Great Ambitions

Great Ambitions

മാതൃഭാഷ പഠനത്തിന്റെ പ്രാധാന്യം ഉപന്യാസം Essay on Importance of Mother Tongue in Malayalam

Malayalam Essay|Malayalam Upanyasam|മാതൃഭാഷാ പഠനത്തിന്റെ ആവശ്യകത|CBSE & State syllabus

Essay on Importance of Mother Tongue in Malayalam Language: മാതൃഭാഷ പഠനത്തിന്റെ പ്രാധാന്യം ഉപന്യാസം for students and teachers. Importance of Mother Tongue Essay in Malayalam Language.

മനുഷ്യജീവിതത്തിൽ ഉന്നതമായ സ്ഥാനം നൽകേണ്ട ഒന്നാണ് വിദ്യാഭ്യാസം. കാരണം ഒരു മനുഷ്യായുസ്സ് നേടിയെടുക്കുന്ന സകല കഴിവുകളുടെയും വികാസം സാധ്യമാകുന്നത് വിദ്യാഭ്യാസത്തിലൂടെയാണ്. അതുകൊണ്ടാണിവിടെ “വിദ്യാഭ്യാസം എന്നത് ജീവിതത്തിന്റെ അഭിവൃദ്ധിക്കു വേണ്ടിയുള്ള തയ്യാറെടുപ്പാണ് എന്ന് നിർവചിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നത്. വിവിധ സ്വഭാവമേന്മ യോടുകൂടി ജനിക്കുന്ന മനുഷ്യൻ വിദ്യാഭ്യാസത്തിലുടെ പലതും സ്വീകരിക്കുകയും ഉപേക്ഷിക്കുകയും ചെയ്യുന്നു അങ്ങനെ മനുഷ്യനെ യഥാർത്ഥ  മനുഷ്യനാക്കുകയാണ് വിദ്യാഭ്യാസം എന്ന പ്രക്രിയയിലൂടെയാണ്.

സംസാരിച്ചു തുടങ്ങുന്ന പിഞ്ചുകുഞ്ഞിന്റെ നാവിൽ ആദ്യം തത്തി കളിക്കുന്നത് മാതൃഭാഷയാണ്. മാതൃഭാഷ കുട്ടിക്ക് ലഭിക്കുന്ന സഹജഭാഷയാണ്. അമ്മയും മാതൃഭാഷയും കുഞ്ഞിന്റെ രണ്ട് അമ്മമാരായി നിലകൊള്ളുന്നു. –

“മറ്റുള്ള ഭാഷകൾ കേവലം ധാത്രിമാർ – മർത്യനു പെറ്റമ്മ തൻ ഭാഷ താൻ എന്നാ മഹാ കവി വള്ളത്തോളിന്റെ വരികൾ മാതൃഭാഷയുടെ പ്രാധാന്യത്തെയാണ് വിളിച്ചറിയിക്കുന്നത്. മനുഷ്യ ജീവിതത്തിൽ ഏറ്റവും പ്രാധാന്യമുള്ള ഘടകങ്ങളിൽ ചിലതാണ് മാതാവ്, മാതൃഭൂമി, മാതൃഭാഷ എന്നിവ. അന്തർദേശീയ ഭാഷയായ ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് ലോകഭാഷ എന്ന നിലയിൽ അതുല്യ സ്ഥാനം വഹിക്കുന്നു. – ഭാഷാടിസ്ഥാനത്തിൽ സംസ്ഥാനങ്ങൾ പുനർവിഭജനം ചെയ്തത് മാതൃഭാഷയെ പ്രോത്സാഹിപ്പിക്കുവാനാണ്. വിദേശ ഭാഷയിലൂടെ വിദ്യാഭ്യാസം ചെയ്യുന്നത് വിദ്യാർഥികൾക്ക് തുലോം വിഷമമാണ്. വിദേശ ഭാഷ പഠിക്കാൻ തന്നെ നാം കൂടുതൽ സമയം ചെലവഴിക്ക ണം. ഭാരതീയർക്ക് ദേശീയബോധം കുറയുവാനുള്ള പ്രധാനകാരണം വിദ്യാഭ്യാസത്തിൽ ഇംഗ്ലീഷിന് അമിത പ്രാധാന്യം കൊടുത്തത് കൊണ്ടാണെന്ന് ഒരു ചിന്താഗതിയുണ്ട്.

പരീക്ഷ വിജയവും ഉദ്യോഗലബ്ധിയും മാത്രമല്ല വിദ്യാഭ്യാസത്തിന് പ്രധാന ഉദ്ദേശങ്ങൾ. നാം മാതൃഭാഷാഭിമാനികളും, സ്വരാജ്യ സ്നേഹികളും ആയിത്തീരുന്നതിന് വിദ്യാഭ്യാസത്തിൽ  പ്രമുഖസ്ഥാനം മാതൃഭാഷയ്ക്ക് നൽകണം. – ഇന്ന് നാം സ്വതന്ത്രരാണ്. നമ്മുടെ പുരാതന സംസ്കാരത്തെയും ആദർശത്തെയും സംരക്ഷിക്കുവാൻ മാതൃഭാഷ വിജ്ഞാനം അത്യന്താപേക്ഷിതമാണ്. മാതൃഭാഷയായ മലയാളത്തിന് മറ്റു ഭാഷകളോട് ഒപ്പം നിൽക്കാൻ ഉള്ള എല്ലാ ഗുണവിശേഷങ്ങളും ഉണ്ട്.

ആശയ പ്രകടനത്തിനും ശാസ്ത്രീയ കാര്യങ്ങളെ പ്രതിപാദിക്കാനു മുള്ള എല്ലാ ഗുണവിശേഷങ്ങളുമുള്ള നാം എത്ര ഭാഷകൾ കൈവശ മാക്കിയാലും മാതൃഭാഷയിലൂടെ മാത്രമേ സ്വന്തം ഹൃദയവികാരങ്ങൾ ശക്തമായും വ്യക്തമായും മറ്റുള്ളവരെ ധരിപ്പിക്കാൻ കഴിയൂ. വിശ്വസാഹിത്യങ്ങളും ശാസ്ത്രീയ കാര്യങ്ങളും നമ്മിൽ വേരുറക്കുന്നത് മാതൃഭാഷയിലൂടെയാണ്. അതുകൊണ്ടാണ് “ഏതൊരു വേദവുമേതൊരു ശാസ്ത്രവുമേതൊരു കാവ്യവുമേതൊരാൾക്കും ഹൃത്തിൽ പതിയേണമെങ്കിൽ സ്വഭാഷതൻ വക്തത്തിൽ നിന്നു താൻ കേൾക്ക വേണം” എന്ന് മഹാകവി വള്ളത്തോൾ പാടിയത്.

വീടും നാടും അന്യമായി കാണുന്ന ഇളം തലമുറയുടെ മാതൃഭാഷാ വൈമുഖ്യം നാം ശ്രദ്ധിക്കാതിരുന്നിട്ട് കാര്യമില്ല. ” ജനിക്കും മുമ്പൻ മകനിംഗ്ലീഷ് പഠിക്കണമതിനാൽ ഭാര്യതൻ പേറങ്ങിഴുണ്ടിൽ തന്നെയാക്കിനേൻ എന്ന കുഞ്ഞുണ്ണി മാഷിന്റെ പരിഹാസം കേരളീയരുടെ പൊങ്ങച്ച ത്തെയും മിഥ്യബോധത്തെയുമാണ് സൂചിപ്പിക്കുന്നത്. തന്നോടു തന്നെയുള്ള ഈ യുദ്ധം മലയാളികളുടെ ശാപമാണ്. മാതൃ ഭാഷാവ ബോധം ജനകീയതയുടെ സിരാ രക്തം ആണെന്ന കാര്യം ഇനിയും മറന്നാൽ നമ്മുടെ ഭാവി പുകയാൽ മൂടിപ്പോകും എന്നതിൽ സംശയം വേണ്ട. ഈ അവസരത്തിൽ “എന്നുടെ ഭാഷ താനെൻ തറവാട്ടമ്മ അന്യയാം ഭാഷ വിരുന്നുകാരി” എന്ന കവി വാക്യം മറക്കാതിരിക്കുക.

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Malayalam: Scripting Tradition and Modernity

godrej malayalam typewriter

The article explores the rich tradition of Malayalam script and its evolution in the face of modern technologies. It delves into the challenges and innovations in adapting the script to digital platforms while preserving its cultural heritage.

Malayalam literary culture is marked by a number of contradictions.

Malayalam , primarily spoken in the Indian state of Kerala, has relatively few speakers (~33 million) compared to other major Indian languages, but it boasts a robust written culture; Kerala has the highest literacy rate in India, and has done since before Independence.

Malayalam-language newspapers have disproportionately large readerships. Malayala Manorama , for example, is India’s fifth most read newspaper with an estimated 8.3 million readers, behind four Hindi-language newspapers. For comparison, Hindi has more than 500 million speakers, over 15 times as many as Malayalam (according to the 2011 Census).

All of this is despite literary Malayalam’s relatively young existence as a medium of literature, compared to India’s other literary languages.

Linguistically, Malayalam can be traced back to Old Tamil, used for literature as early as the 4th century CE. However, from the 14th century CE onwards, a Malayalam literary form, distinct from Classical Tamil and reflecting local linguistic evolution and social conditions, began to take shape.

In the centuries that followed, Malayalam literature continued to grow, but was yet to find a firm footing as a literary medium. In fact, early 19th-century print culture played an important role in this process, allowing not only for standardisation of literary forms, but also an unprecedented level of text circulation and production.

Print and modern literary movements were important in securing Malayalam’s place in the modern world, helping establish its distinct character and keeping it from being overwhelmed by neighbouring languages with longer and more widespread traditions.

On the graphical level, the Malayalam script is also infamous for having many complex combining forms, arguably more than any other major Indian script. This complexity posed challenges to printers working with metal fonts, challenges that so-called Traditional Malayalam still poses to modern font designers.

How was one of India’s most complex scripts shaped by these same modernising tendencies that Malayalam literature so wholeheartedly embraced? In this essay, we look at the Malayalam Script Reform of 1971, its intellectual and technological lineage, and its consequences.

Pre-modern writing in Kerala

The modern Malayalam script descends from the mediaeval Grantha script, used in the Tamil, Tulu and Malayalam regions to write Sanskrit.

The local variant of Grantha, referred to as ārya eḻuttu (‘noble writing’) in Malayalam, was unsuited to the local vernacular, which featured a number of Dravidian phonemes absent in Sanskrit.

In fact, Malayalam itself was primarily written in the cursive vaṭṭeḻuttu (‘round writing’) script in this period, a script originally from the Tamil region. In pre-modern times, the language variety of Kerala was often still identified as Tamil, and a distinct local linguistic identity had yet to take shape.

The oldest extant written examples of the Malayalam language are also in the Round script, including the famous Vāḻapaḷḷi plates of 882–3 CE. Before printing, the Round script was more popular than the Malayalam script in terms of daily usage.

Around the 1500s, literary Malayalam increasingly began to be written in the Arya script, with letters taken from the Round script to represent Dravidian phonemes. Some orthographic conventions were borrowed from the Round script as well, most notably special letterforms used at the end of syllables, called cillu .

This development was a compromise of sorts, an effort to better accommodate the renewed infusion of Sanskrit loanwords into literary Malayalam, while ensuring that its underlying Dravidian morphology and phonology would still be represented faithfully.

This shared, two-tiered inheritance forms the basis of the modern Malayalam script, and accounts for its ability to write intact (in theory) both Indo Aryan loanwords and its core inherited Dravidian lexicon.

Like much else that characterises modern Malayalam, this parallel system is credited to the legendary Malayalam poet Tuñcattŭ Eluttaccan (albeit without any real evidence).

Early printing outside Kerala

The first book to be printed in Malayalam, Samkṣēpvēdārttham , was printed at Rome’s Polyglot Press in 1772. Alphabetum Grandonico Malabaricum and Centum Adagia Malabaricum followed shortly afterwards. The former is particularly interesting, as a treatise on the Grantha script used in the Malayalam region.

Fig 1, first metal font cast for Malayalam

Clement Pianius, a Malayali Christian, cast the font used in these books. The font was reported as tedious to produce, featuring 1,138 individual type punches.

Over the next few decades, more Malayalam books were printed, but outside of Kerala. The first Malayalam font cast in India was at Bombay’s Courier Press, used in the popular Ramban Bible (1811, the first Bible translation into Malayalam), and Drummond’s Grammar of the Malabar Language (1799).

Fig 2

As elsewhere in South Asia, the introduction of printing put pressure on existing multiscriptal traditions. When European missionaries began to print in Malayalam, they preferred Arya script-based writing to the exclusion of the Round script, helping cement the status of the former as Malayalam’s primary script. In fact, the Round script would never even make it into print, although it continued to be used in handwriting 1 .

Pre-print Arya script writing featured a number of complex combining forms: -i, -ī, -u, -ū, -r̥ mātra forms, as well as stacked consonant clusters. These forms carried over into early printing as well, albeit with great inconsistency.

For example, the -ā mātra was the same across consonants, but in the early fonts it would be cast differently with different consonants, reflecting the carelessness of the typographer. In other words, such fonts were not very typographically sound, and were more functional than aesthetic or internally consistent.

These fonts cast outside Kerala all use blockier inscriptional-style letterforms, reminiscent of Grantha inscriptions, different from the Malayalam script in use today.

Benjamin Bailey and early printing in Kerala

Malayalam typographical development took off in earnest with the efforts of Benjamin Bailey, an English missionary associated with the Church Missionary Society (CMS). Bailey was deputed to the town of Kottayam in 1816 to set up a CMS mission station there, at the invitation of the Raja of Travancore.

A press was set up in 1821, to print materials to aid the society’s efforts in preaching and education. But Bailey was keen on printing texts in Malayalam as well.

To that end, Bailey’s CMS superiors sent him a Malayalam font cast at their headquarters at Fort St George in Madras, modelled after the Courier Press font used in the Ramban Bible . Two Malayalam books were printed at the CMS press in 1825, using this font. These books – the Gospel of St Matthew and Ceṟuppaitaṅṅaḷkku Upakārārtham – were the first Malayalam books to be printed in Kerala.

Bailey was unhappy with the results, however. The Madras font was, in Bailey’s own words, ‘very defective’, and even ‘nearly useless’. In letters to Madras, he spoke of its inconsistencies in letter shapes and dimensions, and incorrectly shaped letterforms.

Fig 3

Working with local metalsmiths, Bailey designed a new metal Malayalam font (originally cast in silver), making efforts to adhere to the principles of typography. A complete metal font was ready by 1829, and was used to print a Malayalam translation of the New Testament, supervised by Bailey. His new font was quickly recognised for its superior quality and legibility.

Bailey’s insistence on a high-quality font was mirrored by his painstaking effort in ensuring the entire range of complex combined forms was represented by metal types. In fact, another one of his primary criticisms of the Madras font was its deficiency in type sorts for complex forms.

The only attempt he made at the simplification of the system was to detach -i and -ī mātra forms from consonants altogether. This innovation caught on and has been part of printed Malayalam ever since.

Very significantly, Bailey’s seminal 1829 font introduced rounded letterforms, in contrast to the earlier inscriptional-style fonts. They show strong continuity with those found in paper and palm leaf records from the northern Malayalam region, closer to the Kannada region. They also had the benefit of being more compressed, making it easier to reduce type size. Bailey’s font also halved printing costs, since letters took up less space and could be typeset more easily.

Fig 4

All in all, the visual differences between Bailey’s 1829 font and earlier Malayalam fonts are striking. His rectification of letter dimensions and alignment, as well as letterform variation, gave his font a certain elegance that Malayalam printing had never seen before. According to linguist Rama Warrier, letters in Bailey’s 1829 font mainly started from the baseline and some from the cap line, but in earlier fonts the starting point was often a lot more haphazard.

Fig 5

Bailey continued to design Malayalam fonts. In 1835, he helped the Raja of Travancore set up the Government of Travancore Press, and shared his fonts with the press for their use. He also cast two fonts in 1840, while back in his native England.

Further north, in the northern Malayalam region (ruled by the British from Madras), parallel developments were taking place. The German missionary Hermann Gundert, attached to the Basel Mission (headquartered in Mangalore), arrived in Tellicherry (now Thalassery) in 1839. Initially tasked with imparting religious education, Gundert soon became fascinated by Malayalam and local history. He learned Malayalam and began to work on documenting local culture, language and literature.

Gundert’s contributions to Malayalam were primarily linguistic and philological 2 , but he also oversaw lithographic printing efforts in Malayalam from Tellicherry, including the first Malayalam periodicals, Paścimōdayam (1846) and Rājyasamācāram (1847).

Fig 6

Among Gundert’s contributions is the introduction of the candrakkala symbol ് into printed Malayalam, a half-moon symbol used to mark the word-final schwa /ə/, as in kaḷḷǔ ‘toddy’. This symbol would later evolve to incorporate other functions, and came to play an important role in script reform efforts.

Later, Gundert helped set up the Basel Mission Press in Mangalore, where Malayalam texts were printed using metal fonts (which featured the candrakkala ), alongside texts in the Kannada script (in Kannada, Tulu and Konkani).

Fig 7

Journalism and periodicals

By the mid-1800s, the Malayalam print sphere had begun to expand beyond the religious and educational. Commercial interests and literary figures began to be involved in printing, and modern periodicals were started in Malayalam, setting the stage for a host of new themes, styles and ideas to enter the realm of print.

These literary endeavours sought to reshape and redefine literary Malayalam, to give it a modern identity outside the shadow of Sanskrit and literary Tamil. This was largely an effort to address anxieties around Malayalam’s relatively younger literary identity.

As this modern literary Malayalam took shape, so did a new socio-linguistic identity centred on the language and its speakers. Commercial printing played a key role in this process, just as it did in other literary South Asian languages.

The first privately Malayalam owned press was the Kēraḷavilāsam Press, founded in Trivandrum, the capital of Travancore, in 1852. More would come up in the following years, many even casting their own fonts, fonts modelled after Bailey’s own.

Out of all the players involved, Kandathil Varghese Mappila, the founder of Malayala Manorama (printed at the eponymous Malayala Manorama Press in Kottayam, also founded by him), was a particularly important force in broadening the scope of discourse in Malayalam. Crucially, Mappila’s work, as historian of literature Ashokan Nambiar writes, featured an ‘integration of the coordinates of the printing world: printing, publishing, editing and writing’.

