/

« CARBON CONTROL™  was founded by a team that includes environmental researchers, academics and industry experts, passionate about the environment and concerned with how organisations are managing their environmental impact.

The CARBON CONTROL ™  mark, as a trademarked consumer label, acts to alleviate the climate change problem. It guarantees that the organisations displaying the mark are meeting strict  CO 2  emissions reduction targets. These organisations are reducing green house gas emissions and working to prevent the most destructive effects of climate change.»

→  http://www.carboncontrol.com/

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Home > SDGs

SDG9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure

Why it matters

SDG 9 aims to build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialisation and foster innovation. It also seeks universal and affordable access to the internet in the least developed countries.

The industry’s contribution

SDG Target 9.c aims to significantly increase access to information and communications technology. At the end of 2022, 4.5 billion people (57% of the global population) were using mobile internet, an increase of 1.9 billion since 2015. Mobile internet enables individuals to access an array of life-enhancing services; however, 5% of the world’s population still live in areas without mobile broadband coverage, meaning that 400 million people are still not covered by a mobile broadband network. Moreover, the usage gap stood at 38% (3 billion people) in 2022. [ 39 ]

In addition to mobile internet, the mobile industry supports progress on SDG 9 by building resilient infrastructure and improving industrial processes. Technologies such as 5G, IoT, cloud computing and AI can play a significant role in enterprise digital transformation across a range of sectors, such as manufacturing and logistics. This can lead to a range of improved business outcomes, such as productivity gains, cost savings and new revenue streams. [ 40 ]

In many LMICs, mobile connectivity (i.e. 2G/3G/4G) also provides critical infrastructure and a platform that allows micro-, small and medium-sized enterprises to grow by reaching bigger markets. Growth in mobile internet adoption and an increase of mobile money adoption were identified as key ecosystem enablers for scaling digital innovation in LMICS across a number of sectors. [ 41 ]

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Maximising mobile’s impact by 2030

Reaching the remaining 400 million people who are not covered by mobile broadband in a commercially sustainable manner will require the cost of network deployment to be reduced. Innovations in backhaul, low-cost base station technologies and power supply are already helping to achieve this. [ 42 ] However, an enabling policy environment that reduces cost and uncertainty around spectrum allocations, licensing, tax policy and network deployment is also necessary. [ 43 ]

Moreover, the usage gap shows that closing the coverage gap alone is not going to be enough to connect the unconnected. Addressing other barriers such as affordability, digital skills, relevance, and safety and security will be critical to maximising the industry’s impact on SDG 9.

Case Studies

Gsma innovation fund for mobile internet adoption and digital inclusion, telstra funds research to accelerate digital inclusion in remote australia.

While most Australian cities enjoy excellent internet access, there remains a broad ‘digital gap’ between urban and regional areas, which is even more pronounced in the country’s 1,100 First Nations remote communities. The latest Australian Digital Inclusion Index (ADII) and Mapping the Digital Gap (MTDG) data confirms that while digital ability is relatively high across the MTDG sample of remote First Nations communities, access and affordability remain low. The same data shows that 86% of First Nations people primarily use mobile phones for calls and internet use, 90% of whom are using prepaid services.

Since 2015, the ADII has provided an annual scorecard of digital inclusion across Australia, through three lenses: affordability, access and digital ability. In 2023, for the first time, the ADII – which is a collaboration between Telstra and the ARC Centre of Excellence for Automated Decision-Making and Society – is incorporating the initial findings of a four-year project in 11 remote communities. The findings present a compelling picture of how infrastructure, affordability of services and unstable income keep thousands of people disconnected from essential services. In addition to providing unprecedented data for policymakers and the industry, the project supports communities to develop local ‘Digital Inclusion Plans’ with community-led strategies to address identified challenges.

MTDG is a critical piece of research that will back decades of research, trials and programmes to improve digital literacy and digital inclusion for Australia’s remote communities. This year, the Australian government established a First Nations Digital Inclusion Advisory Group (with an MTDG member co-chairing), and in April announced an additional $25 million for First Nations communities through its Regional Connectivity Program. This has led to proposals for more community mentors, alternative digital solutions, digital training and free public Wi-Fi. Telstra has also made all its public telephones free.

Telefónica brings sustainability to digital solutions innovation

Companies need to extend ESG throughout their value chain to contribute to building a fairer, more inclusive and sustainable economic paradigm.

Telefónica has developed an internal voluntary framework called ‘Responsibility by Design’ to incorporate ethical and sustainability principles from the beginning of development of a new product or service through to its delivery to the customer. Telefónica has developed an internal voluntary framework called ‘Responsibility by Design’ to incorporate ethical and sustainability principles from the beginning of development of a new product or service through to its delivery to the customer. It also helps Telefónica to be certain that the product or service complies with the operator’s ‘Responsible Business Principles’. The framework is based on two pillars. The first is sustainability being applied to design, which relates to the impact that Telefónica’s products and services have on people and the environment. The second is design ethics – in other words, its commitment to the customer and use of data and AI. All of the products and services under this framework are based on low-carbon connectivity. This is a cross-cutting project involving the entire company, representing a cultural change and a transformation of the entire organisation to reshape how Telefónica innovates and develops new digital solutions. This has led to the need to provide training to all areas of the company to emphasise the importance of eco-design, accessibility, transparency, and digital rights and ethics, among other aspects.

In 2022, Telefónica assessed the sustainability of over 40 products and services under this framework. Its goal is to further integrate the ‘Responsibility by Design’ framework to have 100% of its solutions assessed by 2025.

• Innovation Strategy and Technology , SDG

SDG 9 Case Study: Affordable and Innovative Container Homes for the Vulnerable in Southampton, United Kingdom

SDG 9, “Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure” aims to build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialisation and foster innovation. It acknowledges these elements’ critical role in promoting sustainable development and ensuring a more just and resilient future for all. SDG 9 emphasises the necessity of balancing economic development, environmental sustainability, and social equity.

SDG 9 recognises the importance of infrastructure development, sustainable industrialisation, and innovation in driving sustainable development. Investing in sustainable infrastructure can reduce inequality, promote efficient resource utilisation, and foster economic growth. SDG 9 encourages prioritising innovation and research and development to address global challenges. Emphasising inclusive and sustainable industrial practices helps minimise environmental impacts and contributes to poverty eradication and community wellbeing. Collaboration among governments, businesses, and civil society is crucial to achieving SDG 9 and creating an interconnected world of economic development, environmental protection, and social progress.

In this article, we will discuss the importance of SDG 9 and provide five sustainable business strategies for businesses to achieve this goal. We will also share a case study on how BBC and Company H’s collaboration in sustainable housing solutions contribute to SDG 9.

Sustainable Business Strategies for SDG 9

Businesses are key in driving progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 9 (SDG 9) as they contribute to global sustainability and gain long-term benefits. SDG 9 offers a framework for businesses to adopt sustainable practices, foster innovation, and develop resilient infrastructure. It emphasises balancing economic growth with environmental conservation and social wellbeing. Businesses can attain the five sustainable business strategies listed below to contribute to SDG 9:

• Investing in Research and Development (R&D): Businesses should prioritise investing in R&D to promote innovation and advance SDG 9. Companies can research new technologies, processes, and products that improve industrial efficiency, encourage sustainable practises, and support infrastructure development by committing resources to R&D activities. Collaborations with academic institutions and research facilities can significantly increase the effect of R&D initiatives.
• Promoting Circular Economy Practices: Companies must adopt a circular economy strategy to support SDG 9. This strategy involves minimising environmental impact while fostering sustainable production and consumption patterns. Tactics such as eco-design, closed-loop supply chains, and product life extension can help advance a circular economy and bring positive change.
• Embracing Digital Transformation: To improve industrial processes, maximise resource utilisation, and promote innovation, businesses should take advantage of the power of digital transformation. IoT, AI, and data analytics can help with more competent infrastructure management, increased productivity, and sustainable decision-making.
• Collaborative Partnerships for Sustainable Development: Collaboration is crucial to achieving SDG 9. Businesses should seek relationships with stakeholders to advance collective action towards sustainable development. To promote a comprehensive and inclusive approach, collaborative initiatives can focus on knowledge sharing, capacity building, technology transfer, and joint investments in infrastructure projects.
• Prioritising Renewable Energy and Clean Technologies: Businesses should shift to clean technologies and renewable energy sources to reduce their dependence on fossil fuels and greenhouse gas emissions. Adopting energy-efficient practises and technologies can also improve sustainability by optimising resource use.

Case Study: A collaboration between BBC and Company H in building affordable and innovative container homes to help the vulnerable in Southampton

BBC collaborated with the UK-based Company H on a ground-breaking project to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 9 (SDG 9)—industry, innovation, and infrastructure. This case study demonstrates how the companies work together to help Southampton City Council address Southampton’s vulnerable population’s housing needs. They have contributed to the general wellbeing of the community and offered sustainable housing choices by utilising cutting-edge container home building.

The population of Southampton, a thriving city on England’s south coast, is diverse. The city has, nevertheless, been dealing with housing issues, particularly for disadvantaged people and families. The situation has worsened due to factors like rising real estate costs, a lack of options for inexpensive housing, and growing demand for social housing. BBC and Company H realised the need for a cutting-edge strategy that would offer cost-effective, long-lasting, and environmentally responsible housing choices to address this urgent challenge.

The challenge at hand was to develop housing options for Southampton’s disadvantaged population that were both affordable and sustainable. Traditional building techniques were expensive, time-consuming, and frequently needing more flexibility to fit the community’s unique needs. Furthermore, the environmental impact connected to conventional construction methods sparked worries regarding sustainability in the long run. In addition to addressing the immediate housing needs, BBC and Company H aimed to develop a solution that would improve the environment and the long-term wellbeing of the local populace.

BBC and Company H used the innovative alternative of recycling shipping containers as an alternate housing solution to tackle the housing crisis. Because of their durability, adaptability, and mobility, shipping containers offered a special chance to design comfortable living spaces with the least negative environmental impact. BBC and Company H set out on a strategy to turn these containers into functional and visually beautiful dwellings that satisfied the community’s particular needs, drawing on their expertise in sustainable building and design.

In order to complete the project, the shipping containers had to be retrofitted with insulation, plumbing, power, and other necessities. The modern and practical interiors ensured that the container homes offered a cosy and welcoming living environment. The containers were also made to be moveable, providing flexibility in placement better to meet the changing demands of the vulnerable population.

The project aligns with SDG 9 by promoting sustainable development through innovative solutions. By repurposing shipping containers, BBC and Company H have significantly reduced the environmental footprint associated with traditional construction methods. Using sustainable materials and energy-efficient design principles further contributes to the project’s overall sustainability. The success of this initiative serves as an inspiration for future sustainable housing initiatives, not only within Southampton but also in other communities facing similar challenges worldwide.

The initiative also supports sustainable development by using creative solutions, which aligns with SDG 9. BBC and Company H significantly decreased the environmental impact of conventional construction techniques by reusing shipping containers. The project is done more sustainably overall by using sustainable materials and energy-saving design approaches. Future sustainable housing efforts will be motivated by the success of this one, not just in Southampton but also in other towns worldwide that are dealing with similar problems.

In conclusion, Sustainable Development Goal 9 (SDG 9) focuses on industry, innovation, and infrastructure to promote sustainable development. We can create a just and resilient future by investing in resilient infrastructure and sustainable industrialisation. The case study exemplifies SDG 9 principles by repurposing shipping containers for affordable and sustainable housing in Southampton. The project benefits the community by offering cost-effective and environmentally responsible housing options while reducing the environmental impact. It serves as an inspiration for future sustainable housing initiatives globally.

SDG 9 emphasises the importance of industry, innovation, and infrastructure in sustainable development. Governments, businesses, civil society, and stakeholders can create a world where economic growth, environmental protection, and social progress are interconnected. Embracing sustainable practices and innovative solutions paves the way for a sustainable and resilient future for future generations.

References: 

Goal 9 | Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal9

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Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation

• View the official blog  from The Gwenna Moss Centre for Teaching Effectiveness (GMCTL) at the University of Saskatchewan. This post helps instructors to identify ways in which they can infuse Goal 9 Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure into their own courses. It provides learning outcomes, ways to reflect, share & act and curricular connections and questions for students related to Goal 9. 

