case study of vanitas ending

Get the Reddit app

A subreddit dedicated to Vanitas no Carte (Vanitas no Karte, Vanitas no Shuki, The Case Study of Vanitas, ヴァニタスの手記（カルテ）). The manga is created by Jun Mochizuki and published in Square Enix's Gangan Joker monthly magazine. The anime is produced by studio Bones.

Ending Spoilerrr

Will Vanitas really die at the end ???

• Fantasy & Sci-Fi
• Harry Potter
• Amazon Prime Video
• Sponsored Content
• Where to Watch
• The Case Study of Vanitas

The Case Study of Vanitas Part 2 Ending Explained

Here's are all your questions about the ending of The Case Study of Vanitas Part 2 explained.

Published: Apr 04, 2022, 7:47 Updated: Apr 06, 2022, 8:23

The Case Study of Vanitas Part 2 was one of the best anime Winter 2022 had to offer. Noé and Vanitas have come a long way. The first season's finale was satisfying while leaving just enough loose ends for another season to become a possibility. But what exactly did the finale involve? Here are all your questions about the ending of The Case Study of Vanitas Part 2 explained :

How Did the Previous Episodes' Conflict Get Resolved?

Just as the battle with Mikhail seemed hopeless, or at least impossible to end without serious and irreversible injury, an unexpected revelation came in. Noe's teacher, in the form of a young man, appears and admits he was the one who saved Mikhail. The Teacher now goes by the name of Count of St Germain - an actual historical figure.

St Germain's intentions seem less than pure, but at least he helps diffuse the situation for the moment, by taking Mikhail away. The next day, Mikhail seeks out Vanitas again. While Mikhail's plan was very twisted, his motivations were childlike and informed by his early trauma.

In fact, Mikhail was afraid that he was to blame for the fact that Vanitas killed Luna, the vampire who raised them. Vanitas is able to reassure Mikhail that this isn't the case, but he still refuses to join his former foster brother, stating that he would rather die because of Noe - likely a cruel foreshadowing, given that Noe kills Vanitas in the end - or so he says.

Related: Is The Case Study of Vanitas Actually Any Good?

What Does the Future Hold for Vanitas and Noé?

Vanitas and Noe have now reached a renewed understanding. Noe has still not drunk Vanitas' blood, so he does not know everything about his past but the two are still closer than before - and know that they will have more enemies to deal with in the future.

Vanitas will keep curing vampires - which we know that he's doing partly to find out what corrupted the true name of his vampire foster parent. Along the way, they are likely to come across more enemies and malnomen, while Teacher might have a sinister role to play.

Unfortunately, that's about as far as The Case Study of Vanitas ongoing manga has gone. Unless the show becomes a pre- Brotherhood Fullmetal Alchemist , we'll have to wait for a while before there's substantial material for The Case Study of Vanitas Season 2 .

Sad that the anime is over? Don't despair! We've gathered a list of anime like The Case Study of Vanitas you should start watching !

Explore new topics and discover content that's right for you!

The Case Study of Vanitas 2nd Opening and Ending Themes Get Creditless Release

Part two of The Case Study of Vanitas made a strong return this Friday, and creditless versions of the second opening and ending themes are now on available YouTube. The videos were consecutively posted minutes before the premiere of the anime’s second cour. If you want to catch up on the events of the first part, check out the special recap episode .

The second opening theme of The Case Study of Vanitas is titled “Your Name” and is performed by Little Glee Monster. Just like the first opening theme, it features Noé Archiviste and Vanitas on a casual day around the cold and snowy Paris. A lot of the side characters also make short cameos. You can watch the creditless video below:

Are you excited about the new opening and ending theme songs for The Case Study of Vanitas ? If you enjoy the anime, don’t forget to vote in our weekly poll .

Source: The Case Study of Vanitas Official Twitter ©Jun Mochizuki/SQUARE ENIX, “Vanitas no Carte” Production Committee

Carla Carreon

Top 20 isekai anime with op mc, toyota usa’s latest ad a homage to initial d franchise, you may also like, the case study of vanitas manga goes on..., the case study of vanitas manga unveils volume..., the case study of vanitas manga returns from..., winter 2022 best character of the season rankings, the case study of vanitas episode 24 -....

• The Case Study of Vanitas

The Case Study of Vanitas Anime PV Introduces New Theme Songs for Part 2

By Epic Dope Staff

Updated: December 26, 2021

No Comments on The Case Study of Vanitas Anime PV Introduces New Theme Songs for Part 2

The fearsome and anticipated Beast of Gevaudan arc is right around the corner, and The Case Study of Vanitas fans can’t wait any longer for the premiere.

Some of us are curious about the beast, while others are curious about the rumored ‘hidden vampires,’ and the excitement for the upcoming part 2 is off the charts. I mean, why wouldn’t we be?

The arc takes one of France’s most horrific legends from the 1700s and makes it the main plotline of a dark fantasy anime. I can’t wait to see what the show has in store for us, and the PVs and teasers sure ain’t making it easy for us.

The Case Study of Vanitas has revealed a new PV for the anime’s second cour scheduled to release on January 14, 2022. 

The PV takes us to a snowy forest where the Beast of Gevaudan was recently sighted. Vanitas, Noe, and Dante embark on this dangerous quest, with Vanitas promising to cure the beast.

But as things went on, our vampire doctor realized that this mission was more complicated than he thought. Since Vanitas is no quitter, he will somehow defeat the beast, but I worry about what it will take to accomplish that.

The anime’s first part’s ending theme recently broke records and climbed charts.

We all know how essential songs are for an anime, and so the PV also previews part 2’s new opening and ending themes, and I think these will continue the legacy of the previous ones.

───────┐ Theme song decided └─────── OP #LittleGlee Monster “Your Name” ED #Mononcle “salvation” This PV uses OP and ED themes Please take a look “https://youtu.be/dvvGbpliCTA” ▼ Click here for details “https://vanitas-anime.com/music/” #Vanitas Twitter Translation, English Translate

The opening theme song is called ‘Your Name’ by Little Glee Monster, and the ending theme song is called ‘salvation’ by MONONKUL.

Moreover, the franchise also revealed two new cast members for two crucial characters of the arc, and we have them right here:

The teaser just made me even more thrilled for the upcoming cour, and I can barely wait for it anymore.

Who is the hidden vampire? Are they the beast itself? Or someone else? So many questions and no way to find them out unless you read the manga.

About The Case Study of Vanitas

The Case Study of Vanitas manga is created by Jun Mochizuka. It started serialization in the Monthly Gangan Joker magazine in December 2015. It is receiving an anime adaptation in July 2021.

Noe, a young vampire, is in search of a cursed book called The Book of Vanitas. However, on his flight to Paris, he comes face to face with Vanitas and realizes that he is a self-proclaimed vampire doctor.

Somehow Noe ends up as Vanitas’ partner to heal vampires who are going feral under an evil influence.

Source: The Case Study of Vanitas Anime Official Website

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

You must be logged in to post a comment. If you are logged in, please refresh. Thanks.

Related articles

Complete The Vampire Diaries Universe Watch Order Guide – Easily Rewatch Series

Santa Monica Studio Posts Day 1 Patch Notes for God of War Ragnarok

Ranking the Tailed Beasts: Unveiling the Power Hierarchy in Naruto

All Hidden Symbols Location: Where to find them? – Blasphemous 2 Guide

Who is the Strongest Tailed Beast in Naruto series? Kurama or Ten-Tails?

Guillermo Is A Vampire Hunter Now! Will He Become A Vampire Too?

Haikyu!! Season 4 Part 2: Release Date, Trailer, Visuals & Updates

Finding All Lost Books – Assassin’s Creed Mirage Location Guide

The Case Study of Vanitas Anime's Biggest Changes From the Manga

Your changes have been saved

Email Is sent

Please verify your email address.

You’ve reached your account maximum for followed topics.

Class 1-A Face Off Against Dark Might in New My Hero Academia: You're Next Trailer

Dragon ball reveals the dbz movie that nearly changed super saiyan goku's eye color, the most highly anticipated 2024 summer anime -- that aren't sequels.

Warning: The following article contains spoilers for Season 1 of The Case Study of Vanitas anime and up to Chapter 23 of the  manga.

The Case Study of Vanitas  will be returning in January 2022, with Noé Archiviste and Vanitas on the trail of the Beast of Gevaudan. Eight volumes of the manga have been released so far, so it's the perfect time to get reading if you want to spoil yourself a little on what's coming up.  The Case Study of Vanitas has followed the manga closely thus far. There have only been a few small changes during Season 1 that likely won't affect the plot going forward; however, some details about Vanitas' past were omitted entirely, as well as some pretty significant facts about Jeanne. The manner in which the relationship between Noé and Vanitas was approached also set the two on a different level of relationship than currently features in the manga.