In addition to his many contributions to journalism and publishing, Mappila wrote numerous essays and editorials on Malayalam printing, a subject that had yet to be dealt with in writing. These writings represent his own experiences working with the printing process, but also reveal his vision of adapting print technology to modernising Malayalam.

In an interesting essay, Mappila writes (correctly) how Malayalam’s 56 individual letters were in practice merely base forms, and that the true number of letters in the script would be in the hundreds, making Malayalam a hassle to print. He also observed that the steadily increasing number of English loans were written linearly, since conjuncts were written according to Sanskrit and Malayalam grammatical rules (which did not apply to English). He then argued that since linear conjunct writing was being used anyway, why not extend it to non-English consonant clusters as well, saving printers hours of effort and many rupees?

Mappila went even further and attempted to apply this idea in Malayala Manorama and other periodicals and books published at his press. He used a dot-like diacritic to represent half consonants, allowing for consonant clusters to be written linearly instead of as conjuncts. This attracted criticism from literary figures and was perceived as breaking continuity with older writing, and he soon had to go back to the traditional pattern of complex conjuncts.

Despite its eventual failure, this innovation foreshadowed the convention of using the candrakkala for splitting up consonant clusters.

Mappila also observed that the Koonamavu Mission Press, run by the Roman Catholic Church, had briefly used detached -u, -ū, -r̥ mātra forms in their publications from 1872 to 1873, the first recorded attempt to simplify these vowel mātra forms. To Mappila, this made perfect sense, since it could ‘greatly reduce the stress printers face in printing’.

Unfortunately, with Mappila’s death in 1904, printing as a topic of discourse and intellectual inquiry largely receded to the footnotes of the Malayalam literary sphere for the rest of the pre-Independence era.

20th-century printing and Malayalam font complexities

After Kandathil Varghese Mappilla’s abortive script reform attempt in the late 1800s, no major suggestion emerged for many decades.

Script reform does not seem to have been an active concern for local intellectuals either, who were more focused on debating social issues and working with literary themes. Kerala also lacked major industrial hubs, and local intellectuals didn’t have ready access to advances in print technology, seeming instead to have adhered to existing written standards.

Fig BH

This is in stark contrast to Bombay-based Marathi- and Gujarati-speaking nationalist and literary figures who sought to reshape the very image and structure of the Devanagari script through experimentation with print technology, which we explore at great length in our essay, The Makings of a National Character .

That being said, the Malayalam script continued to evolve, albeit at a subdued pace of its own.

As Malayalam print researcher Shiju Alex writes in an essay , the candrakkala became increasingly used to mark half consonants by the early 1900s, primarily for English loanwords. He also notes that the repham became less common around the same period, since English loanwords represented clusters with ൪, as in പാ൪ക്ക് ‹pārkk› instead of ധൎമ്മം ‹dharmmam›.

The alveolar stop /t/ in English words was borrowed intact into Malayalam 3 , represented by ററ ‹ṟṟ› used for native words. However, in native words, the sound can only appear between vowels and usually only once, whereas English loans disrupted this pattern by introducing it in new positions and even multiple times in the same word. This led to confusing (and somewhat ridiculous) scenarios where a word could feature chained sequences of റ, with multiple theoretically correct readings based on how these sequences were parsed.

Fig 10

On top of these English-induced changes, Malayalam writing came up against forces more technical than linguistic or literary: the increased commercialisation of newspaper text space, and the tedious labour involved in printing Malayalam at scale. Unlike books, newspapers placed a premium on the compactness of text, aiming to fit in as much editorial content and coverage as possible, with extra space able to be sold for advertisements.

In fact, the journalism sphere in Kerala was the most robust in all of India at the time of Indian Independence – in 1951, Malayalam dailies sold almost as many copies as Hindi ones, a language with over ten times as many speakers at the time.

On one hand, the number of unique type punches needed to represent the range of Malayalam letters was roughly a thousand, involving intensive labour in designing and setting these types. On the other hand, typesetting was challenging because graphical elements could break alignment and crowd up precious whitespace.

The ‹r›/‹y›/‹v› combining forms included both descending and ascending elements and looped back around the base consonant, taking up much whitespace and leaving the letter with multiple tiny apertures.

Fig ER1

In short, working with metal Malayalam types was challenging.

Frustratingly enough, these challenges arose from the very script grammar of the language – fonts that were faithful to the Malayalam script’s structure would necessarily be difficult to use, and fonts that used simpler forms would by definition produce unfaithful representations of Malayalam.

It’s an open question as to whether or not these issues significantly hindered the development of a wider range of fonts, but it seems highly likely.

Nor were Malayalis unaware of these issues.

A 1953 article in Malayala Manorama pointed out that Malayalam had the most number of individual characters in the world after the complex Chinese character system, making script simplification a very real concern for ‘language patriots’.

Other articles also stressed the need for Malayalam printing at scale in journalism, to keep up with the requirements of the modern world. The contemporary printing process was described as ‘creating an irredeemable expense of time’ with the script making ‘modern typesetting impossible in it’.

One typesetter even half-joked how the total distance involved in walking across the printing room to fetch the necessary punches over the course of a day’s work could amount to many kilometres.

Newspapers occasionally used linearisation to overcome limitations in space, and detached -u, -,ū mātra signs to avoid breaking alignment. But these workarounds functioned on an ad hoc basis, subject to the space available and the forms used.

Fig W

Responses on an institutional level only emerged after Indian Independence in 1947, with the formation of the Malayalam-speaking state of Travancore-Cochin (from the merger of the erstwhile kingdoms of Travancore and Cochin).

Early script reform and debates: preludes to 1971

After Independence, Malayalam speakers led India in literacy, and Malayalam boasted a robust public literary sphere – yet print technology was seen as lagging behind.

We looked at archival sources in Malayalam to get a sense of the circumstances and ideas that animated these discussions. In fact, most of the materials referenced in this report are being studied and written about for the first time here.

The dissemination of hot-metal typesetting equipment, particularly Linotype and Monotype machines, and typewriters raised the question of how to modernise the Malayalam script 4 . ‘Composing with machines must be implemented if thousands of copies of a newspaper are required to be printed elegantly without mistakes, in a short span of time’, as an editorial summed it up. A 1953 article in Malayala Rajyam went so far as to claim that Malayalam could only call itself a modern language if it could be composed on Monotype and Linotype machines.

In 1951, the University of Travancore at Trivandrum (now the University of Kerala) set up a committee to develop an ‘abbreviated’ Malayalam script.

Key members of the committee included K. Bhaskaran Nair 5 , a zoology professor and Malayalam writer with a keen interest in typewriter design, G. F. Amalanathan, the Linotype-trained superintendent of the Travancore-Cochin Government Press, and K. Godavarma, a literary figure and linguist.

In addition, representatives from Monotype and Linotype attended as technical advisors.

Fig SAC

Intriguingly enough, official records of the committee note that the ultimate objective of the abbreviated script was usage on Monotype composition machines, going so far as to call it ‘the reform of the Malayalam script so as to suit the Monotype Machine’.

Nair maintained correspondence with Monotype representatives, revealing his persistence in ensuring that Malayalam would be supported by the company’s machines. He even personally reviewed and suggested edits to prototypes from the company, and devised a core letterset based on a frequency analysis done by Amalanathan. Monotype’s advisor made changes to Nair’s letterset as well. Amalanathan cast a new font based on these discussions, which Monotype tested and then confirmed that it worked on their machines.

The Committee submitted its recommendations in 1953:

The -u, -ū mātra forms would be regularised, represented only as ു, either descending from letters or written to their right. Low-frequency consonant clusters would be represented linearly, using the candrakkala . Certain characters – with less upper whitespace – would use a vertical mark (|) instead of the candrakkala .

Fig TOR

Despite these encouraging developments, however, the committee’s efforts appear to have lost steam somewhere along the way. The committee was clear that its suggestions would have to secure public approval first, and in 1953, it seems to have been presented to managing directors of newspapers. As it would turn out, the newspapers were sceptical of the proposed reform, from its recommendations to the collaboration with foreign corporations.

A 1953 article in Deepam cautioned against allowing ‘vested interests from owning Malayalam’. Manorama scoffed at the efforts, pointing out that their early editors-in-chief (including Kandathil Verghese Mappila) had attempted serious script reform before anyone else. It also questioned the expertise of the committee members.

Fig D

These newspapers also criticised the reform for not going far enough. The unified ു forms were welcomed, but detached forms were suggested instead, with references to the Koonamavu Press’ publications in the 1870s. The selective linearisation of clusters was described as incomplete and insufficient, with Manorama suggesting more far-reaching linearisation. The vertical marker | was ridiculed for being redundant.

In the meantime, the correspondence between Nair and Monotype turned sour over commercial rights and implementation, with both parties reaching an impasse.

Despite public disapproval and the commercial failure of the project, the 1951–53 reform attempt made room for public discourse and debate on the subject of script reform.

The 1971 Script Reform

India’s 1956 linguistic reorganisation of states led to the formation of Kerala state, intended as a political unit representing Malayalam and its speaker community. Broadening the scope of the Malayalam language in administration became a top priority for the state.

Across India, the typewriter had come to represent modernity in the written language, a device that could fuel aspirations of true linguistic and literary maturity. The writing on the wall was clear: if Malayalam was to be the state’s primary language, it would have to be typed, and necessarily be typed with ease and great speed without excessive cost to boot.

Or as one newspaper article put it, ‘the main obstacle pointed out by all departments and employees in making Malayalam the official language is the lack of a good Malayalam typewriter.’

Several themes emerge across writings on script reform, print technology, printing and linguistics in the years between 1951 and 1971, all of them tying back to navigating the complexity of the Malayalam script. An underlying anxiety was the modernisation of the Malayalam language by updating the script to the modern era, since, as one observer wrote, it ‘was designed for the stylus on palm leaves, not for machines’.

Records clearly show how script reform had become a concern that involved a range of interest groups – literary figures, typewriter manufacturers, printers, government officials and managing directors of major newspapers.

Malayalam literary culture had continued to mature, but the script itself with its numerous complex combining forms and contextual variations was poorly suited to the typewriter. A 1971 Mathrubhumi article noted how four or five keys needed to be pressed to write just one letter, and that 500 letters had to be represented with 92 keys.

Clearly, this was a critical juncture for the language.

The Government of Kerala took heed of these concerns, taking the initiative to set up another script reform committee in 1968, with lexicographer and writer Sooranad Kunjan Pillai at its helm. K. Bhaskaran Nair was a member of this committee as well, and a Madras-based representative from Monotype also participated. The director of the Kerala Bhasha Institute (set up in 1968) and the secretary of the state’s Ministry of Education (who convened the committee) represented the government’s involvement.

Crucially, this time the committee included the managing directors of Malayala Manorama , Kerala Kaumudi and Mathrubhumi ( Manorama and Mathrubhumi were, and still are, Kerala’s two most widely read dailies).

The committee submitted its recommendations in 1969, made official by the Government of Kerala in 1971 .

The -u, -ū mātra forms would be reduced to one set of forms, detached from the combining consonant. The -r̥ mātra would be detached from the combining consonant. The dot repham would be phased out. Apart from a set of consonant clusters – mostly consisting of 18 clusters occurring in native Malayalam vocabulary – all other consonant clusters would be represented linearly, with the candrakkala . The special combining forms for ‹y›, ‹r›, ‹v› would be unified and detached from the combining consonant, to allow for more whitespace and legibility. Cillu forms would be retained, for their uniqueness and grammatical function.

Fig 02

A couple of years later, certain additional recommendations came up, based on linguistic concerns.

The high-frequency Sanskrit clusters ന്ദ ‹nd› and ക്ഷ ‹kṣ› would be added to the official character set. The modern combining forms റ്റ ‹ṯṯ› ന്റ ‹nḏ› would be added to the character set, to reduce ambiguity.

This 1971 Script Reform marks the formal birth of so-called Simplified Malayalam, distinguished from older ‘Traditional’ Malayalam. From this point on, Malayalam had two parallel orthographic systems: Simplified Malayalam, intended for printing, and Traditional Malayalam, retained for handwriting.

Fig O

Script reform principles

The writings of the script reform committees and commentators offer an insight into the scientific and linguistic underpinning of their efforts. Letter frequency analyses for example formed an important component, leading to the later additions of ന്ദ ‹nd› and ക്ഷ ‹kṣ› to the official character set.

Fig F

Significantly, the suggestions didn’t follow any overarching logical principle of linearisation or simplification, but are instead a set of compromises between print technology capability, text legibility, linguistic and literary considerations, and user convention. It would be inaccurate to see the move as primarily ‘rational’, since it incorporated these numerous socio-linguistic variables.

Fig TP3

For example, the 1968 Script Reform Committee wanted to retain distinct combining forms for native (i.e., occurring in inherited Dravidian words) consonant clusters given their elegance and importance for the language. This was done despite the fact that some of them, like ഞ്ഞ ‹ññ›, were distinctly longer than other characters.

Combining forms for Sanskrit clusters on the other hand were marked for linearisation. Many only appeared in obscure words anyway, as frequency analyses showed.

In fact, none of the suggestions were radically novel or without precedent – all of them drew from conventions and symbols already current, ones attempted by earlier printers (including in Kandathil Varghese Mappila’s writings almost a century earlier), and suggested and proposed anew in the years following 1951.

The 1971 Script Reform’s novelty came from its institutionalisation and formal standardisation, not its design or even its suggestions.

Fig LS

Script reform in practice

The scope of the 1971 Script Reform was initially a lot less ambitious, restricting itself to education and government communications. Records show that the traditional orthography was intended to be taught to students after the 2nd grade, but this seems to have been ignored.

Very importantly, newspapers adopted the new orthography in their own ad hoc fashion. For example, Mathrubhumi kept the complex -r̥ form because it featured in their masthead (Mātr̥ubhūmi).

A 1985 analysis by linguist S. Sreekumari shows that Malayala Manorama used linearised clusters more frequently, and Kerala Kaumudi preserved older forms more, with Mathrubhumi somewhere in the middle. To make things more confusing, she also notes that these were tendencies involving a high degree of free variation, with no consistent patterns.

In general, the detached -u, -ū forms have persisted more than linear clusters or simplified ‹r›, -‹r̥› forms and can be seen as the main innovation of the 1971 Script Reform.

Students at schools began to be taught Simplified Malayalam in textbooks, while their parents and visual media around them – including hand-painted signage and movie posters – continued to use Traditional Malayalam. Simplified Malayalam made its way into the mainstream through younger speakers, but it did not displace Traditional Malayalam.

Ultimately, a range of typewriters and metal fonts were in use even well into the 1980s, hindering any envisioned unification of the Malayalam script.

Fig TP2

Digital printing and contextual variation

The 1990s ushered in a new radical shift in technology: digital publishing.

The earliest digital Malayalam fonts were ISCII encoded, with each font having a hard 256 character limit. Naturally, this ruled out the inclusion of Malayalam’s vast range of individual combined forms.

In 1997, the Government of Kerala proposed a new set of reforms, which would completely linearise consonant conjunct forms. This suggestion sparked local groups and individuals into action.

Rachana Akshara Vedi, a community group of computer scientists, made efforts to bring the traditional orthography onto digital devices. They came up with an ingenious workaround – using six different fonts in parallel to represent complex combined forms, using a custom-designed text editor.

Rachana’s Traditional-style Malayalam printing workaround caught the attention of important literary figures, and was used to publish books. According to researcher and type designer Santhosh Thottingal, M. T. Vasudevan Nair and M. Krishna Nair were two major writers who were in favour of Rachana’s Traditional Malayalam font, and Krishna Nair even insisted that his weekly newspaper column be printed in Traditional-style letters.

Local newspapers included debates on the ‘return’ to Traditional Malayalam that Rachana had made possible, with Mathrubhumi preferring it and Manorama questioning its feasibility (reflecting earlier debates).

The spark that Rachana lit soon found expression thanks to advances in text encoding. Malayalam was added to Unicode in 1991, and in 2005 the Malayalam character set was expanded, following a report containing a set of recommendations from the Government of Kerala.

A Unicode font called Rachana, featuring Traditional Malayalam combining forms, was designed in 2005 by the Swathanthra Malayalam Computing group in collaboration with Rachana Akshara Vedi and Unicode. The font was added to Linux operating systems.

The Windows XP Service Pack 3 in 2004 added Unicode support for Indic scripts including Malayalam. However, the default Microsoft Malayalam font (following the Reformed orthography) and its rendering engine were of low quality.

Around 2010, the Government of Kerala decided that all computers at government offices and public schools would use free software and Linux operating systems. This move meant that the Rachana font, with its Traditional-style letter forms, entered common usage across the state, even reaching children in their homes via their personal devices.

Options in fonts have only kept growing since then, as have their font rendering engines. At the same time, however, the orthography displayed on an app or a webpage is then completely dependent on the font used by that platform, and on the functionality of the rendering engine. For example, the stock Malayalam font on Android devices uses Simplified orthography, while the default Malayalam font on Linux OSes is Traditional-style.

Today, the limitations of metal font design that once plagued printers working with Malayalam are no longer insurmountable, and the choice between complex Traditional Malayalam and Simplified reformed Malayalam is a question of user preference.

In other words, the Traditional vs Simplified divide has moved from the hard contours of metal type to the abstractions of socio-linguistic variables. Understanding what goes into these choices, contextual preferences and the considerations of design can help font designers break away from this idea of a hard binary.

Traditional vs Simplified: a false binary?

Script debates notwithstanding, popular usage today draws from across the spectrum.

Some elements of the 1971 Script Reform have been adopted so wholeheartedly that not even Traditional Malayalam purists have opposed them. The dot repham (ൎ) and linear ‹nṟ› ‹ṟṟ› forms (ൻറ, ററ) have been fully phased out of Malayalam writing and only appear in older texts.

Today, the debate centres on -u, -ū, -r̥ mātra usage, and complex conjuncts. But even within this, there seems to be a hierarchy, with detached mātra forms being more common than linear conjuncts.

To better visualise and conceptualise variations in preferences, we propose a visual model of the spectrum, from more traditional to more linear – the orthography proposed in the 1971 Standard is on the more linear side of the spectrum.

Digital typography has removed the physical limitations of designing complex forms, bringing variations in user preference and legibility to the fore instead.

At the same time, technology also allows for dynamic combining patterns, where legibility and alignment take precedence over a strict adherence to Traditional-style stacked clusters. For example, a complex combining form like ‹strū› would feature a number of stacked and looped elements, making it awkward to represent faithfully in one letter, without any linearisation to help spread it out and preserve alignment.

