phd application tips

How to Prepare a Strong Graduate School Application

You’ve found the perfect graduate program—one with a world-class faculty whose research excites you, an academic experience that will challenge you, a diverse and inclusive culture, a supportive environment with outstanding faculty and peer mentors, and lots of resources to help you succeed no matter which career paths you want to pursue. Now it’s time to convince that program you are a great match for it as well. Here are some suggestions to help you prepare a strong application:

The process of strengthening your graduate school application starts while you are still an undergraduate. Here is a timeline and suggestions for avenues to explore while you are pursuing your undergraduate degree.

Freshman and sophomore years

• Assess your interests, abilities, and career goals
• Identify a mentor 
• Look into graduate school preparation events (e.g., boot camps, pre-application campus visits, summer programs)

Junior year

• Gather information on graduate programs
• Gather application materials
• Learn about entrance examination requirements and dates
• Investigate application deadlines

Pre-Senior Summer

• Narrow your list of graduate schools
• Investigate funding sources
• Write the first draft of your statement of purpose
• Contact recommendation sources

Senior year (Start Early)

• Select the schools you want to apply to
• Register for entrance exams
• Submit completed applications
• Make arrangements to obtain your transcripts for upload into application (8 weeks before application deadline)
• Make arrangements for entrance exam scores to be sent (8 weeks before application deadline)
• Contact recommenders to request strong letters of recommendation (4-6 weeks before application deadline)
• Prepare final versions of your statement of purpose
• Review federal requirements for financial aid
• Complete and submit applications with required fee (at least two weeks prior to the deadline)
• Your fit with the department or program in terms of research goals, work culture, or other measures
• Relevant research or internship experience
• Statement of purpose
• Letters of recommendation
• Undergraduate grades
• Patterns of academic study and relevance of prior coursework to proposed graduate study

Many graduate programs require a personal statement or statement of purpose as part of your application. As you write that statement, keep these suggestions in mind:

• Make the statement about you, your skills, your potential, and your interest in graduate studies in a particular department/program at a particular institution.
• Avoid misrepresentations and grandiose statements.
• Engage the reader using active words.
• Avoid negative or judgmental statements (which usually come across as rude or arrogant).
• Do not describe in detail what you have done. Briefly state and explain what you have learned, how it led to your interests, or how it has prepared you for success in graduate school.
• State why you are interested in graduate school and in a particular field of study.
• Share your motivation and career goals.
• Share why you have chosen to apply to a particular institution.
• If possible, indicate faculty with whom you have an interest to work.
• Do your homework: Know the school. Know the admissions and enrollment statistics for your department or program of interest. Know application deadlines.
• Avoid form essays.
• Follow the application directions and guidelines for each institution.

Most Ph.D. programs require an interview—whether on campus or via videoconference—for applicants they are considering for admission, and some master’s programs may require an interview as well. This is your chance to meet with faculty who might potentially sponsor your graduate study. It’s also an opportunity to gather more information about the program. Here is some guidance to help you make a good impression and get the most out of the experience.

• Before your interview, look closely at the website for the schools and departments you’re applying to. 
• Show that you have done your homework on the program’s faculty’s research and be able to talk about specific faculty whose work interests you.
• Your research interest
• How your educational and professional background has prepared you for graduate study
• Why this particular program would be a good fit for you
• If you are applying to the same institution where you did your undergraduate, why you think that institution (and that program) is still the best program for your graduate study
• Typical funding and how it compares to living expenses in the area
• The program’s teaching or research requirements 
• The departmental culture (e.g., are diversity and inclusion priorities for the department and for the university? Do students from different walks of life feel like they belong?) 
• Resources for professional development and student wellbeing
• The environment of support for graduate students, both in the department and in the university at large
• The point of contact for questions

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Wharton Stories

How to prepare a strong phd application.

Doctoral candidates and departmental coordinators at the Wharton School outline a few tips to help you navigate the PhD application process.

It’s no secret the application process can be intimidating. Where do you start? What exactly are schools looking for on your application? What materials do you need to submit? Doctoral candidates and departmental coordinators at the Wharton School have outlined a few tips to help you navigate the process.

Don’t Delay the Process

A successful PhD applicant starts thinking about their application months or even years before the deadlines. For Alejandro Lopez Lira , a third year student in Finance, the application process began a year before he actually submitted the paperwork. He said, “I spoke to my advisors way before, like one year before, about my letters of recommendation, where to apply, everything involved in the process.”

Each program has different requirements, which can make for a tedious process. Karren Knowlton , a third year in Management, said, “I took a little while to draft a personal statement. I had my mom, who teaches creative writing, and a few other people that I trust just read over it. Then you have to tweak it for different schools because they want slightly different things.”

Taking time to prepare your application is critical. Starting the process sooner rather than later gives you several advantages:

• It allows your letter of recommendation writers enough time in advance to thoughtfully prepare a letter that speaks to who you are as a PhD candidate.
• It gives you more time to review your materials, fix any errors, and proofread, proofread, proofread.
• Finally, it means a lot less stress when the deadline starts rapidly approaching. By planning ahead, you’ll have a much smoother process applying.

Get Letters of Recommendation

Prof. Matthew Bidwell , who previously served as the doctoral coordinator for the Management program , said a common mistake he sees are letters of recommendations from employers. Although he said it is impressive to see work experience, having an employer write a letter is not the best choice.

“We don’t pay very much attention to those because rightly or wrongly, we worry that they’re not looking for the kinds of things that we’re looking for,” he said. “If you have one, it’s not a disaster, but when you see people with two or three — most of their recommendations coming from their work — that kind of heightens our concern. You’re committing to a fairly specialized career, do you really know what that career entails?”

Instead, he suggests getting to know an academic who will be able to write a recommendation attesting to your ability to manage doctoral-level research and work.

Include Research/Work Experience in Your Field

Each program has a unique set of criteria to evaluate applicants, but several doctoral coordinators agree that some research and work experience in your field of interest will strengthen your application overall.

Prof. Fernando Ferreira , doctoral coordinator for the Business Economics and Public Policy and Real Estate programs, thinks work experience can be useful in demonstrating an applicant’s abilities. He said, “Any work experience after undergraduate school is important. If that experience is more related to research it’s even better, but work experience in general is always good.”

Prof. Guy David , doctoral coordinator for the Health Care Management & Economics program , thinks that work experience benefits applicants in terms of giving them a broader view of business. “Work experience creates retrospection about how the world works, how organizations make decisions, and how people function in various situations,” he said.

However, he warns that spending too much time away from an academic setting can have its drawbacks too. “It may lead people to start their PhD later when they are not in the habit of immersing themselves in rigorous studies and have a shorter horizons to develop a name for themselves,” he said.

Although having both research and work experience can strengthen your application, you will not be denied entry because you are lacking either.

Prof. Bidwell said, “I think research experience does give us some confidence that people have some idea about what it is that we do. In terms of work experience, I think we don’t have a strong view. We quite like work experience, but we also take people straight out of undergrad.”

Prepare for the Standardized Tests

Most PhD programs require students to take the Graduate Record Examinations (GRE). Having high test scores is a key part of an application as it tests skills learned over the course of many years in school. Quantitative skills are especially important when applying to doctoral programs in business areas. Much like any other standardized test, the GRE requires preparation.

Karren, who took the GRE twice to ensure her scores were high enough, offered advice to those who may be struggling. “I would absolutely recommend practicing the writing beforehand. Look up examples and have your outline structured,” she said. “So much of it is just getting the right structure and how you formulate your arguments so knowing what they’re looking for is key.”

Test prep can be time-consuming, but like anything else, practice makes perfect. There are multiple text books and online sites to help you prepare for the exam. Karren aimed to improve her math scores the second time she took the GRE and recommended this site to help strengthen math skills.

Taking advantage of resources to help you study can limit the number of times you need to take the GRE while ensuring you score high enough to remain in the applicant pool.

Watch a Webinar with Former Wharton Vice Dean Catherine Schrand

Posted: August 4, 2017

• Admissions and Applying
• Advancement and Transition

Doctoral Programs

Start your doctoral journey.

Whether you’re just starting your research on PhD programs or you’re ready to apply, we’ll walk you through the steps to take to become a successful PhD candidate.

Deciding to get a PhD

You might be surprised to find out what you can do with a PhD in business.

Is an Academic Career for You ? What Makes a Successful PhD Student

Preparing for the Doctoral Path

The skills, relationships, and knowledge you need to prepare yourself for a career in academics.

How the PhD Program Works How to Become a Successful PhD Applicant

Choosing the right program

What’s the difference between PhD programs? Find out how to choose one that fits your goals.

What to Consider When Choosing a Doctoral Program What Differentiates R1 Universities?

Starting an application

Tips for a successful application process.

Application Requirements Preparing Your PhD Application

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10 Tips For PhD Application: How To Pass PhD Admission

Applying for a PhD program can be daunting, but with the right approach, it can also be a fulfilling journey. The key to a successful application lies in thorough preparation and strategic planning.

In this guide, we provide 10 essential tips for aspiring PhD candidates. From starting early in the application process to thoroughly preparing for interviews, these tips are designed to help you navigate the complexities of applying and increase your chances of being admitted to the program of your dreams.

10 Tips For PhD Application – General Advice

Start Early On Your PhD Application 

Starting early on your application process can be a game-changer. Applying for a PhD program is no small feat, and the more time you give yourself, the better. Why? Because a successful PhD application often involves a lot of moving parts, some include: 

• Finding the right program
• Contacting potential supervisors
• Preparing a standout CV, and
• Honing your research proposal

If you’re aiming for a successful PhD admission, begin at least a year before the application deadline. This timeline isn’t just about ticking boxes; it’s about crafting a compelling application that stands out in a competitive field.

Part of starting early also involves understanding the deadlines. PhD programs have specific deadlines, and missing these can mean waiting another year.

So, start preparing early, research the programs you’re interested in, and make sure you’re ready to apply when the time comes.

Remember, practice makes perfect, and the more effort you put into preparing your application, the better your chances of embarking on that PhD journey in the program of your dreams.

Decide What Area You Want To Specialise In 

Deciding on your specialization for a PhD application is a pivotal moment in your academic journey. It’s not just about what interests you, but also about where you can contribute significantly to the field. How do you pinpoint the right area to specialize in?

Firstly, think about your long-term career goals. Are you aiming to become a professor, delve into research, or apply your expertise in the industry? Your PhD should align with these aspirations.

For instance, if you’re considering a career in academia, specializing in a niche area like social science or arts and humanities might be more beneficial than a broader subject.

Your past academic and work experience should also guide your decision. Reflect on the courses or projects that energized you the most during your master’s degree or in your job.

Perhaps you thrived in researching specific topics or solving particular types of problems. This introspection can be a powerful indicator of your potential PhD focus.

And don’t forget, your research area should not only interest you but also be viable in terms of available resources, funding, and its relevance in the current job market.

Researching and understanding the demand for specialists in your chosen field can significantly impact your career prospects post-PhD.

Start Looking For A Potential Supervisor

Finding the right supervisor is a critical step in your PhD journey. The supervisor you choose can significantly influence both your experience as a PhD student and your future career. So, how do you go about finding the perfect match for your PhD ambitions?

Firstly, delve into the work of potential supervisors. Read their publications and try to understand their research approach. This will help you gauge whether their interests align with yours. Remember, a good fit in research interests is crucial for a successful PhD experience.

When you find a potential supervisor, reach out to them. Prepare a concise and compelling email, and:

• Introduce yourself
• Your research interests, and
• Why you think they would be a good fit as your advisor.

Attach your CV and a brief description of your research proposal. This initial contact can go a long way in establishing a relationship.

Also, consider the supervisor’s track record. How successful have their previous PhD students been? What do alumni say about their mentoring style? You might even contact current or former students for firsthand insights.

Think about the broader implications of choosing a particular supervisor. They should not only be a guide in your doctoral studies but also a mentor who can open doors in your future career, be it in academia or the industry.

Ask Yourself The Type Of PhD Programme You’re Interested In

Choosing the right PhD program is a critical step in your academic journey. There are various types of PhD programs, each with its unique focus and structure, and selecting the one that aligns with your goals and interests is crucial. Here’s how to navigate this choice effectively.