Vanitas' past is the big mystery of Season 1, and it's still not entirely clear. While infiltrating Doctor Moreau's lab, it is revealed that Vanitas was a child test subject there who was rescued by the Vampire of the Blue Moon along with another child. In the manga, Vanitas has a flashback of vowing to steal her power and kill all vampires , yet also has a flashback to being taught about the 'prédateur' by the Vampire of the Blue Moon, which saves their lives. While the anime shows Vanitas being rescued, it fails to show that Vanitas learned from the Vampire of the Blue Moon.

Related:  Why Nozaki-kun Deserves a Second Season

Leaving out these flashbacks changes Vanitas' past in an important way since, oddly enough, it makes him more similar to Noé, both rescued out of terrible situations by a very powerful teacher . Although Vanitas claimed that rescuing the vampires was his revenge on the Vampire of the Blue Moon, it would seem that she was his caretaker for a while, and now he vows to save the vampires instead of killing them all, making his history with the Vampire of the Blue Moon in the manga much more complex than in the anime. He also continues to have flashbacks regarding the other child who was rescued, who goads him about promises.

Jeanne is another character whose entire story is not laid out. The anime does reveal Jeanne going to Dominique de Sade for aid in getting Vanitas to dislike her, but it doesn't show how Jeanne has grown close to Dominique as a whole, and Dominique even once refers to Jeanne as 'hers.' Dominique reveals why Jeanne has such trouble in pushing Vanitas away -- borreaus are vampires whose ancestors committed great crimes, so they are punished by being the ones who must kill their own kind. It is a borreau who always kills a curse-bearer. Because of this, borreaus are hated by the rest of vampire society , so Jeanne has difficulty breaking away from anyone even remotely kind to her.

She is also almost certainly a curse-bearer who has been forbidden to speak of it, and while it's fairly obvious even in the anime, the manga confirms that it's Lord Ruthven who did so, adding to the growing list of why Ruthven is the greatest threat to Vanitas' goal. Jeanne does allow herself to lean on Vanitas more in the manga, who promises multiple times to kill her if she is a threat to her master, again comparing Vanitas to Noé, who could not kill Louis de Sade years ago.

Related:  My Hero Academia: Chapter 334 Finally Reunites The Series' Origin Trio

However, perhaps the biggest change is how the anime emphasizes Noé and Vanitas' relationship. While some anime create opening and ending sequences that show the entire cast, the opening for  The Case Study of Vanitas is a portrayal of the two happily exploring Paris in a way that never actually happens. The ending sequence is even more blatant. The song used in the sequence, "0 (zero)" by artist LMYK, is a love song and tells of a much deeper relationship than the two characters have as of the end of Season 1.

The result is that, while already the most important relationship in the show, the bond between the two is stressed even more through the opening and ending sequences. Whether this will have a purpose in later seasons or is simply to increase the drama behind knowing that Vanitas is now dead by Noé's hand can't yet be determined. Still, it does work to efficiently inform the audience of where their attention ought to be.

While the final episodes of Season 1 switched up the order in which events were presented and pushed back a character reveal, there's no doubt the hunt for the Beast of Gevaudan is on for everyone. With new characters to meet and secrets to uncover, Season 2 of  The Case Study of Vanitas is being impatiently awaited upon so the good doctor can get to work.

The Case Study of Vanitas can be streamed on Funimation .

KEEP READING:  In/Spectre Season 1's Biggest Unanswered Questions

• Anime Search
• Seasonal Anime
• Recommendations
• 2024 Challenge
• Fantasy Anime League
• Manga Search
• Manga Store
• Interest Stacks
• Featured Articles
• Episode Videos
• Anime Trailers
• Advertising
• MAL Supporter

Why? What's the point?

More topics from this board

Preview Manga Manga Store

More top anime.

• 1 Sousou no Frieren
• 2 Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood
• 3 Steins;Gate
• 5 Shingeki no Kyojin Season 3 Part 2

More Top Airing Anime

• 1 One Piece
• 2 Hibike! Euphonium 3
• 3 Kono Subarashii Sekai ni Shukufuku wo! 3
• 4 Mushoku Tensei II: Isekai Ittara Honki Dasu Part 2
• 5 Doupo Cangqiong: Nian Fan

More Most Popular Characters

• 1 Lamperouge, Lelouch
• 3 Monkey D., Luffy
• 4 Lawliet, L
• 5 Roronoa, Zoro

List of Vanitas no Karte Opening and Ending Songs

Vanitas no Karte (ヴァニタスの手記), also known as The Case Study of Vanitas is an anime series based on the manga of the same name written and illustrated by Jun Mochizuki.

Here is the list of all the opening and ending songs for Vanitas no Karte:

Vanitas no Karte Opening Songs

Vanitas no Karte Ending Songs

Vanitas no karte part 2 opening songs.

Vanitas no Karte Part 2 Ending Songs

Comments (0)

Recent posts.

Abortion advocates, opponents agree on one thing about SCOTUS ruling: The fight isn't over

Like many advocates across the country, Julia Kaye was watching closely to see if Thursday morning would be the day the Supreme Court would dramatically curb access to the widely used abortion drug mifepristone.

Kaye, a senior staff attorney with the American Civil Liberties Union's Reproductive Freedom Project, was relieved when she learned the high court had decided unanimously to toss the challenge brought by anti-abortion doctors and maintain the status quo for medication abortion. But, Kaye warned "the battle is far from over" because the court dismissed the case on procedural grounds, rather than address whether the Food and Drug Administration had overstepped its bounds when it loosened restrictions on the drug.

"These extremist attorneys general told the Supreme Court earlier this year that even if these plaintiffs lose, the states will either try to continue this case in Texas, or else bring copycat lawsuits in other jurisdictions," Kaye said.

Anti-abortion advocates, including Mark Harrington, president of Created Equal, agreed the battle over access to abortion pills was ongoing. Some conservatives expressed disappointment about the decision, vowing they would continue the fight in the courts and the public square.

"They did not rule on the merits of the abortion pill or the FDA administration of the pill," Harrington said, the justices only ruled that the plaintiffs didn't have standing to sue.

Losing mifepristone 'would have been devastating'

Mifepristone, which was approved by the FDA nearly 25 years ago, was used in nearly two-thirds of abortions nationwide last year. The case had broad implications, and its scope was potentially farther reaching than the 2022 Dobbs ruling in terms of the states impacted. If the Supreme Court had ruled on the merits, Kaye said, access to the medication could have been stripped from people in every state, including in states where the procedure remains legal.

Kaye said the court could also have restricted access to the drug through the mail following a telehealth appointment, a format that has become a major pillar of abortion care.

"That would have been devastating, particularly for people of color, low-income patients, people living in rural areas and women in abusive households," Kaye said. "For these populations, having to pay for and arrange transportation and childcare, as well as time off work in order to travel long distances to obtain mifepristone would simply be impossible, and those patients would lose access to this essential health care altogether."

More: Welcome to Bristol, where America’s abortion debate is right on your doorstep

Some abortion advocates had prepared for the contingency that the court would restrict access to the pills. Amy Hagstrom Miller, president and CEO of Whole Woman's Health, said if the court had ruled differently, she planned to continue offering medication abortion at her clinics using a different drug regimen. She said she was relieved that wouldn't be necessary.

"Now we feel like not only can we continue to provide that care without disruption, but we could look at expanding our pills by mail program into more states so that we can give access to the abortion seekers without delay and without barriers," she said.

Though the decision was good news for Kelly Baden, vice president of public policy at the Guttmacher Institute, she said it is challenging to celebrate the victories given the ongoing threats to abortion access nationwide. She noted that the Supreme Court has yet to rule in another case that will determine if doctors  can provide emergency abortions  in states that banned the procedure after the court overturned Roe v. Wade.

"This decision is, again, welcome within the context that we're operating in, which is that abortion is totally abandoned in 14 states, restricted in others," she said. "But keeping things status quo is not enough to make me celebrate."

SCOTUS decision is 'deeply disappointing' for abortion opponents

Mifepristone is among "the most studied medications" prescribed in the United States, and evidence supporting the drug's safety and efficacy is "overwhelming," according to an amicus brief filed in support of the FDA by the American Medical Association, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American Academy of Family Physicians and several other organizations. Experts have said mifepristone is safer than common drugs including  Tylenol and Viagra.

But anti-abortion advocates such as Andrea Trudden, vice president of communications at Heartbeat International, said that just because the case was "decided on a technicality," it does not mean the drug is safe. She said that 1 in 25 women will visit an emergency room after taking it. The FDA's label says between 2.9-4.6% of women visited the ER after taking the medication during clinical studies. Studies show major adverse reactions to the drug are "exceedingly rare," occurring in about 0.3% of cases,  according to the American Medical Association .