There is a tendency for Traditional Malayalam to be written off as outmoded, impractical or even difficult, but that ignores the fact that strong emotional ties to the elegance of Traditional Malayalam persist, especially among the culturally inclined.

Traditional Malayalam is commonly seen as more aesthetic and representative of Malayalam’s uniqueness and literary character, a cultural attitude also reflected in how the 1971 Script Reform sought to retain consonant clusters used in native Malayalam words.

For example, it’s common for school students to attempt to approximate Traditional Malayalam when writing by hand in more cultural or literary oriented contexts, a mark of how closely Traditional Malayalam is linked to these identities.

A 2018 article authored by Malayalam researchers Kavya Manohar and Santhosh Thottingal explores the impact of script reform on visual representations of Malayalam. They show how Traditional Malayalam has enjoyed increasing visibility in recent years, from meme pages to movie titles. The article goes on to document how major newspapers have also announced that they will be reverting to Traditional Malayalam, while publishers increasingly use Traditional-style fonts.

Manohar and Thottingal conclude that the main driver behind this trend back towards Traditional Malayalam seems to be the growing availability of digital fonts that support Traditional Malayalam, but they stress that this trend is underpinned by existing preferences, both cultural and aesthetic.

In other words, when the option to use Traditional Malayalam is available, many users actively prefer it. It cannot be taken for granted that all audiences will prefer Simplified Malayalam by default.

Publishers in particular play an important role in navigating the spectrum of Malayalam script usage, given the importance of literary culture – writing, reading and printing – in Kerala. We spoke to different figures placed in the industry to understand the rationale behind the orthographic choices in their publications, and their perception of reader response. Manuel George, chief visual editor at Malayala Manorama, the most widely read Malayalam newspaper, told us that Manorama uses fonts produced in-house for both their print and digital editions, and these fonts follow the Simplified orthography.

George explained that Manorama believed younger readers would be more familiar with Simplified Malayalam, and likely unfamiliar with certain unique letter combinations in Traditional Malayalam. He told us that Simplified Malayalam had a wider potential reach, since it is also comprehensible to people who prefer Traditional Malayalam.

At the same time, he spoke to us about his team’s plans to design Traditional orthography variants of their fonts, especially for headings and titles. Despite their editorial position, which is to use Simplified orthography, Traditional forms cannot be ignored, and the option to represent them needs to be available, he added.

It is tempting to trace Manorama’s contemporary position back to the newspaper’s response to script reform efforts, and even further to Kandathil Verghese Mappila’s own thoughts on script.

Govind Deecee of DC Books, Kerala’s largest publishing house, told us that their books were mostly printed in Simplified Malayalam (using two in-house designed fonts) for similar reasons of inclusion. Interestingly, however, he added that they were beginning to use Traditional Malayalam for book chapter titles, similar to Manorama. Lettering used for book covers also often incorporates Traditional Malayalam, albeit not necessarily for every letter.

The 2022 Script Reform: 1971 revisited

In mid-2022, the Government of Kerala approved and issued a new script reform order , just over half a century since the 1971 Reform.

The new script reform seeks to update the Simplified orthography by establishing a new standard, one that acknowledges advances in technology. For clarity’s sake, we’ll call this the updated 2022 orthography.

• It accepts the usage of complex stacked consonant conjuncts. • It allows complex ‹r›‹y›‹v› combining forms. • It continues the usage of unified, detached -u, -ū mātra forms. • It continues the usage of linear consonant clusters for certain combinations.

The provisions of the new orthography are illustrated in a document titled ‘Rules for Writing Malayalam’, available online . Pages 1–6 cover the changes it introduces and offer examples of letterforms and comparisons with Simplified Malayalam.

We managed to speak to VP Joy, the Chief Secretary of Kerala, who instituted and chaired the 2022 script reform committee himself. The 15-member script committee comprised, among others, literary figures, including Madhusudhan Nair. The committee’s work has been projected as a pro-Malayalam move aimed at bringing unity to the written language.

When asked why he initiated the recent reform, Joy began by returning to the 1971 Script Reform, and how the large number of unique Malayalam conjunct forms made it a necessity at the time. However, he continued, since computers lack the limitations of metal type, digital fonts allow for a return to the full range of Malayalam’s graphic variation. At the same time, he justified the continued usage of detached vowel markers as ‘more logical’ than bringing back the complex contextual variation of -u and -ū markers.

Joy admitted that adoption will most likely be slow, but he was pleased that there hadn’t been any major opposition or objection to the move, including from literary figures. He was also expecting wider implementation to take time, over the course of a few years.

Joy pointed out that unlike the 1971 reform that required new metal fonts, modern changes to the script are much easier to make thanks to digital technology reducing the level of effort involved.

The main challenges, in Joy’s opinion, will arise from ensuring more and more people use the new orthography, including children learning and becoming comfortable with it, and newspapers and publishers introducing it to older readers.

Interestingly, Joy asserted that a script reform should have been enacted when Unicode fonts were introduced, in collaboration with Unicode itself. This would have ensured greater uniformity and standards compliance at what was a crucial moment in Malayalam’s wider transition to the digital medium.

Speaking of his vision for the reform, Joy shared that the Government of Kerala was working on putting out another 15–20 digital fonts in the new orthography, and that a 140,000-word Malayalam dictionary adhering to the 2022 orthography would be published on the Government site. He also told us that textbooks for the next academic year (2024) would feature reformed spellings.

In his roadmap for the future, Joy plans to introduce the 2022 orthography into the Bureau of Indian Standards and have the standard codified, bringing it into official national policy. If carried out, digital devices would likely have to adhere to the orthography to ensure compliance.

It’s significant that this order is a move to bring the official standard closer to Traditional Malayalam, attributable to a perception of Traditional-style forms as more elegant and ‘authentic’. It reverses some of the changes proposed in 1971 but retains the most radical one.

Once again, we see that detached -u, -ū forms are the primary source of difficulty, reflecting popular variation in usage. In 2022, however, this is because of a perceived difficulty in children learning these forms, rather than any technical issues in representing them.

The order calls for uniformity in written Malayalam, in a time when font usage itself has become so decentralised, with font support dependent on platforms and devices. Additionally, it states that printed text facilitated by digital technology following any other written conventions, including Traditional Malayalam, should be discouraged in the interest of uniformity and standardisation. This stands uncomfortably with the fact that Traditional-style digital fonts are in wide usage and in many cases even actively preferred.

At the same time, the poorly documented variation in practice today results in a lack of reference points for web and software developers and font designers.

The Government of Kerala has set up a web page with a set of fonts, free to download and use. These fonts all follow the 2022 orthography, but were created by forking existing Traditional-style fonts and editing them, which has consequences for their visual consistency and rendering.

Both George and Thottingal also pointed out that the 2022 reformation has yet to make its way into Malayalam textbooks, meaning that it will not be reaching new students – and by extension, new readers of Malayalam – yet.

We spoke to publishers in order to understand their perspective on the proposed script reform update.

Manuel George was ambivalent on the 2022 orthography, telling us that Manorama had no plans to adopt it in the near future, but may decide to assess its feasibility in a few years’ time. Govind Deecee told us that DC Books was similarly not considering any changes to their text-setting, saying that it would require too much effort.

He stressed how even a seemingly minor orthography change will require significant change and re-assessment to existing processes across the board, to various aspects of editorial, design and printing workflows. New fonts would have to be designed, and proofreaders, printers and editors trained in the new system.

Publishers would have to invest significant time, energy and money in their technical and human resources to adapt to what is essentially a minor update. There is also a sense that the 2022 orthography was finalised without sufficient consultation from technical experts on how to ensure font support and rendering, similar to criticism of the 1951–53 reform.

The lack of production-ready fonts supporting the 2022 orthography, as well as the muted response to it from publishers and government agencies, will likely set back any proposed adoption.

Given the uncertainty surrounding the 2022 orthography, we recommend that font designers focus on the two established orthographies, Traditional and Simplified, for now, until the effects of the 2022 reform are clearer. Fonts should be able to balance the two by including features from the other style when needed. Traditional Malayalam persists, and cannot be dismissed as old-fashioned or too complex, even with young audiences.

Malayalam continues to set its sights decidedly on the future, and this vision calls for continued, deeper engagement with reader preferences, letterforms and technology.

Special thanks to Shiju Alex for his painstaking efforts in digitizing old Malayalam texts and making them available online, to Dr. Babu Cherian for sharing his expertise on Benjamin Bailey and early Malayalam printing, and to Santhosh Thottingal for his insights on digital Malayalam typography and computing.

November Malayalam and October Malayalam font families support both simplified orthography as well as the 2022 Script Reform. They are part of the larger November South Asia project .

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A Contrastive Analysis of Hindi and Malayalam LANGUAGE IN INDIA Volume 2 : 6 September 2002

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This article aims to provide an overview of some of the issues related to contrastive analysis hypothesis in second language learning. Contrastive hypothesis is one of the branches of applied linguistics which concerns with the study of two systems of languages between first language and target language. Contrastive hypothesis has fairly played an important role in language studies. Thus, in recent years, contrastive analysis has been used in language teaching contexts, syllabus design, and language classrooms by language teachers over the world. Many research works have been done by many language researchers in different aspects of contrastive hypothesis and also error analysis in the world. Language teachers always see contrastive analysis as a pedagogical imperative in target language and they use it as a functional approach in language classroom. However, contrastive hypothesis follows the errors of language learners in second language education.

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हिंदी निबंध (Hindi Nibandh / Essay in Hindi) - हिंदी निबंध लेखन, हिंदी निबंध 100, 200, 300, 500 शब्दों में

हिंदी में निबंध (Essay in Hindi) - छात्र जीवन में विभिन्न विषयों पर हिंदी निबंध (essay in hindi) लिखने की आवश्यकता होती है। हिंदी निबंध लेखन (essay writing in hindi) के कई फायदे हैं। हिंदी निबंध से किसी विषय से जुड़ी जानकारी को व्यवस्थित रूप देना आ जाता है तथा विचारों को अभिव्यक्त करने का कौशल विकसित होता है। हिंदी निबंध (hindi nibandh) लिखने की गतिविधि से इन विषयों पर छात्रों के ज्ञान के दायरे का विस्तार होता है जो कि शिक्षा के अहम उद्देश्यों में से एक है। हिंदी में निबंध या लेख लिखने से विषय के बारे में समालोचनात्मक दृष्टिकोण विकसित होता है। साथ ही अच्छा हिंदी निबंध (hindi nibandh) लिखने पर अंक भी अच्छे प्राप्त होते हैं। इसके अलावा हिंदी निबंध (hindi nibandh) किसी विषय से जुड़े आपके पूर्वाग्रहों को दूर कर सटीक जानकारी प्रदान करते हैं जिससे अज्ञानता की वजह से हम लोगों के सामने शर्मिंदा होने से बच जाते हैं।

आइए सबसे पहले जानते हैं कि हिंदी में निबंध की परिभाषा (definition of essay) क्या होती है?

हिंदी निबंध (hindi nibandh) : निबंध के अंग कौन-कौन से होते हैं, हिंदी निबंध (hindi nibandh) : निबंध के प्रकार (types of essay), हिंदी निबंध (hindi nibandh) : निबंध में उद्धरण का महत्व, सुभाष चंद्र बोस पर निबंध (subhash chandra bose essay in hindi), गणतंत्र दिवस पर निबंध (republic day essay in hindi), गणतंत्र दिवस पर भाषण (republic day speech in hindi), मोबाइल फोन पर निबंध (essay on mobile phone in hindi), हिंदी दिवस पर निबंध (essay on hindi diwas in hindi), मकर संक्रांति पर निबंध (essay on makar sankranti in hindi), ग्लोबल वार्मिंग पर निबंध - कारण और समाधान (global warming essay in hindi), भारत में भ्रष्टाचार पर निबंध (corruption in india essay in hindi), गुरु नानक जयंती पर निबंध (essay on guru nanak jayanti in hindi), मेरा पालतू कुत्ता पर निबंध ( my pet dog essay in hindi), स्वामी विवेकानंद पर निबंध ( swami vivekananda essay in hindi), महिला सशक्तीकरण पर निबंध (women empowerment essay), भगत सिंह निबंध (bhagat singh essay in hindi), वसुधैव कुटुंबकम् पर निबंध (vasudhaiva kutumbakam essay), गाय पर निबंध (essay on cow in hindi), क्रिसमस पर निबंध (christmas in hindi), रक्षाबंधन पर निबंध (rakshabandhan par nibandh), होली का निबंध (essay on holi in hindi), विजयदशमी अथवा दशहरा पर हिंदी में निबंध (essay in hindi on dussehra or vijayadashmi), दिवाली पर हिंदी में निबंध (essay in hindi on diwali), बाल दिवस पर हिंदी में भाषण (children’s day speech in hindi), हिंदी दिवस पर भाषण (hindi diwas speech), हिंदी दिवस पर कविता (hindi diwas poem), स्वतंत्रता दिवस पर निबंध (independence day essay), प्रदूषण पर निबंध (essay on pollution in hindi), वायु प्रदूषण पर हिंदी में निबंध (essay in hindi on air pollution), जलवायु परिवर्तन पर हिंदी में निबंध (essay in hindi on climate change), पर्यावरण दिवस पर निबंध (essay on environment day in hindi), मेरा प्रिय खेल पर निबंध (essay on my favourite game in hindi), विज्ञान के चमत्कार पर निबंध (wonder of science essay in hindi), शिक्षक दिवस पर निबंध (teachers day essay in hindi), अंतरराष्ट्रीय महिला दिवस पर निबंध (essay on international women’s day in hindi), बाल श्रम पर निबंध (child labour essay in hindi), मेरा प्रिय नेता: एपीजे अब्दुल कलाम पर निबंध (apj abdul kalam essay in hindi), मेरा प्रिय मित्र (my best friend nibandh), सरोजिनी नायडू पर निबंध (sarojini naidu essay in hindi).

हिंदी निबंध (Hindi Nibandh / Essay in Hindi) - हिंदी निबंध लेखन, हिंदी निबंध 100, 200, 300, 500 शब्दों में

कुछ सामान्य विषयों (common topics) पर जानकारी जुटाने में छात्रों की सहायता करने के उद्देश्य से हमने हिंदी में निबंध (Essay in Hindi) और भाषणों के रूप में कई लेख तैयार किए हैं। स्कूली छात्रों (कक्षा 1 से 12 तक) एवं प्रतियोगी परीक्षा की तैयारी में लगे विद्यार्थियों के लिए उपयोगी हिंदी निबंध (hindi nibandh), भाषण तथा कविता (useful essays, speeches and poems) से उनको बहुत मदद मिलेगी तथा उनके ज्ञान के दायरे में विस्तार होगा। ऐसे में यदि कभी परीक्षा में इससे संबंधित निबंध आ जाए या भाषण देना होगा, तो छात्र उन परिस्थितियों / प्रतियोगिता में बेहतर प्रदर्शन कर पाएँगे।

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  • 10वीं के बाद लोकप्रिय कोर्स
  • 12वीं के बाद लोकप्रिय कोर्स
  • क्या एनसीईआरटी पुस्तकें जेईई मेन की तैयारी के लिए काफी हैं?
  • कक्षा 9वीं से नीट की तैयारी कैसे करें

छात्र जीवन प्रत्येक व्यक्ति के जीवन के सबसे सुनहरे समय में से एक होता है जिसमें उसे बहुत कुछ सीखने को मिलता है। वास्तव में जीवन की आपाधापी और चिंताओं से परे मस्ती से भरा छात्र जीवन ज्ञान अर्जित करने को समर्पित होता है। छात्र जीवन में अर्जित ज्ञान भावी जीवन तथा करियर के लिए सशक्त आधार तैयार करने का काम करता है। नींव जितनी अच्छी और मजबूत होगी उस पर तैयार होने वाला भवन भी उतना ही मजबूत होगा और जीवन उतना ही सुखद और चिंतारहित होगा। इसे देखते हुए स्कूलों में शिक्षक छात्रों को विषयों से संबंधित अकादमिक ज्ञान से लैस करने के साथ ही विभिन्न प्रकार की पाठ्येतर गतिविधियों के जरिए उनके ज्ञान के दायरे का विस्तार करने का प्रयास करते हैं। इन पाठ्येतर गतिविधियों में समय-समय पर हिंदी निबंध (hindi nibandh) या लेख और भाषण प्रतियोगिताओं का आयोजन करना शामिल है।

करियर संबंधी महत्वपूर्ण लेख :

  • डॉक्टर कैसे बनें?
  • सॉफ्टवेयर इंजीनियर कैसे बनें
  • इंजीनियर कैसे बन सकते हैं?