First, consider the research area that interests you. Are you drawn towards the arts and humanities, social science, or a more specialized field like economics? Each area has its own set of PhD programs, often with differing approaches and focuses.

For example, a PhD in economics might be more quantitatively rigorous and require a strong background in mathematics, unlike a program in the arts.

Look at the structure of the programs. Some PhDs are heavily research-oriented, requiring you to spend most of your time working on your dissertation, while others might involve a significant amount of coursework.

What suits you best depends on your previous education and work experience. For instance, if you have a robust research background from your master’s degree, a research-intensive program might be a good fit.

Think about your career aspirations post-PhD. Different programs have different strengths, especially when it comes to the job market. Some might be geared more towards academia, while others may offer better industry connections.

Apply To Many Programs, But Only If You’re Interested

When applying for a PhD, a key piece of advice is to apply to many programs. Why? Because the admissions process is highly competitive and often unpredictable.

By broadening your options, you increase your chances of acceptance and finding the best fit for your academic and career goals.

Consider your research area and interests. Whether it’s social science, arts and humanities, or a specialized field like economics, each PhD program has its unique strengths.

Applying to multiple programs allows you to explore these differences and find the one that aligns best with your research goals.

Moreover, different programs have:

• Varying resources
• Connections, and
• Reputations

These differences can impact your job market prospects. By applying to a variety of programs, you can weigh these factors against your career aspirations.

However, do not simply go around and apply for anything you come across. make sure you only apply to places you can see yourself going. This prevents you from being seen as not serious, and jeopardise your other applications.

Search For Financial Aid For PhD Students

Navigating the financial aspect of a PhD program is as crucial as the application process itself. As a prospective PhD student, you must understand the various types of financial aid available and how to secure them.

Research the funding options offered by the PhD programs you’re applying to. Many universities provide scholarships, fellowships, or assistantships that cover tuition and provide a stipend.

These are often merit-based and may require separate applications, so pay attention to the deadlines and required documents, like your:

• Personal statement, or
• Research proposal.

Assistantships, whether teaching or research, are common in PhD programs, especially in fields like social science or arts and humanities. These positions not only provide financial support but also valuable work and research experience.

Reach out to potential supervisors or faculty members in your desired program to inquire about such opportunities. Remember, securing an assistantship often depends on your skills and background aligning with the department’s needs.

Look beyond the university for funding. Numerous external organisations offer grants and scholarships for PhD students, such as:

• Foundations,
• Government bodies,
• Social charities, and
• Corporations.

These can be research area-specific, like grants for a PhD in science, or more general. 

Applying for external funding requires a strong application, often including recommendation letters and a detailed research proposal.

Don’t overlook the importance of networking. Connect with current PhD students, alumni, or faculty members for advice and insights on funding opportunities.

They can provide valuable tips and may even alert you to lesser-known scholarships or funding sources.

Spend Ample Time On Your Research Proposal

Crafting a compelling research proposal is a vital component of your PhD application. It’s your chance to showcase your academic capabilities and the originality of your research idea. So, how do you prepare a research proposal that stands out?

Be clear and precise about your research area. Whether it’s social science, economics, or arts and humanities, your proposal should reflect a deep understanding of the field.

Start by identifying a specific research topic that not only interests you but also contributes something new to the academic discourse.

Your proposal should clearly articulate the:

• Research question,
• Objectives,
• The significance of your study, and
• Limitation of the study.

Explain why your research is important, both within the academic community and beyond. This could involve addressing a gap in existing research or exploring a novel approach to an established topic.

A well-structured methodology is essential. Outline how you plan to conduct your research, including the methods and resources you will use. This shows that you have a realistic and feasible plan to complete your PhD.

Literature review plays a key role. Demonstrate your familiarity with existing research and theories in your field. This not only establishes the context of your study but also shows that you’re building upon a solid foundation of knowledge.

Be mindful of the requirements of the PhD program you’re applying to. Tailor your proposal to fit their focus and expectations.

If you have a potential supervisor in mind, make sure your proposal aligns with their research interests, as this can greatly increase your chances of acceptance.

Your proposal should reflect your ability for critical thinking and academic writing. Take the time to revise and refine your proposal. Seek feedback from mentors or peers, and ensure that your proposal is as strong as it can be.

Highlight Relevant Qualifications

Highlighting relevant qualifications in your PhD application is critical in demonstrating your suitability and readiness for the rigorous journey ahead. So, what should you emphasize and how should you present these qualifications?

Focus on your academic background. Include your:

• Test scores, like the GRE,
• Academic achievements,
• Presentations, or
• Publications.

Your research experience is a significant part of your application. Detail any research projects, dissertations, or theses you have worked on, especially those that align with your intended area of study.

This shows potential supervisors that you have a solid foundation in research methodologies and are capable of conducting independent research.

Work experience can also be relevant, especially if it’s related to your field of study. If you’ve worked in a role or on a project that’s closely tied to your proposed research area, make sure to include this in your CV and personal statement.

In your personal statement, articulate your passion for the field, your research interests, and how your background makes you a good fit for the program. This is your chance to connect your past experiences with your future research ambitions.

Be aware of the specific requirements of the PhD programs you’re applying to. Tailor your application to show how you meet these criteria. Show that you understand what the program offers and how it aligns with your goals.

Get Letters of Recommendation

Securing strong letters of recommendation is a critical part of your PhD application. These letters provide insight into your academic and research capabilities, crucial for the admission committees. But how do you go about getting these recommendations?

Firstly, think about who knows you and your work well. This could be:

• A professor from your master’s degree,
• A Supervisor from a research project, or
• Even a professional mentor.

The key is to choose individuals who can speak in detail about your qualifications and potential as a PhD student.

When you’ve identified potential recommenders, approach them well before the application deadline. Give them enough time to write a thoughtful letter. Remember, a rushed letter is rarely a good one.

Be specific about your request. Inform them about:

• The PhD program you are applying to
• Why you think you’re a good fit.

This helps them tailor the letter to your application. It’s also helpful to provide them with your CV, personal statement, and a summary of your research proposal, so they have all the information they need.

If you’re applying to multiple programs, make sure your recommenders are aware of this. Some might be willing to write multiple letters, or you may need to seek additional recommenders.

Always express gratitude to your recommenders. They are investing time and effort to help you on your journey to becoming a PhD candidate.

Thoroughly Prepare For Your Doctoral Interview

Preparing thoroughly for a PhD interview is a crucial step in your application process. It’s your chance to make a strong impression and demonstrate why you’re the ideal candidate for the program. So, how do you prepare effectively?

Understand the PhD program and its requirements. Before the interview, research the program thoroughly. Know its strengths, the kind of research it supports, and its faculty members, especially if you have a potential supervisor in mind.

Review your application materials. Be ready to discuss anything from your:

• Personal statement
• Research proposal, and
• Rest scores, like the GRE.

The interviewers may ask about your academic and research experiences, so be prepared to talk about them in detail.

Anticipate common interview questions. These can range from your reasons for applying, your research interests, to how you plan to contribute to the program. Practice your responses, but keep them natural and not overly rehearsed.

Prepare your own questions. This demonstrates your interest in the program and helps you gather important information. You might want to ask about the kind of support PhD students receive, the research facilities, or opportunities for collaboration within the department.

Remember that the interview is also a chance for you to assess if the program is the right fit for you. It’s not just about impressing the interviewers, but also about understanding if the program aligns with your academic goals and interests.

Wrapping Up

A successful PhD application hinges on careful planning, understanding program specifics, and presenting your qualifications effectively. These 10 tips offer a roadmap to enhance your application, showcasing your readiness for this challenging but rewarding academic journey.

Each aspect of the application, from choosing the right program to acing the interview, contributes to your goal. Stay focused, be authentic, and let your passion for your chosen field shine through to embark on a successful PhD path.

Dr Andrew Stapleton has a Masters and PhD in Chemistry from the UK and Australia. He has many years of research experience and has worked as a Postdoctoral Fellow and Associate at a number of Universities. Although having secured funding for his own research, he left academia to help others with his YouTube channel all about the inner workings of academia and how to make it work for you.

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• How to Apply for a PhD – Application Process Explained
• Applying to a PhD

This guide explains the PhD application process and outlines the steps you will need to follow, and information you will need to provide when applying to a PhD programme.

How to Apply for a PhD – Application Process

There is no single guide that can cover the entire application process for applying to PhDs, as it differs not only between universities, but also between programmes. In the same sense, what a supervisor might consider a strong application for one of their programmes, they may consider a weak application for another of their programmes.

Furthermore, the process of applying for a PhD in the UK can be slightly challenging to navigate as there is no centralised application system, as is the case with undergraduate degrees, and the process can vary from university to university.

Regardless of this, the below outlines the most common steps you will need to follow when applying for a PhD. Pay particular attention to each stage, as slipping on a single one of them can significantly affect your chances of securing the PhD you want.

1. Find Research Projects you like

Identify research areas that align with your research interest.

This should be done by thinking about all topics, courses, projects, recent publications, recurring questions or experiences that have caught your curiosity over the past year.

Once you have a better understanding of your preferred research area, browse through our PhD listings  or the ‘postgraduate research degree’ and ‘research centre’ sections of a university’s website if you already have a particular one in mind.

This is probably the most important thing to consider before you apply to PhD programmes given you will be working on your project for the next three to eight years – make sure not to rush it.

Note: If you intend to study part time or via distance learning, make sure to check the university offers this option as not all do.

2. Contact Potential PhD Supervisors

If you are proposing your own research project, which is usually the case with a self-funded postgraduate programme, you will need to find your own potential supervisor.

The best way to find a suitable PhD supervisor is to review the staff profiles on the department’s webpage and examine the topics they have published on in the past two years, as well as the research projects of the students they have supervised in the past. This will help you decide whether their research interests coincide with yours. Outside of research interests, there are other aspects you will want to look for, such as their level of support and patience, and how successful their former students have been. For further information on this, you can learn how to find a good PhD supervisor here .

If you are applying to a pre-determined research project, which is usually the case with funded programmes, you do not need to find a supervisor, as they already have a supervisor assigned to them.

Before you formally apply to funded PhD projects, most PhD supervisors will prefer you to apply informally by  sending them an email with your CV. This is so they can better understand your motives for applying and where your academic strengths lie before you start the formal application process.

3. Online Application Form

Once you have found a research programme you are interested in, most universities will require you to make a formal application via their online application portal. The below outlines the supporting documentation you will likely require when completing your online application form.

Academic Qualifications and Transcripts

If you have completed your studies, you will be asked to provide original or certified copies of your academic qualifications.

If you are still studying, you will need to provide an interim transcript of the grades you have received to date and details of any previous qualifications you have acquired.

Academic CV

An academic CV outlines your contact details, academic background and relevant experience. You can read our guide on how to prepare an effective academic CV  here .

Cover Letter

An academic cover letter can be requested alongside your CV. An academic cover letter explains why you are applying for the particular PhD project, why you are a strong candidate for the position and what you can offer the department as a research student. You can read our guide on how to prepare a strong cover letter  here .

Personal Statement

Instead of a cover letter, you may be asked to submit a personal statement. A personal statement is a short document describing your interest in the research programme and explaining why you believe you are suitable for it.

Research Proposal

Most universities will require you to submit a research proposal, especially if you are not applying to a pre-determined research project.

A research proposal is a short document describing your proposed research project. It outlines your research question, which topic it concerns and why you consider it valuable. It is used to show you have the potential for postgraduate-level research by showing that you can communicate complex ideas and evaluate them at their fundamental level. A research proposal also allows the academic department to match you with a suitable PhD supervisor with the expertise to support you if needed.

To support your application, you will be asked for an academic reference, ideally from one or more academic referees.

This is so the university has evidence from another academic source that you are a person who is capable of undertaking PhD study, not only in terms of your credentials and academic abilities but also in terms of your character, as someone who demonstrates commitment, perseverance, independence and the ability to communicate effectively.

To ensure the legitimacy of your references, universities often have strict requirements for how they are to be provided, such as requiring the use of official letterheads and original signatures from the reference provider. Therefore, you must check the specific requirements of each institution and forward them to your referee to minimise the risk of any rejections.

Other Supporting Information

Most online forms also have sections where you can upload any additional supporting information. This can include example evidence, such as previous papers you have published or conferences you have participated in.

