causes of rebellion of 1857 essay

World History Edu

• Indian Mutiny of 1857

Major Causes and Effects of the Indian Mutiny of 1857

by World History Edu · January 22, 2023

Major Causes and Effects of the Indian Mutiny of 1857 – aka the First War of Independence. Image: 7th Hussars, charging a body of the Mutineer’s Cavalry, Alambagh, Lucknow

The Indian Rebellion, also known as the Indian Mutiny of 1857, was a major revolt orchestrated by Indians to oppose the authority of the British East India Company (EIC), a multinational trade company that ruled large parts of the Indian subcontinent beginning around 1757. This widespread revolt was arguably the highest threat to British colonialism in India until the country’s independence in 1947.

Spanning about two years (from May 10, 1857 to July 8, 1859), this historic uprising came to be known as the First War of Independence or the Great Rebellion. Many Indians believe the uprising was their country’s first real violent action against British rule. Basically, the mutiny was aimed at reclaiming the territories that the British East India Company (EIC) had seized for many decades. Both Indian civilians and soldiers fought against the British troops during the rebellion.

On the other hand, the British refer to the uprising as the Indian Mutiny or the Sepoy Mutiny. They use these terms for the uprising since they believe it only broke out because Sepoys (i.e. Indian soldiers serving under the British EIC) began to challenge their British commanders.

It’s often said that the Sepoys were the biggest drivers of the rebellion. A fierce confrontation broke out between the Sepoys and British officers in 1857 when the former refused using guns made of pig and cow extracts. In the two years that followed, close to a quarter of a million lost their lives during the mutiny.

The British were the victors of the rebellion. However, the immediate effect of it was that the British ended the rule of the EIC in India, and rule of India was transferred (under the Government of India Act 1858) to the British Crown, which at the time was Queen Victoria .

Having learnt a great deal from the two-year mutiny, the British gradually began to involve Indians in policy-making and the administration of the county. This led to the creation of several legislative acts that favored the Indians.

Below, we take an in-depth look at the other major causes and effects of the Indian Mutiny of 1857.

But first, here is a quick summary of how the EIC came to wield such enormous power on the Indian subcontinent and other parts of Southeast Asia.

How the British East India Company came to rule large parts of the Indian subcontinent

The East India Company was undoubtedly the largest trade company in the 18th century, accounting for about half of the world’s trade. At it’s peak, the EIC could boast of more than a quarter of a million forces, which at the time dwarfed the British army itself. Image: Flag of the British East India Company

The political landscape of India from the 16th century to the 19th century shared minimal similarity with modern-day India. It was neither a nation-state nor was it similar to the country of India as it is now known. Instead, it existed as a territory of many ethnic groups governed by different kings and rulers. Moreover, the territories of ethnic groups and kings were always under threat of being conquered by external forces.

Having emerged on the scene in India in the mid-18th century, it took the EIC less than 50 years to control more than 17 territories in India. At its greatest extent, around the mid-19th century, the EIC could boast of more than a quarter of a million forces, which at the time dwarfed the British army itself. It’s said that the EIC conducted about half of the world’s trade. This made the company not only wealthy but also extremely influential across the globe. The EIC had its tentacles in a host of commodities, including sugar, spices, tea, opium, and cotton.

Although the Company’s initial mission was to conduct business with India and Southeast Asia in the “Indian Ocean trade,” it eventually entered into the business of imperialism. The EIC conquered many princely states and Mughal areas and governed more than half of the Indian subcontinent. It’s massive army was divided into three: Bengal, Bombay, and Madras. For close to century, the EIC remained the dominant force on the subcontinent: they conquered every opposition to its imperialism with military brutality.

From 1820, the EIC began making many changes to India’s legal system as well as introducing new ideas and technology to boost its trading fortunes in the region. Over time, some of those super-imposed structural and cultural changes began to fly in the face of many local customs and practices. Tensions then began to mount as many Indians, especially the Sepoys, felt their culture was under threat from the EIC. And so the Sepoys began to make their voice heard by openly resisting the EIC.

Major Causes of the Indian Mutiny of 1857

Between May 1857 and November 1858, Indian natives and soldiers embarked on one of the most widespread rebellions against the British East India Company (EIC), a gargantuan trade company that began ruling large parts of the Indian subcontinent in the mid-18th century.

Resent started building in a number of sepoy companies of the Bengal army of the East India Company. The company had completely disregarded the religious values and customs of the sepoys when they used cow and pig fat to grease their new gunpowder cartridges. To Muslims, pig is seen as an unsavory ( haram ), while the Hindus view cow as a sacred animal that should not be eaten.

Aside from the Sepoys’ opposition to EIC, there were several other varied events and interconnected causes for the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Below are details of the causes and events that led to the uprising.

Alleged British insensitivity to the local religions and customs

During the rule of the EIC, missionaries increased their activities across the length and breadth of India. The EIC is said to have actively encouraged those missionaries to expose Hindus and Muslims to Christian teachings.

The tensions surrounding religious differences between the natives of the Indian sub-continent and the European rulers were always a going to morph into a conflict in the region.

However, the tensions were heightened in the early 19th century when the East India Company (EIC) began imposing religious boundaries on native religions.

Although the EIC made some positive changes in native Indian culture, such as prohibiting child marriage and widowhood suicide practice ( sati ), they introduced them without regarding the sensitivity of religious matters in the region.

The Widows’ Remarriage act of 1856, passed by Lord Dalhousie, abolished sati or suttee – a Hindu practice which sees the burning of a widow at her deceased husband’s funeral pyre. The practice was popular among elite Hindu Rajput clans in western India. Image: A 19th-century painting depicting the act of sati

Furthermore, the EIC backed the religious and custom changes with legal provisions. A typical example was the Charter Act of 1813, which allowed many Christian missionaries and Hindus who had turned Christians to occupy the region and own the locals’ properties. As a result, many natives felt the EIC and the other new religious groups were taking away their way of life. As tensions rose, an uprising against the EIC and British rule became inevitable.

The reforms of James Ramsey that drastically changed the socio-economic structure of India

James Andrew Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie served as Governor-General of India from 1848 to 1856. He stepped down from his position in February, just a few months before the Indian Mutiny broke out. He was succeeded by Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning

James Ramsey, also known as the Earl of Dalhousie, was India’s governor-general from 1848 to 1856. During his tenure as governor-general, he introduced unprecedented developmental projects in India, including constructing railways, electric telegraphs, postal systems, ports, and cultivating tea plantations. He also made considerable investments in developing the country’s educational system.

Unfortunately, the cost of this investment put a heavy strain on the nation’s economy, such that its long-term benefits seemed unrealistic. In effect, the Indians were not impressed with Ramsey’s strategies and steadily began protesting against British rule.

Economic challenges and high taxation

In the mid-19th century, many Indians believed that the EIC and British had placed undue taxes on them. The rulers increased the taxes on land and gave authority to the “Inam Commission” to seize the lands of some locals. These actions severely affected the living conditions of the locals as many farmers and village heads had their lands confiscated and sold to wealthy foreign merchants.

The taxes on land and the confiscation of land from the natives was the main reason for the quick, widespread nature of the uprising.

Rapid advancement in technology

Many sepoys and locals were against the various technological advancements in India in the 19th century. In some areas, steam machines, trains, ports, and new communication systems were viewed as an affront to their religion and nature itself.

The new technologies were threats to the existing businesses of the locals. For example, many local boatmen lost their jobs when the British introduced better transport systems, and many local farmers lost some revenue due to the expansion of ports and importation.

In effect, the local economy was strained by technological advancements that were brought to make it better. This was because locals were not comfortable using the new technologies.

Additionally, the British were focused on only making profits from the latest machines and did not care about collapsing locals’ businesses.

The causes of the Indian Mutiny in 1857 were multifaceted and interconnected. Britain’s quick advancement of technology was one of the main reasons why Indians rebelled against them in 1857. Image: Sepoy officers of the EIC

Immense discontent among Sepoys

Beginning around the mid-19th century, British officers started treating the sepoys (Indian soldiers) badly with great insensitivity. They abused them racially, denied them promotions and pensions, and reduced their payments.

Interestingly, the Sepoys formed most of the EIC’s army during this period. As a result, the Sepoys felt their large numbers would help them end the unjust British power if they began an uprising against their officers.

In addition, the Company’s attempt to recruit Muslims, Sikhs, and lower-ranked Hindus in the army caused a lot of concern among the sepoys, who considered those groups as inferior classes.

The Doctrine of Lapse

The “Doctrine of Lapse” was a policy that gave the EIC the right to inherit the throne of any dead Indian king who had no immediate successors or a king who was incapacitated.

The EIC believed this policy was the best way to expand their territory on the subcontinent without facing confrontations and using military force. In addition, they felt that the natives cared less about who ruled them and would have nothing against a British ruler.

British annexation took place in Nagpur (1854), Baghat (1850), Satara (1848), Jhansi (1854), and several other Hindu states. The policy was seen as a less confrontational way to expand the company’s territories, especially rich ones. This was evident in the EIC’s annexation of rich states like Awadh.

Typical of many policies of the Company back then, this policy did not go through a lot of consultation with the locals. Hence, many Indian princes and their ancient nobilities were disturbed and outraged about these territorial expansions and annexations. Their resentment caused unrest in the region which significantly contributed to the outbreak of the uprising in 1857.

Animal fat-laced cartridges & the Enfield rifle

In 1853, the EIC’s army received a new rifle, the “Enfield pattern 1853 rifled musket,” which had higher power and accuracy than their previous rifle (smoothbore Brown Bess). However, loading the new rifle remained the same as the old weapon.

It was alleged that the new cartridges were coated with tallow and needed to be bitten open before the gun could be loaded. Unfortunately, a mixture of pork fat (lard) and beef was used to make the tallow.

As a result, the Muslim and Hindu soldiers were upset with the British since they considered consuming pork meat and beef, respectively, taboo in their religion.

In addition, the native troops felt the British had disrespected their religion and deliberately forced them to go against their beliefs. In effect, many Sepoys refused to use the new Enfield rifle when the British officers ordered them.

Eventually, the EIC replaced the pork fat in the tallow with vegetable fat in subsequent rifles they produced. However, the Sepoys refused to use the new rifles due to the earlier decision.

Opposition to the animal fat-laced cartridges began in full force at a military station at Berhampur. On February 27, the commanding officer, Colonel Mitchell, threatened the 19th Native Infantry to take the entire regiment to Burma if they continued protesting against the cartridges.

The Sepoys’ refusal was misconstrued as a kind of insubordination. Those who refused to use the weapon were jailed. On May 9, sentences were handed to about 85 sepoys for refusing to accept the new cartridges.

The Enfield rifle ended up being very unpopular among Indian troops as the cartridges had pig and cow fat on them. Image: Pattern 1853 Enfield rifled musket.

Reforms to the Bengal Army

The Bengal Presidency was famed for having very brave native soldiers who won many battles against a number of north Indian states and the Sikhs.

The Bengal Army, especially its infantry (i.e. the Bengal Native Infantry), were not a diverse group of people, as most of them came from the landowning Bhumihars and Rajputs of the Ganges Valley. For example, as of 1856, about 80% of the BNI were Hindus.

Surprisingly, they were not paid as much as those in the Bombay and Madras Armies. The Company preferred rewarding them with intrinsic things like battle honors. Regardless, the Bengal Army continued to be loyal for many decades. That began to change when the Company started introducing a number of reforms, including the increased recruitment of Sikhs and Gurkhas. The Bengal army reduced recruitment of high-cast Awadhi, Bengali and Bihari Hindu.

The native troops perceived those reforms as attempt to dilute their caste. In 1806 for example, the Vellore Mutiny was quickly suppressed. The mutiny, which erupted in the Indian city of Vellore in what is now the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, lasted for about one day. Over 200 British troops either died or got wounded, while 350 mutineers died and 100 were later executed.

Also tensions rose from the new dress code the Company introduced. The native troops considered the code as ignoring the sensibilities of their customs.

Removal of Batta

Another significant change came in the form of the removal of the batta (i.e. extra pay) for native soldiers that refused to serve. The sepoys who refused to serve were replaced by Gurkha soldiers.

Basically, the EIC was seen by native troops as having lost touch with the local people. For example, British officers during the early years of the EIC’s rule in India were known for speaking the Indian languages as well as taking part in many religious ceremonies. However, with the passage of time, that all changed as the new British officers acted distant and intolerant. This fueled a lot of distrust and welfare of troops dropped.

Some say, those changes occurred as a result of the changes in leadership. In 1848, Lord William Bentinck was replaced with Lord Dalhousie, whom many considered to be somewhat arrogant.

The General Services Enlistment Act of 1856

In the second half of the EIC’s rule India, more and more expeditions were made to Burma and the Middle East. This meant that Indian troops had to be shipped off to those territories when the need arose.

However, those troops had the belief that overseas trips could break their kala pani rule. The rule states that sea voyages affected one’s social respectability and posterity. The offence is known as “Sagarollanghana” or “Samudrolanghana”, and according to the Dharma Sutra of Baudhayana the traveller loses their social status (i.e. varna ) when separated from the regenerating powers of the Ganges River.

Britain’s insistence on those native troops to serve overseas was seen as a disrespect to the customs of the Indians.

How did the British crush the Indian Mutiny?

The uprising began on May 10, 1857, in Meerut when about Sepoys rebelled against their British officers for the execution of Mangal Pandey , the first Sepoy who was arrested for attacking his superiors in March 1857.

The mutineers first freed the 85 Sepoys that had been jailed  before unleashing terror on the British officers and their family members. Afterward, there were more mutinies and civil uprisings, primarily in central India.

New of the mutiny reached Britain reached Britain and 30,000 troops were deployed to support the efforts in quelling the rebellion. The number of British troops stationed in India was a bit low as many had been sent to join the Crimean War (1853-1856).

A telegram sent to General George Anson (1797-1857), the commander-in-chief of the Bengal Army, on May 12. The major-general died (on May 27) of cholera during a march against the Rebellion at Delhi

Soon, the rebellion swiftly spread to Delhi and other cities. After the rebels seized Delhi, they proclaimed Bahadur Shah Zafar, an 81-year-old Mughal king, as the Emperor of India. He was seen as a symbol throughout the entire rebellion.

The Indian mutineers would go on to conquer vast portions of the EIC-controlled Awadh (Oudh) and the North-Western Provinces.

Upon the death of General George Anson in May, command passed on to Sir Henry Barnard, who also died in July. Initially, the British forces suffered from an inadequate number of troops and proper leadership.

Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last Mughal Emperor, was crowned Emperor of India by the Indian troops that mutinied in 1857

The East India Company was quick to react to the situation. They expeditiously called for reinforcements, and by late September 1857, they managed to take back Delhi and Kanpur from the Sepoys.

During the siege of Delhi, the British used more than 45 wagons of ammunition. On September 14, they were able to break into Delhi as more reinforcements arrived. Six days later, they successfully brought the city under their control. What ensued was massive bloodshed and plunder.

However, the Sepoys and many Indian civilians continued the rebellion in Awadh, Lucknow, and Jhansi.

It should be noted that although many Indians fought against the EIC, many also fought for them. For example, many Sikhs in Punjab and a number of Indian princes supported the British by releasing their soldiers to fight for them. In addition, they also helped the British with food supplies and weapons.

Some say that the reason the Sikhs supported the British was because they did not want to India to return to Mughal rule.

On the contrary, princely states such as Raiputana, Mysore, Kashmir, Travancore, and Hyderabad were neutral and stayed out of the rebellion.

Charles Canning, the Governor-General of India during the rebellion.

In totality, the uprising was a failed adventure and rebellion for the Indians. Its failure was due to the rebels lacking an ultimate leader and a clear strategy to defeat the foreigners. .