"While the decision may not have gone the way that we were looking for, it doesn't take away the fact that mifepristone does harm women, and the FDA was unilaterally taking away and stripping away those safeguards," Trudden said.

Ingrid Skop, an OB-GYN who serves as vice president and director of medical affairs at Charlotte Lozier Institute, an anti-abortion nonprofit, called the decision "deeply disappointing."

"As a practicing OB-GYN with over 30 years’ experience, I have seen firsthand that mail-order abortion drugs harm my patients, both mothers and their unborn children," Skop said in a statement. "Abortion advocates and corporate media ignore their stories as they shamelessly promote mail-order distribution of dangerous drugs without a single in-person doctor visit."

What's next for abortion access?

Kaye, from the ACLU, warned that despite the court's ruling, the threats to mifepristone and abortion access overall are not likely to end with this ruling. She said the ACLU will closely monitor new state laws restricting mifepristone, such as the law in Louisiana that reclassifies mifepristone and misoprostol as controlled substances.

Abortion access may hinge on the outcome of the 2024 election, she said, because a new administration could decide to use the 1873 Comstock Act "to not only strip away access to medication abortion through telemedicine, but in fact, to ban all abortion nationwide with the stroke of a pen, without even needing any Congressional action."

David Cohen, a professor of law at Drexel University, agreed, calling the Comstock Act "the number one issue facing abortion in this country right now." He said that though Thursday's decision "is a huge win" for abortion access, it's likely that more legal challenges will follow.

"It's an endless battle, right?" he said. "This battle will never end, no matter who wins in any one particular moment."

Contributing: Maureen Groppe and Christine Fernando, USA TODAY

• Clan of the Blue Moon

Vanitas (ヴァニタス, Vanitasu ) is a protagonist and the titular character of Jun Mochizuki 's The Case Study of Vanitas . Contrary to the legend of Vanitas of the Blue Moon , Vanitas claims to be "an average human being" who happened to inherit the Book of Vanitas . It is his stated intention to save the Vampire race by any means possible, using the Book of Vanitas not to spread Malnomen but to cure it. As such, he refers to himself as a doctor who specializes in Vampires. He commissions the help of Noé Archiviste , a Vampire sent by his teacher to research the Book of Vanitas and the series' narrator, in finding cases of Malnomen and curing them. [1]

Originally the child of a former doctor and a performer, Vanitas's biological mother died in childbirth, leaving him to be raised by his father and the traveling players he worked with. Their party was eventually attacked by Vampires, leaving Vanitas as the only survivor. Subsequently, he was picked up by the Catholic Church , and trained to be a Chasseur . However, his death was faked by Doctor Moreau , [2] and he was kept as a test subject, renamed No. 69. [3] There he would meet Mikhail , known as No. 71, and come to regard him as a younger brother. The two were subjected to inhumane experimentation in hopes of turning them into Vampires, all to no avail. Eventually, it was revealed they had received the blood of the Vampire of the Blue Moon, being the only human subjects not to reject it. This gave them abilities somewhat beyond normal human capacity, allowing them to heal slightly faster. The two were to be forcibly linked to the Books of Vanitas in a procedure which would destroy their minds, but were rescued by Vanitas of the Blue Moon. [4]

Desperate, Vanitas and Mikhail went along with Vanitas of the Blue Moon, and were taken as their adoptive children. While Mikhail quickly warmed up to his new guardian, Vanitas remained distrustful, despite taking an active role in supporting them and Mikhail. After some time had passed, Vanitas of the Blue Moon confessed that Vanitas and Mikhail would likely soon die due to the strain the Moreau's experiments had put on their bodies. They said that, lacking any other options, the two could be saved by becoming the Vampire's Kin . While Mikhail, whose body had begun to break down, quickly accepted, Vanitas vehemently refused. He killed the Vampire of the Blue Moon after being Marked , in an event he believed to have killed Mikhail, thus leading him to believe he was the only legitimate Kin of the Blue Moon. [2]

• 1 Appearance
• 2 Personality
• 3 Powers and Abilities
• 5 Appearances
• 7 References
• 8 Navigation

Appearance [ ]

Vanitas is a slender, androgynous young man of average height. He has pale skin, large, expressive eyes, a round face, and a small chin. So blue are his eyes that they are used as an immediately identifiable trait, compared to the color of copper sulfate . An upper left canine tooth is especially pronounced, giving the appearance of fangs when his teeth were visible, though they are not as pronounced as vampires' fangs. His hair is long, black, and irregularly cut, his bangs falling into the center of his face. On either side of his face, his hair is straight cut, the left side to one level and the right side to two. Though he at times appears to wear a ponytail, his hair usually sits freely, the hair on either side of his head cut shorter than that down the middle. One cowlick sticks up from the right side of his head. Both of his ears are pierced, a simple stud worn in his right ear, while his left ear is pierced with a silver (gold, in the anime) hourglass-shaped earring that he inherited from Luna, and two rings through the helix.

Vanitas's reference sheet from volume 2.

While Vanitas wore several outfits over the course of the series, he usually wears a white shirt over black pants, a dark blue striped vest, a large blue bow tie, and an oversized black coat. As accessories, he wears a long, wide ribbon tied into a bow as a belt, short boots with white spats, and black gloves with claws embedded at the fingertips. His coat is long, with a wide collar and a single button, large enough to frequently fall over one shoulder. At its hem, it takes a baloon-like form, and is joked to float "through some mysterious power." Its sleeves are someone based on those of a furisode kimono . To his belt, he straps the Book of Vanitas, two knives, and two tool cases. His outfit is called "the outfit nobody understands." [5]

As a child, he looked much the same, though his hair was less cleanly cut. He was thin and physically diminutive, despite his active training as a chasseur. Prior to being Marked by Vanitas of the Blue Moon, his eyes were a darker shade of blue.

Personality [ ]

Vanitas seems to take nothing seriously, and almost always has a playful grin on his face. He acts impulsively most of the time, and his plans are normally reckless. Vanitas carries a mischievous air around him. He finds utmost amusement in Noé's abnormal reactions to things. However, he is capable of showing seriousness when the situation called for it, as well as anger. He is very flirtatious, as seen in the way he behaves around Jeanne.

Beneath his flippant attitude, Vanitas is a broken man who despises both humans and vampires, but hates himself more than either. Vanitas hates being vulnerable around people, refusing to go to sleep around anyone he doesn’t trust. He likes high places and is often seen hanging around rooftops.

Powers and Abilities [ ]

General: As a mere human, Vanitas is more often than not significantly less powerful than those around him who are Vampires , at least physically so. While he is demonstrably fit, athletic, and spry, his strength, speed, and endurance are only that of an average human being and no more. The exception is the rate at which he heals from injuries, which is accelerated due to Doctor Moreau 's experimentation. [4] To compensate for his generally inferior physical strength, Vanitas is extremely sharp, clever, and resourceful in battle. He can analyze situations and come up with appropriate solutions and counterattacks very fast, even in the middle of a dangerous battle. He makes use of every resource available to him and is not afraid to use underhanded tactics, to the dismay of those around him. [6]

Weapons: Vanitas's main weapons are a pair of knives whose hilts are rigged with wires. In addition, stored in some pockets on his belt are various "cheaters' implements" which he uses both in and out of battle. He has a tendency to try and keep his weapons and tools hidden, to allow himself the additional element of surprise should he need it, adding to his devious trickster-like fighting style. [5] He is also skilled in gathering information about his enemies and putting that to use in battle against them. [7] He favors being prepared and constantly having the upper hand against his enemies.