निबंध, गद्य विधा की एक लेखन शैली है। हिंदी साहित्य कोष के अनुसार निबंध ‘किसी विषय या वस्तु पर उसके स्वरूप, प्रकृति, गुण-दोष आदि की दृष्टि से लेखक की गद्यात्मक अभिव्यक्ति है।’ एक अन्य परिभाषा में सीमित समय और सीमित शब्दों में क्रमबद्ध विचारों की अभिव्यक्ति को निबंध की संज्ञा दी गई है। इस तरह कह सकते हैं कि मोटे तौर पर किसी विषय पर अपने विचारों को लिखकर की गई अभिव्यक्ति ही निबंध है।

अन्य महत्वपूर्ण लेख :

  • हिंदी दिवस पर भाषण
  • हिंदी दिवस पर कविता
  • हिंदी पत्र लेखन

आइए अब जानते हैं कि निबंध के कितने अंग होते हैं और इन्हें किस प्रकार प्रभावपूर्ण ढंग से लिखकर आकर्षक बनाया जा सकता है। किसी भी हिंदी निबंध (Essay in hindi) के मोटे तौर पर तीन भाग होते हैं। ये हैं - प्रस्तावना या भूमिका, विषय विस्तार और उपसंहार।

प्रस्तावना (भूमिका)- हिंदी निबंध के इस हिस्से में विषय से पाठकों का परिचय कराया जाता है। निबंध की भूमिका या प्रस्तावना, इसका बेहद अहम हिस्सा होती है। जितनी अच्छी भूमिका होगी पाठकों की रुचि भी निबंध में उतनी ही अधिक होगी। प्रस्तावना छोटी और सटीक होनी चाहिए ताकि पाठक संपूर्ण हिंदी लेख (hindi me lekh) पढ़ने को प्रेरित हों और जुड़ाव बना सकें।

विषय विस्तार- निबंध का यह मुख्य भाग होता है जिसमें विषय के बारे में विस्तार से जानकारी दी जाती है। इसमें इसके सभी संभव पहलुओं की जानकारी दी जाती है। हिंदी निबंध (hindi nibandh) के इस हिस्से में अपने विचारों को सिलसिलेवार ढंग से लिखकर अभिव्यक्त करने की खूबी का प्रदर्शन करना होता है।

उपसंहार- निबंध का यह अंतिम भाग होता है, इसमें हिंदी निबंध (hindi nibandh) के विषय पर अपने विचारों का सार रखते हुए पाठक के सामने निष्कर्ष रखा जाता है।

ये भी देखें :

अग्निपथ योजना रजिस्ट्रेशन

अग्निपथ योजना एडमिट कार्ड

अग्निपथ योजना सिलेबस

अंत में यह जानना भी अत्यधिक आवश्यक है कि निबंध कितने प्रकार के होते हैं। मोटे तौर निबंध को निम्नलिखित श्रेणियों में रखा जाता है-

वर्णनात्मक निबंध - इस तरह के निबंधों में किसी घटना, वस्तु, स्थान, यात्रा आदि का वर्णन किया जाता है। इसमें त्योहार, यात्रा, आयोजन आदि पर लेखन शामिल है। इनमें घटनाओं का एक क्रम होता है और इस तरह के निबंध लिखने आसान होते हैं।

विचारात्मक निबंध - इस तरह के निबंधों में मनन-चिंतन की अधिक आवश्यकता होती है। अक्सर ये किसी समस्या – सामाजिक, राजनीतिक या व्यक्तिगत- पर लिखे जाते हैं। विज्ञान वरदान या अभिशाप, राष्ट्रीय एकता की समस्या, बेरोजगारी की समस्या आदि ऐसे विषय हो सकते हैं। इन हिंदी निबंधों (hindi nibandh) में विषय के अच्छे-बुरे पहलुओं पर विचार व्यक्त किया जाता है और समस्या को दूर करने के उपाय भी सुझाए जाते हैं।

भावात्मक निबंध - ऐसे निबंध जिनमें भावनाओं को व्यक्त करने की अधिक स्वतंत्रता होती है। इनमें कल्पनाशीलता के लिए अधिक छूट होती है। भाव की प्रधानता के कारण इन निबंधों में लेखक की आत्मीयता झलकती है। मेरा प्रिय मित्र, यदि मैं डॉक्टर होता जैसे विषय इस श्रेणी में रखे जा सकते हैं।

इसके साथ ही विषय वस्तु की दृष्टि से भी निबंधों को सामाजिक, आर्थिक, सांस्कृतिक, खेल, विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी जैसी बहुत सी श्रेणियों में बाँटा जा सकता है।

ये भी पढ़ें-

  • केंद्रीय विद्यालय एडमिशन
  • नवोदय कक्षा 6 प्रवेश
  • एनवीएस एडमिशन कक्षा 9

जिस प्रकार बातचीत को आकर्षक और प्रभावी बनाने के लिए लोग मुहावरे, लोकोक्तियों, सूक्तियों, दोहों, कविताओं आदि की मदद लेते हैं, ठीक उसी तरह निबंध को भी प्रभावी बनाने के लिए इनकी सहायता ली जानी चाहिए। उदाहरण के लिए मित्रता पर हिंदी निबंध (hindi nibandh) लिखते समय तुलसीदास जी की इन पंक्तियों की मदद ले सकते हैं -

जे न मित्र दुख होंहि दुखारी, तिन्हिं बिलोकत पातक भारी।

यानि कि जो व्यक्ति मित्र के दुख से दुखी नहीं होता है, उनको देखने से बड़ा पाप होता है।

हिंदी या मातृभाषा पर निबंध लिखते समय भारतेंदु हरिश्चंद्र की पंक्तियों का प्रयोग करने से चार चाँद लग जाएगा-

निज भाषा उन्नति अहै, सब उन्नति को मूल

बिन निज भाषा-ज्ञान के, मिटत न हिय को सूल।

प्रासंगिकता और अपने विवेक के अनुसार लेखक निबंधों में ऐसी सामग्री का उपयोग निबंध को प्रभावी बनाने के लिए कर सकते हैं। इनका भंडार तैयार करने के लिए जब कभी कोई पंक्ति या उद्धरण अच्छा लगे, तो एकत्रित करते रहें और समय-समय पर इनको दोहराते रहें।

उपरोक्त सभी प्रारूपों का उपयोग कर छात्रों के लिए हमने निम्नलिखित हिंदी में निबंध (Essay in Hindi) तैयार किए हैं -

सुभाष चंद्र बोस ने ब्रिटिश शासन के खिलाफ भारतीय स्वतंत्रता आंदोलन में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई। सुभाष चंद्र बोस भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस (आईएनसी) के नेता थे और बाद में उन्होंने फॉरवर्ड ब्लॉक का गठन किया। इसके माध्यम से भारत में सभी ब्रिटिश विरोधी ताकतों को एकजुट करने की पहल की थी। बोस ब्रिटिश सरकार के मुखर आलोचक थे और स्वतंत्रता प्राप्त करने के लिए और अधिक आक्रामक कार्रवाई की वकालत करते थे। विद्यार्थियों को अक्सर कक्षा और परीक्षा में सुभाष चंद्र बोस जयंती (subhash chandra bose jayanti) या सुभाष चंद्र बोस पर हिंदी में निबंध (subhash chandra bose essay in hindi) लिखने को कहा जाता है। यहां सुभाष चंद्र बोस पर 100, 200 और 500 शब्दों का निबंध दिया गया है।

भारत में 26 जनवरी 1950 को संविधान लागू हुआ। इस दिन को गणतंत्र दिवस के रूप में मनाया जाता है। गणतंत्र दिवस के सम्मान में स्कूलों में विभिन्न प्रकार के सांस्कृतिक कार्यक्रम आयोजित होते हैं। गणतंत्र दिवस के दिन सभी स्कूलों, सरकारी व गैर सरकारी दफ्तरों में झंडोत्तोलन होता है। राष्ट्रगान गाया जाता है। मिठाईयां बांटी जाती है और अवकाश रहता है। छात्रों और बच्चों के लिए 100, 200 और 500 शब्दों में गणतंत्र दिवस पर निबंध पढ़ें।

26 जनवरी, 1950 को हमारे देश का संविधान लागू किया गया, इसमें भारत को गणतांत्रिक व्यवस्था वाला देश बनाने की राह तैयार की गई। गणतंत्र दिवस के अवसर पर आयोजित कार्यक्रम में भाषण (रिपब्लिक डे स्पीच) देने के लिए हिंदी भाषण की उपयुक्त सामग्री (Republic Day Speech Ideas) की यदि आपको भी तलाश है तो समझ लीजिए कि गणतंत्र दिवस पर भाषण (Republic Day speech in Hindi) की आपकी तलाश यहां खत्म होती है। इस राष्ट्रीय पर्व के बारे में विद्यार्थियों को जागरूक बनाने और उनके ज्ञान को परखने के लिए गणतत्र दिवस पर निबंध (Republic day essay) लिखने का प्रश्न भी परीक्षाओं में पूछा जाता है। इस लेख में दी गई जानकारी की मदद से Gantantra Diwas par nibandh लिखने में भी मदद मिलेगी। Gantantra Diwas par lekh bhashan तैयार करने में इस लेख में दी गई जानकारी की मदद लें और अच्छा प्रदर्शन करें।

मोबाइल फ़ोन को सेल्युलर फ़ोन भी कहा जाता है। मोबाइल आज आधुनिक प्रौद्योगिकी का एक अहम हिस्सा है जिसने दुनिया को एक साथ लाकर हमारे जीवन को बहुत प्रभावित किया है। मोबाइल हमारे जीवन का अभिन्न अंग बन गया है। मोबाइल में इंटरनेट के इस्तेमाल ने कई कामों को बेहद आसान कर दिया है। मनोरंजन, संचार के साथ रोजमर्रा के कामों में भी इसकी अहम भूमिका हो गई है। इस निबंध में मोबाइल फोन के बारे में बताया गया है।

भारत में प्रत्येक वर्ष 14 सितंबर को हिंदी दिवस मनाया जाता है। 14 सितंबर, 1949 को संविधान सभा ने जनभाषा हिंदी को राजभाषा का दर्जा प्रदान किया। इस दिन की याद में हर वर्ष 14 सितंबर को राष्ट्रीय हिंदी दिवस मनाया जाता है। वहीं हिंदी भाषा को सम्मान देने के लिए 10 जनवरी को प्रतिवर्ष विश्व हिंदी दिवस (World Hindi Diwas) मनाया जाता है। इस लेख में राष्ट्रीय हिंदी दिवस (14 सितंबर) और विश्व हिंदी दिवस (10 जनवरी) के बारे में चर्चा की गई है।

मकर संक्रांति का त्योहार यूपी, बिहार, दिल्ली, राजस्थान, मध्यप्रदेश सहित देश के विभिन्न राज्यों में 14 जनवरी को मनाया जाता है। इसे खिचड़ी के नाम से भी जाना जाता है। इस दिन लोग पवित्र नदियों में स्नान के बाद पूजा करके दान करते हैं। इस दिन खिचड़ी, तिल-गुड, चिउड़ा-दही खाने का रिवाज है। प्रयागराज में इस दिन से कुंभ मेला आरंभ होता है। इस लेख में मकर संक्रांति के बारे में बताया गया है।

पर्यावरण से संबंधित मुद्दों की चर्चा करते समय ग्लोबल वार्मिंग की चर्चा अक्सर होती है। ग्लोबल वार्मिंग का संबंध वैश्विक तापमान में वृद्धि से है। इसके अनेक कारण हैं। इनमें वनों का लगातार कम होना और ग्रीन हाउस गैसों का उत्सर्जन प्रमुख है। वनों का विस्तार करके और ग्रीन हाउस गैसों पर नियंत्रण करके हम ग्लोबल वार्मिंग की समस्या के समाधान की दिशा में कदम उठा सकते हैं। ग्लोबल वार्मिंग पर निबंध- कारण और समाधान में इस विषय पर चर्चा की गई है।

भारत में भ्रष्टाचार एक बड़ी समस्या है। समाचारों में अक्सर भ्रष्टाचार से जुड़े मामले प्रकाश में आते रहते हैं। सरकार ने भ्रष्टाचार पर नियंत्रण के लिए कई उपाय किए हैं। अलग-अलग एजेंसियां भ्रष्टाचार करने वालों पर कार्रवाई करती रहती हैं। फिर भी आम जनता को भ्रष्टाचार का सामना करना पड़ता है। हालांकि डिजीटल इंडिया की पहल के बाद कई मामलों में पारदर्शिता आई है। लेकिन भ्रष्टाचार के मामले कम हुए है, समाप्त नहीं हुए हैं। भ्रष्टाचार पर निबंध के माध्यम से आपको इस विषय पर सभी पहलुओं की जानकारी मिलेगी।

समय-समय पर ईश्वरीय शक्ति का एहसास कराने के लिए संत-महापुरुषों का जन्म होता रहा है। गुरु नानक भी ऐसे ही विभूति थे। उन्होंने अपने कार्यों से लोगों को चमत्कृत कर दिया। गुरु नानक की तर्कसम्मत बातों से आम जनमानस उनका मुरीद हो गया। उन्होंने दुनिया को मानवता, प्रेम और भाईचारे का संदेश दिया। भारत, पाकिस्तान, अरब और अन्य जगहों पर वर्षों तक यात्रा की और लोगों को उपदेश दिए। गुरु नानक जयंती पर निबंध से आपको उनके व्यक्तित्व और कृतित्व की जानकारी मिलेगी।

कुत्ता हमारे आसपास रहने वाला जानवर है। सड़कों पर, गलियों में कहीं भी कुत्ते घूमते हुए दिख जाते हैं। शौक से लोग कुत्तों को पालते भी हैं। क्योंकि वे घर की रखवाली में सहायक होते हैं। बच्चों को अक्सर परीक्षा में मेरा पालतू कुत्ता विषय पर निबंध लिखने को कहा जाता है। यह लेख बच्चों को मेरा पालतू कुत्ता विषय पर निबंध लिखने में सहायक होगा।

स्वामी विवेकानंद जी हमारे देश का गौरव हैं। विश्व-पटल पर वास्तविक भारत को उजागर करने का कार्य सबसे पहले किसी ने किया तो वें स्वामी विवेकानंद जी ही थे। उन्होंने ही विश्व को भारतीय मानसिकता, विचार, धर्म, और प्रवृति से परिचित करवाया। स्वामी विवेकानंद जी के बारे में जानने के लिए आपको इस लेख को पढ़ना चाहिए। यह लेख निश्चित रूप से आपके व्यक्तित्व में सकारात्मक परिवर्तन करेगा।

हम सभी ने "महिला सशक्तिकरण" या नारी सशक्तिकरण के बारे में सुना होगा। "महिला सशक्तिकरण"(mahila sashaktikaran essay) समाज में महिलाओं की स्थिति को सुदृढ़ बनाने और सभी लैंगिक असमानताओं को कम करने के लिए किए गए कार्यों को संदर्भित करता है। व्यापक अर्थ में, यह विभिन्न नीतिगत उपायों को लागू करके महिलाओं के आर्थिक और सामाजिक सशक्तिकरण से संबंधित है। प्रत्येक बालिका की स्कूल में उपस्थिति सुनिश्चित करना और उनकी शिक्षा को अनिवार्य बनाना, महिलाओं को सशक्त बनाने की दिशा में एक महत्वपूर्ण कदम है। इस लेख में "महिला सशक्तिकरण"(mahila sashaktikaran essay) पर कुछ सैंपल निबंध दिए गए हैं, जो निश्चित रूप से सभी के लिए सहायक होंगे।

भगत सिंह एक युवा क्रांतिकारी थे जिन्होंने भारत की आजादी के लिए लड़ते हुए बहुत कम उम्र में ही अपने प्राण न्यौछावर कर दिए थे। देश के लिए उनकी भक्ति निर्विवाद है। शहीद भगत सिंह महज 23 साल की उम्र में शहीद हो गए। उन्होंने न केवल भारत की आजादी के लिए लड़ाई लड़ी, बल्कि वह इसे हासिल करने के लिए अपनी जान जोखिम में डालने को भी तैयार थे। उनके निधन से पूरे देश में देशभक्ति की भावना प्रबल हो गई। उनके समर्थकों द्वारा उन्हें शहीद के रूप में सम्मानित किया गया था। वह हमेशा हमारे बीच शहीद भगत सिंह के नाम से ही जाने जाएंगे। भगत सिंह के जीवन परिचय के लिए अक्सर छोटी कक्षा के छात्रों को भगत सिंह पर निबंध तैयार करने को कहा जाता है। इस लेख के माध्यम से आपको भगत सिंह पर निबंध तैयार करने में सहायता मिलेगी।

वसुधैव कुटुंबकम एक संस्कृत वाक्यांश है जिसका अर्थ है "संपूर्ण विश्व एक परिवार है"। यह महा उपनिषद् से लिया गया है। वसुधैव कुटुंबकम वह दार्शनिक अवधारणा है जो सार्वभौमिक भाईचारे और सभी प्राणियों के परस्पर संबंध के विचार को पोषित करती है। यह वाक्यांश संदेश देता है कि प्रत्येक व्यक्ति वैश्विक समुदाय का सदस्य है और हमें एक-दूसरे का सम्मान करना चाहिए, सभी की गरिमा का ध्यान रखने के साथ ही सबके प्रति दयाभाव रखना चाहिए। वसुधैव कुटुंबकम की भावना को पोषित करने की आवश्यकता सदैव रही है पर इसकी आवश्यकता इस समय में पहले से कहीं अधिक है। समय की जरूरत को देखते हुए इसके महत्व से भावी नागरिकों को अवगत कराने के लिए वसुधैव कुटुंबकम विषय पर निबंध या भाषणों का आयोजन भी स्कूलों में किया जाता है। कॅरियर्स360 के द्वारा छात्रों की इसी आवश्यकता को ध्यान में रखते हुए वसुधैव कुटुंबकम विषय पर यह लेख तैयार किया गया है।

गाय भारत के एक बेहद महत्वपूर्ण पशु में से एक है जिस पर न जाने कितने ही लोगों की आजीविका आश्रित है क्योंकि गाय के शरीर से प्राप्त होने वाली हर वस्तु का उपयोग भारतीय लोगों द्वारा किसी न किसी रूप में किया जाता है। ना सिर्फ आजीविका के लिहाज से, बल्कि आस्था के दृष्टिकोण से भी भारत में गाय एक महत्वपूर्ण पशु है क्योंकि भारत में मौजूद सबसे बड़ी आबादी यानी हिन्दू धर्म में आस्था रखने वाले लोगों के लिए गाय आस्था का प्रतीक है। ऐसे में विद्यालयों में गाय को लेकर निबंध लिखने का कार्य दिया जाना आम है। गाय के इस निबंध के माध्यम से छात्रों को परीक्षा में पूछे जाने वाले गाय पर निबंध को लिखने में भी सहायता मिलेगी।

क्रिसमस (christmas in hindi) भारत सहित दुनिया भर में मनाए जाने वाले बेहद महत्वपूर्ण त्योहारों में से एक है। यह ईसाइयों का प्रमुख त्योहार है। प्रत्येक वर्ष इसे 25 दिसंबर को मनाया जाता है। क्रिसमस का महत्व समझाने के लिए कई बार स्कूलों में बच्चों को क्रिसमस पर निबंध (christmas in hindi) लिखने का कार्य दिया जाता है। क्रिसमस पर एग्जाम के लिए प्रभावी निबंध तैयार करने का तरीका सीखें।

रक्षाबंधन हिंदुओं के प्रमुख त्योहारों में से एक है। यह पर्व पूरी तरह से भाई और बहन के रिश्ते को समर्पित त्योहार है। इस दिन बहनें अपने भाइयों की कलाई पर रक्षाबंधन बांध कर उनके लंबी उम्र की कामना करती हैं। वहीं भाई अपनी बहनों को कोई तोहफा देने के साथ ही जीवन भर उनके सुख-दुख में उनका साथ देने का वचन देते हैं। इस दिन छोटी बच्चियाँ देश के प्रधानमंत्री व राष्ट्रपति को राखी बांधती हैं। रक्षाबंधन पर हिंदी में निबंध (essay on rakshabandhan in hindi) आधारित इस लेख से विद्यार्थियों को रक्षाबंधन के त्योहार पर न सिर्फ लेख लिखने में सहायता प्राप्त होगी, बल्कि वे इसकी सहायता से रक्षाबंधन के पर्व का महत्व भी समझ सकेंगे।

