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University of Texas at Arlington, Materials Science and Engineering Department; Arlington, USA, TX 76019;

Prof. Traian Dumitrica

University of Minnesota, Mechanical Engineering Department; Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA;

Prof. Jinshu Wang

Beijing University of Technology; Beijing, China, 100124;

Prof. Shu Yin

Tohoku University, Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials; 2-1-1 Katahira, 2-Chome, Sendai, Japan, 980-8577;

Prof. Roberto Ballarini

University of Houston, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; N107 Engineering Building 1, Houston, USA, 77204-4003;

Prof. Tianhong Cui

Dr. Zheng Fan

University of California; 2225 Molecular Science Building, Los Angeles, USA, 90025;

Prof. Prafulla K. Jha

Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science; Vadodara, India, 390 002;

Prof. Vasileios Koutsos

University of Edinburgh, Institute for Materials and Processes, School of Engineering; Sanderson Building, the King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, EH9 3FB;

Prof. Alan Kin Tak Lau

Swinburne University of Technology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology; John Street, Hawthorn, Australia, VIC 3122;

Prof. Harry F. Tibbals

University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Engineering Laboratory Building, Room 229, 501 West First St., Arlington, USA, TX 76019;

Prof. Yue Zhang

University of Science and Technology Beijing, Department of Material Physics and Chemistry, School of Material Science and Engineering; 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China, 100083;

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Prof. Valentin Craciun

National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Laser Department; Atomistilor 409, Magurele, 077125, Romania;

Prof. Hendrik C. Swart

University of the Free State, Department of Physics; PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, ZA9300, South Africa;

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• Published: 22 August 2024

State-of-the-art micro- and nano-scale photonics research in Asia: devices, fabrication, manufacturing, and applications

• Hyunjung Kang 1 ,
• Takuo Tanaka 2 , 3 , 4 ,
• Huigao Duan   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-9144-2864 5 , 6 ,
• Tun Cao 7 &
• Junsuk Rho   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-2179-2890 1 , 8 , 9 , 10  

Microsystems & Nanoengineering volume  10 , Article number:  114 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

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• Materials science
• Nanophotonics and plasmonics
• Nanoscale devices

Micro- and nano-scale photonics research has gained significant attention, offering various applications from process development to imaging platforms and augmented reality displays 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 . In Asia, this research is advancing rapidly, positioning the region as a leading force in global photonics innovation. This special issue is dedicated to highlighting state-of-the-art developments in micro- and nano-scale photonics, devices, fabrication, manufacturing, and applications, with a focus on the valuable contributions from top researchers in the region. In recent years, Asian countries have solidified their status as global leaders by investing heavily in cutting-edge research facilities and fostering robust collaborations between universities, research institutions, and industries 5 . These combined efforts have propelled the region to the forefront of technological advancement, with various applications with the potential to transform multiple sectors and improve the quality of life globally. This special issue presents the latest advancements in optical devices, fabrication, manufacturing, and applications in micro- and nano-scale photonics research within Asia, covering a wide range of topics (Fig. 1 ). We explore color generation 6 , 7 , laser emission 8 , and nano-fabrication techniques along with their applications 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 . Additionally, we introduce recent developments in fabrication methods utilizing magnetic cilia 14 , hydrogels 15 , and energy-efficient bulding facades 16 . We hope this special issue will serve as a valuable reference for current and future research directions in sub-micro-scale photonics, demonstrating the remarkable advancements made in Asia and inspiring continued innovation and collaboration in this dynamic and rapidly evolving field.

Sub-micro-scale research, including laser emission, displays, building facades, and various fabrication techniques, has been actively conducted by leading research communities in Asia