On June 20, 1858, the British defeated the rebels brutally in Gwalior and finally brought them under their control again. Subsequently, a treaty was signed on July 8, 1859 to officially mark the end of hostilities.

Slowly but surely British troops, along with a sizable number of native soldiers, crushed the rebellion. Image: The Sepoy revolt at Meerut, wood-engraving from the Illustrated London News, 1857

Atrocities & casualties on both sides

During the rebellion, all participating parties committed horrendous crimes and atrocities. It’s said that neither side spared the lives of civilians.

It was estimated that by the end of the uprising, about 11,000 British soldiers were killed, and 6,000 British civilians who were residents of India were murdered.

On the Indian side, out of the estimated 150,000 Indians killed in the rebellion, 100,000 were civilians, with the rest being Sepoys and other fighters.

Bibigarh house where British women and children were killed and the well where their bodies were thrown into. The Massacre at Cawnpore in July 1857 was one of the most horrific events of the Indian Mutiny.

Many British soldiers were furious after learning of the rebels’ sexual abuses and slaughter of British citizens (mainly women and children) at Cawnpore. In response, when they captured mutineers at Cawnpore, they publicly hanged them or sentenced them to the infamous “blown from cannon.” It involved tying the rebels over cannon openings and blowing them to bits when the cannons were shot. The British were bent on exacting the highest form of revenge on the mutineers and their supporters.

Brigadier-General James Neill encouraged the execution of mutineers by blowing them from a cannon

The British also committed severe cruel acts against the Indians at Cawnpore, such as making Muslim and Hindu rebels consume pork meat and licking newly bloodied buildings. In addition, they tortured the rebels with hot irons, pinners, and red chilies. As a result, the Indians named the period in which the British committed those atrocities “The Devil’s Wind.”

Following their recapture of territories from the Sepoys, British soldiers also sexually abused Indian women and children.

Aftermath and Legacy of the Rebellion

Despite failing as a movement for independence, the Indian Mutiny significantly altered the Indian society.

The rebellion left many scars on the subcontinent. North India was covered with desolate fields and burnt and destroyed cities and villages. The nation also had to deal with significant debts and difficulties with restoration.

However, in Britain, the rebellion produced a surge of panic and a thirst for brutal revenge for the murders of their citizens in India. It also made British politicians realize that they would earn more from India if the British Crown was given complete control of the region instead of co-administrating with the EIC. As a result, British authorities ended the Mughal Empire, disbanded the East India Company, and issued a proclamation establishing Queen Victoria as India’s new Empress on November 1, 1858.

The proclamation issued by Queen Victoria on 1 November 1858

One of the earliest changes the British embarked on after the 1857 rebellion was reorganizing their army in India. Before the rebellion, Sepoys carried the highest number of soldiers in Britain’s army in India. The ratio of British soldiers to Sepoys in the army was 1:90. The British recognized this as a threat and cut the number of Sepoys by about 40% while increasing the number of British soldiers in the army by 50%. Soon, the ratio of Sepoys to the British in the army became 1:3.

Additionally, in 1861, the British took control of all the main forts, cantonments, and armories of the army that the Sepoys previously held.

Furthermore, they modified the recruitment process of Sepoys after the rebellion. The British realized that many rebellions originated from Rajput and Hindu Brahim communities, from which they recruited many Sepoys. As a result, they moved the recruitment to towns such as Sindh, Punjab, Assam, and Tripura, where natives appeared to show loyalty and respect to the British.

After the rebellion, huge investments were made in India’s infrastructure and educational systems. Education developed slowly, but after a while, an English-speaking middle class in India emerged. These people eventually founded nationalist organizations and continued the fight for independence. In addition, the improved education system helped many natives to secure better careers, such as doctors, engineers, and lawyers.

The passage of the Ilbert bill in 1884 marked another significant transformation after the rebellion. The bill required Indians to be given equal treatment as other British or Europeans in India. Additionally, its provisions loosened restrictions on British subjects and permitted Indian judges with advanced status to serve on the courts.

However, the British vehemently opposed these provisions. As a result, the bill’s passage intensified hostility between Britain and India and served as a precursor to the Indian National Congress’ establishment in 1885.

Indians also witnessed a positive outcome from their rebellion after the British began to consult with them on the country’s development and administration. Thus, before the rebellion, only Europeans made up the Legislative Council of 1853; however, after the rebellion, the new Legislative Council of 1861, which gave a voice to Indians in legislation procedures, was formed.

In 1909, the Indian Councils Act was passed, providing the specifications for the number of positions Indians could hold in the legislative councils.

It is a fact that the rebellion sparked independence-related ideas in the various Indian religious and political groups. However, although both Muslims and Hindus fought for India’s independence from the British, they were also engaged in internal battles with each other. This was because they both wished to govern the independent Indian state. By 1916, they realized that collaborating was the best strategy to conquer the British and secure India’s independence.

In December 1916, the two sides signed the Lucknow Pact, in which they agreed on the various representations in India’s legislature. Once foes, Muslims and Hindus began working together and prepared for their ultimate goal of securing independence for India.

Other interesting facts about the Indian Mutiny of 1857

Here a few more facts about the Indian Mutiny, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny or the Great Rebellion:

• The Indian Mutiny began on May 10, 1857 in Meerut, which is about 40 miles northeast of Delhi.
• To the British, the event was definitely a mutiny, and it was carried out by many regiments of the Bengal army. The other two armies – the Bombay army and Madras army – were relatively calm
• Many Indian nationalists see the Indian Mutiny as India’s First Nationalist Uprising – representing a time when Hindus and Muslims stood together in an unlikely alliance to resist British rule. This is why the Indian Mutiny is sometimes called the First War of Independence or the Indian Rebellion.
• The Indian Mutiny largely occurred in Northern India and Bengal. Many of the mutineers hoped for a general India uprising. Unfortunately, their wishes could not manifest as the mutineers could not properly coordinate their actions.
• Contained in the proclamation issued by Queen Victoria in November 1858 was an amnesty to all rebels that took part in the rebellion.
• It is a known fact that many Sikh princes in Punjab offered their support to the British during the quelling of the rebellion.
• Places like Kashmir, Hyderabad, and Travancore chose not to join the rebellion.
• The reason why some Muslim and Hindu aristocrats joined the rebellion was because EIC’s policies were aimed at gradually removing the Muslim and Hindu aristocrats from power. For example, land annexations by the Company did not sit well with those native aristocrats.
• Before the mutiny began, British general Hearsey tried his hardest to reassure Indian troops of the Company’s continued respect and support for the native troops. He informed the anxious sepoys that the British officers were only coming to Barrackpore – which is about 90 miles away from Berhampur – to disband the 19 th Native Infantry.
• Angered by decades of conversion of Hindus and Muslims to Christianity by many Protestant religious societies, the mutineers took to killing many Christian converts, including Chaman Lal, a personal doctor of the Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar.
• Per the reorganization that took place after the mutiny, the proportion of Indian troops to British troops was set at two to one. It was also decided that the artillery and principal forts be placed in the hands of the Queen’s regiment. The regiments of the Indian troops were reduced from 146 to 72. By 1861, there were 70,000 British troops compared to 135,000 native troops.

A bleak prophecy of the demise of the EIC

In 1857, there was a widespread rumor about an ancient prophecy that foretold that the rule of the EIC in India would collapse after a century (1857) since it began in 1757.

In addition, there were several conspiracy theories that reported that some “righteous men” were distributing lotus and chapatis to Sepoys, urging them to rebel against the EIC.

The prophecy and conspiracy theories were frequently echoed, causing many Indians to believe it was time to end the Company’s authority in the region.

Who was Mangal Pandey?

Mangal Pandey was the first Indian soldier to point a loaded gun at a British officer. Image: A 1984 Indian stamp depicting Mangal Pandey, the first Indian soldier to aim his loaded weapon at a British officer in 1856

Mangal Pandey – the Indian soldier (sepoy – Indian infantryman) who first fired a loaded gun at a British officer in the lead up to the Indian Revolt in 1857. A member of the 5th Company of the 34th regiment of the Bengal Native Infantry, Mangal was court martialed, sentenced to death, and executed on April 8 for his mutinous action. He was found guilty of shooting two British officers as well as refusing to stand down.

During his court martial, Pandey claimed that he was high on bhang (a narcotic substance) and opium. He said that he was not conscious of his actions of March 29.

Tags: East India Company First War of Indian Independence India Indian Mutiny 1857 Mangal Pandey Queen Victoria Sepoy Mutiny

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

• Next story  Claudius: The Roman Emperor who conquered Britannia
• Previous story  Napoleonic Wars: History, Causes & Major Outcomes
• Popular Posts
• Recent Posts

Brief history of Dubai and how the city grew into a regional trading hub

9 Most Tragic Deaths in Greek Mythology

Who was the first pharaoh of Egypt?

How did people cope during heat waves before the invention of air conditioning?

History of Alexios I Komnenos: How did the Byzantine Emperor Establish the Last Great Imperial Dynasty?

Greatest African Leaders of all Time

Queen Elizabeth II: 10 Major Achievements

Donald Trump’s Educational Background

Donald Trump: 10 Most Significant Achievements

8 Most Important Achievements of John F. Kennedy

Odin in Norse Mythology: Origin Story, Meaning and Symbols

Ragnar Lothbrok – History, Facts & Legendary Achievements

9 Great Achievements of Queen Victoria

12 Most Influential Presidents of the United States

Most Ruthless African Dictators of All Time

Kwame Nkrumah: History, Major Facts & 10 Memorable Achievements

Greek God Hermes: Myths, Powers and Early Portrayals

8 Major Achievements of Rosa Parks

How did Captain James Cook die?

10 Most Famous Pharaohs of Egypt

Kamala Harris: 10 Major Achievements

The Exact Relationship between Elizabeth II and Elizabeth I

Poseidon: Myths and Facts about the Greek God of the Sea

Nile River: Location, Importance & Major Facts

Importance and Major Facts about Magna Carta

• Adolf Hitler Alexander the Great American Civil War Ancient Egyptian gods Ancient Egyptian religion Aphrodite Apollo Athena Athens Black history Carthage China Civil Rights Movement Constantine the Great Constantinople Egypt England France Germany Ghana Hera Horus India Isis John Adams Julius Caesar Loki Military Generals Military History Nobel Peace Prize Odin Osiris Pan-Africanism Queen Elizabeth I Ra Ragnarök Religion Set (Seth) Soviet Union Thor Timeline Women’s History World War I World War II Zeus

The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857

The Bloody Uprising and Response That Shook British Rule in India

• Wars & Battles
• European History Figures & Events
• The Holocaust
• European Revolutions
• Industry and Agriculture History in Europe
• American History
• African American History
• African History
• Ancient History and Culture
• Asian History
• Latin American History
• Medieval & Renaissance History
• Military History
• The 20th Century
• Women's History

The Sepoy Mutiny was a violent and very bloody uprising against  British rule in India  in 1857. It is also known by other names: the Indian Mutiny, the Indian Rebellion of 1857, or the Indian Revolt of 1857.

In Britain and in the West, it was almost always portrayed as a series of unreasonable and bloodthirsty uprisings spurred by falsehoods about religious insensitivity.

In India, it has been viewed quite differently. The events of 1857 have been considered the first outbreak of an independence movement against British rule .

The uprising was put down, but the methods employed by the British were so harsh that many in the western world were offended. One common punishment was to tie mutineers to the mouth of a cannon and then fire the cannon, completely obliterating the victim.

A popular American illustrated magazine, "Ballou's Pictorial", published a  full-page woodcut  illustration showing the preparations for such an execution in its issue of October 3, 1857. In the illustration, a mutineer was depicted chained to the front of a British cannon, awaiting his imminent execution, as others were gathered to watch the grisly spectacle.

By the 1850s the East India Company controlled much of India. A private company which first entered India to trade in the 1600s, the East India Company had eventually transformed into a diplomatic and military operation.

Large numbers of native soldiers, known as sepoys, were employed by the company to maintain order and defend trading centers. The sepoys were generally under the command of British officers.

In the late 1700s and early 1800s, sepoys tended to take great pride in their military prowess, and they exhibited enormous loyalty to their British officers. But in the 1830s and 1840s , tensions began to emerge.

A number of Indians began to suspect that the British intended to convert the Indian population to Christianity. Increasing numbers of Christian missionaries began arriving in India, and their presence gave credence to rumors of impending conversions.

There was also a general feeling that English officers were losing touch with the Indian troops under them.

Under a British policy called the "doctrine of lapse," the East India Company would take control of Indian states in which a local ruler had died without an heir. The system was subject to abuse, and the company used it to annex territories in a questionable manner.

As the East India Company annexed Indian states in the 1840s and 1850s , the Indian soldiers in the company's employ began to feel offended.

A New Type of Rifle Cartridge Caused Problems

The traditional story of the Sepoy Mutiny is that the introduction of a new cartridge for the Enfield rifle provoked much of the trouble.

The cartridges were wrapped in paper, which had been coated in grease which made the cartridges easier to load in rifle barrels. Rumors began to spread that the grease used to make the cartridges was derived from pigs and cows, which would be highly offensive to Muslims and Hindus.

There is no doubt that conflict over the new rifle cartridges sparked the uprising in 1857, but the reality is that social, political, and even technological reforms had set the stage for what happened.

Violence Spread During the Sepoy Mutiny

On March 29, 1857, on the parade ground at Barrackpore, a sepoy named Mangal Pandey fired the first shot of the uprising. His unit in the Bengal Army, which had refused to use the new rifle cartridges, was about to be disarmed and punished. Pandey rebelled by shooting a British sergeant-major and a lieutenant.

In the altercation, Pandey was surrounded by British troops and shot himself in the chest. He survived and was put on trial and hanged on April 8, 1857.

As the mutiny spread, the British began called mutineers "pandies." Pandey, it should be noted, is considered a hero in India, and has been portrayed as a freedom fighter in films and even on an Indian postage stamp .

Major Incidents of the Sepoy Mutiny

Throughout May and June 1857 more units of Indian troops mutinied against the British. Sepoy units in the south of India remained loyal, but in the north, many units of the Bengal Army turned on the British. And the uprising became extremely violent.

Particular incidents became notorious:

• Meerut and Delhi: In a large military camp (called a cantonment) at Meerut, near Delhi, a number of sepoys refused to use the new rifle cartridges in early May 1857. The British stripped them of their uniforms and put them in chains. Other sepoys revolted on May 10, 1857, and things quickly became chaotic as mobs attacked British civilians, including women and children. Mutineers traveled the 40 miles to Delhi and soon the large city erupted in a violent revolt against the British. A number of British civilians in the city were able to flee, but many were slaughtered. And Delhi remained in rebel hands for months.
• Cawnpore: A particularly horrific incident known as the Cawnpore Massacre occurred when British officers and civilians, leaving the city of Cawnpore (present day Kanpur) under a flag of surrender was attacked. The British men were killed, and about 210 British women and children were taken prisoner. A local leader, Nana Sahib, ordered their death. When sepoys, abiding by their military training, refused to kill the prisoners, butchers were recruited from local bazaars to do the killing. The women, children, and infants were murdered, and their bodies were thrown into a well. When the British eventually took back Cawnpore and discovered the site of the massacre, it inflamed the troops and led to vicious acts of retribution.
• Lucknow: At the town of Lucknow about 1,200 British officers and civilians fortified themselves against 20,000 mutineers in the summer of 1857. By late September British forces commanded by Sir Henry Havelock succeeded in breaking through. However, Havelock's forces did not have the strength to evacuate the British at Lucknow and were forced to join the besieged garrison. Another British column, led by Sir Colin Campbell, eventually fought through to Lucknow and were able to evacuate the women and children, and ultimately the entire garrison.