Chasseur Training: Vanitas's proficiency in combat seems to have originated from his training as a Chasseur. In addition to his combat abilities and weapons training, his brief time with the Chasseurs taught him in great detail the methods of fighting a Vampire. He knows that, as their eyes are the conduit with which they can access and rewrite the World Formula , the first step is to aim for a Vampire's eyes. [8] He has utilized this knowledge not only against Vampires he's attacked [2] but also against Chasseurs who have attacked him. [9] He also, through unknown means, has access to the drugs Chasseurs use to boost their physical abilities. He only uses them in the rare scenario where he has no choice but to fight a Vampire to the death. [10]

The Book of Vanitas : The main source of Vanitas's power is the Book of Vanitas and his control over it. The main method in which he uses the Book is in healing curse-bearers with what he calls an "Inverse Operation" ( 逆 ( ぎゃく ) 演 ( えん ) 算 ( ざん ) , Gyaku Enzan ). Contrary to Vampires' common belief and fears about the curse of the Blue Moon and the related Book, Vanitas uses the Book to interfere with True Names and heal them, extracting the Maladies that warp them into Malnomen . [1] He can also, before doing so, use the Book to identify exactly what Malnomen it is, though just as often Vanitas can name said Malnomen at the top of his head. This inverse operation requires a high amount of proficiency from the user, as the only other to own a Book of Vanitas cannot interfere with True Names on such a level. [11] On rare occasions the Malnomen will be too strong for him to heal on his own, and he will require the curse-bearer in question to reject it of their own volition and call upon the power of his Mark of Possession to complete the operation. [12]

Vanitas does not only use the Book for saving however, it is also his main weapon in battle. As the Book of Vanitas is able to rewrite the World Formula at will, he can use it to a variety of purposes. He can stun Vampires and render them immobile for a short period of time, [13] though a Vampire strong enough may be able to gain mobility sooner. [6] He can also interfere with Astermite , which allows him to manipulate automatons to do his bidding, go haywire, [14] even explode at his will. [15]

Menial: Aside from combat, Vanitas also has a number of skills in other areas of expertise. Despite his status as a doctor being largely self-proclaimed, Vanitas has had clear medical training and experience, likely from being raised by his doctor of a father. [2] He knows how to perform first aid, how to treat poisons, [16] and carries various medicines around with him. [5] He also knows a number of other practical skills, including how to cook, how to clean, [2] and has various knowledge about French history and culture, [17] even minor trivia such as different apple desserts. [18] He is familiar with the Latin language, likely the result of both his upbringing in the Church and his medical knowledge.

• “—Non! I am a doctor. One who specializes in Vampires. I came… to heal her!” [1]
• “I am Vanitas. I inherited this Book and the name from the Vampire of the Blue Moon, and I am… an average human being ! Lend me your strength, Noé!” [1]
• “I’ll do as I please… use methods I choose… and, no matter what you people want… I will save you without fail!!” [1]
• “You gave yourself something to protect. That’s why you’re weak.” [6]
• “But rest assured. There’s nothing to fear. You are truly fortunate! I—! I, who am Kin to the Blue Moon!! I tell you I will use the Book of Vanitas not to slaughter but to save you!! All you have to do… is tremble with humiliation and be saved!!” [19]
• “…No real reason. Right now… you could say I don’t much care what happens.” [20]
• “I have absolutely no interest in the sort of person who would fall for me.” [21]
• “Listen! I never act against my own wishes. The fact that I’m with the Vampires, that I infiltrated this place, that I just hurt you—I did it all of my own free will!” [9]
• “…If you ask me… there’s not much difference between humans and Vampires. They’re all terribly ugly, endlessly selfish creatures.” [14]
• “I… am a doctor. I am here to save Vampires!” [22]
• “Once there were no more curse-bearers, I stopped caring.” [22]
• “If that time comes, I’ll kill you. I promise… I’ll kill you. I love you. I’m the one who’ll make your wishes come true. It has to be me. So, Jeanne… there’s nothing to worry about.” [17]
• “I’m going. If there’s a chance I might find a curse-bearer, I’ll go anywhere.” [23]
• “‘Archiviste.’ I’m only going to say this once, so listen up. If you so much as try to drink my blood… I’ll kill you. Is that clear?” [23]
• “I came here to save Vampires. Are you here for some other reason?” [7]
• “‘Revenge is pointless, so don’t attempt it. It won’t make anyone happy.’ Is that what you’re getting at?” [24]
• “I’m telling you I’ll act on the assumption that you’re going to convince me . If you want them treated… make me feel like treating them.” [24]
• “I love you. I’m the one who’ll make your wishes come true. It has to be me. So spit it out. Tell me what you really want. No matter how trivial it is. Whether it’s an ugly emotion… or even a curse… I’ll accept it for you!” [25]
• “I know that face . It’s self-satisfaction… and self-absorption. The face of someone who’s made an arbitrary decision to die alone. It makes me sick!” [26]
• “Chloé d’Apchier!! Either vanish with this world… or live on in humiliation! Choose however you like!! Even if you survive, you’ll never regain your honor. The Church will never admit to the truth of the past, and you’ll continue to be hounded as the Beast. It’ll be hell either way! Even so—you make the choice!!” [12]
• “Don’t hesitate, Noé. Don’t think about whether Astolfo’s hate is justified or not. Both humans and Vampires act on their own concepts of justice. One’s just can be someone else’s evil. ‘Being right’… is ‘power.’ It can easily turn into violence that’s much harder to deal with than malice. Don’t brandish it. Keep it inside. Justice should merely be the light that illuminates the path ahead of you.” [12]
• “This isn’t about what’s ‘right.’ Base what you do on what you can’t concede. At any rate… in your case, that will work.” [12]
• “It’s revolting! The thought of someone falling for a person like me…” [27]
• “I’ll never become your Kin. No matter what. Even if I knew I’d die tomorrow… I want to stay human until the end.” [2]
• “Bring them… back to life? Don’t even joke about that. I’ve been working to erase their existence entirely. Do you have any idea… how much I’ve—!!” [10]
• “Enough of that. You’ve gotten the wrong idea about something. You and I were only working together because our interests happened to align. We’re strangers. If the other stops being useful, cut him loose. If he gets in the way, kill him. That’s all we are, and you know it.” [10]
• “‘If anyone tries to take my memories… no matter who they are… kill them. Kill them. Kill them. Without fail. Kill… Noé. Kill that Vampire !!’” [10]
• “…Why… can’t I… kill… Why!? Wh… why…?” [28]
• “I’ll never forgive Luna. I’ll erase every last fragment of the Vampire of the Blue Moon’s existence. I’ll consign them to oblivion. That… is my ‘revenge.’” [29]
• “If I— …get to choose how I die… If I can… wish, then… If I’m going to be killed I want Noé to do it.” [29]
• “As for the rest… nothing will change. I am a doctor. I’ll keep on treating curse-bearers. I’ll do as I please. I’ll save the Vampires, for the sake of my revenge.” [29]
• “He acts as if he prefers to resolve problems by talking them out… but he gets violent first thing. He marches right into others’ personal space with his muddy boots. He’s much too stubborn. What can I do but back down!?” [30]
• “The world’s brimming over with discrimination. Some think that’s how things naturally should be. Others aren’t aware that they discriminate. The targets of discrimination often discriminate against others, too.” [31]
• “When you interact with someone… you look straight at that ‘individual.’ Their race and social position don’t matter. You look and talk to them for yourself, and accept what you’ve felt just as it is. Most people aren’t like that, though. They focus on the person’s ‘category,’ not the individual. Are they a man or a woman? An adult or a child? How do they dress? Are they human? Vampire? Dham? In and of itself, that isn’t a bad thing. In order to decide whether the person you’re facing is a threat, you need that information.” [31]

Appearances [ ]