Case Studies

• The Urban Sustainability Exchange (USE) website has case studies specific to each Sustainable Development Goal. These provide information on programs, projects and policies being implemented in cities around the globe to accomplish Sustainable Development Goals.
• Visit the Global Environmental Education Partnership (GEEP) for the case studies . The GEEP was launched by the United States Environmental Protection Agency , the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration , and the North American Association for Environmental Education (NAAEE). The GEEP developed a list of topics in environmental education to achieve the environmental protection goals in each country and address issues such as climate change through environmental education and citizen engagement.

Infographics

• View this infographic on SDG 9 by the UN’s Department of Economic and Social Affairs(UNDESA) . This infographic illustrates an overview of building resilient infrastructure, promoting inclusive and sustainable industrialization, targets and indicators and progress reports. UNDESA acts as the Secretariat for the SDGs, providing substantive support and capacity-building for the goals and their related thematic issues, including water, energy, climate, oceans, urbanization, transport, science and technology, the Global Sustainable Development Report (GSDR), partnerships and Small Island Developing States.
• View this infographic and report on SDG 9 by the UN’s Department of Economic and Social Affairs(UNDESA) . This document shares eye-opening statistics on the subjects related to improving infrastructure, industrialization and innovation such as manufacturing growth, and impacts of covid-19 pandemic in technology and small-scale industries.

Lesson Plans

• This lesson plan is titled 'Careers: What is My Place in the World?' and infuses SDGs 8 and 9. Students will explore career options, impacts on their lives and on the world around them, and careers in a global context.  
• SDG 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure Biomimicry: Design Inspired by Nature - The Corporate Role in Sustainable Infrastructure lesson is from the Gustavson School of Business at the University of Victoria in British Columbia. This lesson explores the imperative of resilient infrastructure and industrial innovation, emphasizing the corporate contribution to sustainable development.
• The following link will take you to a PDF with the direct link to multimedia educational resources, pedagogical resources and ideas for classroom activities and lesson plans for infusing SDG 9. View the PDF document here.  

Video Library

• View the SDG Academy Library , a video library which consists of a vast collection of videos in the form of lectures. There is a series of lectures on different themes by professors from around the world. Videos related to many different themes and issues under each sustainable development goal can be found in this library.  
• View the World's Largest Lesson website which has many creative tools and resources for educators to promote learning about Sustainable Development goals. There are a variety of resources on the website that can be used to teach each SDG such as lesson plans, guides, videos, books, comics, games, quizzes, and many other resources. The resources are available in many different languages.  
• View the website Springer Nature to access a collection of different resources related to SDG 9. There are interviews, books, journal chapters and articles, blogs, collections, special issues, and webinars related to SDG 9.  
• View the Makematic website with animated and live-action videos that focus on global learning for teachers and students. The website has 68 animated and live-action films dedicated to Sustainable Development Goals. There are videos exploring each SDG.  
• View the SDG Tracker website to access data related to the progress of Goal 9, its related targets, and indicators. It is a free, open-access resource that tracks global progress toward the SDGs. 
• Visit World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) for the “Rebooting Quality Infrastructure for a Sustainable Future” report developed by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) . The report is a call for action for rethinking and adapting quality infrastructure to achieve the SDGs and to respond to the impacts of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, including artificial intelligence, smart manufacturing, smart energy, smart agriculture and the circular economy. WBCSD is a global platform for sustainable businesses working collectively to accelerate the system transformations needed for a net-zero, nature positive, and more equitable future.
• View Canadian Indicators For Sustainable Development Goals  for Canada-specific statistics and reports categorized by each SDG targets and indicators. The data is provided by  Statistics Canada  and presented in charts and tables. 

SDG Good Practices-A compilation of success stories and lessons learned in SDG implementation (First Edition)

Related goals, related topics, multi-stakeholder partnerships.

The publication presents 16 SDG Good Practices from across the globe, received in response to the first open call for good practices, success stories and lessons learned in SDG implementation, promoted by UN DESA between 2018 and 2019.

Sorted by geographical region, this publication describes the diverse examples in detail, featuring updates and reflections on the impact and adaptations to the COVID-19 pandemic and showcasing results and impact.

As the world pursues a transformative recovery from COVID-19 and embarks on the Decade of Action for accelerating the implementation of the SDGs, it is hoped that these examples provide inspiration to Governments and stakeholders in their efforts to address crisis, reduce the risk of future potential emergencies and deliver on the ambitious and inclusive vision of the 2030 Agenda.

For more information about the SDG Good Practices, click  here . 

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Engaging on the transition to electric vehicles and on human rights in the cobalt supply chain

2019-07-19T08:10:00+01:00

Case study by Union Investment (Florian Sommer, Janne Werning) 

Signatory type: Investment Manager

Operating region: Germany

Assets under management: EUR 326 billion (as of March 2018)

Why engage with companies on the SDGs?

The UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) enable us to align our sustainable investment strategies and our active ownership approach with a broader goal. Our motivation behind SDG engagement is to use our position as an investor to influence investee companies to positively contribute to the SDGs. Our objective is twofold: SDG products and services-related engagement, which target the transition towards sustainable products, and SDG corporate behaviour-related engagement, which targets the improvement of business conduct and processes. Importantly, we take into consideration the entire value chain of a company so that the positive impact of our engagement approach can be maximised. We firmly believe that sustainability can have a substantial impact on a company’s performance in the long term. Businesses with inadequate sustainability standards are significantly more susceptible to reputational, regulatory, event and litigation risks.

How we engage with companies in general

Our engagement process comprises voting at AGMs and maintaining a constructive dialogue with companies. To maximise impact, our strategy consists of three stages: pre-engagement, actual engagement and post-engagement. The entire process relies on our internal ESG systems for analysis, implementation, monitoring and documentation of engagement activities.

The pre-engagement stage and associated research lay the groundwork and identify all relevant issue areas for Union Investment’s engagement activities. In close cooperation with our sectoral analysts, Union Investment’s ESG team discusses relevant topics and/or weaknesses relating to the companies in question. External data providers are also brought in to help. Union Investment’s engagement approach is a combination of company dialogue and the active use of our voting rights at AGMs. Company dialogue focuses on speaking at AGMs, talking to companies directly and holding discussions at platforms provided by external institutions. The engagement process has a long time horizon, with results sometimes only becoming apparent after many months or even years. Our activities and their results are evaluated at regular intervals.

SDG issues: When deciding which SDG and investee companies to prioritise, we consider a wide range of factors, such as the relevant holdings in our funds, SDG risks and opportunities, and the general extent of our influence. The appropriate SDG for our engagement projects can be identified from specific incidents of misconduct on the part of the company, as well as from the findings of our own pre-engagement analyses.

Example of an SDG engagement

Targets of focus : Strategy for transitioning to electric vehicles and for dealing with human rights risks in the cobalt supply chain

Companies targeted: German automobile companies, specifically Daimler

Start of engagement : 2015

The issue and intended impact:  With our product-based engagement , we are targeting SDG 9 (industry, innovation and infrastructure), as well as SDG 13 (climate action). We asked and encouraged Daimler to improve its fleet’s CO 2 emission efficiency by placing a stronger focus on the development and introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) to facilitate the transition to EVs. Currently, EVs account for less than 1 per cent of the company’s total revenue.

As regards corporate processes and behaviour-related engagement, we have focused on SDG 8 (decent work and economic growth), as well as SDG 12 (responsible consumption and production). We have urged Daimler to focus on the risks associated with cobalt sourcing for battery materials. Cobalt is an important component in the development of battery technology, and is used in electric vehicle batteries as a key cathode material. Whilst it is not a conflict mineral per se, cobalt is most often sourced from the Democratic Republic of Congo, where serious and systemic human rights violations are commonplace, including child labour, exposure to health hazards from high levels of toxic metals, and a lack of the most basic safety equipment inside and outside the mines. [1]

Moreover, demand for the mineral is expected to continue its strong growth in the near future. We are convinced that human rights violations in the cobalt supply chain can potentially cause severe brand damage, create a negative impact on operations and increase the probability of strikes and disruptions. Our aim is therefore to reduce the reputational, operational and regulatory risks for our investee companies and encourage them to focus on more sustainable products.

Measuring the impact and consequences of the engagement: Given our significant holdings in Daimler, we have engaged in an intensive and steady dialogue with the company over the past three years on the issues in question. Both the sustainability and the investor relations departments have been involved in this process. In the final stages of our dialogue, we also had engagements at the CFO level. The process included conference calls, in-person meetings and speeches at AGMs. During the period of the dialogue, the company faced various critical NGO and media reports on the issue of human rights risks in its supply chain.

As a first success in terms of achieving SDGs 9 and 13, Daimler set a target to increase the share of total revenue accounted for by EVs to 25 per cent by 2025. Having criticised the CO 2 strategy previously at Daimler AGMs, thereby gaining broad public attention, we also initiated a dialogue to address the issue of human rights risks in the cobalt supply chain three years ago. We publicly criticised the company for the fact that the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGP) were still not firmly anchored in day-to-day business practices, and reiterated our view that an urgent adaptation of its internal ESG management processes was needed.

In general, we employ the tactic of making public speeches at AGMs as a last resort, preferring to address issues with the supervisory board and executive committee. In this case, however, it proved to be a success, since in the aftermath of our last speech, Daimler publicly committed to becoming more transparent regarding its cobalt supply chain due to persistent human rights concerns. Furthermore, it announced that it will integrate into its business practices the UNGP and investigate its cobalt supply chain from its factory all the way down to the mine, including launching a human rights due diligence system with integrated on-site audits.

We believe this to be a first but highly positive step towards making progress in SDGs 8 and 12. This holds true for SDGs 9 and 13 as well, with a focus on sales targets for electric vehicles.

[1] See the PRI’s Digging deeper: human rights and the extractives sector report

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• Progress & Info (2019)
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Despite steady improvements in manufacturing output and employment, renewed investment will be needed in the least developed countries to build needed infrastructure and ensure the doubling of industry’s share of GDP in those countries by 2030.

• Efficient transportation services generate employment and wealth and drive economic development. In 2015, the estimated global economic impact (both direct and indirect) of air transport was $2.7 trillion, equivalent to 3.5 per cent of global GDP. The least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States represent far less air travel and freight volumes, with each country group accounting for only 1 per cent to 2.7 per cent of the global total.
• Manufacturing is a principal driver of economic development, employment and social stability. Globally, manufacturing value added as a share of GDP increased from 15.3 per cent in 2005 to 16.2 per cent in 2016. In 2016, manufacturing value added per capita amounted to $4,621 in Europe and Northern America, compared to about $100 in the least developed countries.
• As many countries move to more efficient and less energy-intensive industries, their emissions of carbon dioxide per unit of manufacturing value added are generally declining. From 2000 to 2014, Europe and Northern America reduced their emissions intensity by 36 per cent. All of the 10 largest manufacturing countries saw decreases in their emissions intensity. Such promising trends are not reflected in the global emissions intensity level, however, since a significant share of global manufacturing value added has moved to countries with generally higher intensity levels.
• In 2014, investments in research and development stood at 1.7 per cent of global GDP, up from 1.5 per cent in 2000. Worldwide, there were 1,098 researchers per million inhabitants in 2014, ranging from 63 in the least developed countries to 3,500 in Europe and Northern America.
• ODA for economic infrastructure in developing countries reached $57 billion in 2015, an increase of 32 per cent in real terms since 2010. The main recipient sectors were transport and energy ($19 billion each).
• Manufacturing is increasingly shifting towards more technologically complex products. While medium- and high-tech products continue to dominate manufacturing production in industrialized economies (where they contribute about 80 per cent of total manufacturing output), the share has barely reached 10 per cent in least developed countries.
• Mobile-cellular services have spread rapidly and have allowed people living in previously unconnected areas to join the global information society. In 2016, 95 per cent of the world’s population and 85 per cent of people in the least developed countries were covered by a mobile-cellular signal.

Source: Report of the Secretary-General, "Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals", E/2017/66

Steady progress has been made in the manufacturing industry. To achieve inclusive and sustainable industrialization, competitive economic forces need to be unleashed to generate employment and income, facilitate international trade and enable the efficient use of resources.