The Indian Revolt of 1857 Brought the End of the East India Company

Fighting in some places continued well into 1858, but the British were ultimately able to establish control. As mutineers were captured, they were often killed on the spot, and many were executed in dramatic fashion.

Outraged by events such as the massacre of women and children at Cawnpore, some British officers believed that hanging mutineers was too humane.

In some cases, they used an execution method of lashing a mutineer to the mouth of a cannon, and then firing the cannon and literally blasting the man to pieces. Sepoys were forced to watch such displays as it was believed it set an example of the horrific death that awaited mutineers.

The grotesque executions by cannon became even became widely known in America. Along with the previously mentioned illustration in Ballou's Pictorial, numerous American newspapers published accounts of the violence in India.

The Demise of the East India Company

The East India Company had been active in India for nearly 250 years, but the violence of the 1857 uprising led to the British government dissolving the company and taking direct control of India.

Following the fighting of 1857–58, India was legally considered a colony of Britain, ruled by a viceroy. The uprising was officially declared over on July 8, 1859.

Legacy of the Uprising of 1857

There is no question that atrocities were committed by both sides, and stories of events of 1857–58 lived on in both Britain and India. Books and articles about the bloody fighting and heroic deeds by British officers and men were published for decades in London. Illustrations of events tended to reinforce Victorian notions of honor and bravery.

Any British plans to reform Indian society, which had been one of the underlying causes of the revolt, were essentially set aside, and religious conversion of the Indian population was no longer viewed as a practical goal.

In the 1870s the British government formalized its role as an imperial power. Queen Victoria , at the prompting of Benjamin Disraeli , announced to Parliament that her Indian subjects were "happy under My rule and loyal to My throne."

Victoria added the title "Empress of India" to her royal title. In 1877, outside Delhi, essentially in the spot where bloody fighting had taken place 20 years earlier, an event called the Imperial Assemblage was held. In an elaborate ceremony, Lord Lytton, the serving viceroy of India, honored a number of Indian princes.

Britain, of course, would rule India well into the 20th century. And when the Indian independence movement gained momentum in the 20th century, events of the Revolt of 1857 were viewed as having been an early battle for independence, while individuals such as Mangal Pandey were hailed as early national heroes.

• The Indian Revolt of 1857
• Images of British India
• East India Company
• A Timeline of India in the 1800s
• Indian Rebellion of 1857: Siege of Lucknow
• Overview of the Sepoy
• The British Raj in India
• A Timeline of India's Mughal Empire
• Colonial India in Cartoons
• The Mughal Empire in India
• Seven Years' War: Major General Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive
• Seven Years' War: Battle of Plassey
• Biography of Tipu Sultan, the Tiger of Mysore
• The First and Second Opium Wars
• Comparative Colonization in Asia
• What Was the Partition of India?

If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website.

If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked.

To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser.

World History Project - 1750 to the Present

Course: world history project - 1750 to the present   >   unit 5, read: 1857 indian uprising.

• READ: Azizun of Lucknow (Graphic Biography)
• READ: Responses to Industrial Imperialism
• BEFORE YOU WATCH: Asian Responses to Imperialism
• WATCH: Asian Responses to Imperialism
• READ: Dadabhai Naoroji (Graphic Biography)
• READ: Dual Consciousness
• Responses to Colonialism

First read: preview and skimming for gist

Second read: key ideas and understanding content.

• Who ruled much of India in 1857?
• What was the doctrine of lapse?
• Where did most of the East India Company’s soldiers come from? How did the EIC treat them?
• What was the “spark that lit the fire” for the 1857 uprising?
• What, according to the author, were some of the other explanations for the uprising?
• What was the outcome of the uprising?

Third read: evaluating and corroborating

• Why does it matter whether historians call the 1857 uprising a “mutiny,” a “revolt,” or a “war of independence”? Why do titles matter?
• This revolt failed, but some historians think that it was the beginning of the Indian national independence movement. Why do you think the memory of this revolt would have lived on in the minds of Indians living under direct British rule?

1857 Indian Uprising

Sepoy soldiers, the spark that lit the fire, mutiny, revolt, or war of independence, outcomes and legacies.

• A garrison is a group of troops stationed in a town for the purpose of defending it. The word can also refer to the building those troops occupy.

Want to join the conversation?

• Upvote Button navigates to signup page
• Downvote Button navigates to signup page
• Flag Button navigates to signup page

General Studies

All Programmes

Study Material

Revolt of 1857 - Causes, Leaders, Reasons of Failure of 1857 Revolt

Quest for upsc cse panels.

Sub-Categories:

GS-I: Modern History

Causes of the Revolt of 1857

Course of the revolt of 1857, leaders of revolt of 1857, causes of failure of the 1857 revolt, consequences of revolt of 1857, pyqs on revolt of 1857, faqs on the revolt of 1857.

Prelims : History of India

Mains :  Indian Culture - Salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.

The  Revolt of 1857 , also known as the " First War of Independence ," was the first significant attempt by Indians to end British imperialism. It started on 10 May 1857, first in the form of sepoy mutiny and later as a concerted effort by Indian rulers under the de jure supervision of the last Mughal Emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar. As the Revolt of 1857 posed a considerable threat to British power, it was proved as a watershed movement for the British perspective towards India. They became more cautious in their approach towards administration, the nature of the army, differential treatment of the vast Indian communities, etc.

The Revolt of 1857 was mainly concentrated across the vast portions of northern India, engulfing the peasantry and other civilian populations that stood side-by-side with their leaders. Many prominent leaders of the Revolt and common mass fought bravely with the British forces.

There were several factors for the 1857 Revolt, although the British's ruthless exploitation of the Indians was common in all. These factors were already in the process of pressure build-up since the consolidation of Bengal in 1764, first leading to the numerous minor rebellions and ultimately in the Revolt of 1857. These factors are briefly described below:

Political Causes of Revolt of 1857

• Many princely states were annexed by using the  Doctrine of lapse , such as Satara in 1848 and Jhansi in 1854 by  Dalhousie.  Awadh, however, was annexed under an excuse that Nawab Wazid Ali Shah was mismanaging the state.
• These annexations created resentment among the deposed rulers as well as their subjects, many of which were recruited as sepoys.

Economic Causes of 1857 Revolt

• Impact on traditional industries:  The British aimed to make India a consumer of British goods, leading to the collapse of industries like textiles, metalwork, glass, and paper. By 1813, Indian handicrafts lost domestic and foreign markets, and British factories were captured and monopolised through war and colonisation.
• Impact on agriculture:  The  land revenue policies  followed by the Britishers led to the commercialisation of agriculture and made the land a tradable commodity. It gave rise to new landlords, absentee landlords and moneylenders that created resentment in older landlords. The high burden of taxes, erstwhile cultivators being taken away from their lands, etc., made the peasants desperate for a regime change.

Social Causes of Revolt of 1857

• Alien rule:  Britishers never mixed with the Indian people and treated even the  upper-class Indians  with contempt.
• Interference in religion:  Religious leaders, such as  Pandits  and  Maulvis , have also lost all of their previous power and prestige.

Administrative Factors

• Discrimination in the army:  There was discrimination in salary, cost of maintenance and the military ranks between Indian sepoys and their British counterparts. They were also treated with humiliation and abuse, which created discontent amongst Indian sepoys.
• Discrimination in civil administration:  Indians were deprived of  higher posts,  which were primarily taken by the British.

Immediate Cause of Revolt of 1857

The atmosphere was so surcharged that even a small issue could lead to revolution.

• Cartridges of the new Enfield rifle,  which had recently been introduced in the army, had a greased paper cover whose end had to be bitten off before the cartridge was loaded into the rifle.
• Pig and beef fat  were used to make the  grease . The  Hindu and Muslim  soldiers were so outraged by this that they began to suspect that the government was actively attempting to undermine their religion. It was the immediate root of the uprising.
• Barrackpore:  On 29th March 1857,  Mangal Pandey,  stationed at  Barrackpore , revolted against his British officers. He was hanged, which created anger and resentment amongst the sepoys.
• The rest of the Indian sepoys reacted strongly to this, and the next day, on  10th May , the entire  Indian garrison revolted .
• March to Delhi:  After freeing their comrades and killing the British officers, they decided to march on to  Delhi.
• It was clear that it was not merely an army mutiny,  as people from surrounding areas began to loot the  military bazaars  and attacked and burnt the bungalows of the British as soon as they heard the shots fired by the sepoys on their officers.
• Hindu-Muslim unity:  In Meerut and Delhi, the Hindu sepoys overwhelmingly declared Bahadur Shah to be their Emperor. As a sign of respect for the  Hindus' religious beliefs, cow slaughter  was banned wherever the sepoys arrived.
• Central India:  Thousands of Indore's soldiers joined the sepoy rebels in Indore.  Gwalior's troops  went over to  Tantya Tope and Rani of Jhansi.
• In  East Punjab, Mainpuri, Bulandshahr, Danapur, Mathura. Agra. Lucknow, Allahabad, Banaras, Shahabad, Etwah, and Aligarh,   wherever there were Indian troops, they revolted.
• With the revolt in the army, the  police and local administration  also collapsed.
• Telegraph lines were severed, and horsemen carrying alerts to Delhi were stopped.
• Peasants and dispossessed zamindars attacked the moneylenders and new zamindars who had displaced them from the land.
• Destroyed the government files and the accounting records of the moneylenders. 
• Attacked the  British-established law courts , revenue offices, revenue records and police stations.

The  storm centres  of the uprising were located in Arrah, Delhi, Kanpur, Lucknow, Bareilly, and Lucknow. Even though they acknowledged  Emperor Bahadur Shah's suzerainty , all of these locations decided their own rulers and continued to be independent.

• This system had lost its vitality and was unable to withstand the onslaught of the British.
• Lack of Unity among Indians:  While the sepoys of the Bengal army were revolting, some soldiers in Punjab and south India fought on the side of the British to crush these rebellions.
• No accompanying rebellions in most of eastern and southern India.
• The  Sikhs  did not support the rebels because of the possibility of the revival of  Mughal authority.
• Besides this, there were some elements of the peasantry that had profited from British rule and supported the British during the revolt.
• Lack of Support from the Educated Indians : They did not support the revolt because, in their view, the revolt was  backwards-looking,  and they mistakenly believed that the British would lead the country towards  modernisation .
• While the rebels lacked discipline and  central command.
• The number of  European soldiers  was increased, and they were kept in key  geographical and military positions.
• The Indian section of the army was now organised in accordance with the  "divide and rule" policy.
• To prevent soldiers from developing  nationalistic feelings , regiments were formed based on  caste ,  community , and  region .
• A  Secretary of State for India , aided by a  Council , was now in charge of  India'sgovernance . Previously, the  Company's Directors  wielded this authority.
• Muslims were severely punished, and discrimination was made against them in  public appointments  and in other areas. 
• A policy of preferential treatment of  Muslims  was adopted towards the end of the 19th century. 
• These policies created problems for the Indian freedom struggle and contributed to the growth of  communalism.
• New Policy towards the Princely:  The earlier  policy of annexation  was now abandoned, and the rulers of these states were now authorised to adopt heirs.

Question 1: The Revolt of 1857 was the culmination of the recurrent big and small local rebellions that had occurred in the preceding hundred years of British rule. (UPSC Prelims 2019)

Question 2: Explain how the Uprising of 1857 constitutes an important watershed in the evolution of British policies towards colonial India. (UPSC Prelims 2016)

Q) What are the causes of the revolt of 1857?

In 1857, Indian soldiers rose up against their British commanders. Poor terms of service and pensions, bad pay, lack of promotion, and increased cultural and racial insensitivity from British officers all contributed to the feelings of discontent among the Indian soldiers.

Q) What was the immediate reason for the revolt of 1857?

The rebellion began when sepoys refused to use new rifle cartridges, which were thought to be lubricated with grease containing a mixture of pig and cow lard and thus religiously impure for Muslims and Hindus.

Q) Who started the Revolt of 1857?

On March 29, 1857, Sepoy Mangal Pandey of the 34th Bengal Native Infantry launched the 1857 revolt at Barrackpore.

Q) Who were the main leaders of the revolt of 1857?

During the 1857 Revolt, several prominent leaders emerged from different regions of India. Mangal Pandey, Begum Hazrat Mahal, Nana Saheb, Tatya Tope, Kunwar Singh, Bakht Khan and Rani Laxmi Bai are some of the leaders.

Q) What were the causes of the failure of the Revolt of 1857?

The Indian Rebellion ultimately failed to achieve its objective of ending British rule in India because of a lack of unity and external support, the military superiority of the British and a lack of a unified programme and ideology.

Q) What are the main centres of the revolt of 1857?

Following the outbreak of the Indian Mutiny at Meerut in May 1857, uprisings occurred across northern and central India. The main centres of revolt were Delhi, Cawnpore, Lucknow, Jhansi and Gwalior.

© 2024 Vajiram & Ravi. All rights reserved

• AsianStudies.org
• Annual Conference
• EAA Articles
• AAS Community Forum Log In and Participate
• AAS-in-Asia Conference July 9-11, 2024

Education About Asia: Online Archives

The indian rebellion, 1857–1859: a short history with documents, by james frey, indianapolis: hackett publishing company, 2020, 224 pages, isbn: 978-1624669033, paperback, reviewed by brian p. caton.

The rebellion in northern and cen­tral India, beginning in 1857, has been the object of countless pub­lished works, several of them published even before July 8, 1859, when the Gov­ernment of India officially declared India to be at peace. It has also taken a place of privilege in many histories of mod­ern India, as the moment when Parlia­ment replaced early colonial rule under the British East India Company with “Crown” rule, overseen directly by the British metropolitan government. So per­haps it should come as little surprise that Hackett Publishing Company, having published in 2017 Ian Barrow’s volume on the history of the East India Company, should follow it with a volume on this key moment in India’s modern history. James Frey’s book, like others in the series, consists of a moderate-length narrative, slightly over half of the book’s total length, and a series of primary-source documents selected and edited by the author. The table of contents lists thirty-four documents, though in fact several of these are different sections of the same work: for example, Documents 1, 5, and 19 are all selections from the 1873 translation of Syed Ahmad Khan’s Causes of the Indian Revolt (1858). The combination of a narrative with edited primary sources sug­gests that the book is meant to be used in a teaching context rather than as a direct contribution to the historical debates on the subject of the rebellion; however, certain aspects of the book’s production may limit the number or type of classrooms in which it can be effective.

Frey’s narrative conveys a great deal of information efficiently and offers carefully considered analysis. The narrative is at its best in Chapter One, in which Frey lays out the warp threads of caste and religion, as In­dians understood them in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, through which political actors large and small wove the weft of regime change that produced a fabric of colonialism in patches of direct and in­direct rule. By doing so, Frey adeptly addresses the issues—fear of losing one’s caste or religion—that captured mutineers most frequently cited as the causes of their action, while also addressing the many underly­ing causes of rebellion among Company soldiers, including stagnation of real wages, declining status, and the spatial and temporal lengthening of deployments. Frey also rightly dwells on the aggressive exercise of annex­ation and retrenchments in the 1850s under the Governor-General Lord Dalhousie as one of the reasons Indians outside the army took up the rebellion, particularly in the regions of Awadh and the Ganga-Yamuna watershed. The narrative in this chapter might have provided additional social, cultural, or political groundwork to help explain why rebels did not find much support in Bombay and Madras Presidencies or in the regions of Punjab and Bengal within the Bengal Presidency; without this groundwork, the story of the extinguishing of the rebellion in Chapter Two sometimes appears as though the battles were fought entirely by white troops reallocated from elsewhere in the Company’s Indian terri­tories or shipped in from Europe.