• Mémoire 1: Vanitas — In the Event of Rusty Hopes (First Appearance)
• Mémoire 2: Noé — In the City of Flowers
• Mémoire 3: Jeanne — The Hellfire Witch
• Mémoire 4: Femme Fatale — Love
• Mémoire 5: Archiviste — Fangs That Reveal Blood
• Mémoire 6: Altus — Other World
• Mémoire 7: Bal Masqué — Night of Sneering Masks
• Mémoire 8: Louis — Sinking in a Pool of Blood
• Mémoire 10: Salvatio — Uncertainty
• Mémoire 11: Deux Ombres — Point of Departure
• Mémoire 12: Pause 𝄻
• Mémoire 13: Glissando — Glissando
• Mémoire 14: Catacombes — Where the Dead Sleep
• Memoire 15: Chasseur — Those Who Hunt Crimson
• Entracte: Chambre d'enfants — A Dream of the Sound of Rain
• Mémoire 16: Galop — At the End of the Riot
• Mémoire 17: Cicatrice — No. 69
• Mémoire 18: Dos à Dos — The Shape of Salvation
• Mémoire 19: Serment — Spell-bound
• Mémoire 20: Serment — Promise (Part One)
• Mémoire 21: Serment — Promise (Part Two)
• Mémoire 22: Hurler — A Calling Voice
• Mémoire 23: Au Pas Camarade — Pace
• Mémoire 24: Forêt d'argent — Chance Encounter
• Mémoire 25: Endroit Approprié — Melee
• Mémoire 26: Dissonance — Creaking Laughter
• Mémoire 27: Cage de Neige — Dregs
• Mémoire 28: Dal Segno — Question Mark
• Mémoire 29: Chateau de Sorcière — The Witch and the Youth
• Mémoire 30: Strascinando — Tremolo
• Mémoire 33: Cauchemar — Rumble
• Mémoire 34: Jean-Jacques — The Vampire of the Chastels (Part One)
• Mémoire 34.5: Jean-Jacques — The Vampire of the Chastels (Part Two)
• Mémoire 35: Louisette — Pillar of Justice
• Mémoire 37: Vengeance — Hands That Touch a Nightmare
• Mémoire 38: Naenia — She Who Harbors Death (Part One)
• Mémoire 38.5: Naenia — She Who Harbors Death (Part Two)
• Mémoire 39: Poupée Fissurée — The Essence of the Witch
• Mémoire 40: Avec Toi — Alone Together
• Mémoire 41: Canorus — Snow Flower
• Mémoire 42: Encore une Fois — Love
• Mémoire 43: Encens Restant — Lingering Scent of the Dream
• Mémoire 44: Mal d'Amour — The Incurable Illness (Part One)
• Mémoire 45: Mal d'Amour — The Incurable Illness (Part Two)
• Mémoire 46: Un Autre — Scar
• Entracte: Jours Bruyants — Tales of Lost Children
• Mémoire 47: Hétérogène — Sneering Laughter*
• Mémoire 48: Rencontre — Blue Night*
• Mémoire 49: Douleur — Kind Child
• Mémoire 50: Petrichor — The Thread That Reels in the Past
• Mémoire 51: Tempest — A Silent Scream
• Extra: The Case Study of Vanitash!!!! —Expanded Edition— (Non-Canon)
• Mémoire 52: Sens Unique — Fall
• Mémoire 53: Pleuvoir — Rain Which Doesn't Know the Sky
• Mémoire 54: La nuit sans lune — Dark Night (Part One)
• Mémoire 54.5: La nuit sans lune — Dark Night (Part Two)
• Mémoire 55: Après la pluie — His Wish (Part One)
• Mémoire 55.5: Après la pluie — His Wish (Part Two)
• Mémoire 56: Faire un gâteau — Bittersweet
• Mémoire 57: Au Revoir — Again, Someday
• Mémoire 58: Observation — The Darkness in Between
• Mémoire 60: Bonne journée — Sweets, Complaints, and Reconciliation
• Entracte: Couche — On Clothing
• Mémoire 61: Jeu de paume — Court Tennis (Part One)
• Mémoire 61.5: Jeu de paume — Court Tennis (Part Two)
• Mémoire 62: Bourdonnement — Wingbeats of Scattered Thought (Part One)
• Mémoire 62.5: Bourdonnement — Wingbeats of Scattered Thought (Part Two)
• Mémoire 1: Vanitas -In the Event of Rusty Hopes- (First Appearance)
• Mémoire 2: Noé -In the City of Flowers-
• Mémoire 3: Archiviste -Fangs That Lay Bare Blood-
• Mémoire 4: Bal Masqué -Night of Mocking Masks-
• Mémoire 5: Réminiscence -Friends-
• Mémoire 6: Salvatio -Questions-
• Mémoire 7: Femme Fatale -Love-
• Mémoire 8: Catacombes -Where Death Slumbers-
• Mémoire 9: Chasseur -Those Who Hunt Crimson-
• Mémoire 10: Cicatrice -No.69-
• Mémoire 11: Serment -Promises-
• Mémoire 12: Deux Ombres -Point of Departure-
• Mémoire 13: Forêt d'argent -Chance Encounter-
• Mémoire 14: Château de Sorcière -The Witch and the Young Man-
• Mémoire 15: Oiseau et ciel -The d'Apchiers' Vampire-
• Mémoire 16: Chasse aux Vampires -The Beast-
• Mémoire 17: Vengeance -Hands Upon a Nightmare-
• Mémoire 18: Avec Toi -Just the Two of Us-
• Mémoire 19: Canorus -Snow Flower-
• Mémoire 20: Mal d'amour -The Incurable Disease-
• Mémoire 21: Un Autre -Scars-
• Mémoire 22: Rencontre -Blue Night-
• Mémoire 23: Pleuvoir -Tears like Rain-
• Mémoire 24: Après la pluie -His Wish-

(*) - Denotes that the character did not appear physically, but as a part of another character's memories.

• "Vanitas" is an artistic term referring to a symbolic work of art showing the transience of life, the futility of pleasure, and the certainty of death, often contrasting symbols of wealth and symbols of ephemerality and death. It derives from the Latin word "vānitās" which can translate to "emptiness," "nothingness," "falsity," or "vanity" in English. [32]
• Vanitas shares a character song with Noé, Le Formidable! , sung by their Japanese voice actors and composed by Sasanomaly.
• Around the Chasseurs, Vanitas uses the French name "Vincent" (in Japanese, ヴァンサン, Vansan ) as an alias. This is likely a reference to Vincent Nightray (using the English pronunciation, in Japanese, ヴィンセント, Vinsento ), a recurring antagonist from Mochizuki's previous series, Pandora Hearts .
• That said, oysters seem to be a favorite food of his. [33]
• When The Case Study of Vanitas was being first conceived, Vanitas was a vampire who took on the role of Holmes and Noé was a human who took on the role of Watson, inspired by Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes [34] novels. Mochizuki received criticism that this narrative setup was too standard and boring. Upon hearing the suggestion that she switch their races, she was captivated by the idea of a human Holmes and vampire Watson, resulting in the current story. The visible fangs in Vanitas's current design are an element that remained from the original idea for his race. [35]
• In the earliest drafts of Vanitas's design when he was still a vampire, he was supposed to look a bit older than his current version, and he smoked a pipe that he always carried attached to a chain and hung around his neck. He also carried around a fancy parasol, presumably to protect himself from the sun. Even after Mochizuki changed his race to human, she had him keep his parasol and pipe. [36]
• When coming up with Vanitas's personality, Mochizuki described him as "an unusual vampire with a bewitching smile, but a moron who falls in love with an idiot." [36]

References [ ]

• ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Mémoire 1: Vanitas
• ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Mémoire 49: Douleur
• ↑ Mémoire 47: Hétérogène
• ↑ 4.0 4.1 Mémoire 48: Rencontre
• ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Volume 2 Additional Content: Vanitas reference sheet
• ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Mémoire 4: Femme Fatale
• ↑ 7.0 7.1 Mémoire 25: Endroit Approprié
• ↑ Mémoire 14: Catacombes
• ↑ 9.0 9.1 Mémoire 15: Chasseur
• ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Mémoire 50: Petrichor
• ↑ Mémoire 54: La nuit sans lune (Part One)
• ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Mémoire 41: Canorus
• ↑ Mémoire 3: Jeanne
• ↑ 14.0 14.1 Mémoire 16: Galop
• ↑ Mémoire 51: Tempest
• ↑ Mémoire 27: Cage de Neige
• ↑ 17.0 17.1 Mémoire 21: Serment (Part Two)
• ↑ 18.0 18.1 Volume 3 Omake: "Apple desserts"
• ↑ Mémoire 7: Bal Masqué
• ↑ Mémoire 8: Louis
• ↑ Mémoire 12: Pause
• ↑ 22.0 22.1 Mémoire 18: Dos à Dos
• ↑ 23.0 23.1 Mémoire 23: Au Pas Camarade
• ↑ 24.0 24.1 Mémoire 34.5: Jean-Jacques (Part Two)
• ↑ Mémoire 39: Poupée Fissurée
• ↑ Mémoire 40: Avec Toi
• ↑ Mémoire 44: Mal d’Amour (Part One)
• ↑ Mémoire 53: Pleuvoir
• ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Mémoire 55.5: Après la pluie (Part Two)
• ↑ Mémoire 60: Bonne journée
• ↑ 31.0 31.1 Mémoire 62: Bourdonnement (Part One)
• ↑ Wikipedia: Vanitas
• ↑ Volume 5 Omake: "What Mademoiselle Amelia saw!"
• ↑ Wikipedia: Sherlock Holmes
• ↑ Anime da Vinci Interview
• ↑ 36.0 36.1 Volume 11 Special Edition Booklet

Navigation [ ]

• 2 List of Characters (The Case Study of Vanitas)
• 3 Noé Archiviste

• Skip to main content
• Keyboard shortcuts for audio player

Weekend Edition Sunday

• Latest Show

Sunday Puzzle

• Corrections

Listen to the lead story from this episode.

People arrive before Republican presidential candidate former President Donald Trump speaks at the "People's Convention" of Turning Point Action Saturday in Detroit. Carlos Osorio/AP hide caption

It's easy to believe young voters could back Trump at young conservative conference

by  Elena Moore

Middle East

Fighting is intensifying along the israel-lebanon border. it's not the first time.

by  Lauren Frayer

The U.S. healthcare industry has been the target of two ransomware attacks this year

by  Ryan Benk ,  Lauren Frayer

Summer of soccer: Euros 2024 kick off with Copa America to follow

Kentucky town honors its music legends the everly brothers and john prine.

by  Derek Operle

Art & Design

Pioneering nigerian artist bruce onobrakpeya opens an exhibition at the smithsonian.

by  Emmanuel Akinwotu

Sunday Puzzle NPR hide caption

Sunday Puzzle: State That Capital

by  Will Shortz

Sunday Puzzle: State That Capitol

Author interviews, john vercher's novel 'devil is fine' tackles grief through magical realism, the uk will go to polls after a surprise win for the far-right in the europe.