होली त्योहार जल्द ही देश भर में हर्षोल्लास के साथ मनाया जाने वाला है। होली आकर्षक और मनोहर रंगों का त्योहार है, यह एक ऐसा त्योहार है जो हर धर्म, संप्रदाय, जाति के बंधन की सीमा से परे जाकर लोगों को भाई-चारे का संदेश देता है। होली अंदर के अहंकार और बुराई को मिटा कर सभी के साथ हिल-मिलकर, भाई-चारे, प्रेम और सौहार्द्र के साथ रहने का त्योहार है। होली पर हिंदी में निबंध (hindi mein holi par nibandh) को पढ़ने से होली के सभी पहलुओं को जानने में मदद मिलेगी और यदि परीक्षा में holi par hindi mein nibandh लिखने को आया तो अच्छा अंक लाने में भी सहायता मिलेगी।

दशहरा हिंदू धर्म में मनाया जाने वाला एक महत्वपूर्ण त्योहार है। बच्चों को विद्यालयों में दशहरा पर निबंध (Essay in hindi on Dussehra) लिखने को भी कहा जाता है, जिससे उनकी दशहरा के प्रति उत्सुकता बनी रहे और उन्हें दशहरा के बारे पूर्ण जानकारी भी मिले। दशहरा पर निबंध (Essay on Dussehra in Hindi) के इस लेख में हम देखेंगे कि लोग दशहरा कैसे और क्यों मनाते हैं, इसलिए हिंदी में दशहरा पर निबंध (Essay on Dussehra in Hindi) के इस लेख को पूरा जरूर पढ़ें।

हमें उम्मीद है कि दीवाली त्योहार पर हिंदी में निबंध उन युवा शिक्षार्थियों के लिए फायदेमंद साबित होगा जो इस विषय पर निबंध लिखना चाहते हैं। हमने नीचे दिए गए निबंध में शुभ दिवाली त्योहार (Diwali Festival) के सार को सही ठहराने के लिए अपनी ओर से एक मामूली प्रयास किया है। बच्चे दिवाली पर हिंदी के इस निबंध से कुछ सीख कर लाभ उठा सकते हैं कि वाक्यों को कैसे तैयार किया जाए, Class 1 से 10 तक के लिए दीपावली पर निबंध हिंदी में तैयार करने के लिए इसके लिंक पर जाएँ।

बाल दिवस पर भाषण (Children's Day Speech In Hindi), बाल दिवस पर हिंदी में निबंध (Children's Day essay In Hindi), बाल दिवस गीत, कविता पाठ, चित्रकला, खेलकूद आदि से जुड़ी प्रतियोगिताएं बाल दिवस के मौके पर आयोजित की जाती हैं। स्कूलों में बाल दिवस पर भाषण देने और बाल दिवस पर हिंदी में निबंध लिखने के लिए उपयोगी सामग्री इस लेख में मिलेगी जिसकी मदद से बाल दिवस पर भाषण देने और बाल दिवस के लिए निबंध तैयार करने में मदद मिलेगी। कई बार तो परीक्षाओं में भी बाल दिवस पर लेख लिखने का प्रश्न पूछा जाता है। इसमें भी यह लेख मददगार होगा।

हिंदी दिवस हर साल 14 सितंबर को मनाया जाता है। भारत देश अनेकता में एकता वाला देश है। अपने विविध धर्म, संस्कृति, भाषाओं और परंपराओं के साथ, भारत के लोग सद्भाव, एकता और सौहार्द के साथ रहते हैं। भारत में बोली जाने वाली विभिन्न भाषाओं में, हिंदी सबसे अधिक उपयोग की जाने वाली और बोली जाने वाली भाषा है। भारतीय संविधान के अनुच्छेद 343 के अनुसार 14 सितंबर 1949 को हिंदी भाषा को राजभाषा के रूप में अपनाया गया था। हमारी मातृभाषा हिंदी और देश के प्रति सम्मान दिखाने के लिए हिंदी दिवस का आयोजन किया जाता है। हिंदी दिवस पर भाषण के लिए उपयोगी जानकारी इस लेख में मिलेगी।

हिन्दी में कवियों की परम्परा बहुत लम्बी है। हिंदी के महान कवियों ने कालजयी रचनाएं लिखी हैं। हिंदी में निबंध और वाद-विवाद आदि का जितना महत्व है उतना ही महत्व हिंदी कविताओं और कविता-पाठ का भी है। हिंदी दिवस पर विद्यालय या अन्य किसी आयोजन पर हिंदी कविता भी चार चाँद लगाने का काम करेगी। हिंदी दिवस कविता के इस लेख में हम हिंदी भाषा के सम्मान में रचित, हिंदी का महत्व बतलाती विभिन्न कविताओं की जानकारी दी गई है।

15 अगस्त, 1947 को हमारा देश भारत 200 सालों के अंग्रेजी हुकूमत से आजाद हुआ था। यही वजह है कि यह दिन इतिहास में दर्ज हो गया और इसे भारत के स्वतंत्रता दिवस के तौर पर मनाया जाने लगा। इस दिन देश के प्रधानमंत्री लालकिले पर राष्ट्रीय ध्वज फहराते तो हैं ही और साथ ही इसके बाद वे पूरे देश को लालकिले से संबोधित भी करते हैं। इस दौरान प्रधानमंत्री का पूरा भाषण टीवी व रेडियो के माध्यम से पूरे देश में प्रसारित किया जाता है। इसके अलावा देश भर में इस दिन सभी कार्यालयों में छुट्टी होती है। स्कूल्स व कॉलेज में रंगारंग कार्यक्रम आयोजित किए जाते हैं। स्वतंत्रता दिवस से संबंधित संपूर्ण जानकारी आपको इस लेख में मिलेगी जो निश्चित तौर पर आपके लिए लेख लिखने में सहायक सिद्ध होगी।

प्रदूषण पृथ्वी पर वर्तमान के उन प्रमुख मुद्दों में से एक है, जो हमारी पृथ्वी को व्यापक स्तर पर प्रभावित कर रहा है। यह एक ऐसा मुद्दा है जो लंबे समय से चर्चा में है, 21वीं सदी में इसका हानिकारक प्रभाव बड़े पैमाने पर महसूस किया जा रहा है। हालांकि विभिन्न देशों की सरकारों ने इन प्रभावों को रोकने के लिए कई बड़े कदम उठाए हैं, लेकिन अभी भी एक लंबा रास्ता तय करना बाकी है। इससे कई प्राकृतिक प्रक्रियाओं में गड़बड़ी आती है। इतना ही नहीं, आज कई वनस्पतियां और जीव-जंतु या तो विलुप्त हो चुके हैं या विलुप्त होने की कगार पर हैं। प्रदूषण की मात्रा में तेजी से वृद्धि के कारण पशु तेजी से न सिर्फ अपना घर खो रहे हैं, बल्कि जीने लायक प्रकृति को भी खो रहे हैं। प्रदूषण ने दुनिया भर के कई प्रमुख शहरों को प्रभावित किया है। इन प्रदूषित शहरों में से अधिकांश भारत में ही स्थित हैं। दुनिया के कुछ सबसे प्रदूषित शहरों में दिल्ली, कानपुर, बामेंडा, मॉस्को, हेज़, चेरनोबिल, बीजिंग शामिल हैं। हालांकि इन शहरों ने प्रदूषण पर अंकुश लगाने के लिए कई कदम उठाए हैं, लेकिन अभी बहुत कुछ और बहुत ही तेजी के साथ किए जाने की जरूरत है।

वायु प्रदूषण पर हिंदी में निबंध के ज़रिए हम इसके बारे में थोड़ा गहराई से जानेंगे। वायु प्रदूषण पर लेख (Essay on Air Pollution) से इस समस्या को जहाँ समझने में आसानी होगी वहीं हम वायु प्रदूषण के लिए जिम्मेदार पहलुओं के बारे में भी जान सकेंगे। इससे स्कूली विद्यार्थियों को वायु प्रदूषण पर निबंध (Essay on Air Pollution) तैयार करने में भी मदद होगी। हिंदी में वायु प्रदूषण पर निबंध से परीक्षा में बेहतर स्कोर लाने में मदद मिलेगी।

एक बड़े भू-क्षेत्र में लंबे समय तक रहने वाले मौसम की औसत स्थिति को जलवायु की संज्ञा दी जाती है। किसी भू-भाग की जलवायु पर उसकी भौगोलिक स्थिति का सर्वाधिक असर पड़ता है। पृथ्वी ग्रह का बुखार (तापमान) लगातार बढ़ रहा है। सरकारों को इसमें नागरिकों की सहभागिता सुनिश्चित करने के लिए उपयुक्त कदम उठाने होंगे। जलवायु परिवर्तन को नियंत्रित करने के लिए सरकारों को सतत विकास के उपायों में निवेश करने, ग्रीन जॉब, हरित अर्थव्यवस्था के निर्माण की ओर आगे बढ़ने की जरूरत है। पृथ्वी पर जीवन को बचाए रखने, इसे स्वस्थ रखने और ग्लोबल वार्मिंग के खतरों से निपटने के लिए सभी देशों को मिलकर ईमानदारी से काम करना होगा। ग्लोबल वार्मिंग या जलवायु परिवर्तन पर निबंध के जरिए छात्रों को इस विषय और इससे जुड़ी समस्याओं और समाधान के बारे में जानने को मिलेगा।

हमारी यह पृथ्वी जिस पर हम सभी निवास करते हैं इसके पर्यावरण के संरक्षण के लिए विश्व पर्यावरण दिवस (World Environment Day) हर साल 5 जून को मनाया जाता है। इसकी शुरुआत 1972 में मानव पर्यावरण पर आयोजित संयुक्त राष्ट्र सम्मलेन के दौरान हुई थी। पहला विश्व पर्यावरण दिवस (Environment Day) 5 जून 1974 को “केवल एक पृथ्वी” (Only One Earth) स्लोगन/थीम के साथ मनाया गया था, जिसमें तत्कालीन प्रधानमंत्री श्रीमती इंदिरा गाँधी ने भी भाग लिया था। इसी सम्मलेन में संयुक्त राष्ट्र पर्यावरण कार्यक्रम (UNEP) की भी स्थापना की गई थी। इस विश्व पर्यावरण दिवस (World Environment Day) को मनाने का उद्देश्य विश्व के लोगों के भीतर पर्यावरण (Environment) के प्रति जागरूकता लाना और साथ ही प्रकृति के प्रति अपने कर्तव्य का निर्वहन करना भी है। इसी विषय पर विचार करते हुए 19 नवंबर, 1986 को पर्यवरण संरक्षण अधिनियम लागू किया गया तथा 1987 से हर वर्ष पर्यावरण दिवस की मेजबानी करने के लिए अलग-अलग देश को चुना गया।

आज के युग में जब हम अपना अधिकतर समय पढाई पर केंद्रित करने का प्रयास करते नजर आते हैं और साथ ही अपना ज़्यादातर समय ऑनलाइन रह कर व्यतीत करना पसंद करते हैं, ऐसे में हमारे जीवन में खेलों का महत्व कई गुना बढ़ जाता है। खेल हमारे लिए केवल मनोरंजन का साधन ही नहीं, अपितु हमारे सर्वांगीण विकास का एक माध्यम भी है। हमारे जीवन में खेल उतना ही जरूरी है, जितना पढाई करना। आज कल के युग में मानव जीवन में शारीरिक कार्य की तुलना में मानसिक कार्य में बढ़ोतरी हुई है और हमारी जीवन शैली भी बदल गई है, हम रात को देर से सोते हैं और साथ ही सुबह देर से उठते हैं। जाहिर है कि यह दिनचर्या स्वास्थ्य के लिए अच्छी नहीं है और इसके साथ ही कार्य या पढाई की वजह से मानसिक तनाव पहले की तुलना में वृद्धि महसूस की जा सकती है। ऐसी स्थिति में जब हमारे जीवन में शारीरिक परिश्रम अधिक नहीं है, तो हमारे जीवन में खेलो का महत्व बहुत अधिक बढ़ जाता है।

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हमेशा से कहा जाता रहा है कि ‘आवश्यकता ही अविष्कार की जननी है’, जैसे-जैसे मानव की आवश्यकता बढती गई, वैसे-वैसे उसने अपनी सुविधा के लिए अविष्कार करना आरंभ किया। विज्ञान से तात्पर्य एक ऐसे व्यवस्थित ज्ञान से है जो विचार, अवलोकन तथा प्रयोगों से प्राप्त किया जाता है, जो कि किसी अध्ययन की प्रकृति या सिद्धांतों की जानकारी प्राप्त करने के लिए किए जाते हैं। विज्ञान शब्द का प्रयोग ज्ञान की ऐसी शाखा के लिए भी किया जाता है, जो तथ्य, सिद्धांत और तरीकों का प्रयोग और परिकल्पना से स्थापित और व्यवस्थित करता है।

शिक्षक अपने शिष्य के जीवन के साथ साथ उसके चरित्र निर्माण में भी एक महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाते है। कहा जाता है कि सबसे पहली गुरु माँ होती है, जो अपने बच्चों को जीवन प्रदान करने के साथ-साथ जीवन के आधार का ज्ञान भी देती है। इसके बाद अन्य शिक्षकों का स्थान होता है। किसी व्यक्ति के व्यक्तित्व का निर्माण करना बहुत ही बड़ा और कठिन कार्य है। व्यक्ति को शिक्षा प्रदान करने के साथ-साथ उसके चरित्र और व्यक्तित्व का निर्माण करना भी उसी प्रकार का कार्य है, जैसे कोई कुम्हार मिट्टी से बर्तन बनाने का कार्य करता है। इसी प्रकार शिक्षक अपने छात्रों को शिक्षा प्रदान करने के साथ साथ उसके व्यक्तित्व का निर्माण भी करते हैं।

अंतरराष्ट्रीय महिला दिवस की शुरुआत 1908 में हुई थी, जब न्यूयॉर्क शहर की सड़को पर हजारों महिलाएं घंटों काम के लिए बेहतर वेतन और सम्मान तथा समानता के अधिकार को प्राप्त करने के लिए उतरी थीं। अंतरराष्ट्रीय महिला दिवस को अंतरराष्ट्रीय स्तर पर मनाने का प्रस्ताव क्लारा जेटकिन का था जिन्होंने 1910 में यह प्रस्ताव रखा था। पहला अंतरराष्ट्रीय महिला दिवस 1911 में ऑस्ट्रिया, डेनमार्क, जर्मनी और स्विट्ज़रलैंड में मनाया गया था।

हम उम्मीद करते हैं कि स्कूली छात्रों के लिए तैयार उपयोगी हिंदी में निबंध, भाषण और कविता (Essays, speech and poems for school students) के इस संकलन से निश्चित तौर पर छात्रों को मदद मिलेगी।

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बाल श्रम को बच्चो द्वारा रोजगार के लिए किसी भी प्रकार के कार्य को करने के रूप में परिभाषित किया गया है जो उनके शारीरिक और मानसिक विकास में बाधा डालता है और उन्हें मूलभूत शैक्षिक और मनोरंजक जरूरतों तक पहुंच से वंचित करता है। एक बच्चे को आम तौर व्यस्क तब माना जाता है जब वह पंद्रह वर्ष या उससे अधिक का हो जाता है। इस आयु सीमा से कम के बच्चों को किसी भी प्रकार के जबरन रोजगार में संलग्न होने की अनुमति नहीं है। बाल श्रम बच्चों को सामान्य परवरिश का अनुभव करने, गुणवत्तापूर्ण शिक्षा प्राप्त करने और उनके शारीरिक और भावनात्मक विकास में बाधा के रूप में देखा जाता है। जानिए कैसे तैयार करें बाल श्रम या फिर कहें तो बाल मजदूरी पर निबंध।

एपीजे अब्दुल कलाम की गिनती आला दर्जे के वैज्ञानिक होने के साथ ही प्रभावी नेता के तौर पर भी होती है। वह 21वीं सदी के प्रसिद्ध वैज्ञानिकों में से एक हैं। कलाम देश के 11वें राष्ट्रपति बने, अपने कार्यकाल में समाज को लाभ पहुंचाने वाली कई पहलों की शुरुआत की। मेरा प्रिय नेता विषय पर अक्सर परीक्षा में निबंध लिखने का प्रश्न पूछा जाता है। जानिए कैसे तैयार करें अपने प्रिय नेता: एपीजे अब्दुल कलाम पर निबंध।

हमारे जीवन में बहुत सारे लोग आते हैं। उनमें से कई को भुला दिया जाता है, लेकिन कुछ का हम पर स्थायी प्रभाव पड़ता है। भले ही हमारे कई दोस्त हों, उनमें से कम ही हमारे अच्छे दोस्त होते हैं। कहा भी जाता है कि सौ दोस्तों की भीड़ के मुक़ाबले जीवन में एक सच्चा/अच्छा दोस्त होना काफी है। यह लेख छात्रों को 'मेरे प्रिय मित्र'(My Best Friend Nibandh) पर निबंध तैयार करने में सहायता करेगा।

3 फरवरी, 1879 को भारत के हैदराबाद में एक बंगाली परिवार ने सरोजिनी नायडू का दुनिया में स्वागत किया। उन्होंने कम उम्र में ही कविता लिखना शुरू कर दिया था। उन्होंने कैम्ब्रिज में किंग्स कॉलेज और गिर्टन, दोनों ही पाठ्यक्रमों में दाखिला लेकर अपनी पढ़ाई पूरी की। जब वह एक बच्ची थी, तो कुछ भारतीय परिवारों ने अपनी बेटियों को स्वतंत्रता आंदोलन में भाग लेने के लिए प्रोत्साहित किया। हालाँकि, सरोजिनी नायडू के परिवार ने लगातार उदार मूल्यों का समर्थन किया। वह न्याय की लड़ाई में विरोध की प्रभावशीलता पर विश्वास करते हुए बड़ी हुई। सरोजिनी नायडू से संबंधित अधिक जानकारी के लिए इस लेख को पढ़ें।

  • 12वीं के बाद यूपीएससी की तैयारी कैसे करें?
  • 10वीं क्लास से नीट की तैयारी कैसे करें?
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Frequently Asked Question (FAQs)

किसी भी हिंदी निबंध (Essay in hindi) को तीन भागों में विभाजित किया जा सकता है- ये हैं- प्रस्तावना या भूमिका, विषय विस्तार और उपसंहार (conclusion)।

हिंदी निबंध लेखन शैली की दृष्टि से मुख्य रूप से तीन प्रकार के होते हैं-

वर्णनात्मक हिंदी निबंध - इस तरह के निबंधों में किसी घटना, वस्तु, स्थान, यात्रा आदि का वर्णन किया जाता है।

विचारात्मक निबंध - इस तरह के निबंधों में मनन-चिंतन की अधिक आवश्यकता होती है।

भावात्मक निबंध - ऐसे निबंध जिनमें भावनाओं को व्यक्त करने की अधिक स्वतंत्रता होती है।

विषय वस्तु की दृष्टि से भी निबंधों को सामाजिक, आर्थिक, सांस्कृतिक, खेल, विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी जैसी बहुत सी श्रेणियों में बाँटा जा सकता है।

निबंध में समुचित जगहों पर मुहावरे, लोकोक्तियों, सूक्तियों, दोहों, कविता का प्रयोग करके इसे प्रभावी बनाने में मदद मिलती है। हिंदी निबंध के प्रभावी होने पर न केवल बेहतर अंक मिलेंगी बल्कि असल जीवन में अपनी बात रखने का कौशल भी विकसित होगा।

कुछ उपयोगी विषयों पर हिंदी में निबंध के लिए ऊपर लेख में दिए गए लिंक्स की मदद ली जा सकती है।

निबंध, गद्य विधा की एक लेखन शैली है। हिंदी साहित्य कोष के अनुसार निबंध ‘किसी विषय या वस्तु पर उसके स्वरूप, प्रकृति, गुण-दोष आदि की दृष्टि से लेखक की गद्यात्मक अभिव्यक्ति है।’ एक अन्य परिभाषा में सीमित समय और सीमित शब्दों में क्रमबद्ध विचारों की अभिव्यक्ति को निबंध की संज्ञा दी गई है। इस तरह कह सकते हैं कि मोटे तौर पर किसी विषय पर अपने विचारों को लिखकर की गई अभिव्यक्ति निबंध है।

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Data Administrator

Database professionals use software to store and organise data such as financial information, and customer shipping records. Individuals who opt for a career as data administrators ensure that data is available for users and secured from unauthorised sales. DB administrators may work in various types of industries. It may involve computer systems design, service firms, insurance companies, banks and hospitals.