• The global share of manufacturing value added in GDP increased from 15.2 per cent in 2005 to 16.3 per cent in 2017, driven by the fast growth of manufacturing in Asia.
• Globally, the carbon intensity decreased by 19 per cent from 2000 to 2015— from 0.38 to 0.31 kilograms of carbon dioxide per dollar of value added.
• In 2015, medium-high- and high-technology sectors accounted for 44.7 per cent of total manufacturing value added globally. The value added reached 34.6 per cent in developing economies, up from 21.5 per cent in 2005.
• By 2016, the proportion of the population covered by a third generation (3G) mobile broadband network stood at 61 per cent in the LDCs and 84 per cent globally.

Source: Report of the Secretary-General, The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2018

Aspects of the prevailing global economic environment have not been conducive to rapid progress on Sustainable Development Goal 9. While financing for economic infrastructure has increased in developing countries and impressive progress has been made in mobile connectivity, countries that are lagging behind, such as least developed countries, face serious challenges in doubling the manufacturing industry’s share of GDP by 2030, and investment in scientific research and innovation remains below the global average.

• Efficient transportation services are key drivers of economic development, and more than 80 per cent of world merchandise trade by volume is transported by sea, making maritime transport a critical enabler of trade and globalization. International maritime freight increased by an estimated 3.7 per cent globally in 2017 and projected growth will test the capacity of existing maritime transport infrastructure to support increased freight volumes.
• In 2018, global manufacturing slowed in both developing and developed regions. The slowdown was attributed mainly to emerging trade and tariff barriers that constrained investment and future growth. Despite this slowdown, the global share of GDP in terms of manufacturing value added increased marginally from 15.9 per cent in 2008 to 16.5 per cent in 2015, but stalled at the same level in 2018. The share of manufacturing in least developed countries remained low, posing a serious challenge to the target of doubling the industry’s share of GDP by 2030.
• Meanwhile, the share of manufacturing employment in total employment declined from 15.3 per cent in 2000 to 14.7 per cent in 2015 and to 14.2 per cent in 2018, as countries gradually reallocated production factors from agriculture and low-value added manufacturing towards high-value added manufacturing and services.
• The intensity of global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from manufacturing industries declined by more than 20 per cent between 2000 and 2016, to 0.30 kg CO2 per United States dollar, showing a general decoupling of CO2 emissions and GDP growth.
• The proportion of global GDP invested in research and development increased from 1.52 per cent to 1.68 per cent from 2000 to 2016, with Europe and Northern America standing at 2.21 per cent of GDP spent on research and development and most developing regions falling short of the world average in 2016.
• While there has been an increase in the number of researchers per million inhabitants from 804 in 2000 to 1,163 in 2016, that number reached only 91 in sub-Saharan Africa.
• Total official flows for economic infrastructure in developing countries reached $59 billion in 2017, an increase of 32.5 per cent in real terms since 2010. Within this total, the main sectors assisted were transport ($21.6 billion) and banking and financial services ($13.4 billion).
• In 2016, medium-high and high-tech sectors accounted for 44.7 per cent of the global manufacturing value added. Medium-high and high-tech products continued to dominate manufacturing production in Northern America and Europe, reaching 47.4 per cent in 2016 compared with 10.4 per cent in least developed countries.
• Almost all people around the world now live within range of a mobile-cellular network signal, with 90 per cent living within range of a 3G-quality or higher network. This evolution of the mobile network, however, is growing more rapidly than the percentage of the population using the Internet.

Source: Report of the Secretary-General, Special edition: progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals

• Goal 9 encompasses three important aspects of sustainable development: infrastructure, industrialization and innovation. Infrastructure provides the basic physical systems and structures essential to the operation of a society or enterprise. Industrialization drives economic growth, creates job opportunities and thereby reduces income poverty. Innovation advances the technological capabilities of industrial sectors and prompts the development of new skills.
• An important component of physical infrastructure is air shipping and air travel. In 2014, 45 per cent of all air passengers originated from developing regions; 55 per cent originated from developed regions. However, in the least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States, air passenger volume was extremely low, making up only 0.8 per cent, 0.8 per cent and 1.4 per cent, respectively, of the global total. Similar patterns are found for freight volumes in air transit: the least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States made up only 1.1 per cent, 0.9 per cent and 2.6 per cent of the global total, respectively, in 2014.
• Manufacturing is a foundation of economic development, employment and social stability. In 2015, the share of manufacturing value added in terms of GDP of developed regions was estimated at 13 per cent, a decrease over the past decade owing largely to the increasing role of services in developed regions. In contrast, the share of manufacturing value added in GDP remained relatively stagnant for developing regions, increasing marginally from 19 per cent in 2005 to 21 per cent in 2015. Those values hide substantial differences, with manufacturing value added contributing over 31 per cent to GDP in Eastern Asia and 10 per cent or less in both sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. The least developed countries face particular challenges in industrializing. Although those countries represent 13 per cent of the global population, they contribute less than 1 per cent of global manufacturing value added. Worldwide, about 500 million people are employed in manufacturing. While manufacturing job numbers have fallen in industrialized countries, they have steadily increased in developing countries. In the least developed countries, agricultural and traditional sectors remain the main sources of employment.
• In developing countries, small-scale industries accounted for an estimated 15 per cent to 20 per cent of value added and 25 per cent to 30 per cent of total industrial employment in 2015. However, access to financial services in those countries remains a problem. Globally, the credit gap for small and medium enterprises (defined as having between 5 and 99 employees) was estimated at $3.2 trillion to $3.9 trillion in 2012. In emerging markets, between 45 per cent and 55 per cent of all small and medium enterprises are unserved or underserved by financial services.
• As the structure of world economies shifts to less energy-intensive industries and countries implement policies for enhanced energy efficiency, almost all regions have shown a reduction in carbon intensity of GDP. Global carbon dioxide emissions per unit of value added showed a steady decline between 1990 and 2013, a decrease of about 30 per cent.
• Innovation and the creation of new and more sustainable industries are spurred by investments in research and development. Global expenditure on research and development as a proportion of GDP stood at 1.7 per cent in 2013. However, this figure masks wide disparities. expenditure on research and development was 2.4 per cent of GDP for developed regions, 1.2 per cent for developing regions, and below 0.3 per cent for the least developed countries and landlocked developing countries. The number of researchers per 1 million inhabitants showed a similar pattern. While the global average was 1,083 researchers per 1 million inhabitants, the ratio ranged from 65 per 1 million in the least developed countries to 3,641 per 1 million in developed regions.
• Total official flows for economic infrastructure in developing regions reached $59.5 billion in 2014. The main sectors receiving assistance were transport and energy.
• Infrastructure and economic development also rely on information and communications technology. Mobile cellular services have spread rapidly around the world, allowing people in previously unconnected areas to join the global information society. By 2015, the percentage of the population living in areas covered by mobile broadband networks stood at 69 per cent globally. In rural areas, the share was only 29 per cent.

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Itaipu’s 17 Case Studies Responding to the 17 Sustainable Development Goals

End Poverty In All Its Forms Everywhere

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Ensuring Availability And Sustainable Management Of Water And Sanitation

Ensuring Access To Affordable, Reliable, Sustainable And Modern Energy For All

Promote Sustained Inclusive And Sustainable Economic Growth, Full And Productive Employment And Decent Work For All

Build Resilient Infrastructure, Promote Inclusive And Sustainable Industrialization And Foster Innovation

Reduce Inequality Within And Among Countries

Make Cities And Human Settlements Inclusive, Safe, Resilient And Sustainable

Ensure Sustainable Consumption And Production Patterns

Take Urgent Action To Combat Climate Change And Its Impacts

Conserve And Sustainably Use The Oceans, Seas And Marine Resources

Protect, Restore And Promote Sustainable Use Of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Sustainably Manage Forests, Combat Desertification, Halt And Reverse Land Degradation And Halt Biodiversity Loss

Promote Peaceful And Inclusive Societies For Sustainable Development

Strenghten The Means Of Implementation And Revitalize The Global Partnership For Sustainable Development

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Case Studies - Achieving SDGs

With this online database of sustainable development case studies, the SDG Fund has gathered a selection of best practices on “how” to achieve a sustainable world and advance the 17 Sustainable Development Goals.

The SDG Fund is a UN mechanism promoting partnerships between UN agencies, governments, academia, civil society and businesses to address the challenges of poverty and achieve the SDGs.

As part of its mission, the SDG Fund collects and disseminates insight for public and private entities worldwide interested in sustainable development, sharing lessons learned and best practices in its current and past development work. Most of these initial case studies come from previous experiences with the MDG Achievement Fund. New case studies will be added after the first round of joint programmes is concluded.

This series of case studies has been created to disseminate a robust evidence base on what implementing innovative development approaches actually means in practice. The case studies produced are concise, engaging, readable and equally appealing to practitioner and non-practitioner audiences. Users can search case studies by SDG or country. Each case study has a brief background of the situation, strategic approach, results and impact of the initiative, and a particular focus on challenges, lessons learned and potential for sustainability.

This project has been possible thanks to the support of the UN Volunteers programme, and particularly the writing, editing and translating work of the following volunteers: Lucy Oyelade, Judith McInally, Jamie Kadoglou, Nathan Weatherdon, Giovanni Avila Flores, Lorena Belenky, Beatriz Ruiz Espejel and Esperanza Escalona Reyes. The SDG Fund also thanks Samant Veer Kakkar and Rebeca Huete, for their work as consultants on this project. Funding has been provided by the Spanish Cooperation for International Cooperation (AECID).

A taste for transformation in Timor-Leste

Addressing Violence against women in Bangladesh

Bangladesh: Strengthening Women’s Ability For Productive New Opportunities (SWAPNO)​

Better water and sanitation services through a consumer rights based contract in Albania

Bolivia: Improving the Nutritional Status of Children via the Strengthening ofLocal Production Systems

Building social capital to prevent violence in El Salvador

Business opportunities network in Panama

Colombia: Productive and Food Secure Territories for a Peaceful and Resilient Cauca

Côte D’Ivoire: Joint Programme on Poverty Reduction ​ in San Pedro Region​

Creative industries alleviate poverty in Peru

Cuba: Strenghtening the Resilience of Families and Vulnerable Groups affected by Drough in Santiago de Cuba

Economic opportunities and citizenship for women in extreme poverty in Bolivia

Ecuador: Strenghtening Local Food Systems and Capacity Building aimed at Improving the Production and Access to Safe Food for Families

El Salvador: Food Security and Nutrition for Children and Salvadoran Households (SANNHOS)

Energy efficiency and renewable energy sources in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Ethiopia: Joint Programme on Gender Equality and Women Empowerment – Rural Women Economic Empowerment Component

Fiji: Youth in Organic Agriculture in Fiji

Formulation of a localized customer service code in the Philippines

Gender mainstreaming in the Ministry of Culture in occupied Palestine territory

Gender mainstreaming strategy in the pro-poor horticulture value chain in Upper Egypt

Generating employment opportunities for young people in Honduras

Guatemala: Food and Nutrition Security of the Department of San Marcos

Harnessing the Opportunities of the New Economy in Mozambique: More and Better Jobs in Cabo Delgado and Nampula

Healthy children, healthy Afghanistan: best practices and lessons learned

Honduras: Culture and Tourism for Sustainable Local Development in Ruta Lenca

Indigenous and Afro-Colombian communities in the Chocó department promote their food security and nutrition in Colombia

Indigenous women participating in water management in Panama

Institutional strengthening against gender-based political violence in Bolivia

Institutional strengthening to improve food security and nutrition in El Salvador

Integrated Nutrition and Food Security Strategies for Children and Vulnerable Groups in Viet Nam

Irrigated and integrated agro production systems help Mozambique adapt to climate change

Lessons learned from the implementation of the joint programme on nutrition in Guinea-Bissau

Mauritania converts national policies into concrete action on natural resource management

Multi-disciplinary teams bring agricultural adaptation to climate change in China

Multi-sectoral programme for the fight against gender-based violence in Morocco

Nigeria: Food Africa – Empowering Youth and Promoting Innovative Public-Private Partnerships through More Efficient Agro-Food Value Chains in Nigeria

Occupied Palestinian Territory: A One-Stop-Shop for Sustainable Women-Owned Businesses

Paraguay: Joint Programme on Paraguay Protects, Promotes and Facilitates Effective Implementation of the Right to Food Security and Nutrition

Partnerships to combat malnutrition in Guatemala

Peace building for the displaced in Chiapas, Mexico

Peace-building in the department of Nariño in Colombia

Peru: Economic Inclusion and Sustainable Development of Andean Grain Producers in Ayacucho and Puno

Philippines: Pro-Water: Policies, Infrastructure and Behaviors for Improved Water and Sanitation

Planting Seeds of Change in Ethiopia

Productive cultural recovery on the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua

Regional action plan for youth employment in Tunisia

Samoa: Engaging Youth in Samoa in Organic Farming and Menus: A Farm to Table Value Chain Approach

Sierra Leone: Enabling Sustainable Livelihoods Through Improved Natural Resource Governance and Economic Diversification in the Kono District​

Sri Lanka: Scaling Up Nutrition through a Multi-Sector Approach

Strengthening capacity to adapt to climate change in Turkey

Strengthening the institutional environment for the advancement of women in Guatemala

Strengthening the response to malnutrition in Bolivia

Sustainable urban development in El Salvador

Taking a value chain approach towards local economic development and women's economic empowerment in Vietnam

Tanzania: Joint Programme to Support Tanzania’s Productive Social Safety Net

The private sector as an agent of local development in Cuba

Water and sanitation management with a gender perspective in Mexico

Water governance in Ecuador

Women's empowerment through the promotion of cultural entrepreneurship in Cambodia

Women’s Participation in Stabilization and Conflict Prevention in North Kivu

Youth employment and migration in Costa Rica

Youth employment fund in Serbia

Youth in Organic Agriculture in Vanuatu

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Roula Khalaf, Editor of the FT, selects her favourite stories in this weekly newsletter.