Color generation techniques are important for realizing high-resolution imaging and displays with low power consumption and compact device size 17 . However, pigment-based color printing has limitations such as low resolution and durability, with colors fading over time. Alternatively, nature demonstrates that colors can be generated through micro- and nano-scale structures, which can be engineered through diffractive optics, photonic crystals, and plasmonics. These structures produce colors by scattering or partially absorbing light within the structured materials. One strategy involves multicolor nano-filters consisting of multilayered ‘active’ plasmonic nanocomposites, where metallic nanoparticles are embedded within a conductive polymer nanofilm 6 . Such nanocomposites have been fabricated at the wafer scale with a total thickness below 100 nm using a “lithography-free” method. They inherently exhibit three prominent optical modes, accompanied by scattering phenomena that produce distinct dichroic reflective and transmissive colors. The electrical manipulation of color over the entire visible spectrum has been demonstrated with fast switching speeds, offering potential applications in various electronic devices, ranging from personal devices to public management systems. Recently, hyperreflective photonic crystals have been demonstrated through colloidal crystallization 7 . To improve the uniformity and reproducibility, shear flow is applied to the dispersions, causing silica particles to rearrange into larger crystalline domains with a unidirectional orientation along the direction of the flow. This shear-induced structural change achieves an absolute reflectivity of 90% in the stop band, and a high transparency of 90% at off-resonant wavelengths. These innovative approaches hold great potential for advancing color filtering and display technologies.

Modern optical communication based on orbital angular momentum (OAM) has attracted significant attention as a way to enhance the channel information capacity. OAM beams, defined by a topological charge, can encode information in classical and quantum systems due to the orthogonality of different modes. Optical vortices carrying OAM have shown promise in improving spectral efficiency. A novel approach for tunable vortex lasing has recently been demonstrated, using a micro-ring cavity integrated with the phase change material Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 (GST225) 8 . This technique allows for the tuning of the resonant wavelength while maintaining a consistent toroidal intensity distribution. By adjusting the complex refractive index to achieve an exceptional point (EP), the microlaser generates artificial angular momentum and emits vortex beams with precise OAM. The wavelength of the vortex laser from the micro-ring cavity can be dynamically adjusted by switching the state of GST225 between amorphous and crystalline forms. This tunable OAM microlaser opens new possibilities for applications in OAM multiplexing, optical trapping, and optical communications.

Micro- and nano-fabrication techniques are at the forefront of modern technological advancements, enabling the precise manipulation and structuring of materials at extremely small scales. These techniques play a crucial role in a wide range of applications, including electronics, photonics, biomedical devices, and energy solutions. The increasing interest in this field is driven by the need for miniaturization and the development of devices with enhanced performance and novel functionalities. Laser annealing for silicon nanoparticles has been proposed as a straightforward and efficient fabrication method 9 . These nanoparticles exhibit Mie resonances in the visible spectrum, with precisely controllable resonant wavelengths. A significant outcome of this method is a 60-fold enhancement in fluorescence, highlighting its potential for highly sensitive fluorescence sensing and biomedical imaging applications. Recently, azimuthal-rotation-controlled dynamic nanoinscribing (ARC-DNI) process has offered a continuous and scalable approach to fabricating asymmetric nanograting structures with tunable periods and shapes 10 . By adjusting the azimuthal angle and other parameters such as temperature, force, and inscribing speed, the ability to create diverse nanograting profiles, including trapezoidal, triangular, and parallelogrammatic shapes has been demonstrated. This versatility makes ARC-DNI suitable for fabricating various optical devices, as exemplified by asymmetric diffractive optical elements. Additionally, to address the challenges of high cost and low throughput in optical metasurface manufacturing, high-refractive-index zirconium dioxide (ZrO 2 ) nanocomposites in nanoimprint lithography (NIL) has been proposed 11 . By optimizing the composition of ZrO 2 nanoparticle concentrations and solvents, high conversion efficiencies for ultraviolet metaholograms have been achieved. This advancement enhances the practical applicability of optical metasurfaces, making NIL a valuable tool in the field. Furthermore, nanoimprint-induced strain engineering for 2D materials has been presented as a novel method for generating controllable periodic strain profiles in 2D materials, such as molybdenum disulfide 12 . By pressing the material against an imprint mold, different strain profiles are created and verified using Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy. This technique highlights the ability to precisely control strain magnitudes and distributions, offering a deterministic approach to strain engineering that is compatible with standard semiconductor fabrication processes. 3D printing has emerged as a transformative technology for fabricating energy devices with complex 3D structures 13 . This technique allows for the creation of micro-lattice structures that enhance both mechanical properties and electrical performance compared to bulk counterparts. With the advancement of 3D printing processes, 3D-printed energy devices with enhanced mechanical property, integrability, high resolution, and exceptional electrical performance will eventually find widespread use across various fields.

To implement a wide range of applications such as photonic devices and sensors, various materials and fabrication methods are being extensively researched. In particular, micro- and nano-scale cilia, which serve diverse biological functions in natural systems, have inspired the development of artificial magnetic cilia 14 . These biomimetic systems that utilize various magnetic particles hold significant potential in soft robotics, droplet and particle control systems, fluidics, optical devices, and high-precision sensors. Their fabrication involves both top-down and bottom-up techniques, ensuring accessibility without being limited by specific processes. Additionally, hydrogels have emerged as a promising field in active photonics, providing deformable geometric parameters in response to external stimuli such as humidity 15 , 17 . Recent advancements in hydrogels have focused on the development of stimuli-responsive photonic devices with tunable optical properties. Key micro- and nano-fabrication techniques for hydrogel-based photonic devices include film growth, photolithography, electron-beam lithography, and NIL. Emerging technologies utilizing magnetic cilia and hydrogels will advance the field, including nanomaterials, innovative 3D manufacturing, flexible electronics, and artificial intelligence, with unprecedented functionality.

Despite rapid advancements in clean energy technologies, buildings still account for a significant portion of global energy consumption and carbon emissions, primarily due to heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems. Energy-efficient buildings offer a promising solution to reduce energy usage by engineering windows, walls, and roofs to manage heat transfer through electromagnetic radiation by controlling solar irradiation and thermal emission properties 16 . For example, smart windows, which employ dynamic chromogenic materials to modulate the sunlight transmitted to the indoors, can significantly reduce energy consumption for heating and cooling. Advanced fabrication methods, including coating, vapor deposition, nanolithography, printing, etching, and electrospinning, are crucial in developing such energy-efficient materials. The latest developments in these techniques hold promise for enhancing the design and performance of energy-efficient buildings.

In conclusion, the research presented in this special issue highlights Asia’s leading role in advancements in micro- and nano-scale photonics. The innovations in photonics technology 6 , 7 , 8 and micro- and nano-scale fabrication techniques 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 have the potential to advance various fields, including communications, energy, and materials science. Additionally, the development of fabrication methods for magnetic cilia 14 , hydrogels 15 , and energy-efficient materials 16 enhances device performance and sustainability. It also introduces novel functionalities with potential for advancements in research and technology. The advancements introduced in this special issue will influence global technological progress, leading to more real-world applications.

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Choi, E., Kim, G., Yun, J., Jeon, Y., Rho, J., Baek, S.-H., 360° structured light with learned metasurfaces. Nat. Photon. 18 , https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-024-01450-x (in press) (2024).

Yang, Y., Badloe, T., Song, D., Park, S. & Rho, J. Building an optics and photonics research ecosystem in South Korea: Collaborative innovation between academia and industry. Light Sci. Appl. 12 , 289 (2023).

Kim, G. et al. Programmable directional color dynamics using plasmonics. Microsyst. Nanoeng. 10 , 22 (2024).

Kim, M., Kim, J. B. & Kim, S.-H. Hyperreflective photonic crystals created by shearing colloidal dispersions at ultrahigh volume fraction. Microsyst. Nanoeng. 10 , 21 (2024).

Su, Y., Fan, H., Zhang, S. & Cao, T. Tunable parity-time symmetry vortex laser from a phase change material-based microcavity. Microsyst. Nanoeng. 9 , 142 (2023).

Fukuta, T., Kato, R., Tanaka, T., & Yano, T. Fabrication of Mie-resonant silicon nanoparticles using laser annealing for surface-enhanced fluorescence spectroscopy. Microsyst. Nanoeng. 10 , 45 (2024).

Lee, U. et al. Azimuthal rotation-controlled nanoinscribing for continuous patterning of period- and shape-tunable asymmetric nanogratings. Microsyst. Nanoeng. 10 , 60 (2024).

Kang, H. et al. Tailoring high-refractive-index nanocomposites for manufacturing of ultraviolet metasurfaces. Microsyst. Nanoeng. 10 , 53 (2024).

Sun, C. et al. Nanoimprint-induced strain engineering of two-dimensional materials. Microsyst. Nanoeng. 10 , 49 (2024).