Bio Medical Engineer

The field of biomedical engineering opens up a universe of expert chances. An Individual in the biomedical engineering career path work in the field of engineering as well as medicine, in order to find out solutions to common problems of the two fields. The biomedical engineering job opportunities are to collaborate with doctors and researchers to develop medical systems, equipment, or devices that can solve clinical problems. Here we will be discussing jobs after biomedical engineering, how to get a job in biomedical engineering, biomedical engineering scope, and salary. 

Ethical Hacker

A career as ethical hacker involves various challenges and provides lucrative opportunities in the digital era where every giant business and startup owns its cyberspace on the world wide web. Individuals in the ethical hacker career path try to find the vulnerabilities in the cyber system to get its authority. If he or she succeeds in it then he or she gets its illegal authority. Individuals in the ethical hacker career path then steal information or delete the file that could affect the business, functioning, or services of the organization.

GIS officer work on various GIS software to conduct a study and gather spatial and non-spatial information. GIS experts update the GIS data and maintain it. The databases include aerial or satellite imagery, latitudinal and longitudinal coordinates, and manually digitized images of maps. In a career as GIS expert, one is responsible for creating online and mobile maps.

Data Analyst

The invention of the database has given fresh breath to the people involved in the data analytics career path. Analysis refers to splitting up a whole into its individual components for individual analysis. Data analysis is a method through which raw data are processed and transformed into information that would be beneficial for user strategic thinking.

Data are collected and examined to respond to questions, evaluate hypotheses or contradict theories. It is a tool for analyzing, transforming, modeling, and arranging data with useful knowledge, to assist in decision-making and methods, encompassing various strategies, and is used in different fields of business, research, and social science.

Geothermal Engineer

Individuals who opt for a career as geothermal engineers are the professionals involved in the processing of geothermal energy. The responsibilities of geothermal engineers may vary depending on the workplace location. Those who work in fields design facilities to process and distribute geothermal energy. They oversee the functioning of machinery used in the field.

Database Architect

If you are intrigued by the programming world and are interested in developing communications networks then a career as database architect may be a good option for you. Data architect roles and responsibilities include building design models for data communication networks. Wide Area Networks (WANs), local area networks (LANs), and intranets are included in the database networks. It is expected that database architects will have in-depth knowledge of a company's business to develop a network to fulfil the requirements of the organisation. Stay tuned as we look at the larger picture and give you more information on what is db architecture, why you should pursue database architecture, what to expect from such a degree and what your job opportunities will be after graduation. Here, we will be discussing how to become a data architect. Students can visit NIT Trichy , IIT Kharagpur , JMI New Delhi . 

Remote Sensing Technician

Individuals who opt for a career as a remote sensing technician possess unique personalities. Remote sensing analysts seem to be rational human beings, they are strong, independent, persistent, sincere, realistic and resourceful. Some of them are analytical as well, which means they are intelligent, introspective and inquisitive. 

Remote sensing scientists use remote sensing technology to support scientists in fields such as community planning, flight planning or the management of natural resources. Analysing data collected from aircraft, satellites or ground-based platforms using statistical analysis software, image analysis software or Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a significant part of their work. Do you want to learn how to become remote sensing technician? There's no need to be concerned; we've devised a simple remote sensing technician career path for you. Scroll through the pages and read.

Budget Analyst

Budget analysis, in a nutshell, entails thoroughly analyzing the details of a financial budget. The budget analysis aims to better understand and manage revenue. Budget analysts assist in the achievement of financial targets, the preservation of profitability, and the pursuit of long-term growth for a business. Budget analysts generally have a bachelor's degree in accounting, finance, economics, or a closely related field. Knowledge of Financial Management is of prime importance in this career.

Underwriter

An underwriter is a person who assesses and evaluates the risk of insurance in his or her field like mortgage, loan, health policy, investment, and so on and so forth. The underwriter career path does involve risks as analysing the risks means finding out if there is a way for the insurance underwriter jobs to recover the money from its clients. If the risk turns out to be too much for the company then in the future it is an underwriter who will be held accountable for it. Therefore, one must carry out his or her job with a lot of attention and diligence.

Finance Executive

Product manager.

A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.  

Operations Manager

Individuals in the operations manager jobs are responsible for ensuring the efficiency of each department to acquire its optimal goal. They plan the use of resources and distribution of materials. The operations manager's job description includes managing budgets, negotiating contracts, and performing administrative tasks.

Stock Analyst

Individuals who opt for a career as a stock analyst examine the company's investments makes decisions and keep track of financial securities. The nature of such investments will differ from one business to the next. Individuals in the stock analyst career use data mining to forecast a company's profits and revenues, advise clients on whether to buy or sell, participate in seminars, and discussing financial matters with executives and evaluate annual reports.

A Researcher is a professional who is responsible for collecting data and information by reviewing the literature and conducting experiments and surveys. He or she uses various methodological processes to provide accurate data and information that is utilised by academicians and other industry professionals. Here, we will discuss what is a researcher, the researcher's salary, types of researchers.

Welding Engineer

Welding Engineer Job Description: A Welding Engineer work involves managing welding projects and supervising welding teams. He or she is responsible for reviewing welding procedures, processes and documentation. A career as Welding Engineer involves conducting failure analyses and causes on welding issues. 

Transportation Planner

A career as Transportation Planner requires technical application of science and technology in engineering, particularly the concepts, equipment and technologies involved in the production of products and services. In fields like land use, infrastructure review, ecological standards and street design, he or she considers issues of health, environment and performance. A Transportation Planner assigns resources for implementing and designing programmes. He or she is responsible for assessing needs, preparing plans and forecasts and compliance with regulations.

Environmental Engineer

Individuals who opt for a career as an environmental engineer are construction professionals who utilise the skills and knowledge of biology, soil science, chemistry and the concept of engineering to design and develop projects that serve as solutions to various environmental problems. 

Safety Manager

A Safety Manager is a professional responsible for employee’s safety at work. He or she plans, implements and oversees the company’s employee safety. A Safety Manager ensures compliance and adherence to Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) guidelines.

Conservation Architect

A Conservation Architect is a professional responsible for conserving and restoring buildings or monuments having a historic value. He or she applies techniques to document and stabilise the object’s state without any further damage. A Conservation Architect restores the monuments and heritage buildings to bring them back to their original state.

Structural Engineer

A Structural Engineer designs buildings, bridges, and other related structures. He or she analyzes the structures and makes sure the structures are strong enough to be used by the people. A career as a Structural Engineer requires working in the construction process. It comes under the civil engineering discipline. A Structure Engineer creates structural models with the help of computer-aided design software. 

Highway Engineer

Highway Engineer Job Description:  A Highway Engineer is a civil engineer who specialises in planning and building thousands of miles of roads that support connectivity and allow transportation across the country. He or she ensures that traffic management schemes are effectively planned concerning economic sustainability and successful implementation.

Field Surveyor

Are you searching for a Field Surveyor Job Description? A Field Surveyor is a professional responsible for conducting field surveys for various places or geographical conditions. He or she collects the required data and information as per the instructions given by senior officials. 

Orthotist and Prosthetist

Orthotists and Prosthetists are professionals who provide aid to patients with disabilities. They fix them to artificial limbs (prosthetics) and help them to regain stability. There are times when people lose their limbs in an accident. In some other occasions, they are born without a limb or orthopaedic impairment. Orthotists and prosthetists play a crucial role in their lives with fixing them to assistive devices and provide mobility.

Pathologist

A career in pathology in India is filled with several responsibilities as it is a medical branch and affects human lives. The demand for pathologists has been increasing over the past few years as people are getting more aware of different diseases. Not only that, but an increase in population and lifestyle changes have also contributed to the increase in a pathologist’s demand. The pathology careers provide an extremely huge number of opportunities and if you want to be a part of the medical field you can consider being a pathologist. If you want to know more about a career in pathology in India then continue reading this article.

Veterinary Doctor

Speech therapist, gynaecologist.

Gynaecology can be defined as the study of the female body. The job outlook for gynaecology is excellent since there is evergreen demand for one because of their responsibility of dealing with not only women’s health but also fertility and pregnancy issues. Although most women prefer to have a women obstetrician gynaecologist as their doctor, men also explore a career as a gynaecologist and there are ample amounts of male doctors in the field who are gynaecologists and aid women during delivery and childbirth. 

Audiologist

The audiologist career involves audiology professionals who are responsible to treat hearing loss and proactively preventing the relevant damage. Individuals who opt for a career as an audiologist use various testing strategies with the aim to determine if someone has a normal sensitivity to sounds or not. After the identification of hearing loss, a hearing doctor is required to determine which sections of the hearing are affected, to what extent they are affected, and where the wound causing the hearing loss is found. As soon as the hearing loss is identified, the patients are provided with recommendations for interventions and rehabilitation such as hearing aids, cochlear implants, and appropriate medical referrals. While audiology is a branch of science that studies and researches hearing, balance, and related disorders.

An oncologist is a specialised doctor responsible for providing medical care to patients diagnosed with cancer. He or she uses several therapies to control the cancer and its effect on the human body such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy and biopsy. An oncologist designs a treatment plan based on a pathology report after diagnosing the type of cancer and where it is spreading inside the body.

Are you searching for an ‘Anatomist job description’? An Anatomist is a research professional who applies the laws of biological science to determine the ability of bodies of various living organisms including animals and humans to regenerate the damaged or destroyed organs. If you want to know what does an anatomist do, then read the entire article, where we will answer all your questions.

For an individual who opts for a career as an actor, the primary responsibility is to completely speak to the character he or she is playing and to persuade the crowd that the character is genuine by connecting with them and bringing them into the story. This applies to significant roles and littler parts, as all roles join to make an effective creation. Here in this article, we will discuss how to become an actor in India, actor exams, actor salary in India, and actor jobs. 

Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats create and direct original routines for themselves, in addition to developing interpretations of existing routines. The work of circus acrobats can be seen in a variety of performance settings, including circus, reality shows, sports events like the Olympics, movies and commercials. Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats must be prepared to face rejections and intermittent periods of work. The creativity of acrobats may extend to other aspects of the performance. For example, acrobats in the circus may work with gym trainers, celebrities or collaborate with other professionals to enhance such performance elements as costume and or maybe at the teaching end of the career.

Video Game Designer

Career as a video game designer is filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. A video game designer is someone who is involved in the process of creating a game from day one. He or she is responsible for fulfilling duties like designing the character of the game, the several levels involved, plot, art and similar other elements. Individuals who opt for a career as a video game designer may also write the codes for the game using different programming languages.

Depending on the video game designer job description and experience they may also have to lead a team and do the early testing of the game in order to suggest changes and find loopholes.

Radio Jockey

Radio Jockey is an exciting, promising career and a great challenge for music lovers. If you are really interested in a career as radio jockey, then it is very important for an RJ to have an automatic, fun, and friendly personality. If you want to get a job done in this field, a strong command of the language and a good voice are always good things. Apart from this, in order to be a good radio jockey, you will also listen to good radio jockeys so that you can understand their style and later make your own by practicing.

A career as radio jockey has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. If you want to know more about a career as radio jockey, and how to become a radio jockey then continue reading the article.

Choreographer

The word “choreography" actually comes from Greek words that mean “dance writing." Individuals who opt for a career as a choreographer create and direct original dances, in addition to developing interpretations of existing dances. A Choreographer dances and utilises his or her creativity in other aspects of dance performance. For example, he or she may work with the music director to select music or collaborate with other famous choreographers to enhance such performance elements as lighting, costume and set design.

Social Media Manager

A career as social media manager involves implementing the company’s or brand’s marketing plan across all social media channels. Social media managers help in building or improving a brand’s or a company’s website traffic, build brand awareness, create and implement marketing and brand strategy. Social media managers are key to important social communication as well.

Photographer

Photography is considered both a science and an art, an artistic means of expression in which the camera replaces the pen. In a career as a photographer, an individual is hired to capture the moments of public and private events, such as press conferences or weddings, or may also work inside a studio, where people go to get their picture clicked. Photography is divided into many streams each generating numerous career opportunities in photography. With the boom in advertising, media, and the fashion industry, photography has emerged as a lucrative and thrilling career option for many Indian youths.

An individual who is pursuing a career as a producer is responsible for managing the business aspects of production. They are involved in each aspect of production from its inception to deception. Famous movie producers review the script, recommend changes and visualise the story. 

They are responsible for overseeing the finance involved in the project and distributing the film for broadcasting on various platforms. A career as a producer is quite fulfilling as well as exhaustive in terms of playing different roles in order for a production to be successful. Famous movie producers are responsible for hiring creative and technical personnel on contract basis.

Copy Writer

In a career as a copywriter, one has to consult with the client and understand the brief well. A career as a copywriter has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. Several new mediums of advertising are opening therefore making it a lucrative career choice. Students can pursue various copywriter courses such as Journalism , Advertising , Marketing Management . Here, we have discussed how to become a freelance copywriter, copywriter career path, how to become a copywriter in India, and copywriting career outlook. 

In a career as a vlogger, one generally works for himself or herself. However, once an individual has gained viewership there are several brands and companies that approach them for paid collaboration. It is one of those fields where an individual can earn well while following his or her passion. 

Ever since internet costs got reduced the viewership for these types of content has increased on a large scale. Therefore, a career as a vlogger has a lot to offer. If you want to know more about the Vlogger eligibility, roles and responsibilities then continue reading the article. 

For publishing books, newspapers, magazines and digital material, editorial and commercial strategies are set by publishers. Individuals in publishing career paths make choices about the markets their businesses will reach and the type of content that their audience will be served. Individuals in book publisher careers collaborate with editorial staff, designers, authors, and freelance contributors who develop and manage the creation of content.

Careers in journalism are filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. One cannot afford to miss out on the details. As it is the small details that provide insights into a story. Depending on those insights a journalist goes about writing a news article. A journalism career can be stressful at times but if you are someone who is passionate about it then it is the right choice for you. If you want to know more about the media field and journalist career then continue reading this article.

Individuals in the editor career path is an unsung hero of the news industry who polishes the language of the news stories provided by stringers, reporters, copywriters and content writers and also news agencies. Individuals who opt for a career as an editor make it more persuasive, concise and clear for readers. In this article, we will discuss the details of the editor's career path such as how to become an editor in India, editor salary in India and editor skills and qualities.

Individuals who opt for a career as a reporter may often be at work on national holidays and festivities. He or she pitches various story ideas and covers news stories in risky situations. Students can pursue a BMC (Bachelor of Mass Communication) , B.M.M. (Bachelor of Mass Media) , or  MAJMC (MA in Journalism and Mass Communication) to become a reporter. While we sit at home reporters travel to locations to collect information that carries a news value.  

Corporate Executive

Are you searching for a Corporate Executive job description? A Corporate Executive role comes with administrative duties. He or she provides support to the leadership of the organisation. A Corporate Executive fulfils the business purpose and ensures its financial stability. In this article, we are going to discuss how to become corporate executive.

Multimedia Specialist

A multimedia specialist is a media professional who creates, audio, videos, graphic image files, computer animations for multimedia applications. He or she is responsible for planning, producing, and maintaining websites and applications. 

Quality Controller

A quality controller plays a crucial role in an organisation. He or she is responsible for performing quality checks on manufactured products. He or she identifies the defects in a product and rejects the product. 

A quality controller records detailed information about products with defects and sends it to the supervisor or plant manager to take necessary actions to improve the production process.

Production Manager

A QA Lead is in charge of the QA Team. The role of QA Lead comes with the responsibility of assessing services and products in order to determine that he or she meets the quality standards. He or she develops, implements and manages test plans. 

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Individuals in the information security manager career path involves in overseeing and controlling all aspects of computer security. The IT security manager job description includes planning and carrying out security measures to protect the business data and information from corruption, theft, unauthorised access, and deliberate attack 

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An Automation Test Engineer job involves executing automated test scripts. He or she identifies the project’s problems and troubleshoots them. The role involves documenting the defect using management tools. He or she works with the application team in order to resolve any issues arising during the testing process. 

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Essay on Hindi Language in English (हिंदी भाषा पर निबंध)

Essay on hindi .