Note that e xample evidence, especially of scientific research, is rarely required for STEM subjects

4. Entry Requirements

Academic qualifications.

The entry requirement for most UK universities is a 2:1 (Upper Second Class Honours) undergraduate degree, or equivalent qualification, in a relevant subject.

Note that while many universities require a Masters degree, not all do; it’s possible to  enrol in a PhD programme with just a Bachelors degree , as many students have successfully done so in the past.

In both cases, you will be asked to submit a copy of your degree certificate if you have completed your undergraduate study.

English Language Requirement

If you are an international student from a non-native English speaking country, most universities will require you to either meet their English language requirements or complete an English course with them before starting your PhD.

The two most common tests used to examine English language proficiencies for postgraduate study are the IELTS (International English Language Testing System) and the TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language).

Although the score requirements will vary depending on the course and institution, the typical requirements are:

• IELTS – Overall score of 6.5, and no less than 6.0 in each test category.
• TOELF – Overall score of 88.

International Applicant

If you’re an international student, you may need a Tier 4 (General) Student Visa to study in the UK. If this is the case, the university will require your passport details or a copy of your first page and photo page.

Finding a PhD has never been this easy – search for a PhD by keyword, location or academic area of interest.

5. Other Things to Keep in Mind

In most countries, including the UK, a PhD studentship starts in September or October of each academic year. However, it’s worth noting that most PhD projects are flexible and can therefore start at any time throughout the year.

Application Deadline

The deadline for a PhD position will be indicated in its advert description, however, you should apply to them as early as possible as a PhD position can sometimes be filled before its official closing date.

As well as monitoring the course deadline, also be aware of the closing dates of associated doctoral research funding opportunities. This is because some funded PhD projects require you to apply individually to both the course and the funding opportunity.

Standardised Tests

Depending on the type of doctorate you are applying for, you may need to take examinations as part of the application process.

While this is uncommon in the UK, most graduate schools in the US and Canada integrate standardised tests into their doctoral course admissions process, with minimum test scores set as an entry requirement for their PhD programs.

MPhil Registration First

In the UK, most PhD students first have to register for an MPhil ( Master of Philosophy ) for the first year of their studies, and only if they pass it, which usually requires the production of a report and an informal interview, will their course be upgraded to a PhD.

Making Several Applications

Unfortunately, for various reasons, you may not always get your preferred supervisor or research project, so it is best to apply for several projects on one or more research topics you interest you.

Please note that the application process for a professional doctorate, such as a DBA or EngD, is slightly different from the one mentioned in this guide . Therefore, please consult the guidelines of the university you wish to apply to before applying.

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Applying for a phd: step-by-step guide.

Studying a PhD is a big decision and submitting your application can feel like a long process. Though with the right guidance, applying for a PhD will be a lot more straightforward than you think. 

There is a lot of PhD application advice out there. To help you make sense of it all, we’ve put together a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to apply for a PhD. We cover the PhD application process, what you need to consider, what to prepare and how to submit your application.

Follow the steps below to understand everything you need to know when applying for a PhD.

PhD application checklist

• Choose your subject area
• Choose your type of PhD
• Check application deadline
• Draft a research proposal
• Contact potential PhD supervisors
• Check PhD entry requirements
• Check PhD fees and funding
• Make your PhD application
• Submit your PhD application 

In this article, we’re going to look at all these different elements in greater detail to help you with the PhD application process.

1. Choose your subject area

You will be  studying your PhD for a long time – between three- and four-years’ full time and up to eight years part time – so it is essential you choose to study a subject you are passionate about.

Most PhD students study a subject area that they have studied previously, but in much greater detail. Most PhD courses require some previous academic experience in the research area, for example if you choose to study your PhD on William Shakespeare, you are likely to have studied the works of Shakespeare as part of an English Literature masters degree. Similarly, if your PhD research is in a science-based topic it is likely to be going more in depth into a science-related field you studied as an undergraduate and then as a masters student.

However, your PhD does not have to be directly related to your masters degree, for example an English Language masters graduate could expect to be successful if applying to do research in an  English literature PhD if they have achieved the necessary grades.

There are many areas that you can consider when choosing the subject area for your PhD. These could come from the  Arts ,  Humanities , STEM , Social Sciences and  Business .

Research the department at your chosen university to find the perfect PhD program to apply for.

2. Choose your type of PhD

Whilst most PhDs follow a traditional route (completing an independent research project under a supervisor), there are alternatives.

The two main types of PhD include: self-proposed PhD projects and predesigned PhD projects.

Self-proposed PhDs are the most common and traditional type of doctoral degree, although universities also offer predesigned PhD courses that integrate aspects of taught study.

Make sure you’ve considered your PhD options fully before applying for a PhD. Here are the main differences between self-proposed and predesigned PhD projects.

Self-proposed PhD projects

Self-proposed PhDs are the most common type of PhD, where students propose and design their own research.

With a self-proposed PhD, the student has a lot of control over their work and can specialise in any area that interests them with the support and approval of their academic supervisor.

Not all self-proposed PhDs receive funding, so applicants will need to make sure they have appropriate funding in place to pursue their self-proposed PhD.

There may also be some additional steps in the application process for self-proposed to ensure success in their PhD application. The student will have to dedicate a lot of time to their PhD application as it will need to include their PhD study proposal.

Predesigned PhD projects (Doctoral Training Centres)

Many universities now have something known as ‘DTC centres’, or ‘ Doctoral Training Centres ’. Many of these are in economic, social or scientific research areas, so if this is your area of interest, PhDs run out of DTC centres are worth exploring, as they can have substantial funding included. 

Predesigned PhD projects are usually slightly longer in course length than most traditional PhDs, as they’re likely to include a year of lectures and a variety of projects in the first year, before choosing to specialise in the second year.

This option is great if you know you want to do a PhD but aren’t entirely certain of what you’d like to do beyond a general area. Best of all, they often offer fully funded  studentships .

3. Check application deadlines

When applying for a PhD it is important to ensure you meet all application deadlines, this includes the deadlines for your PhD application form and PhD proposal as well as any PhD funding deadlines.

Different universities will have different deadlines, and some universities may even have rolling deadlines, this means it is important to check on the website of the university and department you are interested in, to make sure you get your application in on time.

4. Draft a research proposal

It’s important to draft a PhD proposal when you are applying for a PhD. This is a requirement of most self-proposed PhD applications and can also be necessary when applying for other PhDs.

To ensure the success of your PhD research proposal, it’s a good idea to do some research around the subject area before submitting your research proposal. This will give you a better idea of what it is you want to research and will also help you to present your proposal more clearly.

How to write a PhD research proposal

When writing a PhD research proposal, you will need to include the following:

• A TITLE that clearly conveys the theme of your research project.
• The main RESEARCH QUESTION that will be the focus of your research.
• An EXPLANATION of why your research topic is important.
• Brief LITERATURE REVIEW demonstrating your knowledge to answer the question.
• Proposed METHODOLOGY for answering your research questions.
• TIMELINE SCHEDULE of the research project.  

5. Contact potential PhD supervisors

You want to make sure you choose your potential PhD supervisor in plenty of time. Of course, you should always leave plenty of time for any application, but this is especially important for a PhD, as you will often be applying to a particular supervisor who is a specialist in your area of study.

Therefore, you need to ensure you have enough time to research into suitable PhD supervisors and get in contact with them before you apply for the doctorate.

You shouldn’t rush this research, as  getting the most out of your supervisor is the first step to doing well in PhD study – it’s important to make sure you pick the one best for you.

Another important consideration is  where you choose to study . You’ll want to look at the department’s reputation, and to make sure it excels in research in the area you intend to study do you get the support you need.

6. Check PhD entry requirements

To be eligible to study a PhD, you will usually need a  masters qualification in the subject area or in a closely related subject to the subject upon which you wish to base your PhD research.

However, entry requirements will differ depending on the university, so it is important to check the PhD eligibility requirements of the PhD and university that you are interested in studying at.

Applying without a masters

Some PhD courses will allow you to apply without a masters degree although you will need a bachelors degree. These are only usually offered as integrated masters and PhD programs which include a year of masters study before PhD.

Applying for a PhD as an international student  

If you are an international student applying to study a PhD in the UK, check the  visa requirements that you need to meet.

To apply for a PhD in the UK, international students need a Student Route visa.

The Student Route visa is a points-based visa system for all international students – including EU, EEA and Swiss students – who want to study in the UK. This has replaced the Tier 4 (General) student visa.

You can apply for a  student visa if you meet the following criteria:

• You have been offered a place on a course by a licensed student sponsor.
• You have enough money to support yourself and pay for your course.
• You can speak, read, write and understand English – you may need to prove this through a recognised English language test.

Student visas can only be issued for certain courses, and if your course is eligible, your education provider (Student sponsor) will give you a Confirmation of Acceptance for Studies (CAS) which you use to apply for a student visa.

The earliest you can apply for a student visa is six months before the start date of the course.

7. Check PhD fees and funding

Before committing to PhD study, it is important to check the PhD tuition fees and these will differ depending on the university and the course.

PhD tuition fees in the UK will be more expensive for international students than for home students. Tuition fees in the UK usually range from £3,000-£6,000 per year for home students and up to £18,000 per year for international students.

As a PhD student you will need to cover tuition fees, living expenses and any other unforeseen costs.

PhD scholarships and studentships are available, as is funding from various research councils, so make sure you investigate all your options and find out what financial help is available.

Funding your PhD

There are various funding options available to PhD students – here are the main ones:

University funding – some universities offer alumni funding support for students continuing their studies at their university. Check funding webpages for details.

PhD loans –  PhD loans are available from the  UK government .

PhD scholarships – many universities and companies offer  PhD scholarships , this includes our  Postgrad Solutions Study Bursaries .

PhD studentships –  PhD studentships at your university are a great option as they usually include a stipend that covers full PhD tuition fees and some living costs.

Research councils – there are seven research councils in the UK that can provide funding for PhD students, these are:

• Arts and Humanities Research Council
• Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
• Economic and Social Research Council
• Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
• Medical Research Council
• Natural Environment Research Council
• Science and Technology Facilities Council . 

Their funding can come as PhD studentships.

Self -funding – as a postgraduate student, you may have saved up money through work to enable you to  self-fund your PhD.

Don’t just apply to the standard big research funding bodies, but do your research and look into charities too. There are plenty of funds, foundations and other sources of money available to people with the right interests – and you might just be one of them!

8. Making your PhD application

Now you’ve done most of the preparation for your application, what about the actual application for a PhD? What does it involve?

When applying for a PhD, you usually apply directly to the university, rather than via a third party such as  UCAS .

PhD applications will differ from university to university, so check on the admissions page of the course you are interested in to make sure you include everything they ask for. You are likely to have to include:

• Completed application form
• Research proposal
• Personal statement
• Academic CV
• Academic references
• Proof of English language proficiency
• Student visa documentation

Ideally, you should have already contacted your intended supervisor and talked about it with them, via email or perhaps in person. They will give you a run through of everything to include in your application to help ensure you don’t leave anything out by mistake. 

You should ensure that you’re not too modest in applying for a PhD! If you’ve been published in a relevant area, or if you did exceptionally well or presented a particularly successful paper at a conference, mention it. You don’t need to brag, but you shouldn’t hide your achievements either.

PhD interviews

Unlike with bachelors degrees and many masters degrees, you will probably need to have a PhD interview as part of your application. If you’ve not had a university interview before, make sure you prepare well for it.

Ideally, if you’re still in education, see if a tutor you know can give you tips, or potentially a mock interview. If not, many universities’ careers service will remain open to you after graduating,,so contact them and see what advice they can offer you. 

Ensure you read up on anything you mentioned in your application and have good solid reasons for why you wish to do a PhD, and why you’ve chosen to do it at in that particular topic  at that particular university.

You should already know by now  what it takes to study a PhD and be able to answer convincingly when asked about these things during your interview.

9. Submit your PhD application

  Now you’ve reached the final step – it’s time to submit your PhD application!

This is likely to be online, although it’s important to check this with your chosen university in case you need to send any hard copies of original certificates or documentation in the post.

Follow the university guidelines. They will usually indicate how to submit your application, what to include, and when you should hear back about the success of your PhD application.