Having dispensed with the March 1857 mutiny of Mangal Pandey at Barrackpur (a military post just north of Calcutta) in the introduction, Frey is free in Chapter Two to begin his narrative of the rebellion itself with the mutiny of troops at the Meerut cantonment in the Ganga-Yamu­na watershed. Frey’s narrative here demonstrates the military historian’s zeal in narrating the blow-by-blow of key battles, sieges, and advances, delighting in the effort to identify the singular military maneuver that changed the fate of millions. In other moments the fine detail of the nar­rative attempts to convey a more visceral sense of the nature of combat or of the physical characteristics of the environment in which a battle or chase took place. Occasionally Frey seems to take on the perspective of his sources, which are overwhelmingly British, and this is most apparent in his neglect of the punitive measures British field forces meted out to villagers resident between the sites of major battles.1 Certainly any narra­tive of the progress of this or any rebellion requires some level of detail, to explain why the rebels marched in one direction and not another, or why colonial forces were able to recover one garrison town quickly and anoth­er one after only a long siege. But one wonders if a slightly more compact presentation of this narrative could have allowed for an expansion of the Conclusion, where Frey discusses the aftermath and historiography of the rebellion.

The transformative nature of the rebellion and its place in the his­toriography of colonial or modern India should have compelled the au­thor or publisher to expand the Conclusion. Frey clearly identifies the timeline for organizational changes in British government in India that very frequently are glossed as the imposition of Crown rule in 1858. De­scriptions of post-rebellion changes to the British Indian Army (which replaced the Company’s Army) are similarly clear, although Frey might have explained more about why the so-called “martial races” tended to be limited to men recruited from the far northern territories of British India rather than from central and southern regions who also contributed to the effort to extinguish the rebellion. The discussion of the rebellion’s aftermath needed to be expanded significantly to account for the anxiety, occasionally growing into paranoia, among British officials and civilians about the possibility of the recurrence of a rebellion of a similar scale as the one that ended in 1859. One need look no further than the architec­tural style chosen for the Lahore Railway Station, begun in 1859. But this anxiety about the “loyalty” of Indians erupted in the British response to the Ilbert Bill in 1883, which proposed that magistrates or sessions judg­es who were Indian could try European British subjects. Given that the Indian National Congress was formed in 1885 as a direct response to the racist criticism of the Ilbert Bill, attention to British anxiety would allow for a richer connection of the bureaucratic and administrative changes introduced from the 1860s to the budding nationalism of the Congress, both of which Frey includes. Frey demonstrates an admirable command over the vast historiography, stretching from the earliest accounts pub­lished in Britain in 1858 to Kim Wagner’s 2010 book The Great Fear of 1857 .2 All of the major schools of thought are covered with clarity and concision. An expanded historiography might have allowed Frey to dis­cuss more than one work to represent each school, and Frey could also have discussed works published within the past ten years, particularly as the Indian book publishing market has worked diligently to meet the demand for Hindu nationalist interpretations of the rebellion since the 2014 Lok Sabha elections. Frey also could have placed this book more clearly into its own historiography, though perhaps the intention is to allow students reading the book to carry out that work for themselves.

Hackett has made it clear that the book is meant for students, though certain characteristics of the book make it unclear what sort of student is meant to read it. The language and style are pitched to college or uni­versity undergraduates, though it may be possible for very well-prepared secondary school students to understand and use the book effectively. The wide range of documents make the book particularly valuable for in-class exercises in reading a single document closely, or for out-of-class exercises asking students to read several documents together. All of the documents have been previously published, so an enterprising instructor could find the original publication in order to put a longer version in front of students for the full flavor of nineteenth-century prose. Put differently, though, one could say that the publishers passed on the opportunity to print previously unpublished archival sources, which would have greatly increased the value of the book to instructors and researchers alike. The documents speak to the themes raised in Chapters One and Two of Frey’s narrative, and unfortunately few of them speak to the themes raised in the discussion of the consequences of the rebellion. The chronology printed in the front matter is quite helpful. The glossary and maps, however, are woefully inadequate. The three maps show India as a whole, the city and cantonment of Delhi, and the city of Lucknow. Readers and instructors not already familiar with north Indian geography (using the place names current in the nineteenth century) will find themselves perpetually inter­rupted by the need to find the numerous places mentioned in the narra­tive but absent from the first map. Similarly, Frey uses Hindustani terms that provide accuracy and seasoning to his narrative but do not appear in the glossary. Military terms, such as chevaux-de-fris , remain unglossed, while the uninitiated will have little idea how many troops comprised a brigade, battalion, regiment, or corps. For readers and instructors with­out prior knowledge of northern Indian or British military history, these obstacles might prove too many or too great to merit the adoption of this book for use in courses such as world history or a very broad history of modern Asia. Instructors of courses in modern Indian history or British colonialism might find it relatively quick work to prepare an additional glossary and maps, or to ask students to do this work—an investment of time that might pay dividends elsewhere in such courses.

On balance, the book is a commendable achievement. Its narrative concision and historiographical fairness make it not only accessible to undergraduate students but also a model, in some ways, for how to carry out good historical and historiographical writing. The chief virtue of this type of book is absolving instructors of the labor of having to search for and reproduce primary source documents on a single topic, and Frey’s judicious selection of documents means that students may read them through the lenses of class, gender, or other themes that may be relevant to other segments of a course for which the book is suitable. Such courses are likely limited to those on modern Indian history or the history of British colonialism, but an instructor especially committed to the topic of the Indian rebellion might find a way to apply this book to a course on another topic.

Share this:

• Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)
• Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)
• Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)
• Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window)
• See, for example, C. B. Singh Sheoran, Gallant Haryana: The First and Crucial Battlefield of ad 1857 (New York: Routledge, 2019).
• Kim Wagner, The Great Fear of 1857: Rumours, Conspiracies, and the Making of the Indian Uprising (Oxford: Peter Land, 2010).
• Latest News
• Join or Renew
• Education About Asia
• Education About Asia Articles
• Asia Shorts Book Series
• Asia Past & Present
• Key Issues in Asian Studies
• Journal of Asian Studies
• The Bibliography of Asian Studies
• AAS-Gale Fellowship
• Council Grants
• Book Prizes
• Graduate Student Paper Prizes
• Distinguished Contributions to Asian Studies Award
• First Book Subvention Program
• External Grants & Fellowships
• AAS Career Center
• Asian Studies Programs & Centers
• Study Abroad Programs
• Language Database
• Conferences & Events
• #AsiaNow Blog

• UPSC IAS Exam Pattern
• UPSC IAS Prelims
• UPSC IAS Mains
• UPSC IAS Interview
• UPSC IAS Optionals
• UPSC Notification
• UPSC Eligibility Criteria
• UPSC Online
• UPSC Admit Card
• UPSC Results
• UPSC Cut-Off
• UPSC Calendar
• Documents Required for UPSC IAS Exam
• UPSC IAS Prelims Syllabus
• General Studies 1
• General Studies 2
• General Studies 3
• General Studies 4
• UPSC IAS Interview Syllabus
• UPSC IAS Optional Syllabus

The Revolt of 1857 – Overview and Causes – UPSC Modern History Notes

The Revolt of 1857, often referred to as the First War of Indian Independence, stands as a pivotal chapter in the history of India’s struggle for freedom from British colonial rule. This momentous uprising, which erupted in various parts of India, marked a significant turning point in the nation’s long and arduous journey towards independence. The year 1857 witnessed a remarkable convergence of Indian sepoys, soldiers, and civilians from diverse backgrounds and regions, united in their common resolve to challenge the oppressive British regime. This rebellion, characterized by a complex interplay of political, economic, religious, and social factors, left an indelible mark on India’s collective consciousness and paved the way for subsequent movements that ultimately led to India’s eventual emancipation from British colonialism. In this essay, we will delve into the causes, events, and consequences of the Revolt of 1857, exploring the multifaceted nature of this historic uprising and its enduring impact on the Indian subcontinent.

Table of Contents

The causes of the revolt were multi-faceted and rooted in various socio-cultural, economic, and political factors. Here are some of the key causes:

• Sepoy Discontent: The revolt was triggered by the widespread dissatisfaction among Indian sepoys (soldiers) in the British East India Company’s army. They were subjected to various grievances, including low pay, racial discrimination, harsh discipline, and the use of controversial new rifle cartridges rumored to be greased with animal fat (offensive to both Hindus and Muslims).
• Cultural and Religious Concerns: The British administration’s attempts to interfere with local customs, traditions, and religious practices were met with resistance. There was growing discontent among Indian soldiers and civilians who saw their cultural and religious beliefs being undermined.
• Economic Exploitation: The British policies, such as the introduction of new land revenue systems, heavy taxation, and economic exploitation, resulted in widespread economic hardship among the Indian population. Peasants, artisans, and landowners suffered under the British administration, leading to resentment and discontent.
• Political Factors: The annexation of princely states, the dissolution of native ruling structures, and the introduction of direct British administration eroded the authority and privileges of Indian rulers and elites. This threatened their status, power, and influence, leading some of them to join the revolt in an attempt to regain their positions.
• Nationalistic Sentiments: The revolt was fueled by growing nationalist sentiments and a desire for self-rule among the Indian population. The British rule was seen as oppressive and exploitative, leading to a sense of unity and shared purpose among different sections of society.
• It is important to note that the causes and motivations of the revolt varied across different regions and communities in India. The revolt of 1857 marked a significant turning point in the history of Indian independence movements and had a lasting impact on the trajectory of the struggle against British rule.

Economic Causes

The economic causes of the revolt of 1857 were significant in driving discontent among the Indian population. The colonial policies of the East India Company had a detrimental impact on the traditional economic structure of Indian society, leading to widespread impoverishment and dislocation. Here are some key economic factors:

• Revenue Settlement and Heavy Taxation: The revenue settlement policies imposed by the British, such as the Permanent Settlement in Bengal and the Ryotwari system in other regions, burdened the peasantry with heavy taxes. The new revenue systems disrupted traditional land ownership patterns and often led to the eviction of peasants from their lands.
• Rural Indebtedness: The high taxes and economic hardships forced the peasantry to borrow from moneylenders and traders at exorbitant interest rates. The peasants often found themselves trapped in a cycle of debt, leading to landlessness and further impoverishment. The emergence of moneylenders and traders as new landlords further exacerbated the exploitation of the peasantry.
• The decline of Artisans and Handicrafts: The British policies and the decline of patronage from native rulers and nobles had a severe impact on the livelihoods of artisans and handicraft workers. The promotion of British goods and the discouragement of Indian handicrafts led to the collapse of traditional industries. Skilled craftsmen were left without employment opportunities as modern industries were not developed to absorb them.
• Disruption of Zamindari System: The traditional Zamindari system, which provided a form of land ownership and administration, was undermined under British rule. The disintegration of the Zamindari system further destabilized rural society and created landlessness among the peasantry.
• These economic factors, combined with social and political grievances, contributed to the overall discontent and resentment against British rule, culminating in the revolt of 1857. The economic impact of British colonial policies and the destruction of traditional economic structures had long-lasting consequences for Indian society, with rural indebtedness and the decline of traditional industries continuing to affect the country even after independence.

The view expressed by Karl Marx and the analysis of the economic impact of British colonialism presented here highlight the deliberate actions taken by the British to undermine and destroy various sectors of the Indian economy. These actions had severe consequences for Indian industries, trade, and social structures. Let’s examine some key points:

• Destruction of Indian Handloom: The British introduced twist (spinning machinery) into India and flooded the market with cheap machine-made goods, disrupting the indigenous handloom industry. This deliberate strategy not only destroyed Indian handloom but also created a dependency on British goods.
• Crippling Indian Trade and Mercantile Class: The British imposed high tariff duties on Indian-made goods while allowing British goods to enter India with low tariffs. This unfair trade policy hampered Indian trade and handicrafts, benefiting British industries at the expense of Indian manufacturers and merchants.
• Loss of Indian Textile Exports: The dominance of British textiles in the European market led to the decline of Indian cotton and silk exports. This further weakened the Indian textile industry and resulted in a loss of income for Indian producers.
• Dispossession of Zamindars: The British administration frequently used quo warranto (legal proceedings questioning landownership) to confiscate land rights of the traditional landed aristocracy, known as zamindars. This led to the loss of status and income for the zamindars, creating discontent among them.
• Pauperization and Pressure on Agriculture: The destruction of Indian industries and the decline of traditional economic sectors resulted in an increased reliance on agriculture as a means of livelihood. However, the lopsided development of the economy and the population growth created immense pressure on agricultural resources, leading to pauperization and impoverishment of the country as a whole.

Overall, the viewpoint presented underscores the deliberate economic policies of the British that disrupted and destroyed various sectors of the Indian economy, resulting in widespread socio-economic hardships and grievances. These economic factors, combined with other social and political factors, contributed to the uprising and revolt against British rule in 1857.

Political Causes

The political causes of the revolt of 1857 can be attributed to the erosion of political authority and the dismantling of traditional power structures. Here are some key points regarding the political causes:

• The disintegration of Native Political Authority: The annexation of princely states and the subjugation of Indian rulers by the East India Company disintegrated native political authority. The loss of power and prestige for Indian rulers affected their subjects, who relied on their patronage for support and protection.
• Subversion of Traditional Power Structures: The British administration implemented policies that undermined traditional power structures, such as the Zamindari system. This led to the dispossession and marginalization of indigenous elites and aristocracy, causing resentment among those who had previously benefited from their patronage.
• The decline of the Mughal Empire: The decline of the Mughal Empire and the reduced status of the Mughal emperor further eroded the symbolic authority and legitimacy of Indian rulers. The British imposed restrictions and control on the Mughal emperor, reducing him to a figurehead with little real power.
• Interference in Religious and Cultural Practices: The British administration interfered in religious and cultural practices, sometimes infringing upon the sentiments and traditions of the Indian population. This interference, along with the erosion of patronage by native rulers, created a sense of insecurity and discontent among religious and cultural communities.
• Disruption of Succession and Dynastic Issues: The British administration often interfered in matters of succession and imposed their preferred successors, disregarding traditional succession practices. This created internal conflicts and tensions within ruling families and further destabilized the political landscape.
• The erosion of political authority, subversion of traditional power structures, and interference in religious and cultural practices contributed to the political grievances that fueled the revolt of 1857. These factors, combined with the economic and socio-cultural causes, led to a widespread uprising against British colonial rule.

Administrative Causes

The administrative causes of the revolt of 1857 can be attributed to the corrupt and oppressive nature of the British administration. Here are some key points regarding the administrative causes:

• Corruption in the Company’s Administration: The East India Company’s administration was plagued by rampant corruption, particularly among the police, petty officials, and lower law courts. Widespread bribery, embezzlement, and extortion created a sense of injustice and discontent among the Indian population. This corruption not only affected the delivery of justice but also exacerbated the economic hardships faced by the people.
• Oppressive Policies and Regulations: The British administration imposed a range of oppressive policies and regulations that further fueled resentment among the Indian population. These policies included excessive taxation, arbitrary land confiscations, and discriminatory laws that favored the British and disadvantaged the Indians. The arbitrary exercise of power and the lack of accountability of British officials contributed to the grievances against the administration.
• Absentee Sovereignty: British rule in India was often characterized by a sense of “absentee sovereignty.” The British officials, who were mainly from Britain, held positions of power and authority in India but often had a limited understanding of Indian society, culture, and needs. This created a disconnect between the rulers and the ruled, leading to a perception of foreign and alien rule.
• Cultural Insensitivity: The British administration demonstrated cultural insensitivity by imposing Western norms and values on Indian society. They disregarded local customs, traditions, and religious practices, which further alienated the Indian population and contributed to a sense of cultural subjugation.
• The combination of corruption, oppressive policies, absentee sovereignty, and cultural insensitivity in the British administration created a deep sense of discontent among the Indian population. These administrative factors, along with the economic, political, and socio-cultural causes, played a significant role in fueling the revolt of 1857.