Son, J.-H., Kim, H., Choi, Y. & Lee, H. 3D printed energy devices: generation, conversion, and storage. Microsyst. Nanoeng . 10 , 93 (2024).

Park, S. et al. Bioinspired magnetic cilia: from materials to applications. Microsyst. Nanoeng. 9 , 153 (2023).

Ko, B. et al. Hydrogels for active photonics. Microsyst. Nanoeng. 10 , 1 (2024).

Wang, G. et al. Micro- and nano-fabrication of heat management materials for energy-efficient building facades. Microsyst. Nanoeng . (in press).

Kim, J. et al. A water-soluble label for food products prevents packaging waste and counterfeiting. Nat. Food 5 , 293–300 (2024).

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Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center program funded by POSCO, and the National Research Foundation (NRF) grants (RS-2024-00356928, RS-2024-00440004, RS-2024-00462912, NRF-2022M3C1A3081312, NRF-2019R1A5A8080290) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT) of the Korean government. H.K. acknowledges the NRF Ph.D. fellowship (RS-2024-00407755) funded by the Ministry of Education (MOE) of the Korean government.

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea

Hyunjung Kang & Junsuk Rho

Innovative Photon Manipulation Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan

Takuo Tanaka

Metamaterials Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama, 351-0109, Japan

Institute of Post-LED Photonics, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8506, Japan

National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China

Huigao Duan

Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, Guangzhou, 511300, China

School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China

Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea

Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea

POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea

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Kang, H., Tanaka, T., Duan, H. et al. State-of-the-art micro- and nano-scale photonics research in Asia: devices, fabrication, manufacturing, and applications. Microsyst Nanoeng 10 , 114 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41378-024-00736-y

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41378-024-00736-y

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A leap forward in nanotechnology: Growing special micro-crystals for better devices

by Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune

In a paper published in the journal Advanced Materials , Dr. Atikur Rahman's research group from the Physics department at IISER Pune, India, along with collaborators, report a new way to grow special crystals called CsPbBr 3 nanoplatelets.

The superior properties of these crystals make them promising candidates for use in photodetectors and electronic devices. The collaborators on this work included the research groups of Prof. Pavan Kumar from IISER Pune, Dr. Goutam Sheet from IISER Mohali, and Dr. Sooyeon Hwang from Brookhaven National Laboratory, U.S..

CsPbBr 3 is a type of material that has excellent optoelectronic properties. This means it can interact with light in ways that are very useful for devices like solar cells, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and detectors. These crystals are stable at high temperatures, making them durable and reliable.

However, until now, scientists have had trouble growing large, high-quality CsPbBr 3 crystals with ferroelectric properties and ultralow dark current. This has limited the use of CsPbBr 3 crystals in new technologies that could take advantage of their unique properties, such as optical switches, ultrasensitive detectors and advanced solar cells .

In the current paper, the team developed a novel method to grow these crystals near room temperature using a process called solvothermal synthesis. This technique involves using a special solution to dissolve the materials needed to form the crystals.

"One of the most exciting aspects of this method is that the crystals grown using this method show ferroelectric properties," said Gokul Anilkumar, a Ph.D. student with Dr. Rahman and the first author on this study.

Ferroelectric materials have a special ability to maintain an electric polarization , which can be reversed by applying an electric field. This makes them very useful for various advanced technologies.

The researchers used several sophisticated techniques, such as Second Harmonic Generation (a method to test if the crystals can generate new light frequencies) and Piezoresponse Force Microscopy (a technique to measure the mechanical response of the crystals to electrical fields) to confirm that the crystals are indeed ferroelectric.

By making microdevices, the researchers tested the crystals' electrical conductivity and found they allow very low current to flow in the dark, which means they can detect very low levels of light or radiation. These devices are found to be 100 times more sensitive than conventional silicon photodetectors.

Speaking on the potential applications of this development, Dr. Atikur Rahman, who led this collaborative work, said, "The ability to grow high-quality CsPbBr 3 microcrystals is a major step forward in materials science. It paves the way for the development of next-generation optoelectronic devices, such as more efficient LEDs and ultrasensitive sensors for light and X-ray or other radiation, which could transform how we use and generate energy."

Journal information: Advanced Materials

Provided by Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune

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