The seven sets of case studies showcased here feature examples of the most innovative work and legal services that lawyers have developed in the Asia-Pacific region for clients, whether operating in the region or globally.

All of the case studies were researched, compiled and ranked by RSGI. “Winner” indicates that the organisation won an FT Innovative Lawyers Asia-Pacific award for 2024.

Read the other FT Innovative Lawyers Asia-Pacific ‘Best practice case studies’, which showcase the standout innovations made for and by people working in the legal sector:

Business of law In-house

Unlocking capital

Winner: Linklaters Originality: 9; Leadership: 8; Impact: 8; Total: 25 The firm helped advise on the creation of Swap Connect, which allows international investors to tap into China’s onshore interest rate swap market via links with Hong Kong. The initiative, launched May 2023 with the backing of Chinese President Xi Jinping, aims to support Hong Kong as a financial trading hub while delivering a bigger and more efficient derivatives market for China’s own domestic market. It follows the creation of similar “Connect” programmes for stocks and bonds. Lawyers at the firm advised bourse operator Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing on the design of the Swap Connect clearing link agreement, which allows foreign investors to remotely trade and clear renminbi interest rate swaps to hedge their debt exposure.

A&O Shearman O: 8; L: 8; I: 8; Total: 24 The firm helped China-backed telecoms company Dito Telecommunity secure a 15-year $3.9bn loan arrangement to fund the rollout of its telecoms network in the Philippines. The long-term financing deal, struck last September, was supported by a group of international banks. The funds raised are to pay for expansion of the network — the launch of which, in 2021, was backed by former Philippines president Rodrigo Duterte, in an attempt to challenge the historic duopoly of the country’s two dominant suppliers.

Sullivan & Cromwell O: 8; L: 8; I: 8; Total: 24 The firm advised Japan’s SoftBank on last September’s initial public offering of its UK chip designer, Arm, in the US. The lawyers helped SoftBank acquire an additional 25 per cent of Arm from its Saudi-backed investment partner Vision Fund to obtain full control of Arm ahead of the flotation, which then saw the Japanese company retain 90 per cent of the business while raising about $5bn.

Highly commended

Dechert O: 7; L: 8; I: 8; Total: 23 The firm advised ACEN, the energy arm of Philippines conglomerate Ayala, on securing project finance for its 24 per cent stake in the $1bn 600-megawatt Monsoon Wind development in Laos. Work has begun on installation of the wind farm, which will export generated electricity to Vietnam under a 25-year offtake agreement.

Hogan Lovells O: 7; L: 7; I: 7; Total: 21 The firm helped Indian car parts maker Samvardhana Motherson International acquire an 81 per cent stake in Japan’s Yachiyo Industry, a subsidiary of Honda Motor. The deal required Honda to buy out minority shareholders in the Tokyo-listed company to allow it to be taken private, with Honda maintaining a minority stake.

Allen & Gledhill O: 7; L: 6; I: 6; Total: 19 The firm acted as Singapore adviser to Bayfront Infrastructure Capital on the complex launch, last September, of infrastructure asset-backed securities valued at $410mn. It worked alongside international counsel Latham & Watkins. The transaction was the fourth such issuance by Bayfront.

Deacons O: 7; L: 6; I: 6; Total: 19 The firm advised asset manager BEA Union Investment on the reclassification of its Asian bond fund as an impact fund last July. The changes, authorised by Hong Kong regulators, will see the renamed Asia Impact Bond Fund primarily invest in bonds backing environmental and social improvement projects.

Responsible business

Winner: Trilegal Originality: 9; Leadership: 8; Impact: 8; Total: 25 The firm advised the education charity SGBS Unnati Foundation on becoming the first organisation to list on India’s Social Stock Exchange in December. The government-sponsored platform — created last year as a sub-category within India’s existing stock exchanges — is designed to help charities and other social enterprises subject to its oversight to raise funds, by strengthening confidence among potential donors and investors.

The lawyers advised Unnati on meeting regulatory conditions to launch the debut fundraising on the exchange, which secured Rs2 crore ($240,000) to finance training for 10,000 underprivileged young people.

Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer O: 8; L: 8; I: 8; Total: 24 The pro bono team helped the Hong Kong branch of global children’s charity Plan International to create a safeguarding framework for kindergartens, in 2023. The lawyers advised on the compilation of guidelines, which have been circulated to more than 1,000 kindergartens via a manual and e-learning platform for free.

The initiative also offers tests and accreditation to caregivers. The lack of official guidance on safeguarding had recently been highlighted, publicly, by cases such the prosecution of 34 staff for mistreatment of children in a care home.

Gilbert + Tobin O: 7; L: 10; I: 7; Total: 24 The firm supported the Yes23 campaign, which sought improved constitutional recognition for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people through Australia’s 2023 “Voice” referendum. Gilbert +Tobin’s co-founder and chair, Danny Gilbert, co-chaired one of the leading groups campaigning for the change, and the firm helped with fundraising, hosting meetings, and providing administrative and legal support. Early support faded as the proposal failed to secure the majorities required to pass despite government support, but 40 per cent of Australians supported the campaign.

DLA Piper O: 7; L: 8; I: 7; Total: 22 Lawyers at the firm have represented East Timor pro bono at the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) and, subsequently, the International Court of Justice to argue for mitigations over the impact of climate change.

The firm advocated for obligations on other states that would still protect the right of East Timor and other small island developing countries to further industrial development, as part of a fairer global transition to net zero greenhouse emissions.

Lander & Rogers O: 7; L: 8; I: 6; Total: 21 As one of the first Australian law firms to commit itself to achieving net zero emissions by 2030, Lander & Rogers supported several initiatives under its “climate and just transition” pro bono programme. Efforts included seconding law firm staff to a number of climate activist and litigation organisations to work pro bono.

Morrison Foerster O: 5; L: 6; I: 8; Total: 19 Marcia Ellis, global co-chair of the firm’s private equity office, worked with a team of associates to support Justice Centre Hong Kong, a charity that advises refugees and asylum seekers. They worked together to develop a public database of case law covering detention of immigrants in the territory. Since its launch in June 2023, the resource has been used by Justice Centre staff, researchers, other campaign groups and immigration lawyers.

Nagashima Ohno & Tsunematsu O: 6; L: 7; I: 6; Total: 19 Tokyo English Language Lifeline (Tell), a Japanese philanthropic organisation offering mental health support, was considering closing one of its clinics because rules governing its prescription of medicines looked too ambiguous. But the law firm secured a clarification from regulators that meant it could continue to operate.

Dispute resolution

Winner: MinterEllison Originality: 8; Leadership: 8; Impact: 10; Total: 26 The firm successfully defended Australian media company Nine Entertainment and investigative journalists Nick McKenzie and Chris Masters in a protracted, high-profile, and politically contentious case when they were sued for defamation by Australia’s most decorated living soldier, Ben Roberts-Smith.

In June, the Federal Court found that the lawyers had substantially proved the truth of the allegations contained in articles from 2018 that Roberts-Smith had committed war crimes, including the killing of unarmed civilians in Afghanistan. The lawyers also dealt with challenging secrecy requirements relating to documents and witness testimony.

Hogan Lovells O: 8; L: 8; I: 8; Total: 24 The firm helped Lego sue Chinese competitor Longteng for infringement of the Danish toymaker’s copyright. The lawyers persuaded a Chinese court to make a judgment based on inspection of a sample of 54 units out of 1.6mn boxes of seized goods. In December, the court in Shanghai ordered Longteng to pay Rmb600mn ($83mn) to Lego and sentenced five individuals to up to nine years in prison.

Numen Law Offices O: 7; L: 8; I: 8; Total: 23 Lawyers persuaded the High Court of Kerala to issue guidelines for tighter handling of sexually explicit evidence by law enforcement agencies and state courts. The move came after illegal access was gained to visual evidence during proceedings that followed the assault of the firm’s client, Indian actress Bhavana Menon, in 2017.

WongPartnership O: 7; L: 7; I: 8; Total: 22 The firm helped German telecoms group Deutsche Telekom enforce an award in Singapore of $93.3mn plus costs against India over the breach of a bilateral investment treaty, originally granted through arbitration in Geneva. Lawyers persuaded the Singapore Court of Appeal to apply the legal principle of “transnational estoppel”, which prevented India from relitigating claims already rejected by the Swiss court.

Anand and Anand O: 7; L: 7; I: 7; Total: 21 The firm won an interim order for Indian actor Anil Kapoor before the High Court of Delhi when he sued 16 defendants last year for misusing artificial intelligence. They were accused of exploiting his image and voice to create deepfakes for commercial gain, in ringtones and other merchandise. The case has led to increased scrutiny over the legality of deepfake practices in India.

Rajah & Tann Singapore O: 7; L: 7; I: 6; Total: 20 The firm’s lawyers defended Chinese tech company NetEase Games against an application for an interim injunction in Singapore in December 2022 to force withdrawal of a video game from sale.

Rival US video developer Riot Games had claimed NetEase’s game Hyper Front infringed the copyright of its similar Valorant combat game, as part of a campaign of action in several jurisdictions. However, NetEase did withdraw the game from the market last April, following legal challenges in various jurisdictions.

Restructuring

Winner: Sidley Austin Originality: 8; Leadership: 9; Impact: 8; Total: 25 The firm advised Chinese developer Sunac through a $10bn offshore debt restructuring last year, one of the first of its kind among China’s distressed property companies, following a widespread wave of defaults since 2021. It narrowed down the company’s complex creditor structure to a single class by use of a court-led scheme of arrangement and refinanced the existing debt into convertible bonds — in line with Hong Kong regulation.

Clifford Chance O: 8; L: 8; I: 8; Total: 24 The firm advised Italian construction group WeBuild on the rescue and restructuring of Clough, the troubled Australian building company, last year. The lawyers helped strike a deal with Clough’s administrator and creditors, preventing the collapse of the business. This required the renegotiation of hundreds of contracts in a 12-week period and saved more than 1,100 jobs. Among the projects saved were Snowy 2.0, a multibillion-dollar hydro power extension project.

Pinsent Masons O: 8; L: 8; I: 7; Total: 23 The firm advised the International Finance Corporation, the investment arm of the World Bank, on its $67mn financing of a transport terminal in Laos. This involved separating the contractual agreements of the project in the country’s capital from a wider logistics development. The deal, which closed in December, is designed to divide the project into two “bankable” concessions to encourage further additional funding.

Morgan Lewis O: 9; L: 7; I: 7; Total: 23 The firm advised PNG Air, Papua New Guinea’s second-largest domestic airline, in securing a vital writedown of debts under a court-approved creditor scheme to avoid bankruptcy. The lawyers teamed up with other advisers to secure backing for the restructuring, formally approved in December, through which major creditors swapped debt for equity in the business.