Let’s start the essay on hindi…

Outline of the essay

  • Our national language- Hindi
  • Hindi, our mother-tongue 
  • Conclusion of the essay 

essay on hindi

Our national language 

Hindi is our mother-tongue, our national language. It is the language that most of the north Indians relate to. The majority of the north Indians speak Hindi. There are other vernacular and regional languages too, like Marathi, Kannada, Malayalam, etc. Well, Hindi is the language we use in ou daily lives, Hindi is certainly the home language of we Indians. Hindi is a very beautiful language, its very aesthetic in its tone. Though we use English as an associate language, as in the other people from the other regions who don’t understand Hindi, they use English as a language too. They converse in English to convey their ideas to the people who majorly know Hindi or English. 

Hindi is our national language, it was adopted by the constituent assembly after independence in 1947. Our language though is Hindustani, a mixture of Hindi and Urdu. 

Spoken English Guru English Speaking Course Kit

Hindi- Our mother tongue 

Now, though learning Hindi comes across less fashionable, people are getting more fascinated by foreign languages and forgetting the essence of Hindi. The emphasis on English is widely growing and that’s causing a major threat to the importance and the significance of Hindi. Hindi has become an alien language in its territory. 

Hindi is the language that keeps us connected to our roots. Yes, English is indeed a global language, it gives you a way to reach out to the diverse domains and spheres, but one should not forget the importance and the identity of Indians that is very much inherently rooted in the language- Hindi 

Conclusion of the essay

Hindi is comparatively a complex language, people far across from the world come to India and invest their time and lives in learning our language- Hindi. Considering that we should not forget that we should emphasize our learning in Hindi as equally as we do in English. 

Hope you loved this article. Your love and support is my motivation. Thank you so much. – Aditya sir

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Very nice essay. Thanks for sharing

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gst ke bare me

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Hindi Essay (Hindi Nibandh) 100 विषयों पर हिंदी निबंध लेखन

Hindi Essay (Hindi Nibandh) | 100 विषयों पर हिंदी निबंध लेखन – Essays in Hindi on 100 Topics

हिंदी निबंध: हिंदी हमारी राष्ट्रीय भाषा है। हमारे हिंदी भाषा कौशल को सीखना और सुधारना भारत के अधिकांश स्थानों में सेवा करने के लिए बहुत महत्वपूर्ण है। स्कूली दिनों से ही हम हिंदी भाषा सीखते थे। कुछ स्कूल और कॉलेज हिंदी के अतिरिक्त बोर्ड और निबंध बोर्ड में निबंध लेखन का आयोजन करते हैं, छात्रों को बोर्ड परीक्षा में हिंदी निबंध लिखने की आवश्यकता होती है।

निबंध – Nibandh In Hindi – Hindi Essay Topics

  • सच्चा धर्म पर निबंध – (True Religion Essay)
  • राष्ट्र निर्माण में युवाओं का योगदान निबंध – (Role Of Youth In Nation Building Essay)
  • अतिवृष्टि पर निबंध – (Flood Essay)
  • राष्ट्र निर्माण में शिक्षक की भूमिका पर निबंध – (Role Of Teacher In Nation Building Essay)
  • नक्सलवाद पर निबंध – (Naxalism In India Essay)
  • साहित्य समाज का दर्पण है हिंदी निबंध – (Literature And Society Essay)
  • नशे की दुष्प्रवृत्ति निबंध – (Drug Abuse Essay)
  • मन के हारे हार है मन के जीते जीत पर निबंध – (It is the Mind which Wins and Defeats Essay)
  • एक राष्ट्र एक कर : जी०एस०टी० ”जी० एस०टी० निबंध – (Gst One Nation One Tax Essay)
  • युवा पर निबंध – (Youth Essay)
  • अक्षय ऊर्जा : सम्भावनाएँ और नीतियाँ निबंध – (Renewable Sources Of Energy Essay)
  • मूल्य-वृदधि की समस्या निबंध – (Price Rise Essay)
  • परहित सरिस धर्म नहिं भाई निबंध – (Philanthropy Essay)
  • पर्वतीय यात्रा पर निबंध – (Parvatiya Yatra Essay)
  • असंतुलित लिंगानुपात निबंध – (Sex Ratio Essay)
  • मनोरंजन के आधुनिक साधन पर निबंध – (Means Of Entertainment Essay)
  • मेट्रो रेल पर निबंध – (Metro Rail Essay)
  • दूरदर्शन पर निबंध – (Importance Of Doordarshan Essay)
  • दूरदर्शन और युवावर्ग पर निबंध – (Doordarshan Essay)
  • बस्ते का बढ़ता बोझ पर निबंध – (Baste Ka Badhta Bojh Essay)
  • महानगरीय जीवन पर निबंध – (Metropolitan Life Essay)
  • दहेज नारी शक्ति का अपमान है पे निबंध – (Dowry Problem Essay)
  • सुरीला राजस्थान निबंध – (Folklore Of Rajasthan Essay)
  • राजस्थान में जल संकट पर निबंध – (Water Scarcity In Rajasthan Essay)
  • खुला शौच मुक्त गाँव पर निबंध – (Khule Me Soch Mukt Gaon Par Essay)
  • रंगीला राजस्थान पर निबंध – (Rangila Rajasthan Essay)
  • राजस्थान के लोकगीत पर निबंध – (Competition Of Rajasthani Folk Essay)
  • मानसिक सुख और सन्तोष निबंध – (Happiness Essay)
  • मेरे जीवन का लक्ष्य पर निबंध नंबर – (My Aim In Life Essay)
  • राजस्थान में पर्यटन पर निबंध – (Tourist Places Of Rajasthan Essay)
  • नर हो न निराश करो मन को पर निबंध – (Nar Ho Na Nirash Karo Man Ko Essay)
  • राजस्थान के प्रमुख लोक देवता पर निबंध – (The Major Folk Deities Of Rajasthan Essay)
  • देशप्रेम पर निबंध – (Patriotism Essay)
  • पढ़ें बेटियाँ, बढ़ें बेटियाँ योजना यूपी में लागू निबंध – (Read Daughters, Grow Daughters Essay)
  • सत्संगति का महत्व पर निबंध – (Satsangati Ka Mahatva Nibandh)
  • सिनेमा और समाज पर निबंध – (Cinema And Society Essay)
  • विपत्ति कसौटी जे कसे ते ही साँचे मीत पर निबंध – (Vipatti Kasauti Je Kase Soi Sache Meet Essay)
  • लड़का लड़की एक समान पर निबंध – (Ladka Ladki Ek Saman Essay)
  • विज्ञापन के प्रभाव – (Paragraph Speech On Vigyapan Ke Prabhav Essay)
  • रेलवे प्लेटफार्म का दृश्य पर निबंध – (Railway Platform Ka Drishya Essay)
  • समाचार-पत्र का महत्त्व पर निबंध – (Importance Of Newspaper Essay)
  • समाचार-पत्रों से लाभ पर निबंध – (Samachar Patr Ke Labh Essay)
  • समाचार पत्र पर निबंध (Newspaper Essay in Hindi)
  • व्यायाम का महत्व निबंध – (Importance Of Exercise Essay)
  • विद्यार्थी जीवन पर निबंध – (Student Life Essay)
  • विद्यार्थी और राजनीति पर निबंध – (Students And Politics Essay)
  • विद्यार्थी और अनुशासन पर निबंध – (Vidyarthi Aur Anushasan Essay)
  • मेरा प्रिय त्यौहार निबंध – (My Favorite Festival Essay)
  • मेरा प्रिय पुस्तक पर निबंध – (My Favourite Book Essay)
  • पुस्तक मेला पर निबंध – (Book Fair Essay)
  • मेरा प्रिय खिलाड़ी निबंध हिंदी में – (My Favorite Player Essay)
  • सर्वधर्म समभाव निबंध – (All Religions Are Equal Essay)
  • शिक्षा में खेलकूद का स्थान निबंध – (Shiksha Mein Khel Ka Mahatva Essay)a
  • खेल का महत्व पर निबंध – (Importance Of Sports Essay)
  • क्रिकेट पर निबंध – (Cricket Essay)
  • ट्वेन्टी-20 क्रिकेट पर निबंध – (T20 Cricket Essay)
  • मेरा प्रिय खेल-क्रिकेट पर निबंध – (My Favorite Game Cricket Essay)
  • पुस्तकालय पर निबंध – (Library Essay)
  • सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी और मानव कल्याण निबंध – (Information Technology Essay)
  • कंप्यूटर और टी.वी. का प्रभाव निबंध – (Computer Aur Tv Essay)
  • कंप्यूटर की उपयोगिता पर निबंध – (Computer Ki Upyogita Essay)
  • कंप्यूटर शिक्षा पर निबंध – (Computer Education Essay)
  • कंप्यूटर के लाभ पर निबंध – (Computer Ke Labh Essay)
  • इंटरनेट पर निबंध – (Internet Essay)
  • विज्ञान: वरदान या अभिशाप पर निबंध – (Science Essay)
  • शिक्षा का गिरता स्तर पर निबंध – (Falling Price Level Of Education Essay)
  • विज्ञान के गुण और दोष पर निबंध – (Advantages And Disadvantages Of Science Essay)
  • विद्यालय में स्वास्थ्य शिक्षा निबंध – (Health Education Essay)
  • विद्यालय का वार्षिकोत्सव पर निबंध – (Anniversary Of The School Essay)
  • विज्ञान के वरदान पर निबंध – (The Gift Of Science Essays)
  • विज्ञान के चमत्कार पर निबंध (Wonder Of Science Essay in Hindi)
  • विकास पथ पर भारत निबंध – (Development Of India Essay)
  • कम्प्यूटर : आधुनिक यन्त्र–पुरुष – (Computer Essay)
  • मोबाइल फोन पर निबंध (Mobile Phone Essay)
  • मेरी अविस्मरणीय यात्रा पर निबंध – (My Unforgettable Trip Essay)
  • मंगल मिशन (मॉम) पर निबंध – (Mars Mission Essay)
  • विज्ञान की अद्भुत खोज कंप्यूटर पर निबंध – (Vigyan Ki Khoj Kampyootar Essay)
  • भारत का उज्जवल भविष्य पर निबंध – (Freedom Is Our Birthright Essay)
  • सारे जहाँ से अच्छा हिंदुस्तान हमारा निबंध इन हिंदी – (Sare Jahan Se Achha Hindustan Hamara Essay)
  • डिजिटल इंडिया पर निबंध (Essay on Digital India)
  • भारतीय संस्कृति पर निबंध – (India Culture Essay)
  • राष्ट्रभाषा हिन्दी निबंध – (National Language Hindi Essay)
  • भारत में जल संकट निबंध – (Water Crisis In India Essay)
  • कौशल विकास योजना पर निबंध – (Skill India Essay)
  • हमारा प्यारा भारत वर्ष पर निबंध – (Mera Pyara Bharat Varsh Essay)
  • अनेकता में एकता : भारत की विशेषता – (Unity In Diversity Essay)
  • महंगाई की समस्या पर निबन्ध – (Problem Of Inflation Essay)
  • महंगाई पर निबंध – (Mehangai Par Nibandh)
  • आरक्षण : देश के लिए वरदान या अभिशाप निबंध – (Reservation System Essay)
  • मेक इन इंडिया पर निबंध (Make In India Essay In Hindi)
  • ग्रामीण समाज की समस्याएं पर निबंध – (Problems Of Rural Society Essay)
  • मेरे सपनों का भारत पर निबंध – (India Of My Dreams Essay)
  • भारतीय राजनीति में जातिवाद पर निबंध – (Caste And Politics In India Essay)
  • भारतीय नारी पर निबंध – (Indian Woman Essay)
  • आधुनिक नारी पर निबंध – (Modern Women Essay)
  • भारतीय समाज में नारी का स्थान निबंध – (Women’s Role In Modern Society Essay)
  • चुनाव पर निबंध – (Election Essay)
  • चुनाव स्थल के दृश्य का वर्णन निबन्ध – (An Election Booth Essay)
  • पराधीन सपनेहुँ सुख नाहीं पर निबंध – (Dependence Essay)
  • परमाणु शक्ति और भारत हिंदी निंबध – (Nuclear Energy Essay)
  • यदि मैं प्रधानमंत्री होता तो हिंदी निबंध – (If I were the Prime Minister Essay)
  • आजादी के 70 साल निबंध – (India ofter 70 Years Of Independence Essay)
  • भारतीय कृषि पर निबंध – (Indian Farmer Essay)
  • संचार के साधन पर निबंध – (Means Of Communication Essay)
  • भारत में दूरसंचार क्रांति हिंदी में निबंध – (Telecom Revolution In India Essay)
  • दूरसंचार में क्रांति निबंध – (Revolution In Telecommunication Essay)
  • राष्ट्रीय एकता का महत्व पर निबंध (Importance Of National Integration)
  • भारत की ऋतुएँ पर निबंध – (Seasons In India Essay)
  • भारत में खेलों का भविष्य पर निबंध – (Future Of Sports Essay)
  • किसी खेल (मैच) का आँखों देखा वर्णन पर निबंध – (Kisi Match Ka Aankhon Dekha Varnan Essay)
  • राजनीति में अपराधीकरण पर निबंध – (Criminalization Of Indian Politics Essay)
  • प्रधानमंत्री नरेन्द्र मोदी पर हिन्दी निबंध – (Narendra Modi Essay)
  • बाल मजदूरी पर निबंध – (Child Labour Essay)
  • भ्रष्टाचार पर निबंध (Corruption Essay in Hindi)
  • महिला सशक्तिकरण पर निबंध – (Women Empowerment Essay)
  • बेटी बचाओ बेटी पढ़ाओ पर निबंध (Beti Bachao Beti Padhao)
  • गरीबी पर निबंध (Poverty Essay in Hindi)
  • स्वच्छ भारत अभियान पर निबंध (Swachh Bharat Abhiyan Essay)
  • बाल विवाह एक अभिशाप पर निबंध – (Child Marriage Essay)
  • राष्ट्रीय एकीकरण पर निबंध – (Importance of National Integration Essay)
  • आतंकवाद पर निबंध (Terrorism Essay in hindi)
  • सड़क सुरक्षा पर निबंध (Road Safety Essay in Hindi)
  • बढ़ती भौतिकता घटते मानवीय मूल्य पर निबंध – (Increasing Materialism Reducing Human Values Essay)
  • गंगा की सफाई देश की भलाई पर निबंध – (The Good Of The Country: Cleaning The Ganges Essay)
  • सत्संगति पर निबंध – (Satsangati Essay)
  • महिलाओं की समाज में भूमिका पर निबंध – (Women’s Role In Society Today Essay)
  • यातायात के नियम पर निबंध – (Traffic Safety Essay)
  • बेटी बचाओ पर निबंध – (Beti Bachao Essay)
  • सिनेमा या चलचित्र पर निबंध – (Cinema Essay In Hindi)
  • परहित सरिस धरम नहिं भाई पर निबंध – (Parhit Saris Dharam Nahi Bhai Essay)
  • पेड़-पौधे का महत्व निबंध – (The Importance Of Trees Essay)
  • वर्तमान शिक्षा प्रणाली – (Modern Education System Essay)
  • महिला शिक्षा पर निबंध (Women Education Essay In Hindi)
  • महिलाओं की समाज में भूमिका पर निबंध (Women’s Role In Society Essay In Hindi)
  • यदि मैं प्रधानाचार्य होता पर निबंध – (If I Was The Principal Essay)
  • बेरोजगारी पर निबंध (Unemployment Essay)
  • शिक्षित बेरोजगारी की समस्या निबंध – (Problem Of Educated Unemployment Essay)
  • बेरोजगारी समस्या और समाधान पर निबंध – (Unemployment Problem And Solution Essay)
  • दहेज़ प्रथा पर निबंध (Dowry System Essay in Hindi)
  • जनसँख्या पर निबंध – (Population Essay)
  • श्रम का महत्त्व निबंध – (Importance Of Labour Essay)
  • जनसंख्या वृद्धि के दुष्परिणाम पर निबंध – (Problem Of Increasing Population Essay)
  • भ्रष्टाचार : समस्या और निवारण निबंध – (Corruption Problem And Solution Essay)
  • मीडिया और सामाजिक उत्तरदायित्व निबंध – (Social Responsibility Of Media Essay)
  • हमारे जीवन में मोबाइल फोन का महत्व पर निबंध – (Importance Of Mobile Phones Essay In Our Life)
  • विश्व में अत्याधिक जनसंख्या पर निबंध – (Overpopulation in World Essay)
  • भारत में बेरोजगारी की समस्या पर निबंध – (Problem Of Unemployment In India Essay)
  • गणतंत्र दिवस पर निबंध – (Republic Day Essay)
  • भारत के गाँव पर निबंध – (Indian Village Essay)
  • गणतंत्र दिवस परेड पर निबंध – (Republic Day of India Essay)
  • गणतंत्र दिवस के महत्व पर निबंध – (2020 – Republic Day Essay)
  • महात्मा गांधी पर निबंध (Mahatma Gandhi Essay)
  • ए.पी.जे. अब्दुल कलाम पर निबंध – (Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Essay)
  • परिवार नियोजन पर निबंध – (Family Planning In India Essay)
  • मेरा सच्चा मित्र पर निबंध – (My Best Friend Essay)
  • अनुशासन पर निबंध (Discipline Essay)
  • देश के प्रति मेरे कर्त्तव्य पर निबंध – (My Duty Towards My Country Essay)
  • समय का सदुपयोग पर निबंध – (Samay Ka Sadupyog Essay)
  • नागरिकों के अधिकारों और कर्तव्यों पर निबंध (Rights And Responsibilities Of Citizens Essay In Hindi)
  • ग्लोबल वार्मिंग पर निबंध – (Global Warming Essay)
  • जल जीवन का आधार निबंध – (Jal Jeevan Ka Aadhar Essay)
  • जल ही जीवन है निबंध – (Water Is Life Essay)
  • प्रदूषण की समस्या और समाधान पर लघु निबंध – (Pollution Problem And Solution Essay)
  • प्रकृति संरक्षण पर निबंध (Conservation of Nature Essay In Hindi)
  • वन जीवन का आधार निबंध – (Forest Essay)
  • पर्यावरण बचाओ पर निबंध (Environment Essay)
  • पर्यावरण प्रदूषण पर निबंध (Environmental Pollution Essay in Hindi)
  • पर्यावरण सुरक्षा पर निबंध (Environment Protection Essay In Hindi)
  • बढ़ते वाहन घटता जीवन पर निबंध – (Vehicle Pollution Essay)
  • योग पर निबंध (Yoga Essay)
  • मिलावटी खाद्य पदार्थ और स्वास्थ्य पर निबंध – (Adulterated Foods And Health Essay)
  • प्रकृति निबंध – (Nature Essay In Hindi)
  • वर्षा ऋतु पर निबंध – (Rainy Season Essay)
  • वसंत ऋतु पर निबंध – (Spring Season Essay)
  • बरसात का एक दिन पर निबंध – (Barsat Ka Din Essay)
  • अभ्यास का महत्व पर निबंध – (Importance Of Practice Essay)
  • स्वास्थ्य ही धन है पर निबंध – (Health Is Wealth Essay)
  • महाकवि तुलसीदास का जीवन परिचय निबंध – (Tulsidas Essay)
  • मेरा प्रिय कवि निबंध – (My Favourite Poet Essay)
  • मेरी प्रिय पुस्तक पर निबंध – (My Favorite Book Essay)
  • कबीरदास पर निबन्ध – (Kabirdas Essay)

इसलिए, यह जानना और समझना बहुत महत्वपूर्ण है कि विषय के बारे में संक्षिप्त और कुरकुरा लाइनों के साथ एक आदर्श हिंदी निबन्ध कैसे लिखें। साथ ही, कक्षा 1 से 10 तक के छात्र उदाहरणों के साथ इस पृष्ठ से विभिन्न हिंदी निबंध विषय पा सकते हैं। तो, छात्र आसानी से स्कूल और प्रतियोगी परीक्षाओं के लिए हिंदी में निबन्ध कैसे लिखें, इसकी तैयारी कर सकते हैं। इसके अलावा, आप हिंदी निबंध लेखन की संरचना, हिंदी में एक प्रभावी निबंध लिखने के लिए टिप्स आदि के बारे में कुछ विस्तृत जानकारी भी प्राप्त कर सकते हैं। ठीक है, आइए हिंदी निबन्ध के विवरण में गोता लगाएँ।

हिंदी निबंध लेखन – स्कूल और प्रतियोगी परीक्षाओं के लिए हिंदी में निबन्ध कैसे लिखें?