The fuselage of a Boeing 737 at the Spirit AeroSystems factory in Wichita, Kan. Joel Rose/NPR hide caption

As Boeing looks to buy a key 737 supplier, a whistleblower says the problems run deep

by  Joel Rose

Muslims in Gaza pass a somber Eid al-Adha on the brink of famine

by  Hadeel Al-Shalchi

For decades, London's Fleet Street was the home of Britain's biggest newspapers, the tradition from which Washington Post CEO Will Lewis and incoming top editor Robert Winnett come. Carl Court/Getty Images hide caption

New 'Washington Post' chiefs can’t shake their past in London

by  David Folkenflik

New ‘Washington Post’ chiefs can’t shake their past

3 americans are on trial for a failed coup in the democratic republic of congo.

Broadway musical Illinoise ’s sound mixer and designer Garth MacAleavy does his preparation for the evening show at the St. James Theatre in New York, on Wednesday, June 12, 2024. Marco Postigo Storel for NPR hide caption

When you can hear every word, thank the sound mixers

by  Jeff Lunden

The Americas

Brazil's far-right introduces bill that equates abortion after 22 weeks to murder.

by  Julia Carneiro

A peek inside London's old war office, the place of inspiration for James Bond

Movie interviews, in 'ghostlight' a real-life family plays their reel selves, in 'ghostlife', a real-life family plays their reel selves, new fathers celebrate father's day and reflect on the joy of becoming dads.

Searching for a song you heard between stories? We've retired music buttons on these pages. Learn more here.

The Middle Path to Innovation

• Regina E. Herzlinger,
• Duke Rohlen,

Too many companies are failing to innovate. One reason, say the authors, is the polarized approach companies take to innovation. At one end of the spectrum, corporate R&D efforts tend to focus on product refreshes and incremental line upgrades that generate modest growth for lower risk. At the other end, venture capitalists favor high-risk “transformational” innovations that seek to upend industries and generate outsize returns. But there’s a better, middle, way.

This article presents the growth driver model, a framework that partners corporations with outside investors to identify and develop innovation opportunities, drawing on corporate resources and talent and externally recruited entrepreneurs. The authors illustrate the model with a detailed case study of how it revived innovation at Cordis, a large medical technology device maker.

Forget disruption and incrementalism. Here’s how to develop high-growth products in slow-growth companies.

Idea in Brief

The problem.

All too many companies, large and small, are failing to innovate. As a result, problems remain unsolved, technologies aren’t invented, and jobs go uncreated. Lost productivity cost the U.S. economy more than $10 trillion between 2006 and 2018.

Companies take a polarized approach to innovation. Corporate R&D efforts focus on safe product refreshes and incremental line upgrades; venture capitalists favor funding high-risk, high-return and often disruptive innovations, anticipating that returns from the few successes will compensate for the investments in failures.

The Solution

Exploit the space in the middle through a growth driver model that partners corporations with outside investors to identify and develop innovation opportunities, drawing on corporate resources and talent and externally recruited entrepreneurs.

An innovation crisis is brewing in the United States: Too many firms, both large and small, are failing to innovate. As a result, problems remain unsolved, technologies are never invented, and meaningful jobs go uncreated. According to one estimate, lost productivity cost the economy more than $10 trillion between 2006 and 2018, roughly equivalent to $95,000 per U.S. worker.

• RH Regina E. Herzlinger is the Nancy R. McPherson Professor of Business Administration at Harvard Business School and the author of multiple books, including  Market-Driven Health Care (Perseus, 1997).
• DR Duke Rohlen is the founder, chairman, and CEO of Ajax Health.
• BC Ben Creo is an executive fellow at Harvard Business School.
• WK Will Kynes is the chief of staff at Ajax Health.

Partner Center

Information

• Author Services

Initiatives

You are accessing a machine-readable page. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader.

All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess .

Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications.

Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive positive feedback from the reviewers.

Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.

Original Submission Date Received: .

• Active Journals
• Find a Journal
• Proceedings Series
• For Authors
• For Reviewers
• For Editors
• For Librarians
• For Publishers
• For Societies
• For Conference Organizers
• Open Access Policy
• Institutional Open Access Program
• Special Issues Guidelines
• Editorial Process
• Research and Publication Ethics
• Article Processing Charges
• Testimonials
• Preprints.org
• SciProfiles
• Encyclopedia

Article Menu

• Subscribe SciFeed
• Recommended Articles
• Google Scholar
• on Google Scholar
• Table of Contents

Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website.

Please let us know what you think of our products and services.

Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI.

JSmol Viewer

Remanufacturing shoemaking machine: feasibility study using ahp and dematel approach.

1. Introduction

2. literature review, 2.1. remanufacturing, 2.2. remanufacturing scenario in india, 3. methodology, 3.1. limitation.

• Design: Lack of remanufacturing considerations during initial design (e.g., focusing solely on functionality and cost) hinders remanufacturing potential.
• Process: Product variety complicates standardization of remanufacturing processes.
• Capability: Insufficient knowledge, skilled personnel, and capacity for remanufacturing within OEMs.
• Logistics: Increased costs associated with reverse logistics like product collection and transportation.
• Market cannibalization: Remanufactured products competing with new ones, potentially impacting overall revenue.
• Quality assurance: Lack of established and trusted quality certification systems for remanufactured products.
• Price sensitivity: Customers expect significant price discounts for remanufactured products compared to new ones.
• Uncertainty about quality: Concerns regarding the quality and reliability of remanufactured products.
• Information asymmetry: Reluctance of OEMs to share remanufacturing knowledge and tools with third parties.
• Financing difficulties: Difficulty securing financing for remanufacturing projects due to perceived higher risk.

3.2. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)

• Structured integration of rational and subjective judgment: AHP provides a framework for incorporating both logical and subjective factors into the decision-making process.
• Consistency evaluation: AHP allows the decision-maker to assess the consistency of their judgments throughout the process.
• Problem definition: Clearly identify the decision problem.
• Objective expansion: Consider all stakeholders, objectives, and potential outcomes.
• Criteria identification: Define the relevant criteria for evaluating options.
• Hierarchical structuring: Organize the problem into a hierarchy, including the overall goal, criteria, sub-criteria, and alternative options.
• Pairwise comparison matrices: Create comparison matrices to assess the relative importance of criteria and alternatives.
• Calculations: Compute the maximum eigenvalue, consistency index, consistency ratio (CR), and normalized weights for criteria and alternatives.
• Decision-making: If the CR is less than 0.1, indicating acceptable consistency, use the normalized weights to make a final decision.
• Criteria selection: Focusing on criteria directly relevant to shoemaking machine remanufacturing, such as machine complexity, availability of spare parts, and specific material considerations for footwear production processes.
• Indicator selection: Choosing indicators that accurately reflect the practical application of each criterion within the footwear context. For instance, the technical criterion might consider “compatibility of existing shoemaking machine components with remanufactured parts” or “availability of skilled technicians for specific shoemaking machine models.”