Rajah & Tann Singapore O: 8; L: 7; I: 7; Total: 22 The firm worked as lead counsel for DeFi Payments following the collapse of its crypto exchange, Vauld, in July 2022 when a surge of withdrawals by customers forced it to reveal a $70mn shortfall of funds. Lawyers worked alongside new management on a court-supervised scheme approved in August last year, to retrieve what remains of its assets and provide customers with the means to retrieve part of the value of funds originally invested.

Corrs Chambers Westgarth O: 8; L: 7; I: 6; Total: 21 The firm advised Mineral Resources on last year’s acquisition of the Bald Hill lithium mine in Western Australia, for A$260mn including assumed debt, after its previous owner went into administration four years earlier. The lawyers helped strike the deal by using independent experts to value the mine — despite hopes among some former shareholders of a higher premium.

Science and technology

Winner: Trilegal Originality: 8; Leadership: 8; Impact: 9; Total: 25 The firm drafted a policy for India’s Open Network for Digital Commerce, a government-backed scheme designed to encourage ecommerce expansion and competition. The network aims to connect different platforms through technology, enabling all buyers and sellers to transact with each other regardless of which app they are on.

The scheme was created by India’s commerce ministry to encourage small traders to move their businesses online and promote competition with established platform providers. The policy is designed to be fit for future regulatory changes.

MinterEllison O: 7; L: 8; I: 9; Total: 24 The firm helped Genomical, an Australian genomics data collaboration between hospitals and academic groups, become a commercial enterprise. The firm devised a structure to balance the interests of investors with stakeholder control over product development. It structured shareholder rights and negotiated intellectual property rights to take account of the platform’s potential use by hospitals around Australia for genetic tests and other medical applications.

Sidley Austin O: 8; L: 8; I: 7; Total: 23 The firm represented Chinese chip developer BaTeLab in the vetting process for listing on the Hong Kong stock exchange in December. The lawyers drew on their drafting of the legal prospectus and specialist knowledge of the semiconductor industry to inform the HKEX about the company and its products.

Tilleke & Gibbins O: 6; L: 7; I: 8; Total: 21 The Thai firm’s local expertise helped global tech companies Amazon and Google navigate foreign investment restrictions to take part, alongside Microsoft, in investing $8.5bn to build data centres in Thailand.

Shardul Amarchand Mangaldas & Co O: 6; L: 7; I: 7; Total: 20 The firm helped telecoms operator Reliance Jio secure financing to buy equipment worth over $2.bn from Sweden’s Ericsson through a loan facility with several banks. Syndicated loans of its scale are rare in India, requiring the lawyers to liaise closely with regulators.

Anand and Anand O: 7; L: 7; I: 6; Total: 20 The firm helped US tech groups Microsoft and Amazon pursue a case against an India-based scam that involved impersonating support staff and defrauding customers of both companies. The lawyers convinced India’s Central Bureau of Investigation to register this as a rare joint case.

Winner: Morgan Lewis Originality: 8; Leadership: 8; Impact: 9; Total: 25 The firm assisted Singapore-based global port operator PSA International in setting up a joint venture with Kazakhstan’s state-owned railway operator, Kazakhstan Temir Zholy.

To satisfy PSA’s preference, the business is subject to the AIFC Court, an independent jurisdiction following English common law based in the Kazakh capital Astana that is separate from the country’s domestic judicial system.

The combined entity, KPMC, was unveiled last May and aims to improve rail route connections and trade flows from China and the rest of Asia to Europe via Kazakhstan.

Gilbert + Tobin O: 9; L: 8; I: 7; Total: 24 The firm advised Sigma Healthcare in striking a proposed reverse takeover deal with its larger Australian pharmacy rival, Chemist Warehouse. Under the terms of the deal, announced in December, shareholders in privately owned Chemist Warehouse would hold an 85 per cent stake in the combined business, which would take on the Australian Securities Exchange listing of Sigma and have an indicative market capitalisation of A$8.8bn.

The company obtained “in principle” advice from the ASX that it would not need to repeat compliance with the exchange’s admission and quotation requirements following its effective takeover by the larger Chemist Warehouse. The deal remains subject to approval by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission.

Dechert O: 7; L: 8; I: 8; Total: 23 The firm advised Capital Square Partners on its merger with Basil Technology Partners in 2023. The deal created a merged fund valued at $700mn that provides investors with access to a larger pool of technology assets, or the ability to cash out of original investments. The assets are spread across multiple jurisdictions in south-east Asia and it has become one of the largest technology funds in Asia.

Nishimura & Asahi O: 8; L: 8; I: 7; Total: 23 The firm advised Toshiba, the Japanese electronics conglomerate, on reverting to private ownership following 74 years as a public company and, latterly, eight years of accounting and governance turmoil.

The lawyers helped to secure a $15bn offer from a consortium led by private equity firm Japanese Industrial Partners, following a protracted sales process that paved the way for the country’s biggest ever take-private deal.

Ensuring transparency with the shareholders and encouraging competition among bidders was crucial in concluding the sale of the business, given the heightened scrutiny of Toshiba prompted by the recent controversies.

Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer O: 7; L: 7; I: 7; Total: 21 The firm helped Zurich Insurance acquire an enlarged majority stake in Indian insurer Kotak Mahindra General Insurance for $488mn. The proposed stake rose from 51 per cent plus additional considerations to 70 per cent outright, requiring the lawyers to design a structure to comply with regulatory limits on foreign ownership of Indian insurers. If the deal goes ahead, it will represent the largest foreign investment into India’s non-life insurance market.

Resolüt Partners O: 6; L: 7; I: 7; Total: 20 The firm advised Singaporean sovereign wealth fund GIC on the creation of a joint venture with Genus Power Infrastructure, an Indian smart meter maker. GIC holds 74 per cent, with Genus holding the remainder of the business, which is committing $2bn in capital to supply smart metering across India.

Fintech and digital assets

Winner: DLA Piper Originality: 8; Leadership: 8; Impact: 9; Total: 25 A team of lawyers based in Hong Kong helped Dubai’s Virtual Assets Regulatory Authority (Vara) create a compliance framework for all cryptocurrency and other digital asset businesses. Lawyers worked with the emirate’s regulator to draft a rule book aimed at promoting Dubai as a hub for cryptocurrency investment while ensuring consumer protection. By April 2023, the regulator had granted 19 licences.

Allen & Gledhill O: 8; L: 8; I: 8; Total: 24 The firm advised Singapore-based global carbon exchange Climate Impact X ahead of its first trading day, in June 2023. The venture — which aims to establish Singapore as a regional hub that can challenge other global exchanges in voluntary carbon emission trading — is backed by Singapore Exchange, state investor Temasek, and the banks DBS, Standard Chartered and Mizuho. The exchange aims to attract international carbon traders keen to buy credits created by the accredited projects designed to curb greenhouse gas emissions.

Ashurst and Linklaters O: 8; L: 8; I: 8; Total: 24 When the Hong Kong government issued a $750mn green, multi-currency digital bond, Linklaters acted for global bank HSBC, and Ashurst represented its blockchain platform HSBC Orion, where the bond is hosted. Lawyers from both firms liaised with regulators and helped redesign the bond documentation to reflect its use of blockchain.

The lawyers ensured the hosting digital platform was directly connected to Hong Kong’s central clearing house so investors could subscribe to the bond without having to open new accounts.

Baker McKenzie O: 7; L: 8; I: 8; Total: 23 In November 2023, the firm helped Singapore’s DBS Bank, Switzerland’s UBS, and Japan’s SBI Digital Asset Holdings to structure the world’s first cross-border repo and natively-issued digital bond fully executed and settled on a public blockchain. The transaction, which was sponsored by the Monetary Authority of Singapore, aimed to test the feasibility of applications in asset tokenisation and decentralised finance deploying distributed ledger technology.

Clifford Chance O: 8; L: 8; I: 6; Total: 22 The fintech team advised on Singapore’s first live cross-border transaction using tokenised deposits between financial services company JPMorgan and Japanese digital asset service provider SBI Digital Asset Holdings, in November 2022. The lawyers contributed to the development of new regulation that clarifies that these tokenised deposits will not be classed as securities.

Howse Williams O: 7; L: 7; I: 7; Total: 21 The firm helped Tykhe Capital investment group win approval from the Hong Kong securities regulator to tokenise a real estate asset fund through a subsidiary, Pioneer Asset Management. The rarity of tokenised real estate asset funds in the region meant lawyers had to show how it complied with existing regulation. The transaction aims to set a blueprint for future tokenisation projects in Hong Kong.

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International Edition

Synergizing trade and sustainability: advancing SDG 14 through international trade dynamics

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• Published: 14 May 2024
• Volume 2 , article number  13 , ( 2024 )

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• Mohamad Zreik   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6812-6529 1  

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This paper explores the intricate relationship between international trade and the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 14 (Life Below Water), focusing on the potential of trade to contribute positively to marine conservation and sustainable use of ocean resources. By examining the intersection of economic, social, and environmental dimensions, the study delves into how trade policies and practices can be aligned with environmental objectives, particularly concerning marine ecosystems. A principal challenge identified is the tension between economic growth driven by international trade and the sustainability of marine ecosystems, exacerbated by practices such as overfishing and pollution from maritime transport. Another significant challenge is the lack of robust enforcement mechanisms for existing environmental provisions in trade agreements. To address these challenges, the paper recommends the integration of stringent and enforceable environmental clauses in trade agreements, coupled with the promotion of sustainable trade practices through international cooperation and capacity building. Furthermore, the study suggests the adoption of innovative trade mechanisms, such as eco-certification and the implementation of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), to enhance the protection of marine life, support sustainable fisheries, and reduce ocean pollution. The paper concludes with specific policy recommendations for leveraging international trade as a tool for the sustainable management of marine resources, ultimately contributing to the broader agenda of sustainable development.

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1 Introduction

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) represent a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity by 2030 (Caprani, 2016 ). Adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015, the 17 SDGs are an urgent plea for countries to shift their paths towards a more sustainable and equitable world (Chopra, 2019 ). These goals are interconnected, acknowledging that interventions in one area will impact outcomes in others, and that development must balance social, economic, and environmental sustainability. The SDGs provide a comprehensive framework, addressing the global challenges we face, including those related to poverty, inequality, climate change, environmental degradation, peace, and justice. The goals are unique in their universal application to all countries, rich and poor alike, and they emphasize the need for widespread participation from all sectors of society to achieve them (Zreik, 2023a ).

Sustainable Development Goal 14, ‘Life Below Water’, focuses on the conservation and sustainable use of the world’s oceans, seas, and marine resources (Baker et al., 2023 ). This goal is vital for several reasons: oceans cover three-quarters of the Earth’s surface, contain 97% of the Earth’s water, and represent 99% of the living space on the planet by volume (Mladenov, 2020 ). Over three billion people depend on marine and coastal biodiversity for their livelihoods, and the oceans are key to our economy with an estimated 40 million people being employed by ocean-based industries by 2030 (Ann et al., 2022 ). SDG 14 aims to address major challenges such as marine pollution, acidification, overfishing, and destruction of coastal ecosystems (Virto, 2018 ). It underscores the importance of conserving our marine resources, which are essential for sustaining life on Earth, maintaining biodiversity, and mitigating climate change through carbon sequestration.

The rationale for linking international trade with SDG 14 is multi-faceted. Trade plays a crucial role in the global economy and can be a powerful instrument for sustainable development. However, it can also pose significant threats to marine life if not managed responsibly. Unregulated and unsustainable trade practices can lead to overexploitation of marine resources, habitat destruction, and pollution, all of which undermine the objectives of SDG 14 (Okafor-Yarwood, 2019 ). Conversely, well-regulated trade can contribute to sustainable economic growth, poverty reduction, and the protection of marine ecosystems. By promoting sustainable trade practices, such as eco-certification of seafood and trade policies that discourage overfishing, international trade can be aligned with environmental conservation goals. Additionally, trade can facilitate the transfer of environmentally friendly technologies and best practices across borders, aiding in the protection and sustainable use of marine resources. Therefore, exploring how international trade can align with and contribute to SDG 14 is not only timely but essential for the sustainable management of marine resources and the achievement of broader sustainability goals.