Related articles

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How To Get A PhD

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10 Essential Tips for Considering and Preparing to Apply for a PhD

Pursuing a PhD is a huge decision. It’s not only a career choice that affects the next 3–7 years of your life after your post secondary education, it also has an effect on your future career path and potential job opportunities. With so much weight placed on pursuing a PhD, what are the aspects that must be considered? What are some steps to start preparing for the PhD journey if one decides to pursue this?

Written by me, Ece Kural, PhD in International Relations and Co-Founder of the knowledge management platform Scrintal .

1. Understand what it means to actually get a PhD

When considering a PhD as your next career move, it’s important to understand that historically this level of education is meant to serve as a stepping stone into a career in academia. Whereas a Bachelor’s or Master’s provides additional learning and skills to better prepare yourself in the job market, a PhD is not just simply a continuation into the next level of your education, it is meant to act as an entry requirement into further research in academia.

Although today the concept of a PhD is adapting to more closely align with the specialized needs of industry, it is important to note that the skills obtained in a PhD are modelled around research as a focus. I will discuss the consequences of this and potential job opportunities further on.

Understanding the significance of pursuing a PhD, along with various other aspects to consider is covered by Dr. James Hayton in his video The basic principles every PhD student needs to know.

2. Make sure you’re getting a PhD for the right reasons

There are a lot of really great reasons to pursue a PhD and at the same time also quite a few reasons why you shouldn’t pursue a PhD. The important thing is to make sure you’re in it for the right reasons.

The reasons to pursue, and not to pursue a PhD is covered quite eloquently by Casey Fiesler in the following video.

These points along with a few others to consider have been summarized here. A PhD is the right choice for you if you have the following characteristics and are okay with the following aspects:

• You are incredibly interested in a specific topic and want to do deep dive research into that specific topic more closely. In other words, you are a specialist rather than a generalist.
• You are interested in becoming a professor. A PhD generally serves as a standard to working in academia, including becoming a professor.
• You are well versed and interested in academic writing. This is a requirement for working in your PhD. If you are really skilled and interested in academic writing, this is a good option for you.

A PhD is the wrong choice for you if you have the following characteristics and are okay with the following aspects:

• You want to make a lot of money. It’s not necessarily true that those holding a PhD make a lot of money. While PhD holders typically make more money than just those with a Master’s degree, this standard is highly dependent on the field, and in some cases even flipped. Additionally, pursuing a PhD requires years of your life, in which during that time you will not make a lot of money.
• You’re not sure what to do next in your career. As PhDs are highly specialized, in many cases the job opportunities are also specialized in the same way, and therefore limiting. Pursuing a PhD might actually make it more difficult for you to figure out what to do next in your career.
• You’re chasing prestige with the title. You can be an expert and well esteemed without having a “Ph.D.”. in your title. This is not a good reason to dedicate years of your life to a single discipline and research topic.
• You just want to continue your education because you’re good at being a student and love university life. Unfortunately in this case, PhDs are about deep diving into new research, asking unanswered questions, and going about the methods and processes to answer those questions. There isn’t necessarily a right answer you are arriving upon and there are actually very few formal courses you will take.

3. Decide on the area in which you’d like to pursue a PhD

Taking into consideration how specialized a PhD is, choosing the right program can be quite a difficult aspect for one to consider. This is especially true due to the fact that many subjects can be highly interdisciplinary, making the question of which PhD program to choose even more broad.

Deciding on the areas to pursue a PhD is deendent on two questions:

• What discipline is the best fit for you, and what specifically do you want to work on within that given discipline?
• How does that align with the PhD programs that are available?

These are the aspects you should take into account when considering PhDs. Try to go about understanding what your specific subfield is within a given discipline. This should be something you are passionate about and would like to spend a lot of time researching in your academic career. Based on this, search for the best programs that fit these academic goals.

4. Understand your job prospects with a certain PhD program

One common misunderstanding with obtaining a PhD is that people often believe there are more and better paying jobs available than for those with just a Master’s degree. In many disciplines this is actually just the opposite.

In some instances if you are looking to become a professor in your field, a PhD is the only option to achieve that goal. In this particular scenario, it’s really important to understand the job opportunities available. Is there a good chance of obtaining a teaching position in this field?

When considering specific jobs that you would like to work in, are there a lot of PhD graduates holding those positions? What is the average salary for those working in these positions?

The job opportunities and salaries for PhD holders vary widely by discipline, but the important thing is that you know what your options are prior to committing years of your life to completing a PhD.

5. Have an idea of what comes after a PhD

Tying in with the last point, besides the job opportunity and salary after obtaining a PhD, you should also have an idea of what potential career paths and opportunities are available to you. As a PhD is highly specialized, and therefore in some cases limiting in opportunity, what potential areas could you work in? If your ideal career path doesn’t work out, are there alternatives that would also give you the same satisfaction?

For example, if your PhD is an ideal choice for working in science policy advising and you aren’t able to find a job in that area, would you be okay with becoming a professor or an entrepreneur instead?

This doesn’t need to be decided completely and it shouldn’t be, but understanding potential alternatives in this case is beneficial for your career planning. Popular options include postdoc, going into R&D positions in an industry, becoming a professor, government positions like policy making, researching in think tanks, or working in industry specialized positions.

6. Search for PhD positions/programs

Now that you’ve asked all of the important questions about pursuing a PhD, the next step is to actually find your program! Here there are quite a few great resources to kick off your PhD search.

Generally these sites allow you to search for PhD programs by field and location, browse by discipline, or browse by country. When browsing PhD programs by country, you can see all of the necessary requirements and information. Additionally, in each program or position seen on the website, you can see the costs and time of study laid out in plain language. The best approach is to search through quite a few of these sites to see what options are available, and in addition check out individual university webpages.

A few PhD search websites and catalogs to check out:

• StudyPortals
• Keystone PhD Studies

7. Consider the advisor and faculty you will be working with

The advisor that you have is a huge emphasis in this PhD process. Determining who your advisor is in a particular program can help you determine whether you should be applying there or not. On the flipside, basing a program decision on who your advisor is, could be one potential way to decide between different programs you are interested in.

One really great resource to check out is this interview we conducted with Dr. Sana Malik, discussing the importance of choosing the right advisor.

From this, choosing the right PhD supervisor can be summarized into these five points:

• Don’t get too impressed by the popularity of a potential supervisor — e.g. the number of citations, publications, or the scale of their research
• Get feedback from earlier students.
• Value the human part — can you connect with that person on a personal level?
• Compatibility between you and the supervisor — The relationship between a PhD student and supervisor plays a key role in the process of research. The most important thing to consider when choosing your PhD supervisor is the compatibility between the two of you.
• Seek out a helpful supervisor — At the end of the day, this is a relationship that should last for some years more than anything. Besides, a supervisor should be the person helping you navigate the PhD life.

It is also important that if you are specifically interested in a certain research area or niche in your field, then at least some of the faculty, if not your advisor, should be doing research in that area.

8. Understand the program application in its entirety

Once you have found programs to apply to, understand the program application from the inside out. Every detail of the application should be known and understood. For example, if letters of recommendation are needed, gather them beforehand with enough time, rather than surprising yourself days before the deadline and having to scramble to obtain letters of recommendation.

In some instances, specific research proposals might be required, in other cases there might be an interview attached to the process. In this scenario, the foundations of the research topic you are interested in should be understood in detail, and you should prepare yourself with relevant questions to ask and answers to your professional and research experiences.

9. Familiarize yourself with the publications created by your potential advisor and faculty members

To better prepare for the PhD program you are applying for and understand the types of research topics the corresponding department works with, it is highly recommended that you spend time looking into the published research from these individuals. This provides you as an applicant the opportunity to see if the research conducted corresponds to your interest in a PhD, as well as verse you in the type of research you could potentially be working with.

If the research that is being conducted in a potential PhD program does not align with your focus area, you may want to consider if this program is the right fit for your interests.

10. Search for financial aid

If you have applied to a PhD program and are waiting to be accepted, the next step is to apply for financial aid. In many cases the PhD programs and positions are either fully funded or partially funded, depending on the specific circumstances of that PhD opportunity. In either case, searching for financial support to conduct that PhD is worth taking into consideration, as the more financial aid you have available, the better your living situation will be. Who doesn’t like receiving more money?

If you are looking for specific grants and scholarships to fund your PhD, I recommend checking out this guide by FindAPhD , which breaks down all of the possible funding available for PhD programs and how to apply for them. In addition to this resource, it’s definitely worth also checking out various Facebook groups that post scholarship opportunities such as, but not limited to, the following:

• Master, PhD, and Postdoc Scholarships
• Fellowships, Grants, Scholarships: Dolpages
• Scholarship opportunities
• Master, PhD, Postdoctoral, Scholarships and Academic Positions
• Scholarships & Fellowships — Bachelors, Masters, PhD and Postdoc

Thank you for reading!

If you’ve liked this post and you’d like to see more of this content in the future, be sure to follow the Scrintal blog and signup for the Scrintal waitlist .

You can also share this content with your followers on Twitter!

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How to Prepare for a PhD Interview Step-by-Step

By ProFellow Founder, Dr. Vicki Johnson

If you received an interview invitation for a PhD program, congratulations! This is a huge accomplishment. Your application and CV stood out among many others who did not make it to this stage. But how do you prepare for what’s next–your graduate school interview? 

Avoid Triggering These 3 “Red Flags”

A good way to understand how you can stand out among top finalists is to understand the “red flags” that PhD selection committees are looking for at this stage. Interviews are used to determine:

#1 Are you committed to a career in research?

PhD programs do not want to invest their limited funding into candidates who have motives other than the pursuit of a career in research and academia, because PhD programs are essentially years of training in the conduct of academic research. Your motive for pursuing a PhD will either support or discredit the hypothesis that you have the drive and aptitude to successfully complete a rigorous, long-term, independent research project (aka, your dissertation).

#2 Will you fit within the culture of the graduate program?

Unfortunately, PhD programs have historically poor records in achieving diversity, equity and inclusion in their student body; nevertheless, their assessment of your culture fit in the student body is a reality (read Inside Graduate Admissions: Merit, Diversity, and Faculty Gatekeeping by Julie R. Posselt). Because academic institutions are hierarchical organizations, selection committees look for clues of extreme viewpoints, arrogance, questioning of “authority”, previous conflicts with employers or professors, and other hints as to whether you might challenge or ruffle the feathers of the program’s faculty and administrators. Not surprisingly, they aim to select people who will be “model students” and will support the research and teaching goals of the faculty. That said, this interview process is not a one-way street. While they are assessing your ability to be a successful student in their program, you’ll need to determine if the program and faculty will provide you the space and support you need to succeed, while also letting you be yourself.  

#3 Do you have advanced fluency in written and verbal English?

Many foreign applicants submit written applications and writing samples that are impressive and grammatically perfect. However, international students who do not have advanced English fluency – both written and verbal – have a higher likelihood of falling behind in PhD programs. For foreign applicants, the selection committee will use an interview to assess how well you understand and communicate in English in real-time.

Now that we have those “red flags” identified, here some suggestions to help you prepare for your PhD interview.

Top 3 Tips to Prepare for Your PhD Interview

#1 show passion for academic research.

It’s important to discuss your interest in academic research specifically, not just your interest in the subject or discipline, practice-based work or the industry. Selection committees are looking for students who can successfully undertake a 4-6 year commitment to learning about and conducting academic research. You should show them you are someone who “geeks out” about research – the methods, the process, the writing – and that you are someone who has the potential to make a social impact through your research.

#2 Come prepared with detailed examples of your research experience

Be ready to go deep on the details of your previous research experience, including your involvement in aspects like participant recruitment, forming a research question, choosing a research method, overcoming challenges of research, addressing ethics in research, analyzing data and writing up results. You don’t need to be highly experienced in research to be a strong candidate, but to show authentic passion for research, you should be very familiar with the mechanics of it.

#3 Have specific reasons for why THIS program

Be armed with reasons why the PhD program you are interviewing for is unique and interesting for you. Each school will have aspects of their program that they believe makes them different, whether that is the coursework, curriculum format, focus areas, faculty, special programming, labs, international opportunities, academic and private partnerships, or something else. Do your research and be prepared to tell them what they already know – why their program is special. 

The interview is a big step in your journey towards achieving a graduate degree. The ProFellow community is rooting for you – best of luck!