प्रभावी निबंध लिखने के लिए उस विषय के बारे में बहुत अभ्यास और गहन ज्ञान की आवश्यकता होती है जिसे आपने निबंध लेखन प्रतियोगिता या बोर्ड परीक्षा के लिए चुना है। छात्रों को वर्तमान में हो रही स्थितियों और हिंदी में निबंध लिखने से पहले विषय के बारे में कुछ महत्वपूर्ण बिंदुओं के बारे में जानना चाहिए। हिंदी में पावरफुल निबन्ध लिखने के लिए सभी को कुछ प्रमुख नियमों और युक्तियों का पालन करना होगा।

हिंदी निबन्ध लिखने के लिए आप सभी को जो प्राथमिक कदम उठाने चाहिए उनमें से एक सही विषय का चयन करना है। इस स्थिति में आपकी सहायता करने के लिए, हमने सभी प्रकार के हिंदी निबंध विषयों पर शोध किया है और नीचे सूचीबद्ध किया है। एक बार जब हम सही विषय चुन लेते हैं तो विषय के बारे में सभी सामान्य और तथ्यों को एकत्र करते हैं और अपने पाठकों को संलग्न करने के लिए उन्हें अपने निबंध में लिखते हैं।

तथ्य आपके पाठकों को अंत तक आपके निबंध से चिपके रहेंगे। इसलिए, हिंदी में एक निबंध लिखते समय मुख्य बिंदुओं पर ध्यान केंद्रित करें और किसी प्रतियोगिता या बोर्ड या प्रतिस्पर्धी जैसी परीक्षाओं में अच्छा स्कोर करें। ये हिंदी निबंध विषय पहली कक्षा से 10 वीं कक्षा तक के सभी कक्षा के छात्रों के लिए उपयोगी हैं। तो, उनका सही ढंग से उपयोग करें और हिंदी भाषा में एक परिपूर्ण निबंध बनाएं।

हिंदी भाषा में दीर्घ और लघु निबंध विषयों की सूची

हिंदी निबन्ध विषयों और उदाहरणों की निम्न सूची को विभिन्न श्रेणियों में विभाजित किया गया है जैसे कि प्रौद्योगिकी, पर्यावरण, सामान्य चीजें, अवसर, खेल, खेल, स्कूली शिक्षा, और बहुत कुछ। बस अपने पसंदीदा हिंदी निबंध विषयों पर क्लिक करें और विषय पर निबंध के लघु और लंबे रूपों के साथ विषय के बारे में पूरी जानकारी आसानी से प्राप्त करें।

विषय के बारे में समग्र जानकारी एकत्रित करने के बाद, अपनी लाइनें लागू करने का समय और हिंदी में एक प्रभावी निबन्ध लिखने के लिए। यहाँ प्रचलित सभी विषयों की जाँच करें और किसी भी प्रकार की प्रतियोगिताओं या परीक्षाओं का प्रयास करने से पहले जितना संभव हो उतना अभ्यास करें।

हिंदी निबंधों की संरचना

Hindi Essay Parts

उपरोक्त छवि आपको हिंदी निबन्ध की संरचना के बारे में प्रदर्शित करती है और आपको निबन्ध को हिन्दी में प्रभावी ढंग से रचने के बारे में कुछ विचार देती है। यदि आप स्कूल या कॉलेजों में निबंध लेखन प्रतियोगिता में किसी भी विषय को लिखते समय निबंध के इन हिस्सों का पालन करते हैं तो आप निश्चित रूप से इसमें पुरस्कार जीतेंगे।

इस संरचना को बनाए रखने से निबंध विषयों का अभ्यास करने से छात्रों को विषय पर ध्यान केंद्रित करने और विषय के बारे में छोटी और कुरकुरी लाइनें लिखने में मदद मिलती है। इसलिए, यहां संकलित सूची में से अपने पसंदीदा या दिलचस्प निबंध विषय को हिंदी में चुनें और निबंध की इस मूल संरचना का अनुसरण करके एक निबंध लिखें।

हिंदी में एक सही निबंध लिखने के लिए याद रखने वाले मुख्य बिंदु

अपने पाठकों को अपने हिंदी निबंधों के साथ संलग्न करने के लिए, आपको हिंदी में एक प्रभावी निबंध लिखते समय कुछ सामान्य नियमों का पालन करना चाहिए। कुछ युक्तियाँ और नियम इस प्रकार हैं:

  • अपना हिंदी निबंध विषय / विषय दिए गए विकल्पों में से समझदारी से चुनें।
  • अब उन सभी बिंदुओं को याद करें, जो निबंध लिखने शुरू करने से पहले विषय के बारे में एक विचार रखते हैं।
  • पहला भाग: परिचय
  • दूसरा भाग: विषय का शारीरिक / विस्तार विवरण
  • तीसरा भाग: निष्कर्ष / अंतिम शब्द
  • एक निबंध लिखते समय सुनिश्चित करें कि आप एक सरल भाषा और शब्दों का उपयोग करते हैं जो विषय के अनुकूल हैं और एक बात याद रखें, वाक्यों को जटिल न बनाएं,
  • जानकारी के हर नए टुकड़े के लिए निबंध लेखन के दौरान एक नए पैराग्राफ के साथ इसे शुरू करें।
  • अपने पाठकों को आकर्षित करने या उत्साहित करने के लिए जहाँ कहीं भी संभव हो, कुछ मुहावरे या कविताएँ जोड़ें और अपने हिंदी निबंध के साथ संलग्न रहें।
  • विषय या विषय को बीच में या निबंध में जारी रखने से न चूकें।
  • यदि आप संक्षेप में हिंदी निबंध लिख रहे हैं तो इसे 200-250 शब्दों में समाप्त किया जाना चाहिए। यदि यह लंबा है, तो इसे 400-500 शब्दों में समाप्त करें।
  • महत्वपूर्ण हिंदी निबंध विषयों का अभ्यास करते समय इन सभी युक्तियों और बिंदुओं को ध्यान में रखते हुए, आप निश्चित रूप से किसी भी प्रतियोगी परीक्षाओं में कुरकुरा और सही निबंध लिख सकते हैं या फिर सीबीएसई, आईसीएसई जैसी बोर्ड परीक्षाओं में।

हिंदी निबंध लेखन पर अक्सर पूछे जाने वाले प्रश्न

1. मैं अपने हिंदी निबंध लेखन कौशल में सुधार कैसे कर सकता हूं? अपने हिंदी निबंध लेखन कौशल में सुधार करने के सर्वोत्तम तरीकों में से एक किताबों और समाचार पत्रों को पढ़ना और हिंदी में कुछ जानकारीपूर्ण श्रृंखलाओं को देखना है। ये चीजें आपकी हिंदी शब्दावली में वृद्धि करेंगी और आपको हिंदी में एक प्रेरक निबंध लिखने में मदद करेंगी।

2. CBSE, ICSE बोर्ड परीक्षा के लिए हिंदी निबंध लिखने में कितना समय देना चाहिए? हिंदी बोर्ड परीक्षा में एक प्रभावी निबंध लिखने पर 20-30 का खर्च पर्याप्त है। क्योंकि परीक्षा हॉल में हर मिनट बहुत महत्वपूर्ण है। इसलिए, सभी वर्गों के लिए समय बनाए रखना महत्वपूर्ण है। परीक्षा से पहले सभी हिंदी निबन्ध विषयों से पहले अभ्यास करें और परीक्षा में निबंध लेखन पर खर्च करने का समय निर्धारित करें।

3. हिंदी में निबंध के लिए 200-250 शब्द पर्याप्त हैं? 200-250 शब्दों वाले हिंदी निबंध किसी भी स्थिति के लिए बहुत अधिक हैं। इसके अलावा, पाठक केवल आसानी से पढ़ने और उनसे जुड़ने के लिए लघु निबंधों में अधिक रुचि दिखाते हैं।

4. मुझे छात्रों के लिए सर्वश्रेष्ठ औपचारिक और अनौपचारिक हिंदी निबंध विषय कहां मिल सकते हैं? आप हमारे पेज से कक्षा 1 से 10 तक के छात्रों के लिए हिंदी में विभिन्न सामान्य और विशिष्ट प्रकार के निबंध विषय प्राप्त कर सकते हैं। आप स्कूलों और कॉलेजों में प्रतियोगिताओं, परीक्षाओं और भाषणों के लिए हिंदी में इन छोटे और लंबे निबंधों का उपयोग कर सकते हैं।

5. हिंदी परीक्षाओं में प्रभावशाली निबंध लिखने के कुछ तरीके क्या हैं? हिंदी में प्रभावी और प्रभावशाली निबंध लिखने के लिए, किसी को इसमें शानदार तरीके से काम करना चाहिए। उसके लिए, आपको इन बिंदुओं का पालन करना चाहिए और सभी प्रकार की परीक्षाओं में एक परिपूर्ण हिंदी निबंध की रचना करनी चाहिए:

  • एक पंच-लाइन की शुरुआत।
  • बहुत सारे विशेषणों का उपयोग करें।
  • रचनात्मक सोचें।
  • कठिन शब्दों के प्रयोग से बचें।
  • आंकड़े, वास्तविक समय के उदाहरण, प्रलेखित जानकारी दें।
  • सिफारिशों के साथ निष्कर्ष निकालें।
  • निष्कर्ष के साथ पंचलाइन को जोड़ना।

निष्कर्ष हमने एक टीम के रूप में हिंदी निबन्ध विषय पर पूरी तरह से शोध किया और इस पृष्ठ पर कुछ मुख्य महत्वपूर्ण विषयों को सूचीबद्ध किया। हमने इन हिंदी निबंध लेखन विषयों को उन छात्रों के लिए एकत्र किया है जो निबंध प्रतियोगिता या प्रतियोगी या बोर्ड परीक्षाओं में भाग ले रहे हैं। तो, हम आशा करते हैं कि आपको यहाँ पर सूची से हिंदी में अपना आवश्यक निबंध विषय मिल गया होगा।

यदि आपको हिंदी भाषा पर निबंध के बारे में अधिक जानकारी की आवश्यकता है, तो संरचना, हिंदी में निबन्ध लेखन के लिए टिप्स, हमारी साइट LearnCram.com पर जाएँ। इसके अलावा, आप हमारी वेबसाइट से अंग्रेजी में एक प्रभावी निबंध लेखन विषय प्राप्त कर सकते हैं, इसलिए इसे अंग्रेजी और हिंदी निबंध विषयों पर अपडेट प्राप्त करने के लिए बुकमार्क करें।

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Global warming / Climate change Essay in Malayalam Language

Global warming / Climate change Essay in Malayalam Language / ആഗോളതാപനം ഉപന്യാസം: അന്തരീക്ഷത്തിൽ ഓക്സിജന്റെ അളവുകുറയുകയും കാർബൺ ഡൈ ഓക്സൈഡിന്റെ അളവുകൂടുകയും ചെയ്യുന്നതുകൊണ്ടാണ് ആഗോളതാപനം ഉണ്ടാകുന്നത്. ലോകവിപത്തായി മാറിയിരിക്കുന്ന ഈ വിഷയത്തെപ്പറ്റി പലരാജ്യങ്ങളിലും ചർച്ചനടക്കുന്നുണ്ട്. നമ്മുടെ ഹരിതസുന്ദരമായ ഭൂമി മരുഭൂമിയായി മാറിക്കൊണ്ടിരിക്കു കയാണ്. ഭൗമോപരിതലത്തിലെ ചൂട് ക്രമാതീതമായി വർദ്ധിച്ചുവരിക യാണ്. ഈ അവസ്ഥ നമ്മെ കൊണ്ടെത്തിക്കുന്നത് ആഗോളതാപനം എന്ന പ്രശ്നത്തിലേക്കാണ്.

Global warming / Climate change Essay in Malayalam Language

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    Malayalam - the Language from God's Own Country. Malayalam is an Indian language which is mainly spoken in the state of Kerala. It is one of the main languages in India and was declared as a classical language by the Government in 2013. Malayalam belongs to the Dravidian family of Languages. It shares a close relationship and resemblance ...

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    Malayalam evolved either from a western dialect of Tamil or from the branch of Proto-Dravidian from which modern Tamil also evolved. The earliest record of the language is an inscription dated to approximately 830 ce.An early and extensive influx of Sanskrit words influenced the Malayalam script. Known as Koleluttu ("Rod Script"), it is derived from the Grantha script, which in turn is ...

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    Malayalam-language newspapers have disproportionately large readerships. Malayala Manorama, for example, is India's fifth most read newspaper with an estimated 8.3 million readers, behind four Hindi-language newspapers. For comparison, Hindi has more than 500 million speakers, over 15 times as many as Malayalam (according to the 2011 Census).

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    Learn to speak Malayalam through Hindi. Offers translation of Malayalam words and sentences in Hindi language script. Learn Malayalam through Hindi (हिंदी के माध्यम से मलयालम सीखें) Learn Indian Languages: languageshome.com.

  8. PDF Emergence of Malayalam as an Independent Classical Language-An ...

    Malayalam language, which come under South Dravidian (SDI) sub groups. The paper gives a clear idea about origin and development of Malayalam language. 2. Origin of the term 'Malayalam' The term Malayalam was the originally a name of a place. When we say Malayalam language, we mean the language of Malayalam land. There was a time when the ...

  9. (PDF) A Contrastive Analysis of Hindi and Malayalam LANGUAGE IN INDIA

    1.5.1 Data for the Analysis Data for the present analysis of standard Malayalam and Hindi languages were collected from newspapers. ... From these papers all news items, except those from sports, film and advertisement pages, were indexed. For further analysis of phonology, morphology and syntax standard works were referred. ...

  10. Essays & Articles in Malayalam

    Read informative Essays & Articles in Malayalam. Gain extra knowledge to stay updated on General Subjects

  11. Malayalam To Hindi Translation

    This translation software is evolving day by day, and Google Engineers are continuously working on it to make Malayalam to hindi translation more intelligent and accurate. Hopefully, one day it will produce near-perfect translations! Malayalam language is widely spoken, with more than 38 million people around the world speaking it. For ...

  12. Influence of Media Essay in Malayalam Language

    Influence of Media Essay in Malayalam Language |നവമാധ്യമങ്ങളും ആധുനിക ലോകവും ഉപന്യാസം ...

  13. हिंदी निबंध (Hindi Nibandh / Essay in Hindi)

    हिंदी में निबंध (Essay in Hindi) - छात्र जीवन में विभिन्न विषयों पर हिंदी निबंध (essay in hindi) लिखने की आवश्यकता होती है। हिंदी निबंध लेखन (essay writing in hindi) के कई फायदे हैं। हिंदी ...

  14. Essay on Hindi Language in English (हिंदी भाषा पर निबंध)

    Hindi is our mother-tongue, our national language. It is the language that most of the north Indians relate to. The majority of the north Indians speak Hindi. There are other vernacular and regional languages too, like Marathi, Kannada, Malayalam, etc. Well, Hindi is the language we use in ou daily lives, Hindi is certainly the home language of ...

  15. Essay on Importance of Library in Malayalam ...

    Essay on Importance of Library in Malayalam Language: In this article we are providing വായനശാലയുടെ പ്രാധാന്യം ...

  16. Essay On Malayalam Language In Hindi

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  17. Hindi Essay (Hindi Nibandh)

    आतंकवाद पर निबंध (Terrorism Essay in hindi) सड़क सुरक्षा पर निबंध (Road Safety Essay in Hindi) बढ़ती भौतिकता घटते मानवीय मूल्य पर निबंध - (Increasing Materialism Reducing Human Values Essay)

  18. Malayalam Essay on "The Importance of Education ...

    Essay on The Importance of Education in Malayalam Language : In this article, we are providing "വിദ്യാഭ്യാസത്തിന്റെ ...

  19. Essay On Malayalam Language In Hindi

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  20. Education and Character Building Essay in Malayalam Language

    Education and Character Building Essay in Malayalam Language : In this article, we are providing വിദ്യാഭ്യാസവും സ്വഭാവ ...

  21. Essay On Malayalam Language In Hindi

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  22. Essay on Cinema and Its Effects in Malayalam Language

    Essay on Cinema and Its Effects in Malayalam Language : In this article, we are providing സിനിമ - ഉപയോഗവും സ്വാധീനവും ഉപന്യാസം.. Essay on Cinema and Its Effects in Malayalam Language. സിനിമ - ഉപയോഗവും സ്വാധീനവും: ഇന്നിന്റെ ജനകീയ ...

  23. Global warming / Climate change Essay in Malayalam Language

    Global warming Essay in Malayalam Language: In this article, we are providing ആഗോളതാപനം ഉപന്യാസം. Essay on climate change in Malayalam . Global warming / Climate change Essay in Malayalam Language