The global trade of marine resources, encompassing a wide range of goods from seafood to marine-derived pharmaceuticals, plays a pivotal role in the economies of many nations and the livelihoods of millions of people worldwide. However, this trade is also at the heart of some of the most pressing environmental challenges facing our oceans today, including overexploitation of species, habitat destruction, and the spread of invasive species. As the demand for marine goods continues to rise in tandem with global population growth, the sustainability of these vital resources is increasingly jeopardized. This situation underscores the importance of strengthening the link between trade and sustainable development. By carefully examining and redefining trade policies to prioritize sustainability, there is a significant opportunity not only to protect and conserve marine biodiversity but also to ensure the long-term viability of the marine resources trade. This imperative aligns closely with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 14, which calls for the conservation and sustainable use of the oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable development. The intersection of trade policies with environmental sustainability thus emerges as a critical area of focus, necessitating a balanced approach that supports economic growth while ensuring the health and resilience of marine ecosystems. This study will answer the following question ‘How do international trade policies and practices influence the conservation and sustainable use of marine resources in alignment with Sustainable Development Goal 14 (Life Below Water), and what are the most effective strategies for leveraging trade to support marine conservation efforts?’.

2 Methodology

This study adopts a conceptual analysis methodology to explore the impact of international trade on marine conservation, specifically in the context of Sustainable Development Goal 14. Conceptual analysis, as employed in this research, involves a systematic review and synthesis of existing literature, policy documents, international agreements, and studies related to trade and marine ecosystem conservation. The aim is to dissect and understand the multifaceted relationship between trade policies and practices and their implications for marine biodiversity and sustainable use of ocean resources.

The study employs a systematic review methodology to comprehensively examine the empirical evidence on the effectiveness of trade policies in marine conservation. We identified, evaluated, and synthesized existing research from peer-reviewed journals, international reports, and case studies focusing on the implementation and outcomes of trade-related environmental provisions. The review specifically targets studies published in the last two decades, utilizing databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Inclusion criteria were defined to ensure the relevance and quality of the data, focusing on empirical studies that directly assess the outcomes of trade policies on marine ecosystem sustainability.

The analysis begins with an exhaustive literature review, identifying key themes, debates, and gaps in current research. This includes examining peer-reviewed articles, reports from international bodies, and case studies that highlight both positive and negative outcomes of trade on marine ecosystems. Following the literature review, the study critically evaluates existing trade agreements and practices, with a particular focus on their environmental provisions and effectiveness in promoting marine conservation.

Additionally, the study exemplifies successful integration of trade and environmental policies, as well as instances where trade has adversely affected marine ecosystems. This approach allows for the identification of best practices and innovative trade mechanisms that could enhance the protection of marine life and support sustainable fisheries.

By synthesizing findings from diverse sources and case studies, this methodology facilitates a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic interplay between trade and SDG 14. The outcome is a set of informed insights and policy recommendations aimed at leveraging international trade as a tool for the sustainable management of marine resources.

Given the intricacies of international trade and its impact on marine conservation efforts within the framework of Sustainable Development Goal 14 (SDG 14), this study proposes the following hypotheses to guide the analysis: Firstly, that trade policies and practices, when aligned with sustainability principles, significantly contribute to the conservation and sustainable use of marine resources. This hypothesis posits that mechanisms such as eco-certification, sustainable aquaculture practices, and environmentally conscious trade agreements serve as pivotal tools in promoting marine biodiversity and mitigating the negative impacts of trade on marine ecosystems. Conversely, the second hypothesis suggests that the absence of robust regulatory frameworks and sustainable practices in international trade exacerbates challenges in marine conservation, leading to overfishing, habitat destruction, and pollution. This study aims to unravel these hypotheses by examining the dual role of trade in both supporting and undermining marine conservation efforts, thus presenting a comprehensive understanding of how international trade dynamics can be synergized with the objectives of SDG 14.

3 Trade and its impact on marine environments

3.1 positive impacts of trade on marine conservation.

International trade, when aligned with sustainable practices, can have a profoundly positive impact on marine conservation. Through the implementation of carefully crafted trade policies and the promotion of sustainable fisheries and aquaculture, trade can contribute significantly to the preservation and recovery of marine ecosystems. This positive influence is exemplified in various case studies and initiatives around the world, showcasing how trade can be a force for good in marine conservation.

One notable example is the effect of trade policies on protecting endangered species. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) plays a pivotal role in this regard. For instance, the trade restrictions imposed by CITES on certain species of fish known for being over-exploited have led to their recovery (Kuo et al., 2018 ). The protection of the humphead wrasse, a species that was heavily traded for luxury seafood markets, demonstrates this success (Hau & de Mitcheson, 2023 ). Following its inclusion in CITES Appendix II, international trade of this species became strictly regulated, leading to a significant decrease in illegal fishing and a gradual recovery of its population in certain areas (Mitsilegas et al., 2022 ).

Another impactful case study is the implementation of Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) certification for sustainable fisheries. The MSC certification program, which sets stringent standards for sustainable fishing, has been instrumental in incentivizing fishery improvements worldwide (Ponte, 2012 ). Fisheries that comply with MSC’s standards can access new markets and often receive premium prices, creating an economic incentive for sustainable practices (Agnew et al., 2014 ). For instance, the Alaska Pollock fishery, one of the largest in the world, achieved MSC certification, leading to a marked improvement in fishing practices (Stemle et al., 2016 ). This certification not only helped in maintaining fish populations but also protected the broader marine ecosystem by minimizing bycatch and habitat impact.

Sustainable aquaculture also plays a critical role in the positive intersection of trade and marine conservation. With the growing demand for seafood and the pressure it puts on wild fish populations, aquaculture presents a viable solution for meeting global seafood needs while reducing the strain on ocean fisheries. However, it’s essential that aquaculture is conducted sustainably. The Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC) works similarly to the MSC but for farmed seafood (Karim & Almira, 2023 ). Its certification ensures that aquaculture practices minimize environmental impact and maintain high standards of social responsibility. For instance, shrimp farms in Southeast Asia that have adopted ASC standards have seen improvements in water quality and a reduction in the use of antibiotics and chemicals, leading to healthier ecosystems and better market access (Tran et al., 2013 ).

Furthermore, trade agreements themselves can be tailored to promote marine conservation. Agreements that include environmental provisions, such as the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), often require member countries to adhere to sustainable fishing practices and combat illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing (Young, 2021 ). These provisions not only contribute to the sustainability of marine resources but also create a level playing field for industries in member countries, ensuring that trade benefits do not come at the expense of the environment.

The influence of international trade on marine ecosystems can be quantified through various empirical data, highlighting both its positive and negative impacts. For instance, the global trade in fish and seafood products significantly contributes to economic development, supporting livelihoods and food security across the globe. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the fishery and aquaculture sectors provided 59.5 million people with employment in 2018, with global fish production reaching an all-time high of 179 million tonnes in the same year (Merem et al., 2019 ). However, the environmental cost of these economic benefits is substantial. The FAO also reports that approximately 34.2% of global fish stocks are being fished at biologically unsustainable levels, a stark increase from 10% in 1974 (Mitsilegas et al., 2022 ). This overexploitation is directly linked to the pressures of international trade demand, illustrating the complex relationship between trade policies and marine sustainability.

3.2 Negative impacts of trade on marine ecosystems

International trade, while being a significant driver of the global economy, can also have detrimental effects on marine ecosystems. Two of the most critical issues in this context are overfishing and illegal fishing practices, as well as marine pollution, all of which are exacerbated by trade activities. These negative impacts pose a significant threat to the health and sustainability of our oceans, affecting biodiversity, disrupting marine habitats, and undermining efforts to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 14 (Life Below Water).

Overfishing is a direct consequence of the high demand for fish and seafood products driven by global trade (Erhardt, 2018 ). The demand often exceeds the natural replenishing capacity of marine life, leading to the depletion of fish stocks. A glaring example of this is seen in the Atlantic Bluefin Tuna, whose population has drastically declined due to overfishing fueled by high market demand, particularly in Japan for sushi and sashimi (Telesca, 2020 ). This overexploitation has not only endangered the species but has also disrupted the marine food chain, affecting other species and the overall health of marine ecosystems (Arthington et al., 2016 ). The situation is further exacerbated by subsidies provided to the fishing industry in various countries, which often encourage increased fishing capacity beyond sustainable levels, leading to overfishing.

Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) fishing practices, closely linked to global trade, further compound the issue of overfishing. IUU fishing involves activities that violate fisheries laws and regulations and is driven by the lucrative global seafood market (Liddick, 2014 ). It is estimated that IUU fishing accounts for a significant portion of the global catch, contributing to the depletion of fish stocks and threatening marine biodiversity (Öztürk, 2015 ). For instance, in parts of West Africa, IUU fishing by foreign vessels has not only led to a decline in fish stocks but also affected the livelihoods of local communities that depend on fishing (Merem et al., 2019 ). The lack of effective enforcement and monitoring mechanisms in international waters makes it challenging to combat IUU fishing, which often goes hand in hand with other illicit activities such as human trafficking and drug smuggling.

Trade’s impact on marine pollution presents another area where empirical data reveals significant environmental challenges. Marine litter, including plastics which account for up to 80% of all marine debris, is exacerbated by global trade activities. Studies estimate that over 8 million tonnes of plastic enter the oceans each year, with shipping routes and trade winds playing a crucial role in their distribution (de Lange et al., 2022 ). This pollution not only harms marine life but also affects human health and economic activities, such as tourism and fisheries, dependent on healthy marine ecosystems. Conversely, trade policies promoting environmental sustainability have shown positive outcomes. For example, the implementation of the Marine Stewardship Council’s eco-certification has led to the improvement in fishing practices and stock recovery in certified fisheries (Song et al., 2020 ). A study published in the Fisheries Research found that MSC-certified wild capture fisheries show significant reductions in bycatch and improvements in stock health compared to non-certified counterparts (Stemle et al., 2016 ).

Another major negative impact of trade on marine ecosystems is marine pollution, particularly from shipping and transportation activities. The increase in global trade has led to a surge in maritime traffic, which is a significant source of ocean pollution (Pirotta et al., 2019 ). Ships contribute to marine pollution through the discharge of ballast water, which can introduce invasive species to new environments, disrupting local ecosystems. Oil spills, whether accidental or from routine operations, are another major concern, having catastrophic effects on marine life (Farrington, 2013 ). Additionally, the shipping industry is a notable contributor to air pollution, including emissions of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, which have indirect but significant impacts on marine environments (Jägerbrand et al., 2019 ).

Plastic pollution, exacerbated by the global trade of plastic and plastic products, is another critical issue. Millions of tons of plastic end up in the oceans each year, originating from both land-based sources and ships (Guggisberg, 2024 ). This pollution severely impacts marine life, leading to ingestion and entanglement of marine animals, and contributes to the destruction of habitats like coral reefs.

4 Analysis of current trade agreements and practices

4.1 examination of major trade agreements and their provisions on marine conservation.

The examination of major trade agreements and their provisions on marine conservation reveals a growing awareness and integration of environmental concerns into international trade policy. These agreements often include specific clauses and commitments that aim to protect marine ecosystems, combat illegal fishing practices, and promote sustainable use of ocean resources.

A prominent example is the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), often referred to as the ‘Constitution for the Oceans’. This comprehensive framework establishes guidelines for the management and conservation of ocean resources, including provisions for protecting marine environments from overexploitation and pollution (Druel & Gjerde, 2014 ). UNCLOS sets out the legal framework within which all activities in the oceans and seas must be carried out and is pivotal in balancing the economic interests of states with the need for conservation of marine resources (Olivert, 2022 ).

Another significant trade agreement is the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), later revised and known as the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) (Zreik, 2023b ). The CPTPP includes specific chapters on the environment, with commitments from member countries to uphold high conservation standards in marine environments (Zreik, 2022 ). These commitments include measures to combat IUU fishing, to prohibit harmful fisheries subsidies that contribute to overfishing, and to protect endangered species (Young, 2021 ).

The European Union’s trade agreements also often incorporate strong environmental provisions. For example, the EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) includes commitments to sustainable management of fisheries, marine biodiversity, and responsible trade in marine products (de Lange et al., 2022 ). These agreements reflect the EU’s approach to ‘Green Diplomacy’, which seeks to integrate environmental considerations into its external policies, including trade.

These examples indicate a shift in international trade agreements towards greater environmental consciousness, particularly concerning marine conservation. However, the effectiveness of these provisions largely depends on their implementation and enforcement. Continuous monitoring, cooperation among signatory countries, and involvement of various stakeholders, including environmental organizations, are crucial to ensure that trade contributes positively to the sustainable management of marine resources. This trend towards integrating environmental concerns into trade agreements is not only a reflection of the growing global emphasis on sustainable development but also an acknowledgment of the interdependence of economic growth and environmental sustainability (Table 1 ).

