case study of ledc volcano

LEDC Volcanic Eruption Case Study Nevado Del Ruiz

LEDC Volcanic Eruption Case Study Nevado Del Ruiz, Colombia - 1985

Background • Nevado Del Ruiz is an active stratovolcano located in Colombia. • The volcano lies on the Andean Volcanic Belt which is produced by the subduction of the Nazca plate beneath the South American continental plate. • The volcano has been active for 150, 000 years – the eruption in 1985 is the most recent after being dormant for 69 years.

Eruption • A rise in seismic activity was first noticed in late 1984, and by September 1985 people were warned an eruption was likely, with a very high risk of lahars. • The main eruption occurred on 13 th November 1985, producing pyroclastic flows that melted glaciers and snow. Lahars formed of water, ice, volcanic rock and clay were created, and flowed down the river valleys at speeds of 60 kph, growing to around four times their original size. The lahars reached the city of Armero around 2 hours after the eruption. • The eruption was relatively small, measuring 3 on the VEI.

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Volcano Case Studies. Comparison between MEDCs and LEDCs

MOUNT PINATUBO (LEDC)

Background:

• Island of Luzon in the Phillippines, South East Asia.
• The eruption was caused by the subduction of the Phillippines plate under the Eurasian plate.
• Mount Pinatubo is part of the Luzon Volcanic arc---meaning that the process has occured offshore.
• Signs of eruption were recorded on April 2nd 1991: first rumblings after 450 years, small amount of ash thrown up to 800 metres in the air and for the next two months there were tremors recorded. Signs of
• Second-largest volcanic eruption of the last century as it affected a densely populated area.
• The eruption produced high-speed avalanches of hot ash and gas, giant mudflows and a cloud of volcanic ash hundreds of miles across. Flow travelling at 80kph. Seven more eruptions caused an ash cloud as wide as 18km and 16km high.
• At 10:30 am, a violent eruption forced debris up to 40km high into the air. Over 19 eruptions throughout the day.
• The event occurred on the 15th June 1991
• 847 people killed (300 from collapsing rock, 100 from lahars and rest from disease like measles.)
• 650,000 workers  lost their jobs
• $700 million estimated in damage
• 1.2 million people had to migrate to shanty towns in Manila.
• No electricity, water contaimnated and telephone commuincations cut.
• Farmland destroyed (1991 harvest ruined) Heavy rainfall from Typhon Yunga caused buildings to collapse.

Global effects:

• 42% of globe is affected by aerosol cloud
• Solar energy increases
• Plate tectonics

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Volcanoes and volcanic eruptions - Eduqas Case study - volcanic eruption - La Palma, 2021

Composite and shield volcanoes are found along plate boundaries. They have distinctive characteristics and can have both positive and negative effects on people and the landscape.

Part of Geography Hazardous landscapes

Case study - volcanic eruption - La Palma, 2021

La Palma is one of the Canary Islands, which lie in the Atlantic Ocean. The Canary Islands are an autonomous region of Spain. The Cumbre Vieja volcano on La Palma erupted from the 19th September to the 13th December 2021.

• The Canary Islands have over 30 volcanoes, 10 of which lie on the island of La Palma.
• The volcanoes are unusual in that they are intraplate. This means that they are located above a ‘hot spot’ rather than along a plate boundary.
• Hot spots occur where columns of superheated magma, or mantle plumes, cause the Earth's crust to melt and become thinner.
• The Canary Island hotspot is located on the African plate, which is estimated to be moving between 2cm to 3cm per year.
• A build-up of magma swelled beneath the ground a week before the first eruption. Warnings were sent out and nearly 7,000 people evacuated the affected areas.

Increased vulnerability – physical factors

• An ‘earthquake swarm’ took place in the days and weeks before the eruption. This consisted of more than 20,000 earthquakes, some of which were sizeable.
• It was feared that the volcano could create a tsunami, which could reach Portugal and western African countries.
• Vigorous lava flows and explosive activity took place over a three-month period in total.
• Social - More than 7,000 people had to leave their homes. Over 1,300 homes were destroyed by the lava flow. Many other buildings, such as churches and schools, were damaged or destroyed.
• Economic - Hundreds of acres of farmland, including banana plantations, were destroyed. Flights were cancelled and tourist resorts closed, which affected the local economy.
• Environmental – Vast swathes of forest were destroyed by the lava. However, the molten rock increased the size of the island as it flowed into the ocean.

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Mathematics, health & fitness, business & finance, technology & engineering, food & beverage, random knowledge, see full index, volcanic eruptions: case study (ledc) flashcards preview, plate tectonics > volcanic eruptions: case study (ledc) > flashcards.

What was the population, GDP, communications and main industry?

Population: 11,000 GDP: $5800 Communications: 3000 telephones Main industries: Rum & Tourism

Where is the tectonic location of Montseratt?

Boundary between Caribbean plate and North American plate

What preparation was in place for the Montseratt eruption?

What is the case study for a volcano eruption in an LEDC?

Montserrat, 1995

What were 3 primary impact of the Montseratt eruption?

1) 23 deaths 2) Forest fires 3) Schools and hospitals destroyed

What were 3 secondary impacts of Montseratt eruption?

1) 60% of population left after 6 years 2) Tourism is non existent 3) Rum farmlands destroyed

What were the immediate responses to the Montseratt eruption?

1) 50% of population moved North

2) exclusion zones shut off for 60% of island

What were 3 long term responses to the Montseratt eruption

Observatory created New £11m airport Capital moved north

What is the second case study for for a volcanic eruption in LEDC?

Nevada Del Ruiz, Colombia (1985)

What was the population, Dependancy ratio, GDP and main industries of Colombia?

1) Population = 3 million 2) Dependancy ratio=73% 3) GDP per head = $1200 4) Main industries= Construction and manufacturing

What type of volcano and what is he tectonic location of Nevada Del Ruiz?

• Stratavolcano

- Nazca plate subduction for beneath South American plate

What was the nearby town to Nevada Del Ruiz volcano that suffered greatest?

What was unique about the Nevada Del Ruiz eruption? And how did it lead to worse impacts?

It erupted at 7pm then again at 9pm. This lead to worse impacts because they told everyone it was fine

What were the indications that an eruption was imminent?

There were tremors leading upto the eruption

What were 5 primary impacts of the Nevada Del Ruiz eruption?

What were 4 long term impacts?

• 15,000 livestock killed >Economic
• 50% reduction in economic activity after 3 months >Economic
• water contamination for fishing industry >Economic
• Transmission lines damaged

What were 3 immediate response to the Nevada del Ruiz eruption?

• Helicopter search & rescue
• Cleaning people covered in lahar mud
• Red Cross and Civil Defense helped

What were 3 long term response to Nevada Del Ruiz ?

Tempory bridges 30 foreign countries gave aid Mass body burial

5 reasons as to why the Nevada Del Ruiz eruption so bad

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Urban Problems in LEDCs

Rapid urbanisation in Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs) is causing many problems. Many new migrants to cities in LEDCs cannot afford housing. They are forced to build temporary accommodation in spontaneous settlements. These settlements are commonly known as ‘shanty towns’. They are also called favelas (Brazil) or bustees (India). Three main features of a shanty town are:

• Houses are made from scrap materials such as wood and metal sheeting 
• Often housing is do not have services such as sanitation, water or electricity.
• The settlements are usually very overcrowded.

Rio de Janeiro , Brazil is an example of a city with a large area of shanty settlements or favelas.

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