If you want to learn more about PhD funding, get your copy of ProFellow’s FREE Directory of Fully Funded Graduate Programs and Full Funding Awards !

If you want to learn more about phd interviews, check out….

6 Top Interview Questions and How to Answer Them – Part 1 6 Top Interview Questions and How to Answer Them – Part 2 5 Strategies to Nail the Interview 3 Ways to Answer “What is Your Greatest Weakness?” in an Interview Stumped in an Interview? Three Tips to Remain Cool and Composed

Dr. Vicki Johnson is Founder and CEO of ProFellow, the world’s leading online resource for professional and academic fellowships. She is a four-time fellow, top Ph.D. scholar, Fulbright recipient and an award-winning social entrepreneur. She is the Creator and Director of  Fully Funded , an award-winning online course and mentorship program for graduate school applicants seeking to find and win full funding. 

© Victoria Johnson / ProFellow, LLC 2021, all rights reserved

Related Posts:

• #9: Nailing the Individual and Group Interviews
• 3 Key Steps to Prepare for Interviews for Fellowship, Job and Graduate School
• 5 Things To Do Before Your Fellowship Interview
• How to Manage Fellowship Interview Anxiety (and Nail the Interview)
• 5 Ways to Prepare for a Fellowship Interview

Dr. Vicki Johnson , Graduate School Application Tips , Interview Tips , PhD Application Tips

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A Blueprint for Success

Tips for a successful phd application.

Read a summary or generate practice questions using the INOMICS AI tool

Whether you are applying to a structured program like those typically found in the United States, an independent research PhD like those in much of Europe and elsewhere, or a hybrid of the two, the first step is to gather your thoughts (and paperwork) in an effort to convince the admissions board that you are the most qualified and motivated candidate for the position.

Regardless of location or discipline, your application will almost certainly include a personal statement, transcripts, copies of your previous degrees and letters of recommendation. If you plan to start your PhD application this autumn, download our free guide " How to successfully apply to a PhD in Economics ".

1. Apply broadly, but only if you’re really interested

When applying to college many people send out dozens of applications, including ones to universities they aren't even particularly interested in attending. While at undergraduate level these 'safety' schools might be a good idea in order to guarantee you'll get an education (although there's also an argument for taking another year out to improve your grades and reapplying), at the graduate level this isn't necessarily the best strategy.

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Yes, applying to only your two dream departments is an extreme gamble, but it's probably better to put your all into applying to those places, as well as maybe one or two  backups you'd still be happy to attend, in order to ensure your most important applications get the lion's share of your attention and time. That way you can really put your heart into your applications, which will shine through and likely help land you a spot in the program of your dreams. Moreover, if you’re actually interested in a program at the outset, you’re much more likely to be able to maintain that momentum and ultimately work your way through to a completed dissertation. If you attend a school you don't particularly like, and especially if your program isn't exactly what you wanted to do, you may find yourself getting demotivated down the line, and a PhD is big jump up in terms of work quantity and self-discipline than even a Master's degree.

2. Spend ample time on your dissertation proposal

Although a thoroughly researched dissertation proposal is a key component of many applications, it remains conspicuously absent from others. Yet, whether you are asked to include a 10-page proposal or simply a paragraph highlighting your specific interests, this description is often the crux of what separates an admitted PhD candidate from one who is left wondering why they were rejected.

The proposal you write in your application will possibly have little to do with the research you will actually conduct - many change their research several times over the first few months, and your tutor will help you narrow down and improve your topic. That being said, the clarity of focus you have in your proposal, along with the reasons you give for wanting to work with specific professors, can make all the difference. So don't be fooled into writing off the thesis proposal element of your application because you know your research topic will change anyway. Instead, use this as a chance to show how passionate and committed you are to your discipline while also showing off your great writing, research and organizational skills, as well as showing that you're familiar with the research interests of your chosen tutors. Speaking of which...

3. Familiarize yourself with the professors you’d like to work with

Even if your PhD application does not specifically ask you to list professors with whom you would like to work, an awareness of the research being done in the department to which you are applying and a readiness to talk about how you could add to it will give you a firm leg up in case you are called in for an interview. Additionally, drawing connections between your own research interests and the work of specific professors demonstrates that you have done your homework – it shows you are familiar with the department and can offer a detailed argument for why you would be a good addition to it.

A good tactic is to get in touch with potential advisors before you apply. This can be a great idea because they can give you tips on your proposal before you formally apply, and can tell you before whether they'd be interested in attaching themselves to your research. Remember, you'll be working a lot with your tutor in order to make this the best piece of academic writing you've ever done, so they have to be excited by it too. Saying this, some programs specifically ask you not to contact anyone individually until you’ve already made the cut, so look at the application guidelines carefully and choose to send that email or not based on what they suggest.

4. Highlight relevant qualifications and don’t dwell on those that aren’t

Many young people's academic and career journeys do not follow a perfectly straight trajectory. And this is fine. In fact, it can arguably add to the breadth of your knowledge base and make you a more well-rounded candidate than those who have only gained experience in one specific area.

Thus, in your application, do not apologize for a hodgepodge CV. Instead, draw a map for the admissions team by highlighting the interconnectedness of various positions you have held, while simply omitting those that may not be relevant. There is no reason to explain past jobs or studies that are not related to your current interests, and doing so might draw attention away from all of your other qualifications that make you a great candidate. Yet, if questions arise then be prepared to discuss your winding path and offer sincere and confident reasons for why you’ve made the choices you have – giving emphasis to how they’ve shaped your current interests, and how they can (if they can) help you moving forward.

5. Thoroughly prepare for your interview

If you make it through to an interview, be it in person or via Skype or telephone, make sure you have a clear understanding of what type of interview it will be and prepare yourself accordingly. Don’t be afraid to ask for as many details as possible – will it be a one-on-one interview or will you be addressing a group of professors? Should you prepare a presentation or is it more of a casual conversation? The more information you have beforehand the better you can prepare, thus minimizing the risk of being caught off guard. Moreover, once you’re in the interview you should also come prepared with more detailed questions, both to show your interest in the program and to help you figure out if it really is a good fit for you.

And don't forget the obvious stuff: dress smartly, be polite (thank yous and pleased to meet yous), and remember a smile can go a long way.

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PhD Application Tips

You may think from the title of this article that it will concentrate on how to prepare PhD application documents, but if that were the case then you would miss out on some vital stages of the process of applying for a PhD. If you do move very quickly from “I want to do a PhD” to submitting a PhD application then this could affect the standard of your application and could also have effects on your subsequent PhD experience.

In another article, “ Why should you do a PhD? ” a number of academic colleagues stressed that PhD students need to have passion for their subject or research topic. This is true but does this “passion” also need to be managed especially during a PhD application phase? The dictionary definition of passion is “an intense desire or enthusiasm for something”. Sometimes being so focussed on the “something”, i.e. the PhD can mean neglecting some of the detailed preparation needed for an effective application or not considering enough about what a PhD will involve and demand of you. Therefore the rest of this article will offer tips that will utilise your passion but also offer some checks and balances that will control it and help to move you to make a well thought out and effective PhD application, as well as a commitment to three to four years of intensive work.

Tip 1- Start early

As with any career or personal decision the more time you can give yourself to explore options , find out about opportunities and explore your own motivations the better. Although it’s difficult to give an exact amount of time required for the research and exploration stages of applying for a PhD I would advise that thinking a year to 18 months ahead may be realistic.

Here are some suggestions of the type of actions you could take to get started:

Current students could start by talking to PhDs in their department about their experiences. They could also find out if there are relevant postgraduate study talks and events offered by the careers service or your school/department which may cover application processes, funding and opportunities.

For those who have graduated quite recently can you contact your final year or dissertation tutor and talk to them about what a PhD involves?

UK universities may also attend postgraduate study events in different countries which may be useful for anyone thinking of coming to the UK to undertake a research degree.

Tip 2 – Do your research

Research what you would like to research but also be prepared to adapt this to what is possible. This, as one of my academic colleagues stated, may be about achieving a balance between keeping an open mind, whilst listening to what potential supervisors or sponsors know about what is happening and retaining passion for, and knowledge about, the area you want to target. Keep checking the balance between the desire to apply for a PhD and applying for the right PhD.

Research who is working on the topics that interest you, read journal articles, blogs or other online resources, move beyond your current knowledge. Are there research seminars and public lectures that you could attend to enhance your knowledge and understanding of emerging areas? Maybe this will also give you the opportunity to meet and talk to potential supervisors? You will also be able to utilise this research or contacts when you are preparing a PhD application and at any subsequent PhD interviews.

Research funding – it is important to understand how PhDs are funded as well as know about funding sources and opportunities for PhDs. Good places to start are:

PhD Funding – A Checklist Of Possible Funding Sources

Post Graduate Doctoral Loan

In my experience, prospective students leave the question of funding until late in the decision-making process possibly because they fear it may be a block to their ambitions or because they think potential supervisors may doubt their motivation if they raise any financial questions. If you are being offered funding make sure you understand what it will cover, for example, fees only or fees and living costs.

Do some practical preparation – set out a monthly budget for accommodation, food and transport costs. If you are moving to a new country or area, use local websites and newspapers to find out about housing and transport costs. Your application may be affected if you are already concerned about financial issues.

Tip 3 – Explore the reality

When I ask PhD students at my university to talk to prospective PhDs they all stress how much they had to adjust to a different work environment and culture. This happens whether they have moved immediately on from a previous degree or have had employment experience. The common themes they want you to consider are adjusting to working intensely on a specific area, the frustrations of research such as obtaining disappointing results and that progress can be slow. Some also talk about isolation especially if they have just moved from another university course or a team at work. They also mention that it can be difficult to know whether or not you are doing well enough. It’s not all doom and gloom though as they will speak with passion and excitement about being involved in original work and how much they have developed personally through their PhD experience. Make sure you find out as much as possible about the working life of a PhD student in your academic discipline.

You should also explore the skills and behaviours PhDs need to have and develop. For example:

• Are you curious, dedicated, visionary or controversial?
• Do you accept criticism, get bored by easy work or have the ability to self-teach?

These are just a few of the skills and qualities highlighted by Peter J Bentley in his book “The PhD Application Handbook” (Open University Press 2006). There are more for you to consider in Chapter 1 “Before you start”. Which of them do you have experience of, or strengths in, and which will you need to work on? You will be able to use these reflections in your personal statement and at interviews where supervisors will want you to provide specific and realistic assessments of what you will bring to a PhD. They read and hear a lot of very general and overarching statements from candidates so you will need to be more specific and insightful if you are to convince them to take you on.

Tip 4 – Make contact

Academic colleagues stress how important it is to make contact with potential supervisors as early as possible. Colleagues from the arts and humanities, offered the following pieces of advice, “once you have a specific research area … be brave (and it does take a bit of courage) write to the academics concerned…”, “get in contact formal/informal … and write a research proposal as a collaborative process … try and get some sort of working relationship with them before you submit your application” or “the best thing is to pick up the phone ….personal contact is invaluable.”

For those in other academic disciplines, this advice also holds true as you should talk to tutors and potential supervisors about the areas that you are interested in. Even if the initial contact is with someone who is not directly working in that area they may be able to refer you to others who are. If you are contacting someone new make sure you know something about their work and use this to make a more specific approach to them, for example, referring to a paper you have read and using this to illustrate why you want to work in this area.

Try not to open any conversation, written or telephone, with “I’ve always wanted to work with you”, realistically this is probably not true. “I’ve recently become very interested in the work of your group as my final year project has been examining ….”, could be an example of a more realistic approach and will also allow you to begin to write as a potential PhD student. Supervisors will start to assess you as such from the first contact you make with them so take note of the points in Tip 5.

Tip 5 – Presenting yourself effectively on paper

Before you begin preparing your CV, personal statement or research proposal make sure you understand the PhD application system, don’t rush in. If you have any queries contact the postgraduate admissions team at the university you are applying to.

Your CV should concentrate on your academic record, highlight achievements such as a distinction in a Masters or other awards or prizes. Make sure you include details of projects at masters and/or undergraduate levels, as well as other relevant skills and experience, e.g. lab or programming skills. If you have been fortunate enough to publish your work in a journal or at a conference then this should be referenced in your CV.

A personal statement should be focussed and specific but also convey enthusiasm and conviction for your subject. Don’t use overspecialised vocabulary especially if you do not really understand its meaning! You could look very foolish if you are asked about it at the interview. In the words of a colleague, “Avoid excess detail, be concise and absolutely clear. Lucid presentation speaks volumes.” “Get someone rigorous to read and criticise your draft – don’t ask friends they tend to be too polite.”

If you are submitting a research proposal (not all applications require this) the advice is similar to that for personal statements in terms of style. In addition, academics would advise being realistic about the scope of your proposal, “a PhD dissertation needs to fulfil certain sensible criteria and so it isn’t an opportunity to change the world”. “It is not a good idea to pretend you know exactly where the research is going. If it really is research then the outcome can’t be known at the application stage …….yet the student needs to have a fair grasp of what is going on in the field and why the proposal matters.”

It is difficult to prepare these documents on your own and especially not the research proposal. Make sure you get feedback and comment from your tutors. University careers services will offer CV and personal statement reviews and may also run PhD application workshops. There are, of course, online resources such as those on jobs.ac.uk as well as books on applying for and getting a PhD. Factor in time for drafting and re-drafting all of these documents and then double it, they always take longer to do than you think. Make sure you allow for other factors such as assignment or work deadlines that may take priority. Above all do not rush your application it will be very obvious to the reader especially as you are likely to miss some of the obvious problems – typographical or grammatical errors – even one of these could lead to your application being rejected immediately.

Tip 6 – Interviews

Not all PhD candidates will have an interview but if you do whether this is a face to face interview or via the telephone or skype then as with all interviews you MUST prepare. For questions related to the research you are going to be involved in, can you demonstrate that you have already started to consider how the research will be conducted, can you state thoughtfully why this research matters, are you aware of existing work and why there is a gap that needs to be filled?

Remember that the interview will provide an indication of the way you need to work as a researcher, so, for instance, your interviewers may ask you to explain research methods you have used before or intend to use in the future. They may challenge some of your views or thinking or offer an alternative for you to consider. They may not be expecting a perfect answer but will be assessing your ability to listen, consider quickly and either adapt or defend your approach.

You may also be asked more general questions about the skills and behaviours you have that will make you a good PhD candidate and why you want to do a PhD? If you have worked through Tips 1 – 4 then you should be well prepared for these questions and able to answer confidently, enthusiastically but realistically.

Interviews are two-way conversations and are also an opportunity to assess your potential supervisor (s)! In fact, a colleague at Nottingham asks PhD candidates if they are happy to work with him, his team and in the department? You may not always get this direct approach but it is important that you consider these things during or immediately after an interview. You could also use the opportunity to ask questions of the interviewers to find out about their style of supervision and what their expectations of you will be, should you work with them?

Tip 7 – Make informed choices

All of the tips above relate to this final aspect of applying for a PhD, it is about making informed choices and using the research you do to make a realistic and well thought out application. So at the risk of being repetitive:

Give yourself TIME

Consider whether there is a step between undergraduate and PhD, masters or other career experience that would be beneficial for you in making an informed choice or a better application?

Think ahead either in terms of applying for the right PhD or considering what it may lead to – the life beyond a PhD

Make contact with potential supervisors and get help when you are preparing application documents or going for an interview.

Finally at all stages of applying for a PhD keep checking that your passion is being channelled effectively and is helping you towards preparing and presenting yourself as someone who is looking forward, with enthusiasm but also realism, to the challenges of undertaking original research.

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Princeton PhD Acceptance Rate 2024: The Shocking Data

Are you dreaming of becoming a Princeton PhD student? You’re not alone. The allure of studying at one of the world’s top universities is compelling. However, the Princeton PhD acceptance rate can be daunting for many prospective students. This blog post will demystify this rate and offer actionable insights to improve your chances of admission.

Why Acceptance Rates Matter

Acceptance rates are a crucial metric for any prospective PhD student. High acceptance rates generally indicate a less competitive program, making it easier for applicants to gain admission. Conversely, low acceptance rates can signify a highly competitive program, where only the top candidates are selected. Various factors determine these rates, including the program’s reputation, funding availability, faculty expertise, and the number of applicants each year. Understanding these elements can help students make informed decisions about where to apply and increase their chances of success.

Factors Influencing Acceptance Rates

Several factors can influence the acceptance rate of a PhD program:

• Number of Applicants : The more applicants a program has, the lower the acceptance rate tends to be. This is because a higher volume of applications increases competition, making it harder for each individual applicant to secure a spot. Programs at top universities often receive thousands of applications, significantly lowering their acceptance rates.
• Available Slots : Limited availability in research positions or funding can also lower the acceptance rate. Many PhD programs have a fixed number of slots available each year, determined by faculty capacity, laboratory space, and available funding for research grants. If a program can only accept a small cohort, the acceptance rate will naturally be lower.
• Program Prestige : Prestigious programs like those at Princeton naturally attract more applicants, making them more selective. The reputation of a program can draw applicants from across the globe, all of whom are likely to have strong academic credentials and research experience . This increased demand allows these programs to be extremely selective, further reducing the acceptance rate.

Understanding these factors can help you gauge what you’re up against and better prepare your application to meet the program’s standards.

When it comes to the Princeton PhD acceptance rate, the numbers can be intimidating. However, data can also provide valuable insights.

Analyzing PhD Acceptance Rates

While Princeton University’s graduate school maintains l ow acceptance rate s, indicating a remarkably competitive selection process, an in-depth analysis of these figures unveils several key insights about the Ph.D. programs. The varying acceptance rates across disciplines suggest that each department upholds distinct selection criteria and standards.

For example, the Chemistry and Computer Science Ph.D. programs, with acceptance rates of 11% and 6%, respectively, highlight the rigorous competition and the university’s stringent admission policies in STEM fields. Conversely, the English and Economics Ph.D. programs, with acceptance rates of roughly 9% and between 5-7%, indicate a slightly broader yet equally challenging scope of competition in the humanities and social sciences.

The high yield rate of 60% demonstrates Princeton’s strong appeal among admitted students, suggesting that those who are offered admission are highly likely to enroll, affirming the university’s prestigious reputation.

Furthermore, the substantial international applicant pool, constituting 30% of all applicants, underscores Princeton’s global reach and appeal.

The financial support system, ensuring that about 15% of enrolled graduate students receive full fellowships and nearly 85% obtain some form of financial aid, underscores Princeton’s commitment to supporting its students financially, thus enabling a diverse and inclusive academic environment.

These acceptance trends and the associated financial aid support reflect Princeton’s dedication to attracting top talent globally while offering substantial support to its graduate community.

Enrollment Dynamics at Princeton

In addition to the Princeton PhD acceptance rate, a deeper look at Princeton’s graduate enrollment statistics reveals an intricate landscape shaped by both student demographics and academic interests. As of the latest data , the graduate school enrolls over 2,900 students, with international students making up an impressive 42% of the cohort, reflecting the university’s diverse appeal and commitment to global academic exchange.

The gender distribution shows a relatively balanced ratio, with 46% female and 54% male students, highlighting efforts towards gender inclusivity.

Among the fields of study, engineering and applied sciences attract the largest portion of students, followed closely by social sciences and humanities, demonstrating the institution’s broad academic reach and disciplinary strength.

Importantly, the enrollment numbers are not just statistics but signify Princeton’s strategic efforts to foster a richly varied intellectual community, aligning with its mission to prepare graduates for leadership and scholarly excellence on a global scale.

This diversity in enrollment is a testament to Princeton’s ability to attract talented individuals from myriad backgrounds, creating a vibrant educational environment poised to tackle complex global challenges.

Degree Counts and Time-to-Degree Analysis

Examining Princeton’s degree counts and time-to-degree analysis provides valuable insights into the school’s academic efficiency and success rates. According to the latest data , Princeton awards approximately 400 doctoral degrees each year. These figures underscore the institution’s robust capability to produce advanced scholars ready to contribute to various academic, governmental, and industrial sectors. T

he time-to-degree metrics reveal that, on average, doctoral candidates complete their programs within 5.8 years. This efficient progression through graduate programs suggests effective academic support structures and resources are in place, helping students reach their educational and professional objectives within a reasonable timeframe.

Further analysis shows that variations in time-to-degree can occur based on the field of study, with humanities and social sciences often taking longer due to the nature of research and dissertation requirements.

These statistics not only reflect the rigorous academic environment at Princeton but also highlight its commitment to guiding students toward timely and successful program completion, hence optimizing their contributions to their respective disciplines and broader global challenges.

PhD Completion and Cohort Analysis

Diving deeper into Princeton’s PhD completion and cohort analysis reveals critical insights into the factors that influence doctoral program outcomes. Princeton’s Graduate School meticulously tracks student progress through various stages, providing a comprehensive understanding of cohort completions and attrition rates.

The data indicates that over 80% of doctoral candidates complete their programs, aligning with benchmarks for elite institutions. The completion rates, however, vary significantly by discipline, with STEM fields typically exhibiting higher completion percentages compared to the humanities and social sciences. This discrepancy can be attributed to factors like funding availability, research duration, and the nature of dissertation projects.

Additionally, cohort analysis highlights the importance of early-stage academic integration and advisor-student relationships in predicting successful program completion. Initiatives such as regular progress reviews, interdisciplinary seminars, and mental health support mechanisms play pivotal roles in enhancing completion rates. These robust support systems underscore Princeton’s commitment to not only attracting top-tier doctoral candidates but also ensuring they have the necessary resources and environment to succeed, ultimately fostering academic excellence and innovation.

Long-Term Career Outcomes for Princeton PhD Graduates

Long-term career outcomes for Princeton’s PhD graduates demonstrate the institution’s profound impact on the professional trajectories of its alumni. The data reveals that a significant proportion of PhD holders secure prestigious positions across academia, industry, government, and non-profit sectors.

For instance, nearly 60% of graduates pursue careers in academia, reflecting Princeton’s strong emphasis on scholarly excellence and research proficiency. These individuals often hold faculty positions at renowned universities worldwide, contributing to academic discourse and thought leadership.

Additionally, approximately 25% of PhD alumni transition into influential roles within industry and research institutions, leveraging their advanced training to drive innovation and technological advancements.

A smaller yet impactful segment of graduates, around 10%, engage in governmental roles or non-profit organizations, applying their expertise to influence policy, public administration, and social initiatives.

This diversity in career paths underscores the versatility of Princeton’s doctoral programs, equipping graduates with a comprehensive skill set adaptable to various professional environments.

Moreover, the robust alumni network and ongoing career support services offered by Princeton play a crucial role in facilitating successful career transitions, ensuring that graduates not only achieve their immediate post-doctoral goals but also sustain long-term professional growth and satisfaction.

What This Data Should Tell You as an Applicant

Applying to a PhD program at Princeton University is a highly competitive endeavor, and you must have a stellar academic and personal profile to succeed. According to the Princeton PhD acceptance rate, you should aim for a top-tier GPA, generally a minimum of 3.7 on a 4.0 scale, and excel in all relevant coursework.

While GRE scores may be required for some programs, achieving strong performance, typically in the 90th percentile or above, can significantly bolster your chances, especially in competitive STEM fields like chemistry and computer science.

Research experience is crucial, as it indicates your familiarity with academic investigation’s rigors and your capability to contribute to pioneering research. You should have engaged in substantial research projects.

Letters of recommendation , often the most personal component of your application, should come from respected academics who can provide a detailed and compelling account of your intellectual capabilities, work ethic, and potential for independent research. These letters should ideally highlight specific examples of your achievements and contributions to academic projects.

Collectively, these elements—drawn from the statistics above—create a comprehensive application that aligns with Princeton’s high standards and its mission to cultivate future leaders in various academic and professional fields.

The PhD Application Process at Princeton

To be eligible for admission to the Graduate School at Princeton, you must possess a bachelor’s degree from an accredited institution, awarded prior to enrollment. If you hold an international equivalent to the bachelor’s degree, ensure it’s at least three years in length, as shorter programs won’t be considered equivalent.

Remember, you can only apply once per year to a single department, program, or combined program. If you’re seeking a second Ph.D. in the same or similar field, Princeton will not admit you.

The university follows a strict non-discrimination policy, ensuring equality regardless of age, race, color, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, religion, national or ethnic origin, disability, or veteran status.

A strong application from you will include a Statement of Academic Purpose that outlines your future plans and past experiences, a Resume/Curriculum Vitae detailing your work and educational background, three Letters of Recommendation, Transcripts from previous institutions, a Personal Essay, and the required test scores.

Depending on your program’s requirements, you may also need to provide a Writing Sample and a Statement of Financial Resources.

Additionally, remember to report your fall semester grades during the application process or afterward.

How to Increase Your Chances of Getting Admitted

Navigating the PhD admissions process can be daunting, but with the right strategies, you can significantly improve your chances of acceptance. This section will provide you with actionable tips and insights to help you stand out and make a compelling case for your admission in light of the current Princeton PhD acceptance rate.

Achieving the Twin Goals of PhD Applications

As an applicant to a Ph.D. program at Princeton, your primary goals should be to fit in with the academic environment while simultaneously standing out among a pool of highly qualified candidates. Achieving this dual objective requires a nuanced approach.

When applying to pursue a PhD program at Princeton, ensuring a good fit between your academic and research interests and the department’s offerings is crucial. This alignment is not only fundamental to your academic success but also to your overall experience and satisfaction within the program.

Princeton’s PhD programs are rigorous and demand a high level of dedication and passion in your field of study. If your research interests, methodological approaches, and long-term career goals resonate with the faculty’s expertise and the department’s strengths, you will find a more supportive and stimulating environment.

This congruence allows for more meaningful interactions with mentors, better access to resources, and opportunities to contribute to impactful projects.

Additionally, a mutual fit ensures that the program can support your specific interests and that you, in turn, enhance the department’s academic community. It fosters an environment where your work is valued, leading to greater motivation and productivity.

To fit in, you need to demonstrate a deep understanding of the program’s specific focus areas, as well as align your research interests with those of the faculty members. This means thoroughly researching Princeton’s departmental strengths and tailoring your Statement of Academic Purpose to highlight how your background and aspirations are well-suited to the program.

Standing Out

On the flip side, standing out hinges on showcasing unique qualities and accomplishments that set you apart. This could range from pioneering research projects and publications to relevant work experiences and leadership roles. Personal stories that illustrate resilience, innovation, or a genuine passion for your field can further fortify your application.

Balancing these two goals—fitting in by aligning your interests with Princeton’s academic ethos, and standing out by highlighting what makes you uniquely qualified—will significantly enhance your chances of securing admission

Start Early

Starting early when applying for a PhD program at Princeton, where the acceptance rate is notably low, can significantly enhance your chances of success. Early preparation allows you ample time to thoroughly research the program, understand the specific requirements, and tailor every aspect of your application to fit Princeton’s expectations.

By starting well in advance, you can engage in meaningful dialogue with potential advisors and current students, gaining insights that can help shape a compelling and authentic narrative about your academic journey and future goals.

It provides the opportunity to meticulously prepare for standardised tests, secure strong letters of recommendation, and refine your statement of purpose to highlight your unique qualifications and fit for the program.

Additionally, an early start ensures that you have enough time to review and polish your writing samples and other application materials, reducing the likelihood of errors and last-minute stress.

Overall, beginning the application process early not only helps showcase your diligence and commitment but also translates to a more thoughtful, cohesive, and competitive application.

Tailor Your Approach

Tailoring your approach when applying to a competitive PhD program, such as those offered at Princeton, is crucial for several reasons.

Firstly, each program has its own unique set of values, research priorities, and academic culture, and a generic application will not adequately address these nuances. By customizing your application, you demonstrate a deep understanding of what the program entails and how it aligns with your research interests and career aspirations.

Secondly, a tailored approach allows you to highlight specific aspects of your background, experiences, and skills that resonate with the program’s focus areas, making your application stand out among a pool of highly qualified candidates. Engaging current students to get a sense of the program’s environment and expectations can provide invaluable insights that help you craft a compelling narrative. This customization shows that you have invested time and effort into understanding the program, which indicates your seriousness and dedication.

Moreover, addressing particular faculty members’ work and illustrating how your research aligns with theirs can significantly impact your application’s strength.

Overall, a tailored approach not only conveys your genuine interest and preparedness but also increases your chances of being perceived as a good fit for the program, thereby enhancing your likelihood of acceptance.

Given the high competition revealed by the Princeton PhD acceptance rate, crafting an exceptional application is not just advantageous—it is essential. With acceptance rates hovering in the single digits, standing out requires a deliberate, well-researched, and customized approach. This is where our expertise comes into play. Curious to see if you have what it takes to become a Princeton PhD candidate? Sign up for a free consultation to evaluate your fit for the program. And if you’re looking for support in creating a standout application, check out our PhD application services. Let’s work together to ensure your application not only meets but exceeds the expectations of Princeton’s rigorous standards. Your dream of joining one of the most prestigious academic communities could be just a step away.

With a Master’s from McGill University and a Ph.D. from New York University, Dr. Philippe Barr is the founder of The Admit Lab . As a tenure-track professor, Dr. Barr spent a decade teaching and serving on several graduate admission committees at UNC-Chapel Hill before turning to full-time consulting. With more than seven years of experience as a graduate school admissions consultant, Dr. Barr has stewarded the candidate journey across multiple master’s and Ph.D. programs and helped hundreds of students get admitted to top-tier graduate programs all over the world .

Follow me on Instagram and TikTok for tips and tricks on navigating the grad school application process and weekly live Q&A sessions!

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• PhD Applications - Information, Guidance & Advice

PhD Applications

PhD applications are different to other university courses. For one thing, you won’t be applying to a course.

We’re here to help you through the PhD application process. We've explained how PhD interviews work (and previewed some of the questions you might be asked). We've also looked at common postgraduate entry tests and provided some advice on eligibility criteria for doctoral research. The main thing to remember is that you’ll need to show that you’re the right candidate to fill an advertised position, or complete a research project that you designed and proposed yourself.

In the UK, most PhD application deadlines are between late December and mid January. This coincides with the deadlines set by UKRI Research Council funding bodies. Most students will begin work on their application in the autumn. Although less common, many PhD positions and funding opportunities are still available to apply for year round.

Outside of the UK, PhD applications may be accepted for both the autumn and winter intake. As well as the below, you can check out our advice for international students , as well as country-specific guides and language tests , which you will need as part of your PhD application.

All that's left is to wish you good luck. So... good luck!

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Understand what a successful PhD research proposal needs to include and how to go about writing one for your project application.

Our guide explains how to contact a potential PhD supervisor to discuss your proposal or ideas with them before applying.

What actually happens at a PhD interview? And how should you prepare for yours? Read our top tips.

Some PhD applications require students to write a personal statement (also known as a statement of purpose) outlining their background, goals and academic interests.

What questions will you be asked at a PhD interview? And how should you answer? Find out with our handy guide.

Applying for a PhD in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) often works a little different to other subjects. Here's everything you need to know about applying for a STEM PhD.

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How to Get a PhD in Psychology (10 Steps)

A PhD in Psychology is the ultimate degree—a symbol of your commitment to the discipline and a representation of your knowledge and skills. Held by top-tier researchers, instructors in higher education, and clinical practitioners alike, a clinical psychology PhD may help you and the people and organizations you might one day serve. 1

While the benefits of a PhD in Psychology may be clear to you, how to go about earning this doctorate degree might feel confusing—until now.

Here’s how to get a PhD in Psychology, what to expect in a doctoral degree program, and what you might gain from obtaining one.

Start Your Journey

Step 1: Understand the PhD Path

A PhD, or Doctor of Philosophy, in Psychology is one of two of the highest degrees in the field of psychology. (The other is a PsyD , or Doctor of Psychology, a doctorate degree created in the 1970s to prepare students specifically for the rigors of working in clinical settings.) 2 A clinical psychology PhD may enable you to work in a variety of environments and a range of roles.

As such, earning this degree is an involved, immersive, and often exciting process that’s composed of: 3

• Statistics and methods
• Assessments 
• Clinical treatments

Coursework in a PhD program now frequently integrates discussions on psychology and technology , examining how digital advancements are transforming therapeutic methods and research techniques.

• Research – Research makes up the majority of the work you’ll do as a PhD student. Typically under the guidance of your mentor/dissertation advisor, you’ll delve into a topic of your choosing within the field. Examples of clinical psychology research topics include examining the effects of social media on teen suicide rates or the influence of childhood trauma on adult substance use disorder. Along the way, you’ll refine specific research skills: collecting and analyzing data, working with subjects/participating, and demonstrating your results.
• Clinical practicum and internships – Earning a PhD in Psychology also entails hands-on training in clinical practicums and/or internships. Generally speaking, you’ll perform an unpaid practicum for two years, followed by a one-year paid, clinical internship. 5 Precisely how you will fulfill this will depend on the program you choose, the opportunities within your community, and your concentration. A few examples include observing a clinical psychologist at a private practice, working with students at a university center, or conducting intakes at a substance abuse facility.
• Dissertation – Your dissertation is among the most important elements of your PhD program and the key to completing your degree. It serves several purposes: it illustrates your fluency in conducting research, demonstrates the knowledge you’ve gained in your PhD program, and adds an original contribution to existing psychology literature. 6

Step 2: Research Potential Programs

Finding the right PhD in Psychology program is paramount to your success. Researching potential programs is also one of the more thrilling aspects of pursuing a doctorate, but it needs to be approached strategically and mindfully. To that end, search for programs that, like the doctoral programs in psychology at Alliant International University, have received accreditation by the American Psychological Association (APA). 7

Accreditation essentially serves as a seal of approval and demonstrates to future employers, the general public, and licensing boards that you have the scientific knowledge required to work in the world of psychology.

Additionally, you may want to zero in on programs that:

• Feature faculty members who are at the top of their field and whose research interests reflect your own 8
• Offer the area of specialization you want to focus on, whether it’s clinical health psychology, multicultural community-clinical psychology, or family/child and couple psychology
• Promote work-life balance through online instruction, or a hybrid of online and in-person instruction and training
• Have a high attrition rate

Further, if you do opt for a program that demands in-person attendance and training, be sure that it’s geographically feasible for you. The cost of living in the area should also be factored into your decision. Lastly, if you’re an undergrad or just finishing up your master’s, consider asking the professors you trust and admire for program recommendations. 9

Step 3: Prepare Your Application

Application and admission requirements vary by institution. That said, most programs ask for: 10

• A completed application (along with the application fee)
• Official transcripts from your bachelor’s and/or master’s program with required credits
• CV or resume
• Letters of recommendation

Depending on the program you’ve selected, you may also need to submit GRE scores. Importantly, nearly all programs require a personal statement—a topic we’ll look at in more depth below. While a PhD equips you for high-level research and academic positions, you might wonder if you can be a clinical psychologist with a master's . Although possible, a PhD significantly broadens your professional scope.

Step 4: Gain Relevant Experience

Not only will obtaining relevant experience help strengthen your application package but it will also help you gain invaluable insights into the industry. It might also assist you in choosing a specialization, such as working one-on-one with trauma survivors or dedicating your professional life to neuropsychology research.

Fortunately, there are dozens of ways to get the type of experience that will help your application stand out from the competition: 11

• Research assistantships
• Volunteering at a mental health clinic
• Shadowing a clinical psychologist or substance abuse counselor
• Working for a crisis hotline

Keep in mind that some PhD in Psychology programs require a minimum amount of relevant experience before you can apply. In fact, the Association for Psychological Science (APS) asserts that doctoral applicants usually accrue two to three years of research experience before applying to graduate school. 12 All of this emphasizes the importance of conducting thorough research on your schools of interest.

Step 5: Submit Strong Letters of Recommendation

Letters of recommendation are a crucial component of your doctoral application. In fact, some state that your letters of recommendation are more important to the decision process than grades. 13

Usually, they’re written by former professors and/or former employers or psychology professionals you’ve interned for or shadowed.

Be sure to request letters of recommendation from those with whom you have a visible track record. In addition, request letters well ahead of your application deadline, even as much as a year in advance of when you think you’ll start applying for your doctoral program.

Talk to Our Advisors

Step 6: Craft a Compelling Personal Statement

Almost every doctorate in psychology program requires a personal statement. As one of the most critical elements of your application (some indicate that it’s more important than your GRE scores and GPA), it should describe, in detail, your: 14

• Interest in the particular program you’re applying to and why
• Academic and research objectives
• Research and field experience and how they align with the particular program
• Intended area of specialization

Experts consulted by the APA also advise against using three things in your personal statement: humor, hyperbole, and “hard luck,” such as describing the obstacles you’ve overcome.

Step 7: Ace the Interview

Happen to receive an interview offer? Congratulations—your application clearly stood out!

The interview process may start with what’s known as a pre-interview, or a brief conversation to evaluate your fit with the program and department. 15 This may be followed by an on-campus interview that asks basic questions, such as the impact you hope your PhD project has and why you believe you’re the right candidate, as well as more precise questions prompted by your specific experience. 16

One of the best ways to make a solid, lasting impression is to create a bulleted list of your research interests. Practicing answers to the questions you anticipate ahead of time can also help ensure a smoother dialogue. And remember: you’ll be interviewing for the program, too.

Step 8: Consider Funding Options

The financial assistance you may receive will likely be an enormous determining factor in the program you choose. As discussed, funding may arrive in the form of:

• Grants 
• Scholarships
• Tuition remission
• Employer tuition reimbursement

Alliant International University, for example, has several forms of funding options available to doctoral candidates—those listed above, as well as fellowship assistantships .

Step 9: Plan Your Coursework and Dissertation

Once you’re accepted into a program, you should select your area of specialization, plot out your coursework, and choose your dissertation topic.

The APA notes that doctoral candidates should ideally land on a dissertation topic within the first year or two of their program. 17 Why? Because it will give your program enhanced focus and a guiding theme.

To jumpstart your thinking:

• Consult with instructors who are active in cutting-edge psychology research 
• Assess your topic’s viability and manageability (and if it will serve as an original contribution to existing research)
• Pinpoint the problems and questions you foresee and how you will approach them

Above all, be sure to choose a topic that will sustain your interest and excitement throughout the duration of your program. Earning a PhD in Psychology is a time-intensive commitment. Four to six years is about how long it takes to get a psychology PhD, but it varies by person based on how they balance their personal schedules with coursework, research, and clinical training.

Step 10: Engage in Professional Development Opportunities

One of the biggest benefits of obtaining a PhD in Psychology? The connections you may be able to make, such as through your internship and clinical practicum, as well as psychology conferences and seminars.

Yet, some of the strongest relationships you build might be right inside your program. And this brings us to our final piece of advice: consider choosing a program that features a warm and supportive faculty and a diverse collection of students who will motivate you throughout your academic journey—and beyond.

Your Path Begins Here

At Alliant International University, our PhD in Clinical Psychology program features a faculty that will challenge you in the best possible way alongside a nurturing, engaging learning environment.

Enrich your knowledge and prepare to make a lasting difference in the field of psychology. Apply today and start your journey.

Sources: 

• “What Can You Do with a Doctorate in Psychology?” Psychology.org | Psychology’s Comprehensive Online Resource, March 18, 2024. https://www.psychology.org/resources/jobs-with-a-doctorate-in-psycholog… ;
• Cherry, Kendra. “PsyD vs. Phd in Psychology: Which Is Right for You?” Verywell Mind, October 27, 2023. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-a-psyd-2795135.  
• “Psychology Doctorate Phd Defined: Explore Academic, Internship and Research Requirements for a Psychology Phd.” Psychologist, March 24, 2021. https://www.psychologist-license.com/types-of-psychologists/psychologist-doctorate-phd/.  
• “Daily Activities of a Clinical Psychology Phd Student.” Simply Mental Health, November 13, 2022. https://simplymentalhealth.ca/2022/11/13/daily-activities-of-a-clinical-psychology-phd-student/.  
• “Internships and Practicums.” Psychology.org | Psychology’s Comprehensive Online Resource, April 10, 2024. https://www.psychology.org/resources/internships-and-practicums/.  
• Herbert, Robyn S, Spencer C Evans, Jessy Guler, and Michael C Roberts. “Predictors of Dissertation Publication in Clinical and Counseling Psychology.” Training and education in professional psychology, November 2022. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9635593 .
•  “APA-Accredited Programs.” American Psychological Association. Accessed April 21, 2024. https://accreditation.apa.org/accredited-programs#.  
• “Choosing a Graduate Program.” Association for Psychological Science - APS. Accessed April 21, 2024. https://www.psychologicalscience.org/members/apssc/undergraduate_update/summer-2011/choosing-a-graduate-program.  
• “Clinch Your Graduate School Acceptance.” American Psychological Association. Accessed April 21, 2024. https://www.apa.org/gradpsych/2007/11/cover-acceptance.  
• “Best Doctorate in Psychology Degree Programs of 2024.” Intelligent, April 3, 2024. https://www.intelligent.com/best-doctorate-in-psychology-programs/.  
• 14 ways to get clinical psychology work experience | indeed.com UK. Accessed April 18, 2024. https://uk.indeed.com/career-advice/finding-a-job/clinical-psychology-work-experience.  
• “Rockin’ Recommendations.” American Psychological Association. Accessed April 21, 2024. https://www.apa.org/gradpsych/features/2009/recommendation.  
• “Preparing Your Personal Statement for Graduate School Applications.” American Psychological Association. Accessed April 21, 2024. https://www.apa.org/ed/precollege/psn/2016/09/graduate-school-applications.  
• To ace your interview for doctoral psychology admission. Accessed April 22, 2024. https://mitch.web.unc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4922/2021/12/PsiChiI… ;
• Top 10 common Phd interview questions and answers. Accessed April 21, 2024. https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/interviewing/common-phd-interview-questions.  
• “Starting the Dissertation.” American Psychological Association. Accessed April 21, 2024. https://www.apa.org/gradpsych/2005/01/starting.&nbsp ;

David Stewart

Dean, California School of Professional Psychology

David G. Stewart, PhD, ABPP, is a board-certified clinical child and adolescent psychologist and Dean of the California School of...

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How Your Ph.D. Prepares You to Be an Entrepreneur

You can deploy skills you develop as a grad student and postdoc in a variety of careers, including working for a start-up or founding your own, Chris Smith writes.

By  Chris Smith

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Innovation has become a hot topic in economic circles over the past few years. In March 2022, the United States’ National Science Foundation created its first new directorate in over 30 years : Technology, Innovation and Partnerships , or TIP. The passing of the CHIPS and Science Act of 2022 helped fund the directorate, the mission of which is to “advance U.S. competitiveness​ and societal impact by nurturing partnerships that​ drive and accelerate diverse innovation ecosystems, technology translation and development, and workforce development.” The U.S. is investing heavily in research and innovation—which you can take advantage of as a Ph.D. researcher working in academia or beyond.

Graduate students and postdoctoral scholars already contribute much to research and innovation in the United States through their work on a variety of projects supported by the federal government and industry partners. But despite that fact, few consider a career focused on the leading edge of innovation: entrepreneurship.

Being willing to push the boundaries of human knowledge and forge new ideas into products is essential for entrepreneurs. And to secure backing, entrepreneurs must also work to articulate the value they and their products bring to individuals, organizations and the nation. Fortunately, plenty of resources are available to assist in those efforts, although many graduate students and postdocs may not be aware of them.

To encourage more technology commercialization and entrepreneurship, in the latter half of the 20th century the federal government established two funding programs for academics and others seeking to either move full-time to a start-up company or obtain funding to develop and commercialize new technologies. The Small Business Innovation Research program supports the growth of start-up companies, while the Small Business Technology Transfer program is aimed at technology commercialization.

Both the National Institutes of Health and NSF fund grants from both programs, and both offer a variety of other mechanisms to foster an innovation and entrepreneurial ecosystem in the United States. In addition, NIH provides numerous resources to educate people about entrepreneurship and special programs like the Small Business Transition Grant for New Entrepreneurs (see a webinar on the program here ), which helps researchers interested in transitioning to entrepreneurship via a mentor.

American universities also offer an increasing number of programs that either focus on training Ph.D.s for careers in the technology transfer space or assist them in learning how to commercialize technological and other innovations coming from their research work, as our Innovation Postdoctoral Fellowship here at Virginia Tech seeks to do. In addition, NSF’s Innovation Corps (I-Corps) provides a seven-week experiential training program that prepares scientists and engineers to extend their focus beyond the university laboratory and toward commercialization by engaging in customer discovery and other activities. Such programs can be a bridge between traditional academic research and exploring an entrepreneurial career or employment in the innovation and entrepreneurial ecosystem.

Many academics may mistakenly believe that entrepreneurial skills are only relevant if one is planning to run a start-up company. Yet most faculty members running research groups at large universities are effectively leading small businesses inside their institutions. They must articulate a value proposition to get hired and ultimately secure funding for their research. In addition, most faculty leaders or principal investigators are in charge of hiring those who work in their labs and must manage these individuals and their projects toward a larger, common goal. A faculty leader must create a vision for their group and think strategically about how the various projects align toward both short- and long-term goals. This is entrepreneurship in an academic research context.

And just as an entrepreneurial mindset is essential to a successful academic career, it is also extremely useful for any scholar looking to create their own company, independent of their institution.

Entrepreneurial Skills From Your Ph.D. or Postdoc

Ph.D. training offers graduate students and postdocs many experiences to help them navigate entrepreneurship and/or working in a start-up company, such as the following.

• Project planning and management. Completing a doctoral dissertation involves extensive project planning and management skills, from ideation to execution and dissemination. This directly translates to the ability to plan and manage large projects as an entrepreneur.
• Independent work. Ph.D. students, and especially postdocs, often work independently with minimal oversight, building the drive and accountability needed to accomplish tasks without rigid external deadlines—a crucial skill for entrepreneurs.
• Networking and collaboration. Entrepreneurs thrive on networking. Similarly, Ph.D. students and postdocs benefit from building strong connections—engaging with industry professionals, attending conferences and collaborating across disciplines to enhance their network. Such connections can lead to job opportunities, collaborations and funding.

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• Thirst for knowledge. A core requirement for a Ph.D. is an insatiable desire to learn and expand one’s knowledge base. Entrepreneurs must constantly step out of their comfort zones and learn new skills, making this thirst for learning invaluable for Ph.D.s and postdocs looking to focus on entrepreneurship as a career.
• Research skills. Doctoral training equips individuals with the ability to seek out, evaluate and synthesize quality information from various sources—a vital skill when navigating the unfamiliar territories of entrepreneurship.
• Curiosity about the big questions. Starting a business requires asking and answering big questions about target audiences, value propositions and strategic direction. Ph.D.s are trained to take disparate information and craft cohesive narratives to address complex inquiries. Successful entrepreneurs do the same.
• Problem-solving. Overcoming research obstacles and failed experiments hones problem-solving abilities in Ph.D.s and postdocs. As entrepreneurs constantly face new challenges, this skill is indispensable for finding innovative solutions.
• Resilience and adaptability. Entrepreneurship involves risk-taking and overcoming failures. Ph.D. students and postdocs learn resilience by navigating setbacks. This adaptability prepares them for a dynamic marketplace for their products and ideas and the post-Ph.D. job market itself, where flexibility and the ability to pivot are critical.

In essence, the rigorous training and self-driven nature of doctoral programs and postdoc positions cultivate skills like project management, working both independently and collaboratively, learning agility, strategic thinking and problem-solving—all of which are invaluable assets for successful entrepreneurship. The key to honing these skills is taking increased agency in your projects so that you learn all aspects of the process of identifying a gap in knowledge or application, scoping out the current landscape of that area and working toward a solution. It is certainly not easy work, but it can help you in graduate school, postdoctoral training and beyond.

In sum, by embracing an entrepreneurial mindset in your job search, you identify opportunities in industry, start-ups, government or nonprofits or create your own position through entrepreneurship. And even if you don’t decide to go that direction, innovative thinking and treating one’s career development like a start-up can propel you to professional growth and success. The fact that cultivating the entrepreneurial skills I’ve described can also be significantly helpful for an academic researcher means leaning into them is a win-win for any graduate student or postdoc.

Chris Smith is the postdoctoral affairs program administrator at Virginia Tech. He serves on the National Postdoctoral Association’s Board of Directors and is a member of the Graduate Career Consortium—an organization providing an international voice for graduate-level career and professional development leaders.

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