This comprehensive table underscores the pivotal role of international cooperation and agreements in safeguarding marine ecosystems. The mechanisms listed, ranging from regulatory frameworks like CITES and the USMCA to conservation initiatives such as Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), illustrate a global commitment towards the sustainable management of marine resources. These efforts highlight the interconnectedness of trade, environmental stewardship, and sustainable development, reinforcing the necessity for continued collaboration across borders. The diverse involvement of countries in these mechanisms also points to a growing recognition of the urgent need to harmonize economic activities with environmental conservation goals. This table not only serves as a testament to what has been achieved through international cooperation but also as a guide for future policy directions and engagements aimed at fulfilling Sustainable Development Goal 14 (Life Below Water).

In response to the critical need for a detailed exploration of how trade agreements engage with marine conservation, the following list compiles key provisions found within various international trade agreements that are directly relevant to the protection and sustainable use of marine resources:

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS):

Sustainable Use of Marine Resources: Requires states to conserve marine living resources and manage the use of these resources sustainably (Article 61).

Protection of Marine Environment: Obligates states to prevent, reduce, and control pollution of the marine environment from any source (Article 192).

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES):

Regulation of Trade in Marine Species: Lists marine species that are threatened by international trade, providing different levels of protection (Appendices I, II, and III).

The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) Certification:

Eco-certification for Sustainable Fishing: Sets standards for sustainable fishing practices, including minimizing environmental impact and maintaining healthy populations of targeted species.

The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP):

Environmental Protections: Includes commitments to effectively enforce environmental laws, combat illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing, and promote sustainable fisheries management (Chapter 20).

The United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA):

Marine Environmental Protections: Contains provisions to address marine species conservation, combat IUU fishing, and protect marine habitats (Environment Chapter).

The European Union’s Trade Agreements (e.g., EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement—CETA):

Sustainable Management of Marine Resources: Includes commitments to sustainable fisheries management, conservation of marine biological diversity, and adherence to international agreements on marine conservation.

4.2 Effectiveness of current trade practices in promoting SDG 14

The effectiveness of current trade practices in promoting Sustainable Development Goal 14 (SDG 14), which focuses on conserving and sustainably using the oceans, seas, and marine resources, is a subject of considerable importance and ongoing debate. While there are instances of positive impact, the overall effectiveness is often hindered by challenges in implementation, enforcement, and conflicting interests.

On the positive side, some trade practices have demonstrably contributed to the objectives of SDG 14. For instance, the adoption of eco-labeling and certification programs for seafood, such as the MSC and ASC, has incentivized sustainable fishing practices (Peiró-Signes et al., 2020 ). These programs help consumers make informed choices, thereby driving market demand towards sustainably sourced seafood. Additionally, the inclusion of environmental clauses in international trade agreements, as seen in the CPTPP and European Union trade agreements, represents a growing recognition of the need to integrate sustainable practices into the global trade framework.

However, the effectiveness of these practices is often limited by several factors. Enforcement remains a major challenge, especially in international waters where monitoring is difficult and jurisdiction is complex. This limitation is particularly evident in the fight against IUU fishing, which continues to be a significant problem impacting fish stocks and marine ecosystems globally (Song et al., 2020 ). Furthermore, the economic interests of countries and industries sometimes conflict with sustainable practices. Subsidies to the fishing industry, for example, can encourage overfishing and deplete fish stocks faster than they can recover, undermining efforts to achieve SDG 14.

Moreover, the global nature of the seafood market means that unsustainable fishing practices in one part of the world can have far-reaching effects, impacting marine ecosystems and communities in other regions (Petrossian, 2019 ). This global interconnectivity requires coordinated international efforts, which can be challenging to achieve due to varying national priorities and levels of development.

4.3 Challenges in integrating sustainable practices in trade agreements

The systematic review revealed a mixed impact of trade policies on marine environments. Empirical studies, such as those by Young ( 2016 ), highlight the positive outcomes of environmentally focused trade agreements, noting improvements in fisheries management and reductions in illegal fishing activities in regions under agreements with stringent environmental clauses. Conversely, research by Wijen ( 2014 ) points to ongoing challenges in policy enforcement and compliance, particularly in developing nations where resource constraints impair the effectiveness of such trade policies. This review underscores the necessity of robust enforcement mechanisms and international cooperation to realize the potential benefits of trade policies for marine conservation.

Integrating sustainable practices into trade agreements presents several challenges, reflecting the complexity of balancing economic interests with environmental stewardship. These challenges arise from various factors including political, economic, and practical considerations.

One of the primary challenges is the divergence in economic and environmental priorities among nations. Developing countries often prioritize economic growth and poverty alleviation, which can sometimes conflict with the adoption of stringent environmental standards. Developed countries, on the other hand, might push for higher environmental standards that developing nations find difficult or expensive to meet. This disparity can lead to tensions and disagreements in negotiations, making it challenging to reach a consensus on sustainability clauses in trade agreements.

Another significant hurdle is the enforcement of sustainability provisions. Ensuring compliance with environmental standards in trade agreements is complicated, especially given the differences in regulatory frameworks and capacities among countries. Effective enforcement requires robust monitoring mechanisms, transparent reporting, and accountability measures, which can be resource-intensive and technically demanding. Without strong enforcement mechanisms, the environmental clauses in trade agreements risk becoming merely symbolic.

Additionally, there is the issue of trade-offs and compromises. Trade negotiations are inherently a process of give-and-take, where countries may have to compromise on certain aspects to reach an agreement. Sometimes, environmental considerations may take a back seat to more pressing trade or economic concerns (Epstein, 2018 ). This can result in watered-down environmental provisions or the exclusion of significant sustainability issues from the final agreement.

Furthermore, there is the challenge of keeping pace with evolving environmental concerns and scientific understanding. Trade agreements are typically negotiated over several years and intended to last for many more. However, environmental issues can evolve rapidly, requiring flexibility and adaptability in agreements, which is often not easy to achieve.

5 Innovative trade strategies for marine conservation

5.1 sustainable trade mechanisms for marine resources.

Sustainable trade mechanisms for marine resources are essential tools in ensuring the long-term viability of ocean ecosystems while supporting economic development. These mechanisms are designed to balance the exploitation of marine resources with the imperative of maintaining ecological integrity. They involve a range of strategies, from regulatory frameworks to market-based approaches, each playing a crucial role in promoting sustainable practices in the marine sector.

One effective mechanism is the implementation of catch limits and quotas based on scientific assessments. These limits are critical in preventing overfishing and ensuring that fish stocks are harvested at sustainable levels. For instance, the Total Allowable Catch (TAC) system, widely used in fisheries management, sets a cap on the amount of a particular fish species that can be caught in a given period (Kindt-Larsen et al., 2011 ). This approach not only helps in preserving fish populations but also in maintaining the balance of marine ecosystems.

Eco-certification and labeling schemes, such as the MSC certification, represent another sustainable trade mechanism. These schemes provide consumers with information about the sustainability of seafood products, enabling them to make environmentally responsible choices (Ponte, 2012 ). This market-based approach incentivizes fisheries to adopt sustainable practices to access eco-conscious markets and often fetch premium prices, thereby creating a positive feedback loop that benefits both the economy and the environment.

Additionally, Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) play a significant role in sustainable marine resource trade. MPAs, where fishing and other extractive activities are restricted or prohibited, serve as safe havens for marine life, allowing ecosystems to regenerate and recover (Bastari et al., 2016 ). The spillover effect from MPAs can lead to increased fish populations in surrounding areas, benefiting fisheries and promoting sustainable trade (Di Lorenzo et al., 2020 ).

Trade agreements can also incorporate sustainability clauses, setting standards for environmental protection and sustainable resource use. These clauses can regulate the trade of endangered marine species, restrict harmful fishing practices, and promote the exchange of environmentally friendly technologies.

Furthermore, community-based management and co-management approaches that involve local communities, governments, and other stakeholders in fisheries management have shown promise. These approaches ensure that those who are directly affected by marine policies have a say in their formulation and implementation, leading to more sustainable and equitable outcomes.

5.2 Addressing marine pollution and ocean acidification through trade policies

Marine pollution and ocean acidification present critical challenges to the conservation and sustainable use of marine resources, with international maritime transport of bulk commodities playing a significant role in these environmental issues. The vast movement of goods across the world’s oceans is integral to global trade but contributes significantly to marine pollution through oil spills, ballast water discharge, and air emissions. Simultaneously, the emission of carbon dioxide from maritime and other anthropogenic sources has led to ocean acidification, a process that threatens marine life and ecosystem services. The complexity of these challenges necessitates comprehensive strategies that extend beyond traditional conservation efforts to include targeted trade policy interventions. Addressing these environmental issues through the lens of international trade policies offers a pathway to mitigate the impacts and safeguard marine ecosystems.

Trade policies and environmental regulations, such as the Emissions Trading System (ETS), are pivotal in mitigating the environmental impacts associated with the transportation of goods. The ETS, a market-based approach to controlling pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants, exemplifies how regulatory mechanisms can drive environmental improvements in the maritime sector. By setting a cap on emissions and allowing the trading of emission allowances, the ETS incentivizes companies to reduce their carbon footprint. This system has the potential to contribute significantly to the reduction of marine pollution and to slow the process of ocean acidification by encouraging the maritime industry to adopt cleaner technologies and fuels, thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions and other pollutants that contribute to these pressing marine issues.

Innovative trade strategies aimed at reducing the environmental footprint of maritime transport are crucial for combating marine pollution. The promotion of cleaner shipping technologies, the implementation of stricter fuel standards, and the encouragement of alternative, less polluting transportation methods represent practical steps towards minimizing the environmental impacts of trade. For example, the adoption of liquefied natural gas (LNG) as a cleaner alternative to traditional bunker fuel can significantly reduce emissions of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and particulates. Case studies, such as the implementation of the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) Sulphur Cap, which limits the sulfur content in ship fuel, highlight the effectiveness of such strategies in mitigating environmental damage and point towards a sustainable path for maritime transport.

Adjustments in trade policies also offer a promising avenue for combating ocean acidification. By incorporating provisions that promote the reduction of carbon emissions and acidifying pollutants, trade agreements can play a crucial role in addressing this global challenge. The potential for trade agreements to foster environmental stewardship is immense, ranging from encouraging the adoption of carbon capture and storage technologies to supporting practices that enhance the marine environment’s ability to sequester carbon. Leveraging trade incentives to promote such environmentally beneficial practices could significantly contribute to the health of marine ecosystems and combat the adverse effects of acidification.

5.3 Role of technology and innovation in sustainable trade practices

The role of technology and innovation in sustainable trade practices is increasingly significant, offering new solutions to some of the most pressing environmental challenges. By leveraging technological advancements, trade can be conducted in more sustainable, efficient, and transparent ways, contributing to the protection of ecosystems and the promotion of environmental stewardship.

One of the key areas where technology plays a vital role is in the traceability and monitoring of supply chains. Advanced tracking systems, such as blockchain and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, enable the tracking of products from their source to the consumer. In the context of marine resources, this means being able to verify that seafood is sustainably sourced and legally caught. For example, blockchain technology can be used to create tamper-proof records of fish catches, processing, and distribution, ensuring that the product reaching the consumer is not only fresh but also sustainably harvested (Rahman et al., 2021 ). This increased transparency helps in combating IUU fishing, a major threat to marine ecosystems.

Remote sensing and satellite technologies also play a crucial role in monitoring fishing activities and marine health. Satellites can track fishing vessels, monitor ocean temperatures, and even detect illegal fishing activities in protected areas (Kurekin et al., 2019 ). These technologies provide critical data for enforcing fishing regulations and for scientific research on marine ecosystems (Dunn et al., 2018 ).

In addition, innovation in fishing gear and techniques is helping reduce the environmental impact of fishing. Developments in gear technology, such as more selective fishing nets and longlines, minimize bycatch (the unintended capture of non-target species) and habitat destruction (Poisson et al., 2022 ). Similarly, advancements in aquaculture, including improved feed and better waste management systems, are making fish farming more sustainable (Boyd et al., 2020 ).