Socio-Religious Causes

The socio-religious causes of the revolt of 1857 can be attributed to the racial attitudes of the British administration, the activities of Christian missionaries, and the perception of interference in Indian social and religious practices. Here are some key points regarding the socio-religious causes:

• Racial Attitudes and Superiority Complex: The British administrators often exhibited racial overtones and a sense of superiority towards the native Indian population. This attitude of considering themselves superior to Indians based on race and culture created resentment among the Indian population.
• Activities of Christian Missionaries: The presence of Christian missionaries in India, who were often associated with the British administration, generated suspicion and fear among Indians. The efforts of missionaries to convert Indians to Christianity were seen as a threat to indigenous religions and cultural practices. This perception further fueled resistance against British rule.
• Interference in Social and Religious Practices: British attempts at socio-religious reform, such as the abolition of sati (the practice of widow burning), support for widow remarriage, and promotion of women’s education, were viewed by a significant section of the Indian population as interference in their social and religious domains. The perception that outsiders were imposing their values and customs on Indian society created a sense of resistance and opposition.
• Taxation of Religious Lands and Religious Disabilities Act: The British administration imposed taxes on the mosque and temple lands, which were considered sacred by the local population. This was seen as an infringement on religious freedom and led to discontent among the affected communities. Additionally, the enactment of the Religious Disabilities Act in 1856, which modified Hindu customs, added to the perception of interference in religious practices and traditions.
• The socio-religious causes of the revolt of 1857 were rooted in the racial attitudes of the British administration, the activities of Christian missionaries, and the perceived interference in Indian social and religious practices. These factors contributed to a growing sense of cultural subjugation and resistance among the Indian population, ultimately playing a significant role in the outbreak of the revolt.

Influence of Outside Events

The outside events that occurred during the time of the revolt of 1857, including the First Afghan War, the Punjab Wars, and the Crimean War, had a significant influence on the perception and psyche of the Indian population. Here are some key points regarding the influence of these outside events:

• Perceived British Weakness: The British Empire faced significant challenges and losses during these wars, which were observed by the Indian population. The defeats and losses suffered by the British in the First Afghan War, Punjab Wars, and Crimean War created a perception among Indians that the British might not be as invincible as previously believed. This perception of British weakness instilled a sense of confidence among the rebels and made them believe that the British could be defeated.
• Psychological Repercussions: The news of British losses in these outside events had psychological repercussions on the Indian population. It created a sense of hope and inspiration, as it indicated that the mighty British Empire was not invulnerable. This psychological impact played a role in motivating the rebels and fueling their determination to challenge British authority.
• Symbol of Resistance: The outside events served as symbols of resistance and defiance against British imperialism. The Indian rebels saw the setbacks faced by the British as an opportunity to rise against their colonial rule and regain their independence. The news of British defeats abroad provided a backdrop of rebellion and encouraged the rebels to take up arms against the British East India Company.
• It is important to note that while these outside events had a psychological impact and contributed to the rebels’ perception of British weakness, the revolt of 1857 was primarily driven by a combination of socio-economic, political, and administrative factors rooted in India itself. The outside events served as a catalyst and provided a context for the rebellion, but the revolt was fundamentally a response to the grievances and aspirations of the Indian population under British rule.

Discontent Among Sepoys

The discontent among the sepoys, or Indian soldiers in the East India Company’s Army, played a significant role in the revolt of 1857. Here are some key points regarding the discontent among the sepoys:

• Religious Beliefs and Prejudices: The conditions of service in the Company’s Army and cantonments clashed with the religious beliefs and prejudices of the sepoys. Restrictions on wearing caste and sectarian marks, as well as rumors of proselytizing activities by the chaplains, were seen as interference in their religious affairs. The conservative nature of many sepoys made them sensitive to any perceived infringement on their religious practices.
• General Service Enlistment Act: The passing of the General Service Enlistment Act in 1856, which required future recruits to serve anywhere as required by the government, caused resentment among the sepoys. This act meant that they could potentially be sent overseas, which was considered crossing the seas and seen as a loss of caste by religious Hindus.
• The disparity in Treatment: The sepoys were dissatisfied with the disparity in treatment and emoluments compared to their British counterparts. They felt discriminated against in matters of promotion, privileges, and allowances, such as the denial of foreign service allowance when serving in certain regions.
• Annexation of Awadh: The annexation of Awadh (Oudh), a region with a significant population of sepoys, further fueled their discontent. The annexation disrupted the existing social and political order, leading to a sense of loss and anger among the sepoys.
• Subordination and Discrimination: The sepoys felt subordinated at every step and experienced racial discrimination within the army. They believed that they were treated as inferior to the British soldiers and faced obstacles in terms of career advancement.
• Peasants in Uniform: The sepoys were often drawn from rural backgrounds and maintained a connection to the grievances and aspirations of the rural population. Their discontent was not limited to military matters but reflected the wider opposition to British rule.
• History of Revolts: The British Indian Army had a history of revolts and uprisings, with incidents in Bengal, Vellore, Barrackpore, and during the Afghan Wars serving as precedents. These previous rebellions contributed to a sense of collective discontent and the belief that resistance against British rule was possible.
• The discontent among the sepoys, influenced by religious, social, and military factors, played a significant role in the outbreak of the revolt of 1857. Their grievances and opposition to British rule were intertwined with the broader discontent of the Indian population at the time.

White Mutiny

• The White Mutiny refers to the unrest and resistance shown by a section of European forces employed under the British East India Company in the aftermath of the transfer of power from the Company to the British Crown. This transfer required the allegiance of the forces to shift from the defunct Company to the Queen, similar to the British Army.
• The resentment among the European forces stemmed from several factors. Firstly, they were unhappy with the cessation of the batta, which was an extra allowance of pay provided to cover various expenses associated with operations outside the soldiers’ home territories. Additionally, Lord Canning’s legalistic interpretation of the laws related to the transfer of power further fueled their discontent.
• The White Mutiny posed a potential threat to the already vulnerable British position in India, as it had the potential to incite renewed rebellion among the population. The demands put forth by the European forces included an enlistment bonus or the choice of release from their obligations. Eventually, their demand for a free and clear release with free passage back to their home countries was accepted, and many soldiers opted to return home.
• The level of rebellion and physical violence displayed by the European forces was significant, making it unlikely for them to be accepted into the Queen’s Army. As a result, their demands for release and repatriation were granted.
• The White Mutiny, although smaller in scale compared to the 1857 revolt, highlights the discontent and resistance faced by the British authorities even among their own forces during this period of transition and change.
• The view expressed highlights the negative consequences of British rule in India following the 1857 revolt and the Queen’s Proclamation of 1858. According to this perspective:
• Social deterioration: The social fabric of Indian society suffered irreparable damage as the British pitted different communities against each other, leading to heightened social divisions and animosity among the Indian population.
• Economic exploitation: Although British territorial conquest had ended, a period of systematic economic exploitation by the British began. The Indian economy was fully exploited for the benefit of the British, leading to economic deprivation and the draining of resources from India.
• Inequality and discrimination: The Indian Civil Service Act of 1861, which aimed to project equality under the Queen, actually perpetuated racial and discriminatory practices. The rules and regulations surrounding the civil service examination ensured that the higher services remained accessible primarily to the colonizers, maintaining a racial hierarchy.
• Racial hatred and suspicion: The revolt and its aftermath exacerbated racial hatred and suspicion between Indians and the British. British newspapers and journals depicted Indians as subhuman and portrayed the need for the British to maintain control through superior force. This attitude of superiority and contempt widened the divide between the rulers and the ruled.
• Remodeling of the Indian government: The complete restructuring of the Indian government was based on the belief in the superiority of the British “master race” and the notion of the “White Man’s burden.” This further deepened the gulf between the ruling British authorities and the Indian population, leading to political controversies, demonstrations, and acts of violence.
• Overall, this view highlights the negative legacy of British imperialism in India, including social divisions, economic exploitation, racial discrimination, and the erosion of trust between the rulers and the ruled. It suggests that the aftermath of the revolt and the British response to it exacerbated these issues, setting the stage for further political conflicts and unrest in the future.

Significance of the Revolt

• The significance of the Revolt of 1857 can be understood from both British and Indian perspectives. Here are the key points:
• British perspective: The Revolt exposed the shortcomings of the East India Company’s administration and army. It revealed the need for reforms and prompted the British to make prompt changes to rectify the flaws. The British authorities took steps to improve the administration and military organization, which may not have happened without the Revolt.
• Indian perspective: The Revolt had a profound impact on the Indian struggle for freedom. It brought the grievances of the Indian people and sepoys to the forefront, highlighting their genuine concerns. While it became apparent that the Indians lacked the advanced weaponry of the British and were at a disadvantage militarily, the Revolt also revealed the atrocities committed by both sides. This led Indian intellectuals to reject violence as a means of achieving freedom and reinforced the belief in a nonviolent and orderly approach.
• Establishment of resistance traditions: The Revolt of 1857 played a significant role in establishing local traditions of resistance to British rule. It created a sense of collective identity and resistance among the Indian population, which would later contribute to the national struggle for freedom. The events of 1857 served as a historical reference and inspiration for future generations in their fight against British imperialism.
• In summary, the Revolt of 1857 had a dual significance. It exposed the weaknesses in British administration and prompted reforms, while also shaping the course of the Indian freedom struggle by revealing the limitations of violent resistance and establishing local traditions of resistance against British rule.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q: what was the revolt of 1857, and when did it occur.

A: The Revolt of 1857, also known as the Indian Mutiny or the First War of Independence, was a significant uprising against British colonial rule in India. It began in 1857 and continued into 1858. It was a widespread and coordinated rebellion that involved various Indian states and regions.

Q: What were the main causes of the Revolt of 1857?

A: The causes of the Revolt of 1857 were multifaceted. They included social, economic, and political factors. Some key causes were discontent among Indian soldiers (sepoys) due to the use of cartridges rumored to be greased with animal fat, economic hardships faced by Indian farmers and artisans, and a general resentment towards British policies and cultural insensitivity.

Q: Who were the key leaders and figures involved in the Revolt of 1857?

A: The Revolt of 1857 saw the participation of numerous leaders and figures. Prominent leaders included Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi, Bahadur Shah II, Kunwar Singh, Tantia Tope, and Nana Sahib, among others. These leaders played vital roles in organizing and leading the rebellion in various regions.

Q: What were the outcomes of the Revolt of 1857?

A: The Revolt of 1857 had far-reaching consequences. While it ultimately failed to overthrow British rule, it did lead to several significant changes. The British government took direct control of India from the East India Company, introduced several reforms, and paid more attention to Indian cultural and religious sensitivities. The revolt also played a role in the gradual emergence of the Indian nationalist movement.

Q: How did the Revolt of 1857 impact the relationship between Indians and the British?

A: The Revolt of 1857 significantly strained the relationship between Indians and the British colonial rulers. It deepened mistrust and animosity on both sides. While the British government became more cautious about offending Indian sentiments, it also implemented repressive measures to prevent future uprisings. This tumultuous period set the stage for the Indian freedom struggle in the years to come.

In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9811333901.  

For UPSC Prelims Resources, Click here

For Daily Updates and Study Material:

Join our Telegram Channel – Edukemy for IAS

• 1. Learn through Videos – here
• 2. Be Exam Ready by Practicing Daily MCQs – here
• 3. Daily Newsletter – Get all your Current Affairs Covered – here
• 4. Mains Answer Writing Practice – here

Visit our YouTube Channel – here

• Gopal Krishna Gokhale – Modern History Notes
• Annulment of the Partition – UPSC Modern History Notes
• Weaknesses and Contribution of Left Wing Movement – Modern History Notes
• Social Policies, Social Changes and Spread of Modern Education – Modern History Notes

Edukemy Team

The rise and growth of nationalism – modern history notes, pakistan resolution, lahore, march 1940 – modern history notes, impact of the rise of nationalism in india – modern..., quit india movement – modern history notes, political association before indian national congress – modern history notes, interim goverment – modern history notes, gandhi’s harijan campaign – modern history notes, how would you solve these history questions in upsc prelims, the wavell plan (shimla conference) – upsc modern history notes, changes and impact of british policies in india – modern..., leave a comment cancel reply.

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

Our website uses cookies to improve your experience. By using our services, you agree to our use of cookies Got it

Keep me signed in until I sign out

Forgot your password?

A new password will be emailed to you.

Have received a new password? Login here

GS Foundation

UPSC All India Mock Test – Edukemy Open Mock

• Terms & conditions
• Privacy policy

© 2023 Sorting Hat Technologies Pvt Ltd

• Live Value Batch
• NDA Question Paper
• NDA Syllabus
• NDA Exam Analysis
• Study Material
• NDA Topper 2023
• NDA 2 Result 2023

NDA Application Form 2023

• NDA Paper Pattern
• NDA Exam Date
• NDA Admit Card
• NDA for Girls

Causes of 1857 Revolt

Table of content.

The 1857 revolt was a turning point in the history of India. It was a result of years of discontent among the people against British rule. There were many factors that contributed to this uprising, and it is important to understand all of them if we want to gain a better understanding of this important event. In this article, we will explore the causes of the 1857 revolt in detail and try to get a clearer picture of what led to this momentous event.

A Short Note 0n Revolt of 1857

The revolt of 1857 was the first major challenge to British rule in India. It broke out on May 11, 1857, at Meerut, a small town near Delhi. Soon it spread to other parts of the country and became a full-fledged rebellion against the British. The main aim of the rebels was to drive the British out of India.

The revolt was crushed after a long and hard-fought battle, but it left a deep impact on the course of Indian history. It showed the people of India that they could unitedly challenge British rule and also inspired future generations to fight for independence.

Causes of Revolt of 1857

The 1857 revolt was caused by a number of factors, both immediate and long term. The following are some of the most important causes of the revolt:

• The Policy of Annexation

One of the main reasons for the outbreak of the revolt was the policy of annexation pursued by the British. This policy led to the annexation of several native states, which made the people feel that their rights were being usurped.

• The Doctrine of Lapse

The Doctrine of Lapse was another major cause of the revolt. This doctrine allowed the British to annex any native state whose ruler died without a male heir. This led to great unrest among the people, as they felt that their rights were being snatched away.

• Discrimination against Indians

The British policy of discrimination against Indians was another important factor that led to the revolt. The British favoured Europeans over Indians in all aspects of life, which led to a feeling of resentment among the people.

• The Economic Policies of the British

The economic policies of the British also contributed to the outbreak of the revolt. The tax policies and other measures adopted by the British led to economic hardship for the people, which made them resentful of British rule.

• The Social Policies of the British

The social policies of the British also played a role in causing the revolt. The policy of introducing western education and culture led to a feeling of alienation among the people.

• Greased Cartilages

The introduction of greased cartridges was the immediate cause of the revolt. The cartridges used in the new rifles had to be greased with tallow, which is a substance derived from animal fat. This led to great resentment among the Hindu and Muslim soldiers, as they felt that this was against their religious beliefs.

The rebellion was thus caused by a combination of factors, both immediate and long term. It is important to understand all of these factors if we want to get a clear picture of this historic event.

Aftermath of the Revolt

The revolt of 1857 was a turning point in the history of India. It showed the people of India that they could unitedly challenge British rule and also inspired future generations to fight for independence. The revolt also led to a number of changes in British policy, which made the people feel that their rights were being safeguarded.

The revolt of 1857 was thus a significant event in the history of India, and it is important to understand all its causes and effects.