3.3. DEMATEL Method

• Significance: Dividing each element in the DRM by k scales the entire matrix to a range of 0 to 1. This allows for easier comparison between elements within the matrix and across different matrices, even if the original values were measured on different scales. After normalization, the values in the DRM represent the relative influence one factor has on another, on a scale of 0 (no influence) to 1 (highest possible influence).
• Calculation: The values in each row of the DRM are summed to obtain a row vector representing the total influence each factor has on others. The values are summed in each column of the DRM to obtain a column vector representing the total influence each factor receives from others. The highest value among all the elements in both the row sum vector and the column sum vector are identified. This maximum value represents k . Each element in the original DRM is divided by k . The resulting matrix is the normalized DRM.
• Filtering out weak relationships: The DEMATEL method aims to identify the most significant causal relationships within a complex system. The total relationship matrix T captures the direct and indirect influences between different factors. However, not all these influences might be equally important. Setting a threshold value helps filter out weak or negligible relationships. By setting all values in T below 0.38 to zero, the analysis focuses on the most impactful causal relationships, providing a clearer picture of the system’s underlying structure.
• Simplifying the network relationship map (NRM): The NRM is a visual representation of the relationships between factors derived from the total relationship matrix. By setting a threshold and eliminating weak relationships, the NRM becomes more streamlined and easier to understand. It allows for focusing on the most significant connections within the system.
• D + R (Degree of Importance): D + R represents the sum of the row value ( D ) and the column value ( R ) for a specific factor ( i ) in the T matrix. D (row sum) signifies the total influence factor i exerts on all other factors in the system (its outgoing influence). R (column sum) signifies the total influence factor i receives from all other factors (its incoming influence). Therefore, D + R provides a combined measure of a factor’s overall influence within the system, considering both the influence it exerts and the influence it receives. A high D + R value indicates a factor with a strong overall influence on the system’s dynamics. These factors are often considered critical or driving forces.
• D − R (Net Effects): D − R represents the difference between the row value ( D ) and the column value ( R ) for a specific factor ( i ) in the T matrix. D − R helps to determine a factor’s net contribution to the system’s causal relationships. A D − R value close to zero suggests the factor has a relatively balanced influence, both affecting and being affected to a similar degree.
• The horizontal vector ( D + R ) reflects the overall influence each factor exerts within the system. In other words, ( D + R ) indicates both factor i’s impact on the whole system and other system factors’ impact on the factor. In terms of degree of importance, “appropriate product design” is ranked in first place, followed by “complete recycle system”, “good business model”, and “high corporate image”.
• The vertical vector ( D − R ) represents the degree of a factor’s influence on the system. In general, the positive value of ( D − R ) represents a causal variable, and the negative value of D − R represents an effect. In the study, “complete recycle system” and “appropriate product design” are causal variables, while “high corporate image” and “good business model” are regarded as effects.
• Prioritizing Design for Remanufacturing (DfR): A high D + R suggests that designing machinery with remanufacturing in mind is a critical factor for success. This emphasizes the importance of investing in DfR principles, such as modularity, use of readily remanufactureable materials, and easy disassembly. By incorporating DfR principles early in the design phase, manufacturers can create machinery that is more cost-effective and environmentally friendly to remanufacture at its end of life.
• Optimizing remanufacturing processes: Analyzing the D + R value alongside the D − R values of other factors can help identify bottlenecks or areas for improvement in the remanufacturing process itself.
• Cost–Benefit Analysis: When making decisions about remanufacturing specific machinery models, the D + R value of “appropriate product design” can be factored into the cost–benefit analysis.

4. SWOT to TOWS Matrix Analysis

5. conclusions, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.