Furthermore, renewable energy technologies are becoming increasingly important in reducing the carbon footprint of trade. The shipping industry, a significant contributor to global emissions, is exploring cleaner energy sources such as biofuels, solar, and wind power to propel vessels (Mallouppas & Yfantis, 2021 ).

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning are also emerging as powerful tools in sustainable trade. They can optimize supply chain logistics, reduce waste, and provide predictive analytics for better resource management (Helo & Hao, 2022 ). AI algorithms can analyze complex environmental data, helping policymakers and businesses make informed decisions that balance trade with environmental conservation (Li et al., 2021 ).

5.4 Examples of successful integration of trade and marine conservation

The successful integration of trade and marine conservation is exemplified in several instances around the globe, showcasing how economic activities can coexist with, and even promote, environmental sustainability. These examples highlight the potential of well-designed trade policies and practices to positively impact marine ecosystems.

A notable example is the partnership between the MSC and various fisheries around the world. MSC, an international non-profit organization, sets standards for sustainable fishing. Fisheries that meet these standards are certified and can use the MSC eco-label on their products (Wakamatsu & Wakamatsu, 2017 ). This label not only informs consumers about sustainably sourced seafood but also opens up new markets for these products. An example of this successful integration is the Alaska Pollock fishery, one of the largest sustainable fisheries in the world, which has been MSC-certified since 2005. The certification has not only ensured the sustainability of fish stocks but also boosted the fishery’s market access and profitability (Hadjimichael & Hegland, 2016 ).

Delving deeper into the MSC certification process reveals a rigorous assessment based on three core principles: the sustainability of the fish stock, the impact of fishing on the ecosystem, and the management practices of the fishery. The Alaska Pollock fishery’s success under MSC certification is attributed to its adherence to these principles through specific measures such as implementing quota systems based on scientific assessments, bycatch reduction techniques, and habitat protection efforts. This case exemplifies how the structured certification process and continuous monitoring not only preserve fish stocks but also enhance the fishery’s market value and sustainability credentials.

Another example can be found in the Coral Triangle Initiative (CTI), a multilateral partnership of six countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Islands, and Timor-Leste). The CTI focuses on sustainable marine resource management in the Coral Triangle, one of the most biodiverse marine areas on Earth (Fidelman & Ekstrom, 2012 ). Through this initiative, the member countries collaborate on marine conservation strategies while promoting sustainable trade practices in the seafood industry. This approach has led to the implementation of better fishing practices, establishment of marine protected areas, and improvement in the livelihoods of local communities (Walton et al., 2014 ).

The CTI’s effectiveness stems from its comprehensive action plan, which encompasses targeted strategies for marine protected areas (MPAs) establishment, sustainable fisheries management, and climate change adaptation. By fostering regional cooperation and employing a multi-sectoral approach, the initiative has successfully implemented measures such as creating new MPAs, improving fisheries management policies, and enhancing community resilience. This detailed analysis of the CTI’s action plan and its execution illustrates the critical role of coordinated regional efforts and stakeholder engagement in achieving sustainable trade practices and conservation outcomes.

The European Union’s ban on the import of fishery products from countries not combating IUU fishing is another impactful integration (Leroy et al., 2016 ). This measure not only discourages IUU fishing practices globally but also promotes the trade of legally caught seafood, thus contributing to marine conservation.

The EU’s regulatory framework to combat IUU fishing includes stringent import controls, certification requirements, and a ‘yellow card’ warning system to non-compliant countries. This approach not only prevents IUU products from entering the EU market but also encourages countries to strengthen their fisheries management and enforcement mechanisms. Analyzing the implementation of these measures reveals the importance of international collaboration and the effective use of trade restrictions as leverage to promote global fisheries governance and sustainable trade practices.

Additionally, the development of sustainable aquaculture practices, such as integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA), illustrates how trade and conservation can be aligned. IMTA systems combine different aquatic species in the same ecosystem, such as fish, shellfish, and seaweeds, in a way that mimics natural ecosystems (Nissar et al., 2023 ). This approach reduces environmental impacts, enhances resource efficiency, and provides diverse marketable products, promoting both economic viability and ecological sustainability.

The IMTA system’s success is underpinned by its ability to mimic natural ecosystem processes, where the waste products from one species serve as inputs (food, fertilizer) for another. Implementing IMTA involves careful planning and management to balance the species composition and ensure mutual benefits. This approach not only improves resource efficiency and reduces environmental impacts but also diversifies income sources for aquaculture operations, demonstrating a practical model of how trade and conservation principles can be harmoniously integrated.

These examples demonstrate that with the right policies, practices, and international cooperation, trade can be a powerful tool for marine conservation. By aligning economic incentives with environmental protection, it is possible to create a win–win situation for both trade and the conservation of marine ecosystems.

6 Policy recommendations and future directions

To align trade policies effectively with Sustainable Development Goal 14 (SDG 14), which focuses on conserving and sustainably using the oceans, seas, and marine resources, several strategic policy recommendations are essential. Firstly, it is crucial to integrate environmental considerations into trade agreements actively. This can be achieved by including binding and enforceable environmental clauses in these agreements, particularly those that address sustainable fishing practices, pollution control, and the protection of critical marine habitats. Trade agreements should incentivize member countries to adopt sustainable marine practices and provide mechanisms for monitoring and enforcing compliance. Additionally, trade policies should support the elimination of harmful subsidies that contribute to overfishing and degradation of marine ecosystems. Instead, they should promote subsidies that encourage sustainable marine practices, such as investments in eco-friendly fishing technologies and marine conservation projects.

The role of international collaboration and multilateral agreements is pivotal in the context of marine conservation and trade. Oceans are transboundary in nature, and their effective management requires coordinated efforts across nations. Multilateral agreements can play a vital role in setting global standards for sustainable marine practices. For example, strengthening the implementation of the UNCLOS and the CITES can provide a robust legal framework for protecting marine biodiversity. Regional collaborations, such as the Coral Triangle Initiative, demonstrate how countries with shared marine ecosystems can work together to manage marine resources sustainably. Furthermore, international organizations like the World Trade Organization (WTO) should take an active role in addressing issues related to marine conservation, ensuring that global trade rules do not contradict but rather complement efforts to achieve SDG 14.

Looking towards the future, several trends and potential developments in trade are likely to influence marine conservation efforts significantly. The increasing use of technology, such as blockchain for traceability of seafood products, offers tremendous potential for enhancing transparency and reducing IUU fishing. The growing consumer awareness and demand for sustainably sourced seafood are likely to continue driving changes in trade practices and policies. In the future, we may see more comprehensive and stringent environmental standards being adopted in trade agreements, reflecting the rising global emphasis on sustainability. Another potential development is the expansion of blue economy concepts, which focus on economic growth, social inclusion, and the preservation or improvement of livelihoods while ensuring environmental sustainability of the oceans and coastal areas. This approach could lead to innovative economic models that harmonize trade and marine conservation. Additionally, the increasing impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems will necessitate adaptive trade policies that are responsive to changing environmental conditions. In summary, the future of trade and marine conservation is poised at a critical juncture, with opportunities for significant advancements in sustainable practices, driven by policy innovation, international collaboration, and evolving global norms.

Trade policies have traditionally focused on economic growth and market access; however, the evolving challenges of climate change and associated marine risks necessitate a broader application of these policies towards environmental sustainability. As marine ecosystems face unprecedented threats from rising temperatures, ocean acidification, and habitat destruction, it becomes imperative to harness the potential of international trade agreements and policies in fostering resilience and adaptation among marine communities and ecosystems.

Firstly, trade policies can be instrumental in facilitating the transfer and adoption of green technologies and practices. By reducing tariffs on environmentally friendly goods and services, countries can encourage the adoption of renewable energy, sustainable fishing gear, and pollution control technologies. These measures can mitigate the impacts of climate change on marine life and habitats, contributing to the resilience of marine ecosystems.

Secondly, trade agreements can include provisions that specifically address the need for climate adaptation in coastal and marine areas. This could involve support for mangrove restoration projects, coral reef conservation, and the development of sustainable aquaculture practices. Such initiatives not only protect marine biodiversity but also enhance the livelihoods of communities dependent on marine resources, making them less vulnerable to climate change impacts.

Furthermore, embedding environmental standards and sustainability goals within trade agreements can drive global efforts to reduce carbon emissions and manage marine environmental risks more effectively. By aligning trade incentives with environmental performance, countries can encourage a global shift towards lower-carbon economies and sustainable resource use, addressing some of the root causes of marine biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation.

To support these expanded roles of trade policies in managing marine risks, international cooperation and capacity-building efforts are essential. Developing countries, in particular, require technical and financial support to implement sustainable trade practices and adapt to climate change. Enhanced global partnerships, through mechanisms like the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), can ensure that trade and environmental policies are mutually supportive, leading to more robust marine conservation outcomes.

Trade policies can play a key role in managing marine risks associated with climate change and other environmental threats. By integrating economic, environmental, and social dimensions into these policies, it’s possible to address issues like ocean acidification, marine pollution, and habitat degradation. This integrated approach is crucial for advancing marine sustainability and achieving long-term goals in the face of global changes.

7 Conclusion

This paper has critically examined the complex interplay between international trade and the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 14 (SDG 14), focusing on the conservation and sustainable use of marine resources. Through an exploration of both the positive and negative impacts of trade on marine ecosystems, the analysis has highlighted the potential of trade as a tool for marine conservation, as well as the challenges and pitfalls that need to be addressed. The case studies and examples discussed illustrate the diverse ways in which trade policies and practices can either support or hinder the objectives of SDG 14, emphasizing the need for a delicate balance between economic growth and environmental sustainability.

Throughout this paper, we examined two hypotheses regarding the role of international trade in achieving SDG 14. The first hypothesis posited that trade policies and practices aligned with sustainability principles contribute significantly to the conservation and sustainable use of marine resources. The second hypothesis suggested that without robust regulatory frameworks and sustainable practices in international trade, there is an exacerbated risk of overfishing, habitat destruction, and pollution, thereby challenging marine conservation.

The analysis presented in this study supports the validity of both hypotheses. For the first hypothesis, case studies such as the implementation of eco-certification programs (e.g., MSC certification) and the inclusion of environmental provisions in trade agreements (e.g., CPTPP) demonstrate that sustainable trade practices can positively impact marine conservation. These examples illustrate how sustainable trade mechanisms can lead to improved fisheries management, reduced bycatch, and the recovery of certain fish stocks.

For the second hypothesis, the evidence of overfishing, Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) fishing, and marine pollution resulting from global trade supports the notion that without strong enforcement mechanisms and sustainable trade practices, trade can negatively impact marine ecosystems. The analysis of current trade agreements and practices revealed significant challenges in monitoring and enforcement, leading to continued threats to marine resources. These findings underscore the critical need for rigorous trade policies and international cooperation to address these challenges and harness the potential of international trade to support marine conservation and SDG 14.

The discussion on policy recommendations and future directions underscores the importance of aligning trade policies with sustainable marine practices, the crucial role of international collaboration and multilateral agreements, and the emerging trends that could shape the future of trade in relation to marine conservation. It is clear that a multi-faceted approach is required, involving a combination of regulatory measures, market-based incentives, technological innovations, and collaborative efforts at both the international and regional levels.

The findings from the systematic review confirm that while trade policies have the potential to significantly influence marine conservation positively, the effectiveness of these policies often hinges on the strength of enforcement and the degree of international collaboration. The empirical data support the need for a nuanced understanding of regional differences in policy impact and the critical role of capacity building in enhancing policy effectiveness. Moving forward, it is essential to integrate these empirical insights into policy development to ensure that trade becomes a driving force for sustainable marine resource management.

Moving forward, it is imperative that governments, international organizations, the private sector, and civil society work together to integrate sustainability more deeply into the fabric of international trade. By doing so, it is possible not only to safeguard marine ecosystems for future generations but also to unlock new opportunities for sustainable economic development. The journey towards achieving SDG 14 is complex and challenging, but with concerted efforts and a commitment to sustainable trade practices, significant progress can be made towards preserving the life below water, which is so vital to our planet’s health and well-being.

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Zreik, M. Synergizing trade and sustainability: advancing SDG 14 through international trade dynamics. Mar Dev 2 , 13 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44312-024-00025-2

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Received : 25 January 2024

Revised : 21 April 2024

Accepted : 03 May 2024

Published : 14 May 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s44312-024-00025-2

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