The 1857 revolt was caused by a number of factors, chief among them the increasing power of the British East India Company and the resentment it bred in Indian subjects. The company’s monopoly on trade, its exemption from taxation, and its ever-growing landholdings created great inequality and injustice. In addition, British policies such as the Doctrine of Lapse and the Vernacular Press Act further angered Indians. Students studying this period should be aware of all these causes to gain a complete understanding of one of India’s most significant uprisings.

Frequently asked questions

Get answers to the most common queries related to the NDA Examination Preparation.

What were the main causes of the 1857 revolt?

What was the immediate cause of the revolt, what were the long-term causes of the revolt, what was the significance of the 1857 revolt, did the revolt lead to any changes in british policy.

Answer: The main causes of the 1857 revolt were the policy of annexation, the Doctrine of Lapse, discrimination against Indians, and the economic and social policies of the British.

Answer: The immediate cause of the revolt was the introduction of greased cartridges, which was seen as an insult to Hindu and Muslim soldiers.

Answer: The long-term causes of the revolt were the increasing power of the British East India Company and the resentment it bred in Indian subjects.

Answer: The 1857 revolt was a turning point in the history of India. It showed the people of India that they could unitedly challenge British rule and also inspired future generations to fight for independence. The revolt also led to a number of changes in British policy, which made the people feel that their rights were being safeguarded.

Answer: Yes, the revolt led to a number of changes in British policy, which made the people feel that their rights were being safeguarded. These changes included the abolition of the Doctrine of Lapse and the Vernacular Press Act.

Crack NDA with Unacademy

Get subscription and access unlimited live and recorded courses from India’s best educators

• Structured syllabus
• Daily live classes
• Tests & practice

Notifications

Get all the important information related to the NDA Exam including the process of application, syllabus, eligibility criteria, exam centers etc.

NDA 2 Admit Card 2022(Out), Steps to Download, Details Mentioned, Discrepancy

Nda age limit.

• NDA Application Process

NDA Books 2024 – Subject Wise Books for NDA 1,2 Exam

Nda cut off 2023: expected, how to check and previous year cut off marks, nda eligibility, nda exam: highlights, important dates & syllabus, nda examination scheme, nda salary 2022 – check here, nda study material 2022: get subject-wise nda notes here, nda syllabus 2023 – maths, gat, english syllabus, nda syllabus 2023 for maths & gat, related articles, world history in world wars: the causes, consequences, and significance of two global conflicts.

World Wars were the global conflicts that resulted in devastation and destruction. Learn what led to these situations, and more on the causes of these.

Who Discovered The Indus Valley Civilization

The first recorded mention of the Indus Valley Civilization was made by John Marshall, who was the Director-General of the ASI in 1924. Know more here.

Who are the Leaders of the Revolt of 1857

There were many leaders of the revolt, but three people stand out above all others: Rani Laxmi Bai, Bahadur Shah Zafar, and Mangal Pandey. Read more.

War of American Independence

The Yankee Revolution—additionally known as the U.S. struggle of Independence—became the rebellion fought between 1775 and 1783 through which thirteen of The North American colonies of Britain drew away British rule to stabilize the sovereign United States of the US, based on the proclamation of Independence in 1776.

1,816+ courses for NDA

Trending Topics

• NDA Notification
• NDA Exam Eligibility
• NDA Full Form

Related links

• NDA Study Materials
• Is NDA Exam Tough?
• NDA Mock Test
• NDA 3 Year Training Fees

The UK National Charity for History

Password Sign In

Become a Member | Register for free

Teaching about the 1857 Indian Rebellion

Why study the 1857 Indian Rebellion?

There are a number of reasons why you may wish to include a study of the 1857 Indian Rebellion in your key stage 3 curriculum:

• The history of the Indian Rebellion is powerful narrative full of dramatic events, fascinating characters and particular places. It has enormous potential to fire pupils' curiosity and imagination.
• The Indian Rebellion was the greatest anti-colonial uprising against a European Empire during the nineteenth century. It represented a significant turning point in the long and complex relationship between Britain and India.
• A study of the Indian Rebellion can encourage pupils to consider fundamental questions of identity and diversity. An increased emphasis on significant events in Britain's colonial past, such as the Indian Rebellion, can help to create a more diverse and inclusive history curriculum. For pupils of Asian origin, the Indian Rebellion represents a particularly important part of their heritage and personal identity.
• A vast range of sources are available to support pupils' enquiry into the Indian Rebellion. In recent years, sources have been uncovered and translated that allow the events of 1857 to be seen, for the first time, from an Indian perspective.
• The Indian Rebellion provides a rich context for the study of interpretations of history. The Rebellion continues to be the focus of intense scholarly debate and competing popular representations.

What makes the 1857 Indian Rebellion such an emotive and controversial issue?

• The Indian Rebellion resulted in the deaths and suffering of thousands of men women and children. The extreme violence of the Rebellion, and the brutality of the British reprisals, calls for sensitive planning and teaching.
• What makes the Rebellion particularly emotive and controversial is its continued contemporary significance in India and in Britain, and its potential personal resonance for pupils of Asian origin.
• Recent scholarship on the events of 1857 has emphasized the religious dimension of the Rebellion. In contemporary Britain, where 9/11 and 7/7 have led to heightened tensions, a study of past conflict between Hindus, Muslims and Christians requires careful handling.

How can we help pupils to explore the complexity of the Indian Rebellion?

A determination to help our pupils explore the complexity of the Indian Rebellion is a useful point for planning an engaging and worthwhile sequence of lessons. By using a range of contemporary sources, and by developing a deep and complex understanding of the causes and nature of the Rebellion, we can move pupils beyond singular narratives and stereotypical views.

1. Use a range of sources that allows pupils to explore Indian perspectives

There is an abundance of first-hand narratives of the Rebellion from British soldiers and civilians. However, an over-emphasis on British sources can mean that pupils will develop a one-sided view of events. Two recent works provide a fascinating insight into Indian perspectives:

• William Dalrymple in his stunning book, The Last Mughal: The Fall of a Dynasty, Delhi, 1857 (Bloomsbury 2006), makes extensive use of the Mutiny Papers from the Indian National Archives and provides a rich and fascinating insight into the motivation, experiences and dilemmas of the ordinary people of Delhi in 1857.
• Joseph Coohill in a recent article, Indian Voices from the 1857 Rebellion (History Today, May 2007) focuses on surviving Indian narratives of the Rebellion.

2. Investigate the complex causes of the Rebellion

The traditional explanation of the 1857 Indian Rebellion focuses on the controversy over the newly-introduced Enfield rifle cartridges greased with pork and beef fat. But this is, of course, only part of the story. A complex understanding of the causes of the Indian Rebellion will allow pupils to explore:

• Earlier Indian revolts against the British.
• The significance of Mangal Pandey and his attack at Barrackpore in April 1857.
• The harsh sentences and humiliation of the 85 Meerut sepoys.
• The breakdown in mutual esteem and goodwill between British officers and sepoys.
• The territorial expansion of the British in India including the annexation of the Punjab and Oudh.
• Lord Dalhousie, Govenor General of India (1847-56), and the introduction of the ‘Doctrine of Lapse' which allowed the East India Company to extend its control into Indian territory when an Indian ruler died without what the Company considered to be an Indian heir.
• The fear of forced conversion to Christianity.
• British interference with Indian customs.
• The imposition of colonial taxes
• The growing gulf between Indians and British
• The extent to which everyday relations between the British and their Indian subjects were characterised by abuse and violence.
• The Indian desire for freedom from British domination.

3. Explore the diverse nature of the Rebellion

In the years after 1857 the Indian Rebellion was portrayed in Britain as a mutiny among the sepoys bravely defeated by the British. For nationalist historians in India the Rebellion was a great unified war of independence waged by heroic freedom-fighters against wicked imperialists. Historians continue to argue over whether the Rebellion was a mutiny, a peasants' revolt, an urban revolution or a war of independence. Recent scholarship views the Rebellion as a mixture of very different uprisings and acts of resistance often determined by local and regional situations.

A sensitive treatment of the Rebellion will allow pupils to explore the diverse nature of the Rebellion including:

• The circumstances surrounding the Meerut Mutiny
• The spread of the revolt from Meerut to Delhi
• The sieges of Delhi, Agra, Kanpur and Lucknow
• The role of Zafar, the last Mughal Emperor
• The role played by different civilian rebels
• The experiences of people caught between the British soldiers and the rebels
• The religious nature of the uprising
• The massacre of Indian Christians
• The circumstances surrounding particular atrocities such as the murder of British women and children at Kanpur
• The experiences of Indians who remained loyal to the British
• The experiences of British converts to Islam who fought with the rebels
• The appalling British retribution which accompanied the defeat of the Rebellion
• The way in which the Rebellion was reported in Britain
• Diverse reactions to the Rebellion in Britain

How can we get pupils to really care about the Indian Rebellion?

Getting pupils to really care about what happened in the past, or to move beyond the ill-informed and one-sided views they may have developed through their community histories, is a difficult challenge. In devising learning activities that engage pupils with contentious aspects of history, and that encourage pupils to care about past events, a helpful approach is to engage pupils' emotions as well as their intellects.

One useful strategy for engaging pupils' emotions is to make the history personal. Pupils often find it difficult to engage with topics in history that are written or presented as generalities and abstractions. When pupils' learning about controversial issues such as the Indian Rebellion is focused on the experiences of individual people in the past they are more likely to connect with past events and situations. It is through individual human stories that we can connect pupils to the different world of nineteenth century India.

William Dalrymple's book, The Last Mughal: The Fall of a Dynasty, Delhi, 1857 (Bloomsbury 2006) provides rich details of the experiences of a wide range of individuals caught up in the story of Delhi. These include members of the Mughal Imperial family, individuals in the rebel army and various Delhiwallas, as well as British officials and soldiers. Many of these individual stories could be used to elicit an emotional response in pupils.

What makes a good enquiry question about the 1857 Indian Rebellion?

Crafting an enquiry question on the 1857 Indian Rebellion that captures the interest and imagination of our pupils is an important stage in planning for effective learning. A rigorous, challenging and intriguing historical enquiry will ensure that pupils enjoy a purposeful learning experience. Some important points to consider are:

• Is the enquiry question academically rigorous?
• Will the question appeal to pupils?
• Will the question allow pupils to explore the complexities and controversies surrounding the Rebellion?
• How will the question combine outline and depth knowledge about the Rebellion?
• Which concepts and processes will the enquiry reinforce?

From the list below, which enquiry question do you think offer most scope for an interesting, rigorous and sensitive approach to learning about the 1857 Indian Rebellion?

Possible enquiry questions on the 1857 Indian Rebellion:

How can we find out about the Indian Rebellion?

What can different sources tell us about the Indian Rebellion?

What caused the Indian Rebellion?

Why did so many people support the Indian rebellion?

What mattered to different people during the Indian Rebellion?

What made the Indian Rebellion so terrible?

Why did the Indian Rebellion fail?

Why should we remember the Indian Rebellion?

How should we remember the Indian Rebellion?

• IAS Preparation
• UPSC Preparation Strategy
• Revolt Of 1857 Political Economic Factors

Quick Notes on Revolt of 1857: Political and Economic Factors

The revolt of 1857 is an important marker in Indian History, and is an area where questions have repeatedly featured in the Civil Services (Prelims) and Civil Services (Mains) Examinations conducted by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC). Here we outline the various political and economic factors that helped cause the revolt. This is an important segment in modern Indian history for IAS exam .

Short Note on Revolt of 1857

Political Factors (Political causes of Revolt of 1857 in points)

1. a) Due to the British expansionist policies, most of the Raja’s, Nawab’s and the zamindar’s, were either dispossessed from their state or became subsidiary to the British. b) The East India Company (EIC) had a planned way of expansionism and many Indian states easily fell prey to the policies of the East India Company. c) The policy of Trade and Commerce subjugated the state, the policy of indirect subordination (subsidiary alliance), policy of war and annexation, policy of direct subordination (doctrine of lapse), policy of misgovernance (in which Awadh was annexed). d) These policies greatly hampered the interests of the rulers of the native states, and they one by one became victims of British expansionism. e) Therefore, those rulers, who lost their states to the British, were naturally against the British and took sides against them during the revolt. f) However, some of the rulers were in active connivance and collaborated with the British in suppressing the revolt.

2. The period of Dalhousie (1848-1856) is marked as a major factor in the revolt of 1857. A famous policy under his period was ‘Doctrine of Lapse’. Under this, many states, like Satara, Jaitpur, Sambhalpur, Jhansi, were captured by the British who expanded recklessly. Thus the political factors, i.e. expansionary policy of the British greatly contributed towards the revolt of 1857. 3. The other factor was that Indian judges were not allowed to try the criminal cases of Europeans- thus discrimination was at all levels.

Revolt of 1857 Causes: Economic

Economic Factors (Economic Causes of Revolt of 1857):

• This was a vital factor as it affected a large section of Indian society. Ever since the grant of Diwani was made to the British in 1765, land revenue became an issue of much burden. British Government had imposed ‘pocket area transformation’, that means, introduction of Permanent Settlement in Bengal, Mahalwari settlement in Central India, and Ryotwari settlement in southern India.
• These three settlements were highly exploitative, and in particular, the Permanent settlement had created a devastating impact.
• But the high rates of land revenue, ruined the prospects of Indian peasantry. Thus the peasants were greatly encouraged to overthrow the British Government from India. The ‘Drain of Wealth’ impoverished peasants and they thus participated actively in the revolt of 1857.

Leave a Comment Cancel reply

Your Mobile number and Email id will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Request OTP on Voice Call

Post My Comment

IAS 2024 - Your dream can come true!

Download the ultimate guide to upsc cse preparation.

• Share Share

Register with BYJU'S & Download Free PDFs

Register with byju's & watch live videos.

War of Independence 1857: Causes and Consequences

by Mahrukh Husain

The War of Independence (1857-1858), also known as the Indian Rebellion of 1857 or the Sepoy Mutiny, was a major uprising in the history of the British occupation of the subcontinent. In this article, we will take a look at the various factors that led to the rebellion as well as its repercussions in the later years. 

The First War of Independence 1857 – What Happened?

Causes of the war of independence, consequences of the war for independence.

In 1857, the British East India Company introduced new cartridges, allegedly laced in cow and pig grease, in an attempt to keep the gunpowder within them dry. Once news of this development spread, however, it caused severe unrest amongst soldiers belonging to all regiments, mainly because to access the gunpowder, the paper covering of the cartridge had to be ripped apart using one’s teeth. 

One particular incident stands out when nearly eighty-five soldiers belonging to the Bengal regiment of the British East India Company disobeyed a direct order to use the cartridges. The result was harsh punishment meted out to the soldiers, that too in front of their colleagues.

This ultimately led to widespread protests and outright rebellion with many Indians taking up arms against the British. While the revolt was eventually squashed by the British, thanks to their superior technology, strategy and techniques, this event continues to be upheld as a significant turning point in the history of the subcontinent’s independence and Indian Muslims’ struggle for a separate homeland . 

It is important not to view in isolation the strong religious sentiment both Hindu and Muslim sepoys had regarding the new cartridges. In truth, this development was the straw that finally broke the camel’s back; many other factors caused intense feelings of resentment and dissent amongst Indian soldiers, all of which eventually boiled over in the form of the 1857 revolt . These include:

Economic Exploitation

The aim of the British East India Company had always been to exploit the subcontinent for its resources as well as to protect British interests. This is why through many endeavours - discouraging Indian manufacturing for the sake of importing English goods; annexation of princely states that left many soldiers jobless combined with the confiscation of their ancestral lands; newer, harsher demands for revenue with virtually no relief and needless red tape – the British attempted to take advantage of the Indian territory with heedless abandon, thereby causing intense frustration amongst the locals. 

Military Unrest

Before becoming the rulers of the subcontinent, the British East India Company was considered a trading partner looking to make significant investments in the subcontinent. This included the British Indian Army which consisted of well-trained, effectively armed and well-paid Indian officers. That changed once the British became the subcontinent’s rulers. Many developments – higher budget allocated to soldiers of European descent; rapidly growing communication gap between the Indian soldier and British officers (owing to the British Raj prohibiting their officers from marrying Indian women); rules and regulations that were seen as going against the religious sentiments of both Hindu and Muslim soldiers – ended up completely alienating Indian soldiers and building further resentment against them within the regiments.

Other factors

Other factors included rumours that the British were trying to encourage the spread of Christianity, the introduction of the European civil and criminal justice system which was seen as highly complex and formalized, the reservation of higher-grade offices for European classes only and overall racial discrimination, led to intense feelings of dissatisfaction amongst the locals, which further contributed towards the uprising. 

Just as the factors leading towards the  War of Independence played a pivotal role in the creation of India and Pakistan, its subsequent repercussions and consequences have also ultimately had a bearing on the futures of both nations as seen through the following.

Change of Rule

Following the uprising, the East India Company was shuttered and replaced with a new British government department, the India Office, as part of the Queen’s Proclamation of 1858, to handle the governance of India. 

Changes in Military Policies

To prevent the occurrence of any such incident in the future, the native and European armies of the British Raj went through a complete overhaul. The Bengal army was replaced with new units consisting of Punjabi Muslims and Sikhs from Punjab, Pathans from the North-West Frontier Province and Gurkhas from Nepal. This was a deliberate attempt by the British to restrict Bengalis' entry into the post-1857 version of the British Indian army as they played an integral role in the rebellion. 

Social and Cultural Changes

While on the one hand, efforts were made to appease the locals to not pave the way for another uprising, harsh punishments were meted out to those who were found to be disloyal to the British government. Besides mass executions of male members of families found to have betrayed the ruling elite, all their properties were confiscated and their standing reduced to that of poverty. This gave rise to fundamentalist groups in Pakistan, India and Bangladesh, many of which are still active today.

Political and Administrative Changes

As mentioned above, for fear of not creating conditions that would give way to another mutiny, the British created channels for the locals to air whatever concerns they had with regard to governance. This was done through the establishment of local government institutions ; a small experiment in terms of democratic empowerment that ultimately led to the adoption of full-fledged parliamentary democracy by all countries within the subcontinent. 

Other Consequences

Another development involved the overhaul of the Indian bureaucracy; the best minds of the local population were recruited at a very young age and were given state-of-the-art training within the subcontinent and at Britain’s most prestigious educational institution, Cambridge. Once they entered British service, they acted as the eyes and ears of the British government on the ground, thus allowing them to successfully run the country. 

All of the above factors, including an increase in Indian nationalism and a growing religious divide between Hindus and Muslims (which was increasingly exploited by the British for their own benefit) played a vital role in future events, namely the creation of Pakistan, India and Bangladesh. Studying the context within which these events took place will help students understand the events of today and help them ace their IGCSE & O Level Pakistan Studies exam . 

Most Common Repeated Questions:

Unlock the secrets to acing your CAIE IGCSE & O Level exams with a sneak peek into the most frequently asked questions that have graced the past papers!

• 'The main reason the War of Independence ended was because it was not supported by all Indian rulers.' How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. (14) [May/June 2017, Oct/Nov 2023]
• 'A lack of unity and coordination was the main reason for the failure of the War of Independence by 1858.' Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. (14) [May/June 2004, 2010]
• 'The introduction of social reforms by the British, such as education, caused the War of Independence in 1857.' Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. (14) [Oct/Nov 2005]
• 'The establishment of English as the official language of the subcontinent in 1834 was the main reason for the War of Independence in 1857.' Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. (14) [May/June 2007, Oct/Nov 2019]
• Why did the War of Independence of 1857 fail? (7)  [Oct/Nov 2007, 2009, 2011][May/June 2019]
• 'Religious factors were more important than any other in causing the War of Independence of 1857-58.' Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. (14) [Oct/Nov 2008, May/June 2018 ]
• Was the greased cartridge incident the most important cause of the War of Independence of 1857? Explain your answer. (14) [May/June 2012]
• Describe the events of the War of Independence, 1857-58. (4) [May/June 2013]
• Was the introduction of the 'Doctrine of Lapse' in 1852 the most important reason for the War of Independence in 1857? Explain your answer. (14) [May/June 2014, 2020]
• To what extent were the different aims of Indian groups in 1857 the main reason why the War of Independence was short-lived? Explain your answer. (10) [Oct/Nov 2020] 
• To what extent were the outcomes of the War of Independence beneficial for India? Explain your answer. (10) [May/June 2021]

Q. What was the War of Independence in 1857?

The War of Independence in 1857, also known as the Indian Rebellion or Sepoy Mutiny, was a major uprising against British colonial rule in India.

Q. What were the causes of the War of Independence in 1857?

The causes included economic exploitation by the British East India Company, military unrest due to discriminatory policies, religious and social factors, and resentment against British rule.

Q. What were the consequences of the War of Independence in 1857?

Consequences included a change in governance from the East India Company to the India Office, military reforms, social and cultural changes, and political and administrative reforms.

Q. How did economic exploitation contribute to the War of Independence in 1857?

Economic exploitation, such as discouraging local industries and harsh revenue demands, led to job losses and resentment among the Indian population, contributing to the rebellion.

Q. What were the military reforms after the War of Independence in 1857?

The British revamped the army, limited Bengali entry, and recruited soldiers from different regions to prevent future uprisings.

Q. What were the social and cultural changes after the War of Independence in 1857?

Harsh punishments for rebels led to the rise of fundamentalist groups, while efforts to appease locals and establish governance channels resulted in political changes.

Q. How did the War of Independence in 1857 impact India's governance?

The rebellion led to changes in governance, including the establishment of local government institutions and restructuring of the Indian bureaucracy, paving the way for democratic empowerment.

Q. What role did religious and social factors play in the War of Independence in 1857?

Rumours of British attempts to spread Christianity, racial discrimination, and reserved high-grade offices for Europeans fueled dissatisfaction among the Indian population.

Q. Where can I learn more about the War of Independence in 1857 and related historical topics?

Enroll in courses like IGCSE & O Level Pakistan Studies History at  www.out-class.org to learn from experienced educators about historical events such as the War of Independence and its significance.

If you want to dive right in, let's start with selecting the course you want

What course are you interested in, choose from the list.

Essay on Revolt Of 1857

Students are often asked to write an essay on Revolt Of 1857 in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Revolt Of 1857

Introduction.

The Revolt of 1857, often called the First War of Indian Independence, was a significant event in Indian history. It was a massive rebellion against the British East India Company. The revolt started on May 10, 1857, in Meerut, and soon spread to other parts of the country.

Causes of the Revolt

Several factors led to the Revolt of 1857. The main reasons were the British policies of annexation and disrespect towards Indian traditions. The immediate cause was the introduction of new rifle cartridges rumored to be greased with cow and pig fat, offending both Hindus and Muslims.

Leaders of the Revolt

The revolt was led by various Indian leaders. Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi, Kunwar Singh of Bihar, and Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last Mughal emperor, were some of the key figures. They fought bravely against the British forces.

Outcome of the Revolt

The Revolt of 1857 was eventually suppressed by the British. Despite its failure, it marked the beginning of a new phase in India’s struggle for freedom. It led to the end of the East India Company’s rule and the start of direct British control.

Significance of the Revolt

The Revolt of 1857 is important because it was the first large-scale rebellion against British rule. It awakened a sense of national unity among Indians and set the stage for the eventual independence of India in 1947.

250 Words Essay on Revolt Of 1857

The Revolt of 1857 was a significant event in Indian history. It was a massive rebellion against the British East India Company’s rule in India. Many people call it India’s First War of Independence.

There were many reasons for the Revolt of 1857. The British were not treating Indians fairly. They were taking away the land of many Indian rulers. They also introduced new laws and taxes that were not liked by the people. The use of animal fat in the new rifle cartridges was the last straw. This hurt the religious feelings of both Hindu and Muslim soldiers.

The revolt began on May 10, 1857, in Meerut. The Indian soldiers, also known as sepoys, refused to use the new rifle cartridges. They killed their British officers and marched towards Delhi. The revolt spread to other parts of India like Kanpur, Lucknow, and Jhansi.

Many brave leaders led the revolt. Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi, Nana Sahib, and Tantia Tope were some of the famous leaders. They fought bravely against the British.

End of the Revolt

The revolt ended in 1858. The British were able to suppress the revolt due to better weapons and lack of unity among the Indian leaders. This marked the end of the British East India Company’s rule. India came directly under the British Crown.

The Revolt of 1857 was a big step towards India’s struggle for freedom. It showed the British that Indians were not happy with their rule. Even though the revolt did not succeed, it sparked the fire of freedom in the hearts of many Indians.

500 Words Essay on Revolt Of 1857

The beginning of the revolt.

The Revolt of 1857, also known as the Indian Rebellion of 1857, was a significant event in Indian history. It started on May 10th, 1857, in the town of Meerut. Indian soldiers, known as sepoys, in the British East India Company’s army, rose against the British. This happened because the sepoys were unhappy with their treatment by the British officers. They were also upset about new rifle cartridges that were greased with animal fat, which was against their religious beliefs.

Spread of the Revolt

The revolt did not stay in Meerut. It spread to other parts of India, such as Delhi, Kanpur, and Lucknow. The rebellion was not just among soldiers. Ordinary people, including farmers and local leaders, also joined in. They were angry about the British rule and the changes it brought to their lives, like high taxes and laws that went against their customs.

There were many leaders in the Revolt of 1857. Some of the most famous ones were Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi, Kunwar Singh of Bihar, and Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last Mughal emperor. These leaders inspired many people to join the revolt. They fought bravely and made great sacrifices for the cause.

End of the Revolt and its Impact

The Revolt of 1857 ended in 1858 when the British took control again. Many of the leaders were killed or sent away. The British government made changes in how they ruled India. The East India Company was ended, and the British Crown took direct control. This event is known as the beginning of the British Raj, which lasted until 1947.

Even though the revolt did not succeed in ending British rule, it had a big impact. It showed the British that the Indian people were not happy with their rule. It also brought together people from different parts of India to fight against a common enemy. This unity was important in later years when India fought for its independence.

The Revolt of 1857 was a major event in Indian history. It showed the discontent of the Indian people under British rule. It brought together people from different regions and backgrounds in a common cause. Even though it did not end British rule, it laid the groundwork for future struggles for freedom. It is an important part of our history that reminds us of the bravery and sacrifice of those who fought for our country’s freedom.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

If you’re looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics:

• Essay on Revolutionary War
• Essay on Rice
• Essay on Rice For Thanksgiving

Apart from these, you can look at all the essays by clicking here .

Happy studying!

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

The Indian Mutiny of 1857: Causes of the Rebellion

The rebellion that came to be called the Indian Mutiny started on the 10 th May 1857 with the soldiers of the Light Cavalry regiment and the Infantry of the Bengal army which was posted at Meerut shooting the British officers in the precincts of the army cantonment. They broke open the gates of all the lock ups and set on fire the buildings that housed the army officers and then marched to Delhi. After arriving there the next day they declared the aging Mughal ruler as their leader and went on a killing spree of all the Europeans that came their way. They proclaimed that the Mughal Empire will now be reestablished. Very quickly the Mutiny spread throughout the units of the Bengal Army and by June end; most of the northern part of the country was no longer under the control of the Empire. All the British civilians and soldiers had been either made to flee from the city or were held hostage. Such warfare continued up to the beginning of 1859 but despite the disturbances, there did not appear to be any dramatic threat to the sovereignty of the British.

The immediate cause of the Mutiny was the introduction by the British of the new guns called Enfield rifles which had to be operated by using greased cartridges to fire them. It was unfortunate that the greasy lubricant was a concoction of cow and pig fat which was not acceptable to the sepoys who comprised Hindus and Muslims in the Indian Army. For Hindus it was not acceptable to use the cartridges greased with cow fat and the Muslims got much aggressive on realizing that they would have to use cartridges greased with pig fat. This inconsiderate choice in using the lubricants created fears amongst the soldiers that the British were trying to attack the two main religions in the country in attempts to convert them to Christianity. The British could not apprehend that such fears could lead to the indiscriminate killing of children and women in an armed resurrection. It was also interpreted by some in Britain that it was a signal of the brutality and irrationality by the Asians.

In what has been understood as the most lengthy and important speech on the Indian Mutiny, Benjamin Disraeli had spoken to the House of Commons in July, 1857 that “The decline and fall of empires are not affairs of greased cartridges. Such results are occasioned by adequate causes, and by an accumulation of adequate causes” (Hansard’s 147:475). Hence it is evident that there were in fact other causes also that were slowly proving to be provocative in causing the Mutiny. After the appointment of Warren Hastings as Governor General he undertook the task of expanding the size of the army. Originally the army was composed of soldiers from Bengal and since these were the very soldiers that had fought opposite the British forces in the Battle of Plassey, they were not fully trustworthy in his eyes and hence he recruited the higher caste Brahmins and Rajputs from Bihar and Oudh. However soldiers were also recruited from other religions and social groups to avoid friction and the British made efforts in adapting to the religious practices of the different groups. Different communities were given separate quarters and eating places and the Hindu festivals were officially recognized by the army. However such policies gave vent to and made the system vulnerable in that the soldiers adopted aggressive practices of protest whenever there was the slightest sign of their rights or prerogatives being infringed.

The Bengal Army had an overwhelming majority of high caste Brahmins who were much antagonized against the presence of a large number of Muslims and Sikhs within the rolls of the army. They also felt contempt against the British officers. Both Hindus and Muslims were viewed as being inferior by the upper caste Brahmins and the British were considered uninvited by them.

With the rapid speed with which British cultural and territorial acquisition of the Indian subcontinent was taking place there was much discontent amongst the soldiers in realizing that they were increasingly being made to bow down to English supremacy. The declaration of the Right of Lapse by Lord Dalhousie did not recognize the practice of adoption that was widely prevalent in India. After the British had annexed Oudh in 1856 most of the sepoys were disgruntled on account of losing their perks as landed owners. They were also unhappy because of the indiscriminate practices being adopted by the courts in increasing the land revenue payment as augmented by the annexation. As the jurisdiction of the East India Company expanded, the professional terms offered to the sepoys created much resentment amongst them. They were required to serve in unfamiliar regions such as Burma and were also not given the extra emoluments that they were previously entitled to for serving in foreign lands. The newly introduced General Services Act did not provide for pension for retired sepoys while there was a discriminatory angle in enabling the same facility to new recruits in the army. Additionally, sepoys in the Bengal army were given lesser salary as compared to those in the Bombay and Madras armies which further complicated the issue of fears in regard to pension. Other issues were also raised by way of lesser promotion avenues by ignoring the seniority of the soldiers and the increasing number of British soldiers and officers further reduced promotion opportunities.

The new administrative guidelines led to legal rights being given to the East India Company to automatically become heir to all the Indian princes and rulers that did not have a blooded descendant. Moreover the British had recently brought under their control the province of Oudh which was the main home of a majority of the soldiers. Most of the rebel soldiers belonged to the erstwhile Oudh region which now comprises the state of Uttar Pradesh. They were originally from land owner families and could not tolerate any longer the discrimination at the hands of the British. The movement received added strength with the support of the peasants, landlords, feudal nobility and tribal groups.

There was much annoyance amongst Indians with the British decision to ban in 1850, the practice of sati which was widely present and tolerated amongst the masses. In the same year, the British encouraged and made it very rewarding for people to convert from Hinduism to Christianity without suffering on account of losing on inheritance rights to family assets. There was an increasing spread of missionary activities all through the country which was receiving the patronage of the British army officers. Lord Canning, the Governor General officially connected with the conversion agencies and gave them full support. The work of the government began to be increasingly conducted in English which was not acceptable to the people. The speed with which English education was spreading in the country and the increasing introduction of railways and telegraph endangered the social and cultural structure in imposing British influence within the country.

In efforts to establish its supremacy, the East India Company had started to restructure India on the lines of Europe which made the common man conclude that they were violating their rights and usurping the privileges that had been established over the centuries. In introducing the Doctrine of lapse Indians had begun to think that the British had begun to seize their states in rendering the Hindu custom of succession as illegal. This was taken very seriously by all sections of society and it was felt as an unjustified intrusion into their customs and the country’s legal structure that had been in existence over the centuries. The soldiers were recruited and made to serve in the most undesirable places which they had never been prepared for. The customs during the time did not favor large scale migration to serve the army in distant places since their primary motive was to serve their motherland. In being compelled to serve in worn torn areas they least expected that their jobs would require them to protect or fight for causes that were not associated with their country or society.

With large scale recruitment of sepoys in the different regiments, it became difficult for the British to control and discipline them as per army requirements and hence the army did not present a good example of a disciplined force. Promotion policy was based on time served instead of the ability and strength of individual soldiers which added to the discontentment and led to further indiscipline and inefficiency. There had been an endless friction for decades amongst the local population and the British in regard to the official British sponsorship of missionary efforts to convert Hindus and Muslims to Christianity. The people believed that it had become a government policy to encourage the missionaries who made hectic attempts to bring about conversions under the provisions of the Charter Act of 1813.

The large number of factors that brought about a strong sense of discontentment amongst the sepoys proved to be strong reason to aggravate the Mutiny and the introduction of the new pattern 1853 Enfield Rifle merely ignited the fire that eventually engulfed the entire northern part of India into large scale violence and disturbance. Sir Sayid Ahmed Khan, an eminent educationist during the time, aptly summed the causes of the Indian Mutiny of 1857 as, “I believe that there was but one primary cause of the rebellion, the others being merely incidental and arising out of it… [T]he Natives of India, without perhaps a single exception, blame the Government for having deprived them of their position and dignity and for keeping them down… Was not the Government aware that the Natives of the very highest rank trembled before its officers, and were in daily fear of suffering the greatest insults and indignities at their hands?” (Khan, 1859)

Albert Pionke, Representations of the Indian Mutiny in Victorian Higher Journalism, 2004, Web.

Christopher Hibbert, Great Mutiny: India 1857, 1980, Penguin Duff, Rev. Alexander. The Indian Mutiny; Its Causes and Results. In a Series of Letters. 2nd ed. London: James Nisbet and Co., 1858.

Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates. Third series 147 (1857). London: Thomas Curson Hansard et. al., 1857. 440-545. (Benjamin Disraeli’s speech on the Indian Mutiny)

Khan, Syed Ahmed (1859), Asbab-e Baghawat-e Hind”, Translated as The Causes of the Indian Revolt, Allahabad , 1873.

Telegraph, Causes of the Indian Mutiny, 2007, Web.

Cite this paper

• Chicago (N-B)
• Chicago (A-D)

StudyCorgi. (2021, December 4). The Indian Mutiny of 1857: Causes of the Rebellion. https://studycorgi.com/the-indian-mutiny-of-1857-causes-of-the-rebellion/

"The Indian Mutiny of 1857: Causes of the Rebellion." StudyCorgi , 4 Dec. 2021, studycorgi.com/the-indian-mutiny-of-1857-causes-of-the-rebellion/.

StudyCorgi . (2021) 'The Indian Mutiny of 1857: Causes of the Rebellion'. 4 December.

1. StudyCorgi . "The Indian Mutiny of 1857: Causes of the Rebellion." December 4, 2021. https://studycorgi.com/the-indian-mutiny-of-1857-causes-of-the-rebellion/.

Bibliography

StudyCorgi . "The Indian Mutiny of 1857: Causes of the Rebellion." December 4, 2021. https://studycorgi.com/the-indian-mutiny-of-1857-causes-of-the-rebellion/.

StudyCorgi . 2021. "The Indian Mutiny of 1857: Causes of the Rebellion." December 4, 2021. https://studycorgi.com/the-indian-mutiny-of-1857-causes-of-the-rebellion/.

This paper, “The Indian Mutiny of 1857: Causes of the Rebellion”, was written and voluntary submitted to our free essay database by a straight-A student. Please ensure you properly reference the paper if you're using it to write your assignment.

Before publication, the StudyCorgi editorial team proofread and checked the paper to make sure it meets the highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, fact accuracy, copyright issues, and inclusive language. Last updated: December 25, 2023 .

If you are the author of this paper and no longer wish to have it published on StudyCorgi, request the removal . Please use the “ Donate your paper ” form to submit an essay.

• Australia edition
• International edition
• Europe edition

30 June 1857: The Indian Mutiny

The mutinies erupted in 1857 over British disregard of tradition and religion in India . This piece examines the reasons behind the fury.

• Guardian 190
• National newspapers

Most viewed

Causes Of The Rebellion Of 1857

There are many causes to the Rebellion of 1857, including, but not limited to: a disenfranchised populace; BEIC arrogance; and nobles who wanted more power. There isn’t not just one most important causation that caused all this, numerous concerns like political and administrative issues, social and religious, and even a little bit of military issues all play a role as the a connexion to the rebellion of 1857,. But one of the main causation was economic,along with political, administrative issues economic issues were also linked to this, BEIC expanded to gain stability and profit but while doing this many problems arose. The most imperative reason for discontent was the British policy of financially manipulating India. This causes all …show more content…

Economics was another issue for the pre-mughal dynasty, like every empire the pre-Mughal empire wanted to settle in good area as well as still being able to expand their dynasty further. In addition to, becoming stable was seen as vital. In order to explain this to someone I would have to explain how they accomplished stability through three important aspects being economics, religious, and political military. So below I will explain some of the information that I would tell them about these aspects. Economics and religion were the two main reasons people moved, in fact, that is how Muslim came here. While merchants from Arabia financial try to support themselves, they were the first ones to spread their religion of Islam not only through Sufism but through trading in South India. This lead to becoming a stabilized in society, due to the fact, as they made their trades they were able to spread their religion further and further causing more people to convert to it, or have similar beliefs to them, causing them to become more stable not only financially, but culturally, more people belief and did what they did so,

The Causes for the Rebellion of 1837-1838 Essay

The rebellions of Upper and Lower Canada were in the interests of self-government but were doomed to failure from their beginning. Each of these two colonies encountered a great deal of problems right from the institution of the Constitution Act of 1791 and the problems continually got worse until the only choice to some seem to be rebellion. There were several problems that lead to the rebellions of 1837-38. In Lower Canada there was the agricultural crisis that caused a large number of starvations, to the French and English political and social problems within the colony. There were several different reasons that caused the rebellion in Upper Canada but these caused were mainly rooted in

What Are The Causes Of The Texas Rebellion

Do you ever think about the fights that your state or country had to get through just so they could give the citizens a safe place to live? Because, the soldiers of the Texas Revolution had to fight long and hard to ensure the citizens of Texas a safe and independant place to live. It took a lot of guts to stand up to the Mexican Officials who ruled over Texas. They had to resist the strong hold Mexico had on Texas. Texas has one of the most interesting stories about resisting authority.

Causes Of The Indian Mutiny

The Indian Mutiny, also known as the Indian Revolt, was a war between the Indians and the British. Basically the war was due to the prolonged British occupation over the land of the Indians. The war was the first war that the Indians fought over their independence and the Sepoy Mutiny. The British launched their presence in India during the 17th century. This was at the part time of the Mogul empire. At this period of time, the territory of Bombay had just been acquired by the East India Company which had over the years expanded its territory. The company had a strong army which eventually took-out the French after the Battle of Plassey, 1757, hundred years earlier. The army of the Indian soldiers was compromised of British soldiers who acted as the commanders. They were called sepoys. This war was propelled by several causes and eventually resulted to several consequences. We shall start by looking into the causes. These causes were mainly as a result of the policy of westernization.

Causes Of Shay's Rebellion

The American Revolution had 1500 farmers that had protested in Shay’s Rebellion. Daniel Gray is a guy that was part of the committee for the above purposes. Although Shay’s farmers did some good things, but i think they are rebels, nevertheless they are blaming colonies for the little money they have, and they have broken laws about different things.

Chapter 16 Traditions and Encounters study guide

Turkish people known as the Mughals extended their authority and their empire to much of the subcontinent.

Causes Of Kentucky's Rebellion

During the late 1700’s, there was several protests lead by farmers that were against tax collections. The government was requesting $3 million from the states. The states requested the money in gold or silver not cheap paper money. This amount was so large, it quadrupled from the previous year’s requisition. Most states did not want to enforce the tax. Rebellions took place from New Hampshire to South Carolina, it was Massachusetts that had the worst. The farmers of Massachusetts began to petition but they went unrecognized. Them being unrecognized led them to forcibly close the county courts. The rebellion is Massachusetts was led by their leader, Daniel Shays. Which how it got its name, Shay’s Rebellion.” The rebellion was getting out of

Analyze The Causes Of Shays Rebellion

Analysis: From this, we can see how people decided to take a rebellious act and didn’t decide to stay still. Massachusetts settlers fought through Americans taxing imported goods and ignoring what people are saying. After Massachusetts pointed out the unfair economy, other states also experienced similar situations. From this, Shays’ Rebellion, United States became a stronger nation and it resulted with a new constitution, The rebellion led George Washington to mention about the weaknesses

Sepoy Rebellion Causes

The cause of the sepoy mutiny started with allegedly cow-fat greased cartridges in weapons, and then lead to thoughts that the government was against the sepoys. In the following quote, Joseph Coohill states that cartridges were offensive to the Hindu and Muslim faith, and the soldiers were required to use the weapons. "Many native infantryman (sepoys) believed that these new cartridges introduced in early 1857 had been greased by cow and pig fat. The sepoys were required to bite open the cartridges, and would come into direct contact with the cow and pig grease, which was insulting to Hindus and Muslims respectively," (Document E). Since cows are sacred to those of the Hindu faith, it is sinful and against

How Did The British Affect Indian Economy

As the British took control of India, it found ways to make India better and with its help, soon enough, India was placed as the second best economy under the British economy (British 12). India’s economy and trade had improved tremendously after the British took over because there was more money coming into India to cause such a rise in its economy. The British also built railroads which created more ease when transporting goods and trading throughout India. The railroads allowed supplies and goods to be exported quickly, bringing it to the ports. Goods that would usually take months to be traded with others now only took a few days with the installment of railroads (Fisher 348). The railroads in India impacted everyone not just the merchants and businessmen in India. But, it was especially beneficial for them because now they could make deals and have goods be transported to them without a long wait. Nevertheless it seem to be that with these new installments India could run smoothly but eventually a problem came along the way. The British did not allow Indians to make their own goods, they banned homemade crafts and since most of India was out of work, the Indians turned to the fields. Work was hard and there were certain goods they needed like clothes so they had to buy it from the British since they could no longer make it themselves from the cotton they collected. Craftsmen became farmers to pay for goods and live a stable life (Bose 53). The British had wanted to get rid of the competition for goods so they decided they want to prevent the Indians from making their own goods. That way if the Indians needed something they can only get it from the British (Bose 53). This led to economic downfall for the Indians because while they were not doing great before the British came, their economy was pretty

Causes Of The Second American Rebellion

After the announcement of the Second Constitution, some contentions and battles had been happened between various gatherings. The rivals of the Constitution had co-worked with the seeker troops in Istanbul and revolted. The Action Army had landed from Salonica and finished the rebellion. This rebellion was called as the 31 March Event, after this occasion Committee of Union and Progress picked up force and Sultan Abdulhamid was ousted, Sultan Mehmed Resad supplanted

Research Paper On Gandhi's Civil Disobedience

In the past Indians tried to rebel against the British in 1857, only to be unsuccessful. The Sepoys went against British authority because it was rumored that P-53 rifles cartridges contained animal fat. This is considered to be religiously unacceptable to Hindu and Muslim Sepoys. The reason why the mutiny was unsuccessful is that of the lack of support. In the American Revolution, the 13 colonies received support from France, Spain, and the Netherlands against the British. In Gandhi's civil disobedience, he has gained support from civilians. The rebellion against the British in 1857 was different, it was mainly comprised of Sepoys.

What Led To The Rebellion Of 1857's

The Indian insurgency led to the killing of tens of thousands of Indians people, especially (sepoys) Indian soldiers, as well as local governors of semi- autonomous states who feared to lose their customs and principalities. There were many reasons for this rebellion such as, force them to use many European technologies, railroad and Western resources that were unsuited to a traditional people. European language has also been enforced in many government institutions such as schools, hospitals, and courts. Thus, began the resentment of the Indians and the rebellion After the strong rebellion from Indian people, in September 1857, British troops began to detain, kill and attack Indian people. They also besieged Delhi city

Migration Of Canada From India Essay

Several economic social and environmental reasons are behind the migration. The economic migration resulted in order to find a new job or to pursue a particular career. The social migration could be happened to move closer to the family or friends for better quality of life. Political migration could be happened because of war or other political tension. The environmental conditions such as

The Cause And Causes Of The Revolt Of 1857

Leading up to 1857, rebellion occurred in India which caused many lives to be lost. These lives could have been saved if India had better medical services in 1857. In 1857, the Rebels demonstrated bitterness towards foreign rule, even though this foreign rule would later try to improve India’s medical services. The Revolt of 1857 began when the sepoys proved to be the most powerful adversary at the time. The Benga l Army was larger than the two East India Company armies, and was made up of Brahman, Rajput, Hindu, Muslim, and sepoy recruits. This territorial affiliation was important because this was where the 1857 Rebellion arose. During this time, Dalhousie was a leading figure in India. Dalhousie’s purpose was not simply to acquire land for Britain but also to provide India with modern western government. He believed education was important and created new opportunities for Indians to learn Western ideas. Dalhousie brought supplementary Western ideas to India that included an improved postal service, the telegraph, and the railroads. As Dalhousie began to Westernization India, it was not a surprise the medical system soon followed the same path. Prior to westernization in India, there was little to no medical services available so improvement was needed to prevent rapidly spreading diseases, poor water laws, and misdiagnosis as India used the police to impose sanitary measures.

Causes Of The 1962 Rebellion Essay

The rebellion occurred on 8th December 1962 during the ruler of Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien Sa’adul Khairi Waddien. It involves the first nationalistic party in Brunei named Partai Rakyat Brunei (PRB), which led by Sheikh A.M. Azahari and the rebellion led by their illegal armed forced, which to be known as North Kalimantan National Army or Tentera Nasional Kalimantan Utara (TNKU) the commander, Jassin Affandy.. According to Harun Abdul Majid (2007, p.36), the revolt occurred due to the issue whether or not Brunei to join Malaysia, which to be known as Malaysian Plan. Furthermore, the 1959 constitution can also be the reason for the outbreak of the 1962 rebellion. This is because Dayang Noralipah (2010, p.163) illustrated that Partai Rakyat Brunei (PRB) reflects the dissatisfaction towards the 1959 constitution. However, Harun Abdul Majid stated that the 1962 rebellion was also because of the formation of Malaysia, but also due to another reasons such as the ambitions of the Partai Rakyat Brunei (PRB) that wanted to be independent and deport the British colonist in Brunei. They also wanted to merge Borneo territories, which involved Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei to be part of Malaysia as well as aiming to make Brunei government as a system of democracy. This essay will elaborate more further about the situation before and after the rebellion in brief and will also discuss about the other causes that affected Brunei situation that led to the 1692

Related Topics

• United States
• Colonialism
• British Empire