• Borrell, J.; González, A.; Perez-Vidal, C.; Gracia, L.; Solanes, J.E. Cooperative human–robot polishing for the task of patina growing on high-quality leather shoes. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 2023 , 125 , 2467–2484. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Cocuzza, S.; Fornasiero, R.; Debei, S. Novel Automated Production System for the Footwear Industry. In Advances in Production Management Systems. Competitive Manufacturing for Innovative Products and Services ; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2013. [ Google Scholar ]
• Román-Ibáñez, V.; Jimeno-Morenilla, A.; Pujol-López, F.A. Distributed monitoring of heterogeneous robotic cells. A proposal for the footwear industry 4.0. Int. J. Comput. Integr. Manuf. 2018 , 31 , 1205–1219. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Ormaechea, I.M. Smart Robotics for High Added Value Footwear Industry. 2013. Available online: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/260159/es (accessed on 31 May 2024).
• Maurtua, I.; Ibarguren, A.; Tellaeche, A. Robotics for the Benefit of Footwear Industry. In Paper presented at the Intelligent Robotics and Applications ; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2012. [ Google Scholar ]
• Waqas, M.; Tan, L. Big data analytics capabilities for reinforcing green production and sustainable firm performance: The moderating role of corporate reputation and supply chain innovativeness. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2023 , 30 , 14318–14336. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Kazancoglu, Y.; Ozkan-Ozen, Y.D. Sustainable disassembly line balancing model based on triple bottom line. Int. J. Prod. Res. 2020 , 58 , 4246–4266. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Villanueva-Ponce, R.; Garcia-Alcaraz, J.; Cortes-Robles, G.; Romero-Gonzalez, J.; Jiménez-Macías, E.; Blanco-Fernández, J. Impact of suppliers’ green attributes in corporate image and financial profit: Case maquiladora industry. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 2015 , 80 , 1277–1296. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Gunasekara, H.N.W.; Gamage, J.R.; Punchihewa, H.K.G. Remanufacture for sustainability: A comprehensive business model for automotive parts remanufacturing. Int. J. Sustain. Eng. 2021 , 14 , 1386–1395. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Rossi, D.; Lermen, F.H.; Fernandes, S.d.C.; Echeveste, M.E.S. Exploring business model strategies to achieve a circular bioeconomy from a waste valorization perspective. Environ. Dev. Sustain. 2024 . [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Susur, E.; Engwall, M. A transitions framework for circular business models. J. Ind. Ecol. 2023 , 27 , 19–32. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Shi, J.; Lu, Z.; Xu, H.; Cui, J. System dynamic-based remanufacturing economic analysis model of used automobile engine under two recycling modes. J. Eng. Des. Technol. 2022 . ahead-of-print . [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Aljuneidi, T.; Bulgak, A.A. Designing a Cellular Manufacturing System featuring remanufacturing, recycling, and disposal options: A mathematical modeling approach. CIRP J. Manuf. Sci. Technol. 2017 , 19 , 25–35. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Papachristos, G. Transition inertia due to competition in supply chains with remanufacturing and recycling: A systems dynamics model. Environ. Innov. Soc. Transit. 2014 , 12 , 47–65. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Wu, Z.; Kwong, C.K.; Lee, C.K.M.; Tang, J. Joint decision of product configuration and remanufacturing for product family design. Int. J. Prod. Res. 2016 , 54 , 4689–4702. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Jiaqi, Z.; Meizhang, H. Product sustainable design information model for remanufacturing. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 2022 , 1–7. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Boorsma, N.; Peck, D.; Bakker, T.; Bakker, C.; Balkenende, R. The strategic value of design for remanufacturing: A case study of professional imaging equipment. J. Remanufacturing 2022 , 12 , 187–212. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Bhatia, M.S.; Srivastava, R.K. Analysis of external barriers to remanufacturing using grey-DEMATEL approach: An Indian perspective. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2018 , 136 , 79–87. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Berkel, R.V. India: Building Back Better through Remanufacturing. 2020. Available online: https://www.unido.org/stories/india-building-back-better-through-remanufacturing (accessed on 5 June 2024).
• Bali, N.; Berkel, R.V.; Coleman, M.; Das, K.; Fitzsimons, D.; Subramanian, N.; Kulkarni, V. Making India a Global Leader in Remanufacturing ; Recreate India Research Foundation: Mumbai, India, 2023; Available online: https://recreateindia.org/publications/makingindiaagloballeader/ (accessed on 5 June 2024).
• Zhang, J.; Wang, X.; Zhu, L.; Yang, J.; Tang, S. A Comprehensive Evaluation Model for General Quality Characteristics of Complex Equipment Based on DEMATEL-ANP. In Proceedings of the 2023 5th International Conference on System Reliability and Safety Engineering (SRSE), Beijing, China, 20–23 October 2023; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2023; pp. 121–129. [ Google Scholar ]
• Guo, R.; Wu, Z. Social sustainable supply chain performance assessment using hybrid fuzzy-AHP–DEMATEL–VIKOR: A case study in manufacturing enterprises. Environ. Dev. Sustain. A Multidiscip. Approach Theory Pract. Sustain. Dev. 2023 , 25 , 12273–12301. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Sathyan, R.; Parthiban, P.; Dhanalakshmi, R.; Sachin, M.S. An integrated Fuzzy MCDM approach for modelling and prioritising the enablers of responsiveness in automotive supply chain using Fuzzy DEMATEL, Fuzzy AHP and Fuzzy TOPSIS. Soft Comput. A Fusion Found. Methodol. Appl. 2023 , 27 , 257–277. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Shahedi, A.; Nazari-Shirkouhi, S.; Bozorgi-Amiri, A.; Amirkhalili, Y.S.; Shahedi, M. Application of hybrid ISM-DEMATEL approach for analyzing the barriers of automotive remanufacturing: A real-world case study. J. Remanufacturing 2023 , 13 , 67–98. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Boorsma, N.; Balkenende, R.; Bakker, C.; Tsui, T.; Peck, D. Incorporating design for remanufacturing in the early design stage: A design management perspective. J. Remanufacturing 2021 , 11 , 25–48. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Ijomah, W.L.; McMahon, C.A.; Hammond, G.P.; Newman, S.T. Development of robust design-for-remanufacturing guidelines to further the aims of sustainable development. Int. J. Prod. Res. 2007 , 45 , 4513–4536. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Hofmeester, R.; Eyers, D.R. Strategic opportunities for product-agnostic remanufacturing. Int. J. Logist. Manag. 2023 , 34 , 1601–1628. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Kurilova-Palisaitiene, J.; Sundin, E.; Poksinska, B. Remanufacturing challenges and possible lean improvements. J. Clean. Prod. 2018 , 172 , 3225–3236. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Huang, S.-M.; Su, J.C.P. Impact of product proliferation on the reverse supply chain. Omega 2013 , 41 , 626–639. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Vogt Duberg, J.; Johansson, G.; Sundin, E.; Kurilova-Palisaitiene, J. Prerequisite factors for original equipment manufacturer remanufacturing. J. Clean. Prod. 2020 , 270 , 122309. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Chaowanapong, J.; Jongwanich, J.; Ijomah, W. Factors influencing a firm’s decision to conduct remanufacturing: Evidence from the Thai automotive parts industry. Prod. Plan. Control 2017 , 28 , 1139–1151. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Wei, S.; Cheng, D.; Sundin, E.; Tang, O. Motives and barriers of the remanufacturing industry in China. J. Clean. Prod. 2015 , 94 , 340–351. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Alshamsi, A.; Diabat, A. A reverse logistics network design. J. Manuf. Syst. 2015 , 37 , 589–598. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Olorunniwo, F.O.; Li, X. An Overview of Some Reverse Logistics Practices in the United States. Supply Chain. Forum Int. J. 2011 , 12 , 2–9. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Tibben-Lembke, R.S. The Impact of Reverse Logistics on the Total Cost of Ownership. J. Mark. Theory Pract. 1998 , 6 , 51–60. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Zhang, X.; Zhang, M.; Zhang, H.; Jiang, Z.; Liu, C.; Cai, W. A review on energy, environment and economic assessment in remanufacturing based on life cycle assessment method. J. Clean. Prod. 2020 , 255 , 120160. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Jensen, J.P.; Prendeville, S.M.; Bocken, N.M.P.; Peck, D. Creating sustainable value through remanufacturing: Three industry cases. J. Clean. Prod. 2019 , 218 , 304–314. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Kumar, R.; Ramachandran, P. Revenue management in remanufacturing: Perspectives, review of current literature and research directions. Int. J. Prod. Res. 2016 , 54 , 2185–2201. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Regueiro, C.; Gómez-Goiri, A.; Pedrosa, N.; Semertzidis, C.; Iturbe, E.; Mansell, J. Blockchain-based refurbishment certification system for enhancing the circular economy. Blockchain Res. Appl. 2023 , 5 , 100172. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Matsumoto, M.; Chinen, K.; Jamaludin, K.R.; Yusoff, B.S.M. Barriers for Remanufacturing Business in Southeast Asia: The Role of Governments in Circular Economy. In EcoDesign and Sustainability I: Products, Services, and Business Models ; Kishita, Y., Matsumoto, M., Inoue, M., Fukushige, S., Eds.; Springer: Singapore, 2021; pp. 151–161. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Gåvertsson, I.; Milios, L.; Dalhammar, C. Quality Labelling for Re-used ICT Equipment to Support Consumer Choice in the Circular Economy. J. Consum. Policy 2020 , 43 , 353–377. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Huang, Q.; Hou, J.; Shen, H. Remanufacturing and pricing strategies under modular architecture. Comput. Ind. Eng. 2024 , 188 , 109863. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Zhang, W.; He, Y. Optimal policies for new and green remanufactured short-life-cycle products considering consumer behavior. J. Clean. Prod. 2019 , 214 , 483–505. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Abbey, J.D.; Blackburn, J.D.; Guide, V.D.R. Optimal pricing for new and remanufactured products. J. Oper. Manag. 2015 , 36 , 130–146. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Liu, C.; Chen, J.; Wang, X. Quantitative Evaluation Model of the Quality of Remanufactured Product. IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. 2023 , 71 , 7413–7424. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Diallo, C.; Venkatadri, U.; Khatab, A.; Bhakthavatchalam, S. State of the art review of quality, reliability and maintenance issues in closed-loop supply chains with remanufacturing. Int. J. Prod. Res. 2017 , 55 , 1277–1296. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Kang, H.-Y.; Jun, Y.-S.; Kim, Y.-C.; Jo, H.-J. Comparative Analysis on Cross-national System to Enhance the Reliability of Remanufactured Products. Procedia CIRP 2016 , 40 , 280–284. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Zhao, S.; You, Z.; Zhu, Q. Effects of asymmetric cost information on collection outsourcing of used products for remanufacturing. Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev. 2022 , 162 , 102729. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Zhao, Y.; Zhou, H.; Wang, Y. Outsourcing remanufacturing and collecting strategies analysis with information asymmetry. Comput. Ind. Eng. 2021 , 160 , 107561. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Huang, H.; Meng, Q.; Xu, H.; Zhou, Y. Cost information sharing under competition in remanufacturing. Int. J. Prod. Res. 2019 , 57 , 6579–6592. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Chen, J.; Tian, Y.; Chan, F.T.S.; Tang, H.; Che, P.H. Pricing, greening, and recycling decisions of capital-constrained closed-loop supply chain with government subsidies under financing strategies. J. Clean. Prod. 2024 , 438 , 140797. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Ma, P.; Zhou, X. Financing strategies and government incentives in a competing supply chain with Trading-Old-for-Remanufactured programs. CIRP J. Manuf. Sci. Technol. 2023 , 46 , 242–263. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Goodall, P.; Rosamond, E.; Harding, J. A review of the state of the art in tools and techniques used to evaluate remanufacturing feasibility. J. Clean. Prod. 2014 , 81 , 1–15. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Hsu, P.-F.; Chen, B.-Y. Developing and Implementing a Selection Model for Bedding Chain Retail Store Franchisee Using Delphi and Fuzzy AHP. Qual. Quant. 2007 , 41 , 275–290. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Lee, K.-L.; Huang, W.-C.; Teng, J.-Y. Locating the competitive relation of global logistics hub using quantitative SWOT analytical method. Qual. Quant. 2009 , 43 , 87–107. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Vaidya, O.S.; Kumar, S. Analytic hierarchy process: An overview of applications. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 2006 , 169 , 1–29. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Aczél, J.; Saaty, T.L. Procedures for synthesizing ratio judgements. J. Math. Psychol. 1983 , 27 , 93–102. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Escobar, M.T.; Aguarón, J.; Moreno-Jiménez, J.M. A note on AHP group consistency for the row geometric mean priorization procedure. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 2004 , 153 , 318–322. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Saaty, T.L. Decision making with the analytic hierarchy process. Int. J. Serv. Sci. 2008 , 1 , 83–98. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Saaty, T.L. The analytic hierarchy and analytic network measurement processes: Applications to decisions under Risk. Eur. J. Pure Appl. Math. 2007 , 1 , 122–196. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Gonzalez-Urango, H.; Mu, E.; Ujwary-Gil, A.; Florek-Paszkowska, A. Analytic network process in economics, finance and management: Contingency factors, current trends and further research. Expert Syst. Appl. 2024 , 237 , 121415. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Chen-Yi, H.; Ke-Ting, C.; Gwo-Hshiung, T. FMCDM with Fuzzy DEMATEL Approach for Customers’ Choice Behavior Model. Int. J. Fuzzy Syst. 2007 , 9 , 236–246. [ Google Scholar ]
• Tsai, W.-H.; Chou, W.-C. Selecting management systems for sustainable development in SMEs: A novel hybrid model based on DEMATEL, ANP, and ZOGP. Expert Syst. Appl. 2009 , 36 , 1444–1458. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Tzeng, G.-H.; Chiang, C.-H.; Li, C.-W. Evaluating intertwined effects in e-learning programs: A novel hybrid MCDM model based on factor analysis and DEMATEL. Expert Syst. Appl. 2007 , 32 , 1028–1044. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Wu, W.-W. Choosing knowledge management strategies by using a combined ANP and DEMATEL approach. Expert Syst. Appl. 2008 , 35 , 828–835. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Wu, W.-W.; Lee, Y.-T. Developing global managers’ competencies using the fuzzy DEMATEL method. Expert Syst. Appl. 2007 , 32 , 499–507. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]

Click here to enlarge figure

Share and Cite

Chen, W.-J.; Lin, R.-H.; Chuang, C.-L. Remanufacturing Shoemaking Machine: Feasibility Study Using AHP and DEMATEL Approach. Appl. Sci. 2024 , 14 , 5223. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14125223

Chen W-J, Lin R-H, Chuang C-L. Remanufacturing Shoemaking Machine: Feasibility Study Using AHP and DEMATEL Approach. Applied Sciences . 2024; 14(12):5223. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14125223

Chen, Wan-Ju, Rong-Ho Lin, and Chun-Ling Chuang. 2024. "Remanufacturing Shoemaking Machine: Feasibility Study Using AHP and DEMATEL Approach" Applied Sciences 14, no. 12: 5223. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14125223

Article Metrics

Article access statistics, further information, mdpi initiatives, follow mdpi.

Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals